CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATE DUE PRINTED IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library F 157.N8B43 History of Northumberland County, Pennsy 3 1924 009 706 841 .«,,..« The original of tinis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924009706841 HISTORY OF Northumberland CcTunty: PENNSYLVANIA, INCLUDING ITS ABORIGINAL HISTORY; THE COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS; EARLY SETTLEMENT AND SUBSEQUENT.GROWTH; POLITICAL ORGANIZATION; AGRICULTURAL, MINING, AND MANUFACTURING INTERESTS; INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS; RELIGIOUS, EDUCA- TIONAL, SOCIAL, AND MILITARY HISTORY; SKETCHES OF ITS BOROUGHS, VILLAGES, AND TOWNSHIPS; PORTRAITS AND BIOGRAPHIES OJ PIONEERS AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, ETC., ETC. EDITED BY HERBERT C. BELL. ILLUSTRATED. CHICAGO, ILL. : BROWN, RUNK & CO., PUBLISHERS. 1891. PEEFAOE. "XT O county of interior Pennsylvania possesses a greater degree of historic i \l interest than Northumberland. Shamokin, one of the most impor- tant Indian towns in the State, was situated within its present limits, and here, at the confluence of the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna, Fort Augusta was erected for the defense of the Province in the French and Indian war. This region was constantly harassed by hostile savages during the Eevolutionary period; no part of the Pennsylvania frontier suffered more from their incursions, as "The Great Eunaway," the fall of Port Freeland, and numerous lesser calamities abundantly testify. Organized in 1772, the county once extended from the Lehigh river to the Allegheny, with the New York line as its northern boundary, embracing more than one third the area of the State, and with eminent propriety it has been called " The Mother of Counties." The physical features of the county — its aboriginal history, and the con- test for possession of its soil — the military movements upon its territory in the Colonial and Eevolutionary periods — the gradual progress of its early settlement, with the customs and characteristics of pioneer life — its civil organization and administration — its material resources in soil and mineral treasures, and industrial activity in the past and present — the part taken by its citizens in the Eevolution, the war of 1812, and the civil war — the educa- tional and religious interests of the commimity, with biographical mention of many of its citizens, are inclu4ed in the plan of this work, and have been treated with such fairness as its comprehensive character would permit. Herbert C. Bell, of Leitersburg, Maryland, is the author of the general history (Chapters X and XI excepted). The editorial supervision of the work was intrusted to Mr. Bell, whose thoroughness and accuracy in histor- ical research and narration have been acquired by a varied experience in this department of literary effort. In this responsible position he received the assistance and co-operation of the publishers, whose long connection with the business has made them familiar with all the details of local historical work. The Shamokin coal field and its development (Chapters X and XI) have been treated by Dr. J. J. John, of Shamokin. In these chapters the history of the mining industry in Northumberland county is presented to the public IT PREFACE. in a connected narrative for the first time. Doctor John's long residence in the coal region and intimate acquaintance with the subject of which he writes are ample guaranty of the thorough execution of his work. An important feature of the publication is its several chapters of per- sonal and family biography, the data for which were obtained from those to whom they relate or their descendants ; and in order to insure accuracy, the matter was afterward submitted to them for correction. It would be impossible to mention here every one who has rendered valu- able aid in the preparation of this volume. The assistance given by Dr. E. H. Awl, John B. Packer, W. I. Greenough, S. P. Wolverton, and H. B. Mas- ser, of Sunbury, Dr. J. J. John, of Shamokin, and the late John F. Wol- finger, of Milton, is, however, worthy of special notice. Appropriate ac- knowledgments are due and gladly tendered to the public press of the county for access to newspaper files, and words of encouragement; to county and borough ofiicials for courtesies shown; to the descendants of the pioneers in every locality for information furnished; to attorneys, physicians, and other professional men; to the pastors of churches; to the leading spirits in various societies; to the owners and managers of manufacturing and other business establishments ; , to those enterprising citizens who gave us their patronage, and without whose support we could not have succeeded; and in general to every one who has contributed in any manner to the success of the work. Neither time nor money nor labor has been spared to make this volume an authentic and reliable source of information concerning the early history and material development of the county, and the various commercial, social, and religious activities of its people. We take pride in the knowledge that we have redeemed our promises, and furnished our patrons a work which every intelligent citizen can justly appreciate. Brown, Rdnk & Co. CONTB^NTS. CHAFTEB I. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. General Topography— Drainage— First Exploration of the Susquehanna— Indian Tribes — The Susquehannoeks — The Delawares^AUumapees — The Shawanese— The Iro- quois — Shikellimy — Indian Traders — Conrad Weiser — Missionary Effort 17-42 CHAPTER II. THE COLONIAL PERIOD (Concluded). Purchase of the Susquehanna — ^Alienation of the Delaware Indians — Hostilities Inaugu- rated — Rumors of French Invasion — Defensive Measures Adopted — The Augusta Regiment Organized to Build a Fort at Shamokin — Progress of the Expedition — Construction of Fort Augusta — Principal Events of Colonel Clapham's Administra- tion — Extracts and Incidents from Major Burd's Journal — Subsequent Commanding Officers — The Magazine and Indian Store — Operations in 1763 — Strength of the Gar- rison and Armament — The Flag— Doctors and Chaplains — Plan and Description of the Fort — Close of the French and Indian War — Purchase of 1768 — Early Surveys — Lists of Pioneers — Fithian's Journal — The Yankee and Pennamite War 42-98 CEAFTEK III. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. Close of the Provincial Regime — The County's Representation in the Continental Army — Companies of Captains Lowdpn, Parr, and Weitzel — Twelfth Pennsylvania Regi- ment — Committee of Safety—Militia Organization — Indian Outrages — Defensive Measures Instituted by ColoneJ Hunter — " The Great Runaway " — Colonel Brodhead Temporarily Stationed on the Frontier — Colonel Hartley's Military Administra- tion — Fall of Fort Freeland-^The German Regiment — General Potter's Expedition — Events of 1781-82— Colonel Hunter's Accounts 99-142 CHAPTER IV. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. Erection of Noi-thumberland County — Disintegration of its Territory — Present Bound- aries — Internal Subdivision — Original Townships — Formation of Present Subdivis- ions — Statistics of Population — Public Buildings — Early Fiscal Affairs — Inaugura- tion of the Public School System — Roster of County Officers — Representation in Constitutional Conventions, etc. — Legislative Representation — Early Township Of- ficers 142-198 VI CONTENTS. CHAPTBB V. THE BENCH AND BAR. First Courts and Cases— The Quarter Sessions— Early Administration at Penal Justice— Tlie Orphans' Court^The Common Pleas— Rules of Court— The Bench— Roster of Justices— Biographical Sketches of President Judges— Associate Judges— The Bar of the Past and Presen^-The Supreme Court 201-260 CHAPTER VI. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. List of Sunbury Physicians, by Dr. R. H. Awl— Biographical Sketches of Physicians Throughout the County— Medical Societies— Roster of the Medical Profession. . .261-273 CHAPTER VII. THE PRESS. Journalism at Northumberland- Sunhury Papers — The Press of Milton — Shamokin Newspapers — Journals of Mt. Carmel — McEwensville and Locust Gap Papers 373-296 CHAPTER VIII. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Relation of Highways of Travel to Civilization — Public Roads — The Tulpehocken Road — The Old Reading Road — Early County Roads — Turnpikes — River Navi- gation — Canals — Railroads — Pennsylvania — Danville and Potts ville — Philadelphia and Erie — Northern Central — Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre — Sunbury and Lewistown — Lewisburg and Tyrone — Philadelphia and Reading — Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven — Mahauoy and Shamokin — Enterprise — Shamokin and Trevorton — Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna — Catawissa — Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewis- burg — Delaware, I^ackawanna and Western — Lehigh Valley — Wilkesbarre and Western 397-328 CHAPTER IX. AGRICULTURE. Preparation of Soils the Result of Remote Rather than Immediate Agency — Geological Structure — Anticlinals and Synclinals — Subdivisions of the Paleozoic System — Loca- tion and Characteristics of Each Stratum — Development of the Farming Industry — Condition of the Farming Interests in 18i5 — Agricultural Societies 339-346 CHAPTER X. THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. BY DR. J. J. JOHN. Importance of Coal — Its Location— Names of the Veins— Their Position and Character — A Walk from the Weigh Scales to the Cameron Colliery— Ascent of the Great Culm Bank— A Talk with the Inside Foreman About the Coal Formation — Further De- scription of the Sixteen Veins Found in This Region — A Section of the Measures Depth of the Shamokin Coal Basin — A Short Description of the Districts and Basins — Production of the Three Districts- The Question, " How Long Will Our Coal Supply Last?" Answered 347-357 CONTENTS. Til CHAFIEB XI. DEVELPPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. BY DH. J. J. JOHN. Discovery of Anthracite in This Region — First Application to General Uses — First Shamo- kin Coal Taken to Market — Opening ot the First Mines at Shamokin, Coal Run, and Trevorton — First Coal Shipments Down the Susquehanna — Speculation in Coal Lands — The Danville and Pottsville Railroad — Pioneer Coal Operations — The Dis- astrous Year of 1843 — Revival of 1850 — Judge Helfenstein's Developments — Orig- inal Coal Breakers — Marshall's Letter — New Collieries and Outlets — Coal Shipments to Elmira in 1855 — Other Collieries Started and Breakers Erected — Tonnage of This Region for the Years 1857 and 1889— Total Production for the Past Fifty-one Years.358-391 CHAPTEK XII. WAR OF 1813. Mobilization of the Militia — Companies of Captains Robert McGuigan, William McGuire, William F, Buyers , and Jacob Hummel, and Lieutenant Joseph Dreibelbies 391-396 CHAPTER XIII. THE CIVIL WAR. State of Public Sentiment at the Outbreak of the War — Mass Meetings and Resolutions — The Sanitary Commission — Regimental Sketches — Eleventh — Eighth — Thirty-fourth — Forty-sixth — Forty-seventh — Fifty-first — Fifty-third — Eightieth — One Hundred and Twelfth— Fifty-eighth— One Hundred and Thirty -first— One Hundred and Fifty- second— Seventy-fourth— Militia of 1863— Militia of 1863— Soldiers' Monuments. . .396-444 CHAPTER XIV. SDNBURY. The Town Plat — Early Residents — Sunbury in 1808 — Reminiscences of Dr. R. H. Awl — Prominent Merchants, 1772 — 1850 — Early Hotels — Municipal Organization and Gov- ernment — Facilities of Travel and Transportation — Industrial Activity — Banking Institutions — Gas, Electric Light, and Water Companies — Local Papers — The Post- oflfice — Secret and other Societies — Educational Interests — Churches — Cemeteries — Borough of East Sunbury 444r-514 CHAPTER XV. NORTHUMBERLAND. The Town Plat — Early History — Prominent Early Residents — Early Merchants and Hotels — The Postofflce — Bridges, Canals, and Railways — Borough Organization and Government — Industrial Activity — Schools — Local Journalism — Secret and other Societies — Churches — Cemeteries 515-545 CHAPTER XVI. MILTON. Pioneer History— The Town Plal^Inhabitants from 1804 to 1808— Taxables in 1818— Borough Government — The Postofflce — Facilities of Travel and Transportation — General Business Interests — Industries of the Past and Present — Floods and Fires — Secret and Other Societies — Churches — Sunday Schools — Miscellaneous Moral and Humanitarian Organizations — Educational Interests — Local Papers — Cemeteries ..545-591 VIII CONTENTS. CHAPTEK, XVII. SHAMOKIN. Brief of Title— The Town Plal^-Pioneers— Shamokin in 1839— Subsequent Growth Sum- marized — The First Stores and Hotels — Early Physicians and Lawyers — Municipal Organization and Government — The Eiot of 1877 — Facilities of Travel and Transpor- tation — The Shamokiu Coal Trade — General Industrial Interests — The Postofflce — Banks— Water, Gas, and Electric Light — Board of Trade — Secret and Other Societies — The Press — Churches — Educational Interests — Cemeteries 591-655 CHAPTER XVIII. MT. CABMEL. Old Hotels — The Town Plat — First Improvements and Subsequent Growth — The First Merchants, Physicians, and Lawyers — The Postoflace — Railroads — Municipal Organi- zation and Government — The Mt. Carmel Coal Trade — General Industrial Interests — Financial Institutions — Water and Electric Light Companies — Secret and Other Socie- ties — The Press — Schools — Churches — Cemeteries 655-676 CHAPTER XIX. WATSONTOWN. Pioneer History— The First Surveys— Early Industries, Stores, and Hotels— The Town Plat — Bailroads — The Postofflce — Manufacturing, Past and Present — Banks — Electric Light and Water Companies — Borough Organization and Government — Secret and Fraternal Societies— Educational and Literary Effort- Churches— Watsontown Cem- etery 677-692 CHAPTER XX. TURBUT TOWNSHIP. Erection and Original Boundaries — Subdivision and Present Area — Pioneers — Mills Churches — Schools — Cemeteries 693-697 CHAPTER XXI. UPPER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. Erection of Augusta Township and Development of its Subsequent Boundaries— Forma- tion of Upper and Lower Augusta— Pioneers— Roads and Streams— Industries- Schools — Churches 698-705 CHAPTER XXII. LOWER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. Territorial Development— Topography— Fisher' s Ferry— Mills— Schools— Churches 705-707 CHAPTER XXIII. UPPER MAHANOT TOWNSHIP. Proceedings for the Erection of Mahanoy Township— Disintegration of Its Territory- Organization of Upper Mahanoy— Pioneers— Hotels— Mills— Secret Society— Schools -Churches ^08_^^p CHAPTER XXIV. LOWER MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. Organization— Drainage— Early History and Present Business and Industrial Interests of Georgetown— Malta— Industries— Schools— Churches 711-714 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER XXV. POINT TOWNSHIP. Proceedings for Its Erection — First Township Officers — Pioneers — Industries 714-716 CHAPTER XXVI. CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. Area and Topography — Erection and Subdivision — Pioneers — Industries — Pottsgrove — Montandon — Sodom — Chillisciuaque — Schools — Churches 716-736 CHAPTER XXVII. SHAMOKIN TOWNSHIP. Formation of Kalpho Township and Description of its Original Boundaries — Change of Name to Shamokin — Physical Features — Pioneers — Taxables in 1788 — Industi-ies— Early Settlement, Present Business, and Municipal Government of the Borough of Snydertown— Villages — Schools— Churches 736-734 CHAPTER XXVIII. LITTLE MAHANOT TOWNSHIP. Boundaries — Organization — Pioneers — Mills — Schools — Churches 734-736 CHAPTER XXIX. RUSH TOWNSHIP. Successive Movements for the Division of Shamokin Township — Formation, Origin of Name, and First Township Officers of Rush — Pioneers — Industries — Rushtown — Schools— Churches 737-743 CHAPTER XXX. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. Original Boundaries — Pioneers — Industries — Early History and Growth of Herndon — Mahanoy — Schools — Churches 743-748 CHAPTER XXXI. COAL TOWNSHIP. Suggestiveness of the Name — Organization — Streams and Roads — Industries — Villages — Coal Poor District— Churches 749-751 CHAPTER XXXII. DELAWARE TOWNSHIP. Organization and Boundaries — Pioneers — Early Industries — Early History, Growth, In- dustries, and Borough Organization of McEwensville — Dewart — Churches — Schools — Cemeteries 753-764 CHAPTER XXXIII. LEWIS TOWNSHIP. Topographical Features — Political Organization — Freeland's Mill — Settlement, Growth, Present Business Interests, and Municipal Government of the Borough of Turbut- ville — Churches — Schools — Turbutville Cemetery 765-769 X CONTENTS. CHAPTEK XXXIV. CAMERON TOWNSHIP. Extent— Organization— Drainage— Villages of the Past and Present— Schools— Churches. 769-773 CHAPTER XXXV. JORDAN TOWNSHIP. , Erection and Organization- Drainage — Roads — Post- Villages —Industries — Schools- Churches 772-777 CHAPTER XXXVI. ZERBE TOWNSHIP. Organization and Boundaries — Pioneers — Origin, Growth, Present Business Interests, and Secret Societies of Trevorton— Schools— Churches — 777-783 CHAPTER XXXVII. MT. CARMEL TOWNSHIP. Organization — Drainage and Roads — Collieries — Mining Villages— Churches 784-786 CHAPTER XXXVIII. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. Original Boundaries — First Township Officers — Pioneers — Industries — Rehuck— Schools -Churches 786-790 CHAPTER XXXIX. ROCKEFELLER TOWNSHIP. OrganizationandBoundaries— Drainage and Roads-Village s — Mills — Schools — Churches. 790-795 CHAPTER XL. RALPHO TOWNSHIP. Successive Steps in the Proceedings by Which the Township was Erected — Line of Divis- ion from Shamokin — Drainage and Roads — Pioneers — Early History, Growth, and Secret Societies of Elysburg — Industries — Schools — Churches 796-800 CHAPTER XLI. GEARHART TOWNSHIP. Erection and Organization — The Founding, Growth, and Municipal Government of the Borough of Riverside — South Danville — Schools — Churches — Cemetery 800-803 CHAPTER XLII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Sunhury 804^860 CONTENTS. SI CHAPTER XLIII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Shamokiu 860-967 CHAPTER XLIV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Milton m-ms CHAPTER XLV. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Mt. Carmel 1013-1067 CHAPTER XL VI. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Watsontown 106&-1093 CHAPTER XL VII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Northumberland Borough and Point Township 1093-1106 CHAPTER XL VIII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Turbut and Chillisquaque Townships 1106-1141 CHAPTER XLIX. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Lewis and Delaware Townships and Boroughs of Turbutville and McEwensviUe . . .1141-1160 CHAPTER L. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Upper Augusta, Lower Augusta, and Rockefeller Townships. , 1160-1175 CHAPTER LI. V BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Shamokin, Ralpho, Rush, and Gearhart Townships, and Boroughs of Snydertown and RiTerside 117&-1317 CHAPTER LII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Zerbe (TreTorton), Cameron, Little Mahanoy, Jackson, Lower Mahanoy, Washington, Jordan, and Upper Mahanoy Townships 1317-1339 INDEX 1341-1356 XII CONTENTS. ILLTTSTBATIONS. PORTRAITS. NAME. PAQE. Aucker, R. S .' 955 Awl, M. D., R. H 271 Bellas, Hugh 51 Bittenbender, Stephen 163 Bolich, Daniel D 1027 Brlce, Andrew N 289 Bruner, Charles J 145 Bucher, J. Weiaer 793 Buck, Peter E 919 Camp, David 1045 Carl, John 1054 Chester, Holden 865 Clement, Ira T 433 Dickerman, Charles H 577 Douty, JohuB 883 Elliott, "William 523 Fagely, Reuhen 109 Fagely, "William 127 Fairehild, Abram 1009 Eairchild, Solomon 1117 Fulton, Alexander 388 Goodwill, Robert 415 Graeber, Conrad 807 Greenough, Ebenezer 69 Haas, John 343 Haas, John S 1099 Haas, M. D., Joseph 1225 Harvey, Bernard 1018 Helm, A. A 487 Heim, D 541 Herb, Edward C 1207 Hill, George 829 Hottenstein, Charles 181 John, J. J 595 Jordan, Alexander 91 KaufEman, J. R 847 Kellagher, M 1063 Koch, Rev. J. Joseph 631 NAME. PAGE. Koerber, Henry 991 Kremer, Jacob 1081 Kulp, Darlington R 649 Leinbach, J. B 1153 Llewellyn, David 325 Mahon, Peter A 928 Markle, Martin 910 Marshall, "William H 361 Martin, M. D., Charles M 505 Martin, Hugh 721 Martz, Solomon 1171 Miller, S. M 757 Morgan, Harry W 901 Muench, Jacob E 1189 Mullen, John 613 Murray, Samuel "Wilson 559 McCarthy, Francis 784 McWilliams, C. Q 937 Newbaker, M. D., J. B 775 Oram, W. H. M 451 Packer, John B 199 Packer, Samuel J 33 Pardee, Joseph 1135 Pollock, James 973 Purdy, T.H 253 Rambach, Silas 685 Robertson, Andrew 379 Rockefeller, "William M 217 Rohrbach, Lloyd T 811 Ryon, George "W 469 Shimer, Samuel J 586 Speece, A. S 703 Stahl, George H44 Taggart, James 397 "Vastine, Amos 739 "Watkins, il. K 667 "Wolverton, Simon' P 235 MISCELLANEOUS, Colonel's Quarters, Fort Augusta. Fort Augusta Map of Northumberland County . . .. 81 .. 80 .14-15 < ^ . O UJ s^ • 2 7 5? 1^ =D ID UJ x: o fl. h- o or- a HISTORY OF Northumberland County, CHAPTER I. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. Genekal Topogbapht — Dkainagb — First Explokatiost op the Susquehanna — Indian Tribes — The Susquehannocks — The- Delawares — Allumapbes — The Sha-svanese — The Iroquois — Shikellimy — Indian Traders — Conrad Weiser — Missionary Effort. ACOMPEEHENSIVE survey of the topography of Pennsylvania dis- tinguishes three general divisions. The southeastern section of the State, a region of wide, fertile valleys and irregular hills, forms part of the Atlantic coast plain; on the v^est and northwest is a plateau of moderate elevation, deeply indented by numerous watercourses ; while a section of the great Appalachian mountain system, averaging about fifty miles in breadth with a maximum length of two hundred thirty miles, comprises the inter- vening territory. The middle division, embracing the territory to which this work especially relates, is situated between the Allegheny and Kittatinhy ranges, the former on the north and west, the latter on the south and east. It is essentially a mountainous region. On the east, between the Lehigh and Delaware rivers, is the Pocono wilderness, a region of inaccessible mountain recesses, prop- erly a continuation of the Catskills and possessing many of their rugged characteristics; between the Lehigh and Susquehanna and traversed by both is the anthracite coal region, in which are found the highest altitudes of the State; and southwest of the Susquehanna is the Juniata country, in many places a labyrinth of irregular mountains. No part of this middle belt contrasts more strongly with its general mountainous character than the valleys of the Susquehanna. A succession of peculiarly symmetrical ranges distinguishes the Appalachian system 18 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. throughout; between the Juniata and the Susquehanna these ranges include valleys of varying width and great natural pioturesqueness, of which the continuation east of the West Branch, though less marked, is quite noticea- ble. Buffalo and White Deer find their counterpart in the valleys of Chillis- quaque. Pleasant, and Paradise, extending eastward through Northumber- land and Montour into Columbia, but with such changes in name and modi- fications of territorial extent as virtually to lose their individuality. The valley of the North Branch, which attains considerable width at Wiliesbarre and Pittston but becomes narrower in southern Luzerne, again expands in Columbia and Montour, with broad stretches of bottom land at several points in Northumberland. This wide region of alternating mountain and valley, the fairest portion of central Pennsylvania, was all included in the original limits of Northumberland county. It would be difficult to define the geometrical figure to which the present shape of the county corresponds; for, while the Susquehanna forms a natural boundary on the west, Muncy hills on the north, and Mahantango creek on the south, the remaining county lines are the arbi- trary dictations of political necessity and convenience. Embracing on the north a part of the valley of .the West Branch, and on the southeast a part of the Western Middle coal field, its topography includes the representative features of an agricultural and of a mountainous region, with many inter- mediate types in which the characteristics of one or the other predomiinate. The only elevations that reach the grade of mountain attitudes are found in the territory south of the North Branch. The western end of Mahanoy mountain, rising abruptly from the level of the Susquehanna river and at a short distance from it, has much the appearance of a huge promon- tory, with the river at its base and a broad expanse of picturesque landscape on the north, west, and south. Two ranges diverge at this point, known, respectively, as Line mountain and Little mountain, both of which extend entirely across the county, inclosing the coal measures of the Shamokin basin, a region essentially mountainous in its character. Line moimtain separates Little Mahanoy and Cameron townships on the north from Jackson, Washington, and Upper Mahanoy on the south, and has possessed political significance longer than any other interior township line of the county; its course does not diverge materially from a straight line, and the only gap between the Susquehanna river and Schuylkill county, a distance of nine- teen miles, is that of Mahanoy creek. Little mountain, the northern range, is less regular in contour and elevation; two breaks in its trend occur in this county, the gaps of Shamokin and Roaring creeks. It is the mutual boundary of Jackson, Little Mahanoy, Zerbe, and Coal townships on the south, and Lower Augusta, Rockefeller, Shamokin, and Ralpho on the north. Several ridges, of which the most important are Swartz's, Fisher's and Jacob's, extend partially across the extreme southern part of the county THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 19 parallel with Line mountain; the Shamokin hills (known as Gilger's between Shamokin and Roaring creeks), are similarly situated with reference to Little mountain, while all that part of the county south of the North Branch is more or less diversified by local elevations of varying altitude. Two parallel elevations extend latitudinally across the northern part of the county, known, respectively, as Montour ridge and Limestone ridge. The former is twenty-seven miles in length, terminating at Espy, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, on the east, and at the Susquehanna river, four miles above Northum.berland, on the west; it has an altitude of seven hundred fifty feet above tide level, and declines in a long, gradual slope at each extremity. A beautifully symmetrical crest and remarkable regularity of outline are its distinguishing characteristics. At its base on either side is a low, narrow valley, bounded on the side opposite the ridge by a succession of broad, undulating hills. It is the line of Point and Chillisquaqe town- ships, and also separates the former from Montour county. Limestone ridge, the mutual boundary of Turbut and Chillisquaque townships, extends from a point on the Susquehanna river just below Milton to Chillisquaque creek near Washingtonville, Montour county. Its trend across this county is continuous and regular, with an altitude of six hundred fifty feet above tide level. The northern boundary of Delaware and Lewis townships is formed by the Muncy hills, from which there is a general slope to the south and southwest. With respect to drainage, the entire area of the county is situated within the watershed of the Susquehanna river. In order from the north, the principal streams that flow into the West Branch are Delaware run. Warrior run. Muddy run, Lim.estone run, and Chillisquaque creek, of which the last named is the most important. It rises in the northern part of Northumber- land, Montour, and Columbia counties, and the main stream first attains considerable proportions in the township of Derry, Montour county; from thence its course is nearly due southwest to its junction with the river at the end of Mountour ridge. In order from the east, the streams that flow into the North Branch from Northumberland county are Roaring creek, the south branch of which forms the county line; Little Roaring creek, which sepa- rates this county from that part of Montour south of the river; Logan's run and Wilson's run, the principal streams of Rush township, and Gravel run, which separates Rush and Upper Augusta. Much the larger part of the county south of the North Branch is drained by tributaries of the main Sus- quehanna river, of which Shamokin and Mahanoy creeks are the most important. The main branch of Shamokin creek has its source just west of Centralia, Columbia county, Pennsylvania; it flows west through Mt. Carmel and Shamokin townships, receiving the waters of Beaver and Locust creeks in the former and of Coal run, Weikel's run. Buck creek. Furnace run. Trout run, and Carbon run in the latter, thus draining nearly all that part 20 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. of the Western Middle coal field situated in this county. It finds a passage through Little mountain at the gap north of Shamokin borough, and pur- sues a northerly course as the mutual boundary of Shamokin and Ralpho townships; thence it deflects to the west, and continues a meandering course through Shamokin and Upper Augusta to the Susquehanna river at the southern limit of the borough of Sunbury. Its principal affluent is Little Shamokin creek, which, with Plum creek, drains Eockef eller township. Hol- lowing run and Boyle's run are streams of local importance which flow directly into the Susquehanna from that part of Lower Augusta township situated between the Shamokin hills and Little mountain. Mahanoy creek rises near Delano, Schuylkill coimty, Pennsylvania, and flows westward through the Mahanoy coal basin to the town of Ashland, where it breaks through the Mahanoy mountain. From this point its course is nearly due west, with little deflection through the townships of Cameron and Little Mahanoy; from the latter it flows through a gap in Line mountain, and thence, by a very circuitous course through Jacksoii township, reaches the Susquehanna river at the town of Herndon. Its only affluents of impor- tance are Zerbe run, which drains the extreme western part of the Western Middle coal field in the township of that name, and Schwaben or Greenbrier creek, the largest stream in this county south of Line, mountain. Tiddler's run and Stone Valley creek empty into the Susquehanna from Jackson and Lower Mahanoy townships, respectively, and Mahantango creek, which forms the southern boundary of the county, receives numerous unimportant tributaries from its territory. The topography of the county, however much its general aspect has been modified by the development of its economic resources, has not changed in any essential respect since the region comprised within its limits was first penetrated by the influences of civilization. No upheaval of nature has inter- rupted the ceaseless flow of the broad rivers that course majestically through its territory, or disturbed the mountains and hills that diversify its surface, with the streams that meander at their bases and the corresponding succes- sion of valley, slope, and intervale. It is not difflcult to revert, in imagina- tion, to the period when the primeval forest covered the entire country, and a different race of people held sway over its woods and waters;, and thus the foregoing description of the physical features of the county forms an appro- priate introduction to its early history. The first exploration of the Susquehanna valley was made in 1615-16 by Etienne Brul6, interpreter to Samuel de Champlain and one of the two Frenchmen who accompanied him on his first journey to Lake Huron. Champlain had agreed to join the Hurons in an expedition against the Iro- quois; following the course of the Ottawa river from Montreal to its source and crossing the portage to Lake Nipissing, he entered Lake Huron by the French river, coasted along the eastern shore of Georgian bay a distance of THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 21 more than a hundred miles, and, after visiting several of the more important Huron towns, arrived at Cahiague, the rendezvous of their combined forces, August 17, 1615. There it was learned that an allied tribe occupying terri- tory adjacent to the Iroquois south of the Great Lakes had promised to rein- force the Hurons with five hundred warriors; and, in response to this intelligence, Etienne BruI6, at his own solicitation, was sent to urge them forward, in order that their movements might harmonize with those of the general body. Twelve Indians accompanied him; they crossed Lake Ontario and made their way in safety through the Iroquois country to Carantouan, a palisaded town of eight hundred warriors. There they were received with every evidence of friendliness and joy; the departure of the promised rein- forcement was delayed by these demonstrations, however, and before they reached the Iroquois town the Hurons had retired, after a brief but desultory siege in which Champlain sustained a severe wound. Brul6 thereupon returned to Carantouan, " and, with enterprise worthy of his commander, spent the winter in a tour of exploration. Descending a river, evidently the Susque- hanna, he followed it to its junction with the sea, through territories of pop- ulous tribes at war the one with the other."* In the spring of 1616 he retraced his' course, and, arriving at Carantouan, was given an escort to guide him toward Canada. The route again lay through the country of the hostile Iroquois; he was captured and narrowly escaped death at the stake, but finally reached the friendly Hurons, whom he accompanied on their annual descent to Montreal. There he again met Champlain; three years had elapsed since they parted at Cahiague, and during that period Brul6 had doubtless traversed a large part of interior Pennsylvania and New York. The Carantouans are identified by Parkman as the Andastes, a branch of the great Algonquin family. At the beginning of the seventeenth century it is supposed that they occupied the western and central portions of Penn- sylvania, particularly the valleys of the Allegheny and Susquehanna. Like the Hurons of Canada and the Iroquois of New York they fortified their towns and gave a limited degree of attention to agriculture, and in numbers and prowess enjoyed the superiority among the surrounding tribes on the east and south. Captain John Smith's exploration of Chesapeake bay in 1608 first brought them in contact with the English; from him they received the tribal designation of Susquehannocks, by which they were generally known in their intercourse with the Maryland provincial authorities. The Dutch, who formed their acquaintance as early as 1615, and the Swedes, who settled on the Delaware in 1638, called them Minquas. Between this tribe and the Iroquois an intermittent but sanguinary war was waged. For many years it was without positive advantage to either side, as the Iroquois, although the stronger party, had to contend with the Hurons as well as the Susquehannocks, who rendered mutual assistance against the *Parkman's Pioneers of France in the New World, p. 378. 22 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. common enemy. This is shown by the success of Brul6's mission; and on a subsequent occasion (1647), the Susquehannocks, who numbered thirteen hundred warriors and had acquired the use of fire-arms, again offered to assist their allies beyond the Great Lakes, who were almost exterminated in the \^ars of the following years. This enabled the Iroquois to concentrate their entire strength against the Susquehannocks, but the latter were assisted by the English of Maryland and the Dutch on the Delaware, and for some time the scales of victory inclined in their favor. On the Susquehanna river some fifty miles from its mouth, they had a fort, defended by several cannon mounted in European style; it was invested in 1663 by eight hundred Iro- quois warriors, who were repulsed with great loss. But misfortune and dis- aster at length succeeded victory and success ; reduced in numbers by the ravages of disease and deserted by their former European allies, the Sus- quehannocks were almost annihilated in 1675. Some of the survivors were taken to New York and adopted by their captors; the remainder located on the Potomac river at the western confines of Maryland, but afterward returned to their former territory and obtained a reservation on the Conestoga creek in Lancaster county. From that time they were called Conestoga Indians; many of them had embraced the Moravian faith and were making fair prog- ress in civilization, when, on the 27th of December, 1763, having taken refuge in the old jail at Lancaster, they were attacked by the Paxtang Eangers and killed without the opportunity of defending themselves. And thus the Andastes, once the most powerful Indian nation in Pennsylvania, finally became extinct. The Delawares were also a branch of the Algonquin family. In their own language they called themselves the Lenni Lenape (original people). Their traditions have probably been preserved, through the Moravian mis- sionaries who labored among them, with greater distinctness than those of any other of the Pennsylvania tribes. According to the legend, their ancestors formerly dwelt far to the west, presumably upon the shores of the Pacific ocean, but migrated eastwardly and at length reached the Namoesi Sipu (Mississippi river). There they met another powerful nation, the Mengwe (Iroquois), who had likewise come from a distant region. East of the Namoesi Sipu the country was occupied by the AUegewi, a people whose towns were defended by earthworks; permission to pass through their confines was obtained, but after a part of the Lenape had crossed the river the AUegewi attacked them, thus provoking a protracted struggle in which the Mengwe and Lenape united their forces, expelled the Allegewi, and apportioned their former territory among themselves, the Mengwe receiving the region abou.t the Great Lakes and the Lenape the Ohio valley. At length their hunters penetrated the country east of the Allegheny mountains and thither they again migrated, occupying the same relative positions as before. The legend doubtless possesses many elements of truth- THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 23 The territory of the Delawares extended along the Atlantic coast from the Hudson river to Chesapeake bay. There were three principal clans, viz. : the Turtle or Unamis, the Turkey or Unalaohtgo, and the Wolf or Minsi, while their great council seat was at the Minisink, a locality on the Delaware river in Monroe county, Pennsylvania. At the time they first came in contact with the Dutch the Delawares were a numerous and powerful tribe, and had long waged a successful war against the Iroquois. According to their accounts, this was terminated in 1617 by a treaty at Albany, New York, whereby they agreed to devote themselves to peaceful pursuits in the interest of general harmony among the various Indian tribes. As part of this compact they were to receive the protection of the Iroquois, but the latter also arrogated over them the right of command; this provoked another war, for which, having laid aside their arms, the Delawares were unprepared, and, being unable to defend themselves, they were easily reduced to the position of a tributary tribe. The Iroquois, on the other hand, asserted that their contest had been achieved by fair war, and denied the machinations alleged against them. Whatever may have been the means by which their subjugation was effected, the Delawares could not deny the fact; and although they did not, like other conquered tribes, furnish recruits to the Iroquois in prosecuting their wars, a tribute was rendered in token of continued submission. Allumapees was the first Indian chief and only Delaware king who resided within the present limits of Northumberland county at the period to which accurate information relates. He first appears in public affairs under the name of Sassoonan. He was a chief of his nation as early as 1709, when he appeared at Philadelphia with several others, "chiefs of the Delaware Indians settled at Paxtang above Conestoga and other adjacent places" on the Susque- hanna river. In 1712 he made a visit to the Five Nations with the tribute from his tribe and a present from the Governor of Pennsylvania, for whom he brought a present from the Iroquois confederacy on his return. In 1715, with others of his tribe, he had a conference with the provincial authorities at Philadelphia, and in a speech on that occasion referred to "their late king, SeoUitchy ;" it is probable that the latter was the immediate successor of the renowned Tammany, and that after his death Allumapees assumed the regal prerogatives. In the general release of 1718 he is styled "King of the Delaware Indians." It is supposed that at that time he resided on the Dela- ware river, from whence he removed to Shamokin, an Indian town at the site of Stmbury; there he lived among the Minsi, the most belligerent of the Lenape clans, who, after the expulsion of the Andastes, had occupied that part of their former territory between the Kittatinny mountains and the sources of the Susquehanna. For some years after this he does not appear to have had much inter- course with the provincial authorities, doubtless on account of the remoteness 24 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. of his residence. In 1728 he was interviewed by James Le Tort regarding a rumored Indian conspiracy; from that time he is generally referred to by the name of AUnmapees, although that of Sassoonan was also retained to the close of his life. On the 4th and 5th of June, 1728, he was in confer- ence with the Governor and Council regarding the Tulpehocken^lands; he also visited then on the 10th of October of the same year. In 1731, while in a state of intoxication, he killed his nephew, Shakatawlin; about the same time, Opekasset, another nephew and a chief among the Delawares for some years, also died. Under the weight of this double affliction his grief was such that "it was like to cost him his life," as he "forbore taking necessary food." The Governor accordingly invited him to Philadelphia, where he spent several days in August, 1731. He was again in that city, August 20-21, 1736, and October 3-4, 1738, and on both occasions met the Proprietor, Thomas Penn. At a conference on the 1st of August, 1740, he said that he had come "from Allegheny, a long way off," where he had been to hunt. The last treaty he attended was that of July, 1742, but it does not appear that he took any active part in the proceedings. In 1744 he had a long sickness, but recovered, nothwithstanding his age. Spangenberg wrote, under date of June 4, 1745: "He is very old, almost bUnd, and very poor, but withal has still power over and is beloved by his people, and is a friend of the English." And on the 20th of July, 1747, Conrad Weiser wrote: " AUumapees would have resigned his crown before now, but as he had the keeping of the public treasure (that is to say, the council bag), consisting of belts of wampum, for which he buys liquor, and has been drunk for this two or three years almost constantly, and it is thought he won't die so long as there is one single wampum left in the bag." In the following Septem- ber "Weiser informed the Governor that he understood AUumapees was dead, but could not be sure of it; on the 15th of October he wrote: "AUumapees is dead." The Delawares were a tributary people when he became their king; he appears to have accepted the situation as he found it, making no effort to recover their former standing as a nation. He enjoyed, and doubtless merited, the confidence of the English, and was an ardent promoter of peaceful rela- tions between them and his people. One of his granddaughters was the first wife of Andrew Montour; her son, John Montour, served under General Daniel Brodhead in the West during the Revolution with the rank of captain.f The Shawanese were of southern origin. At a conference with the chiefs of the Six Nations, August 26, 1732, the provincial authorities informed them " that the Shawanese, who were settled to the southward, being made uneasy by their neighbors, about sixty families of them came up to Conestoga about 1- Tills sketch has been principally derived from the minutes and correspondence of Covmcil; further particulars may be obtained by reference to the following : Colonial Records, Vol. II. pp. 469,' 546,567,559-561; III. pp. 296, 304, 316,316-326, 334-337,403^06, 606; IV. pp. 53-56, 307-311, 432^134,' 443- 447, 585, 742; V. p. 138; VII. p. OS. Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. I. pp. 214, "20, ■'■>■■> '"i "og 344-345 g49 762, 772. ' ' ' ' THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 25 thirty-five years since and desired leave of the Susquehanna Indians, who were planted there, to settle on that river; that those Susquehanna Indians applied to their government that they might accordingly settle, and they would become answerable for their good behavior; that our late Proprietor arriving soon after, the chiefs of the Shawanese and of the Susquehannas came to Philadelphia and renewed their application; that the Proprietor agreed to their settlement, and the Shawanese thereupon came under the protection of this government; that from that time greater numbers of the same Indians followed them and settled on Susquehanna and Delaware." They appear to have occupied the upper Susquehanna valley in common "with the Delawares, both being under the suzerainty of the Six Nations. It is thought that they had a town at the mouth of Chillisquaque creek. Con- rad Weiser was ferried across that stream by an old Shawanej Jenoniawano by name, on his journey, to Onondaga in 1737; Bishop Spangenberg calls it Shawane creek in the journal of his visit to Onondaga in 1745, and men- tions passing " the site of the town that formerly stood there." The tribe was migratory in its tendencies, and, with no certain tenure to the lands it occupied in central Pennsylvania, gravitated to the westward, locating on the Allegheny and Ohio rivers. Fearing that it might be won over to the French interest the provincial authorities sought to induce a return but "without avail. The Iroquois, although not the actual occupants of any part of Penn- sylvania, played an important part in its history throughout the colonial and Revolutionary periods. They inhabited the fertile region south of Lake Ontario and about the headwaters of the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and the Allegheny rivers, including the valley of the Mohawk on the east and that of the Genesee on the west. Five tribes, the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas, and Mohawks, originally constituted the confederacy, whence they were called the Five Nations; a sixth, the Tus- «aroras, was admitted about the year 1712, and after that they were known as the Six Nations. Each tribe exercised exclusive jurisdiction in purely domestic affairs, while matters concerning the nation as a whole were determined by the great council at Onondaga. This was the center of their power, which was practically coextensive with the thirteen original States, embracing also southern Canada and a part of the Mississippi valley. In the extent of their dominion, their absolute power, and the statecraft exer- cised in rendering conquered tribes subsidiary to their purposes, they have not been inaptly styled "the Romans of America." In all the arts of a savage people they excelled. Their fields were well cultivated, their towns were strongly fortified, their form of government secured practical unanimity in the execution of military projects, and in their intercourse with Euro- peans their chiefs often evinced a remarkable skillfulness in diplomacy and profoundness of policy. Their career of conquest was doubtless inaugurated 26 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. by the subjugation of the immediately contiguous tribes, and thus, in the extension of their power to the south, the Andastes and Lenni Lenape were first brought under their sway. The Shawanese, Ganawese, Conoys, and other Pennsylvania tribes also acknowledged their supremacy, and for the better government of these troublesome feudatories the great Onondoga council was constrained, in the early p^rt of the eighteenth century, to place over them a resident viceroy. To this responsible position Shikellimy was appointed, and for a score of years his name is associated with every important transaction affecting the Indians of the Susquehanna valley. Shikellimy was a Susquehannock by birth, descended from the ancient Andastes, and thus returned to govern the land from which his fathers had been expelled. Like many of the more enterprising youth of his tribe, he had entered the mihtary service of their conquerors; his valor in war was rewarded by adoption into the Oneida tribe, of which he at length became a chief, an exceptional preferment for one not a member of that nation by birth. It is not probable that he was appointed viceroy before 1728; he was not present at the treaty with the Five Nations at Philadelphia in July of the preceding year, and Le Tort does not mention him among the Indians of consequence whom he met " on the upper parts of the river Susquehanna " in the winter of 1727-28. The first conference that he attended at Philadel- phia was that of July 4-5, 1728, but it does not appear that he took any active part in the proceedings. He was present on a similar occasion in the following October, when, after the close of the conference, the Council con- sidered " what present might be proper to be made " to Shikellimy, " of the Five Nations, appointed to reside among the Shawanese, whose services had been and may yet further be of great advantage to this government." The secretary of Council had gained a more accurate idea of his functions three years later, when, in the minutes of August 12, 1731, he gives his name and title as " Shikellimy, sent by the Five Nations to preside over the Shawanese." At the close of the conference which began at Philadelphia on that date, the Governor having represented that he was " a trusty good man and a great lover of the Enghsh," he was commissioned as the bearer of a present to the Six Nations and a message inviting them to visit Philadelphia. This they accordingly did, arriving on the 18th of August, 1732. Shikellimy was pres- ent on this occasion, when it was mutually agreed that he and Conrad Weiser should be employed in any business that might be necessary between the high contracting parties. In August, 1710, he came to Philadelphia to inquire against whom the English were making perparations for war, rumors of which had reached the great council at Onondaga. He was also present at the conference at Philadelphia in July, 1742, at the treaty at Lancaster in June and July, 1744, and at the Philadelphia conference of the following August. He does not appear to have taken a very active part in the discus- sions, a privilege which, among the Six Nations, seems to have been reserved THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 27 for the Onondagas. In April, 1748, accompanied by his son and Conrad Weiser, he visited Philadelphia for the last time, but no public business of importance was considered.* Shikellimy's residence is first definitely located in 1729 in a letter of Governor Gordon to " Shikellimy and Kalarypnyacha at Shamokin." With- in the next eight years he had removed some miles up the valley of the West Branch. In the journal of his journey to Onondaga in 1737 Conrad Weiser states that he crossed the North Branch from Shamokin on the 6th of March; on the 7th he crossed Chillisquaque creek, and on the 8th he reached the village where Shikellimy lived. Bishop Spangenberg and his party passed over the same route, June 7, 1745; after passing Chillisquaque creek and the "site of the town that formerly stood there," they "next came to the place where Shikellimy formerly Uved," which was then deserted; the next point noticed is Warrior's Camp (Warrior run). Spangenberg certainly did not cross the West Branch; if Weiser had done so in 1737 there is every reason to suppose that he would have mentioned it, which he does not; from which, if there were no other data bearing upon the subject, it would be fair to conclude that in 1737 Shikellimy resided on the east bank of the West Branch at some point between Chillisquaque creek and Warrior run. But there are other data: numerous apphcations for land in Buffalo valley refer to " old Muncy town, Shikellimy's town, or ShikelHmy's old town," and from a comparison of the evidence of this nature John Blair Linn arrives at the conclusion that the village was situated " at the mouth of Sinking run, or Shikellimy's run as it was formerly called, at the old ferry one half mile below Milton on the Union county side."f However this may be, there is no doubt that at some time between 1737 and 1743 he removed to Shamokin, where he resided the remainder of his life. From this point he made fre- quent journeys to Onondaga, Philadelphia, Tulpehocken, Bethlehem, Pax- tang, and Lancaster, as the discharge of his important public functions required. There is ample evidence in contemporary records that Shikellimy's posi- tion was one of responsibility and honor rather than profit or emolument. In the general system of national polity of which the Iroquois confederacy was the only type among the aborigines of America, his post corresponded to that of a Eoman proconsul. But there the parallel ceases. Although he was charged with the surveillance of the entire Indian population of central Pennsylvania, and doubtless exacted a nominal tribute, no provision what- ever was made for his personal necessities, to which, with characteristic *Further particulars regarding Shikellimy's participation in pulolio affairs may he obtained tiy reference to Colonial Keoords, Vol. III. pp. 316, 330. 334-337, 404^10, 425, 435, 446, BOO-504; IV. pp. 80, 432-434, 443-447,584,743; V. pp. 84-88, 162, 212, 222; Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. I. pp. 228, 241, 288, 455, 494-497, 499, 649, etc. tLlnn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 3. 28 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. diplomacy, the provincial authorities were induced to contribute.* He was expected to hunt and fish, the natural modes of subsistence with an Indian, regardless of his station, but in the waning vigor of old age he was obliged to relinquish the chase, and in October, 1747, Conrad Weiser found him in a condition of utter destitution. This he describes as follows, in a letter to Council: — I must at the conclusion of this recommend Shikellimy as a proper object of char- ity. He is extremely poor; in his sickness the horses have eaten all his com; his clothes he gave to Indian doctors to cure him and his family, but all in vain; he has nobody to hunt for him, and I can not see how the poor old man can live. He has been a true servant to the government and may perhaps still be, if he lives to do well again. As the winter is coming on I think it would not be amiss to send him a few blankets or match-coats and a little powder and lead, if the government would be pleased to do it and you could send it up soon. I would send my sons with it to Sham- okin before the cold weather comes."!" Upon the consideration of this letter it was immediately decided by Coun- cil that goods to the value of sixteen pounds should be procured and for- warded to Shikellimy by Conrad Weiser. The consignment included five stroud match-coats, one fourth of a cask of gunpowder, fifty pounds of bar lead, fifteen yards of blue " half -thicks," one dozen best buck-handled knives, and four dufEel match-coats. On the occasion referred to (October, 1747), Shikellimy was quite ill. Weiser says: "I was surprised to see Shikellimy in such a miserable condi- tion as ever my eyes beheld. He was hardly able to stretch forth his hand to bid me welcome; in the same condition was his wife, his three sons not quite so bad but very poorly, also one of his daughters and two or three of his grandchildren aU had the fever." On the 10th of October, the day after his arrival, he administered medicines agreeably to the directions of Dr. Thomas Graeme, of Philadelphia, and before his departure Shikellimy was able to walk about " with a stick in his hand." In the following month he was so far recovered as to "visit Tulpehocken, and in April, 1748, he was at Philadelphia. After this he seems to have had a relapse, for on the 18th of June in the same year the provincial Council was informed that he was " sick and Uke to lose his eyesight." He again recovered, however, and in the fol- lowing December made a visit to Bethlehem. On the return trip he became * "The president likewise acquainting the lioard tliat tlie Indians, at a meeting ivith tlie Proprietor and Win, had taken notice that Conrad "Weiser and Shikellimy were, by the treaty of 173'i appointed asiflt anclproper persons to go between the Six Nations and this government and to be employed in all transactions "witli one another, whose bodies, the Indians said, were to be equally divided betn-eeu them and us, we to have one half and they the other; that they had found Conrad faithful and honest • that he is a true, good man, and had spoicen their words and our words, and not his own- and the Indians having presented him with a dressed skin, to make him shoes, and two deer skins to keen him warm, they said, as they liad thus taken care of our friend, they must recommend theirs'(Shikelllmv^ to our notice; and the board, judging it necessary that a particular notice should be taken of him accordingly, it is ordered that six pounds be laid out for him in sucli thhigsas he inav most wnnt » Colonial Records, Vol. IV. p. as. ° ' " tColonial Records, Vol. "V. p. 138. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 29 ill, but reached his home with the assistance of Zeisberger, who attended him during his sickness and administered the consolations of religion. He died on the 17th of December, 1748, his daughter and Zeisberger being present. The latter, assisted by Henry Fry, made a coffin, in which, with the possessions he had valued most highly during life, the mortal remains of the great viceroy were interred at the burial ground of his people. " Where Susquehanna's tranquil branches meet, Like prince and princess, each from far retreat, " Blue Hill, which has tor many ages frowned Upon the less imposing hills around, Bock-hreasted, mountain-walled, had ever been The legendary home of wondrous men. " Half up those rocks, conspicuous in place, Time's hand has chisell'd Shikellimy's face. Which, looking eastward o'er the rippling wave, Beholds the place where chieftains made his grave." * LosMel, the Moravian historian, gives the following estimate of his char- acter and account of his conversion: — Being the first magistrate and head chief of all the Iroquois Indians living on the banks of the Susquehanna as far as Onondaga, he thought it incumbent upon him to be very circumspect in his dealings with the white people. He mistrusted the Brethren at first, but upon discovering their sincerity became their firm and real friend. Being much engaged in political affairs he had learned the art of concealing his sentiments, and, therefore, never contradicted those who endeavored to prejudice his mind against the missionaries, though he always suspected their motives. In the last years of his life he became less reserved, and received those Brethren who came to Shamokin into his house. He assisted them in building, and defended them against the insults of the drunken Indians, bein^ himself never addicted to drinking, because, as he expressed it, he never wished to become a fool. He had built his house upon pillars for safety, in which he always shut himself up when any drunken frolic was going on in the village. In this house Bishop .Johannes Von Watteville and his company visited and preached the Gospel to him. It was then that the Lord opened his heart. He listened with great attention, and at last, with tears, respected the doctrine of a crucified Jesus, and received it in faith. During his visit in Bethlehem, a remarkable change took place in his heart which he could not conceal. He found comfort, peace, and joy by faith in his Redeemer, and the Brethren considered him as a candidate for baptism; but, hearing that he had already been baptized by a Roman Catholic priest in Canada, they only endeavored to impress his mind with a proper idea of the sacra- mental ordinance, upon which he destroyed a small idol which he wore about his neck. After his return to Shamokin the grace of God bestowed upon him was truly manifest, and his behavior was remarkably peaceable and contented. In this state of mind he was taken ill, was attended by Brother David Zeisberger, and in his presence fell asleep happy in the Lord, in full assurance of obtaining eternal life through the merits of Jesus Christ. At his first appearance in colonial affairs, Shikellimy had a son and daughter and probably other children. A present was provided for his wife and daughter at the conclusion of the treaty of October, 1728; and on ♦Legends of the Susquehanna, by Truman H. Purdy, pp. 9, 42. 30 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the 18th of August, 1729, the Governor sent him a message of condolence upon the death of his son and a shroud with which to cover him. Another son, Unhappy Jake, was killed by the Catawbas, with whom the Six Nations were at war, in 1743, and in a letter dated January 2, 1744, Weiser informs Secretary Peters of the fact, suggesting also the propriety of sending the bereaved father " a small present, in order to wipe oft his tears and comfort his heart." Several days before Weiser's arrival at Shamokin, November 9, 1747, there were three deaths in the family, viz. : Cajadies, his son-in-law, " that had been married to his daughter above fifteen years, and reckoned the best hunter among all the Indians," the wife of his eldest son, and a grandchild. It is evident that he had more than one daughter at that time; " his three sons " are also mentioned. The eldest, Tachnechdorus, succeeded to the former authority of his father, and, with two others, " sachems or chiefs of the Indian nation called the Shamokin Indians," affixed his signa- ture to the Indian deed of 1749. Conrad Weiser, writing to Governor Morris under date of March 1, 1755, styles him " Tachnechdorus, the chief of Shamokin, of the Cayuga nation," the latter part of which is difficult to harmonize with the fact that his father is uniformly referred to as an Oneida. His brother seems to have been associated with him; Eichard Peters, the provincial secretary, in his account of the eviction of settlers from lands north of the Kittatinny mountains not purchased from the Indians, states that his party was accompanied by three Indians from Shamokin, " two of which were sons of the late Shikellimy, who transact the business of the Six Nations with this government." Tachnechdorus was also known to the English by the name of John Shikellimy. In 1753 he had a hunting lodge at the mouth of Warrior run and resided at a small Shawanese town below Munoy creek on the West Branch. These facts are derived from Mack's journal, which also states that Shikellimy's family had left Shamokin, where they found it very difficult to live owing to the constant drafts upon their hospitality. In April, 1756, he was at McKee's fort, but greatly dissatisfied, as nearly all of his party were sick. Sayughtowa, a younger brother of Tachnechdorus, was the most cele- brated of Shikellimy's sons. " In 1768 and 1769 he resided near Keedsville in Mifflin county, and has given his name to the spring near that place, to Logan's branch of Spring creek, in Centre county, Logan's path, etc In 1774 occurred Lord Dunmore's expedition against the Shawanese towns, now Point Pleasant, West Virginia, which was the occasion of Logan's celebrated speech, commencing ' I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and he gave him not meat,' which will go down to all time, whether properly or . not, as a splendid outburst of Indian eloquence."* Heckewelder, who thought him a man of superior talents, called on him in April, 1773, at his sett lement on the Ohio below *Lliin's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 5. ' THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 31 Big Beaver; the same writer also states that he was murdered in October, 1781, between his residence and Detroit. His English name, James Logan, was conferred in honor of the distinguished Friend who was so long and prominently identified with colonial affairs in Pennsylvania; he is generally kriown to history as " Logan, the Mingo." It has been stated that a Frenchman, Etienne Brul6, made the first exploration of the Susquehanna; French traders were also the first to bring the valley of that river within the sphere of commercial influence. As early as 1694 a petition was presented to Council from certain inhabitants of Philadelphia and other parts of the Province, " setting forth their jealousies relating to the French in general amongst them, and more especially refer- ring to those trading in remote and obscure places with the natives without security or approbation." In the previous year information had been lodged against Ann Le Tort, charging her with treasonable correspondence and with the use of language calculated to alienate the friendly Indians; this she denied, and the charges were not substantiated. She was the wife of Jacques Le Tort, and among their compatriots in the Province at that time were Peter Bazalion, Richard Bazalion, Captain Dubrois, and M. Lewis, a French Canadian who was taken prisoner by Pennsylvania Indians and lived with the Le Torts. Jacques Le Tort was a resident of the Province as early as 1690, when he applied for permission to go to England, which was granted. Madame Le Tort resided at Conestoga in 1704 James Le Tort was probably their son; regarding his personal history the following entry appears in the minutes of Council under date of the I7th of 6th month, 1703:— James Le Tort, who, about two years ago, went out of this Province to Canada and returned last spring, having been upon his return examined before several of the Council and magistrates and no great occasion found to suspect him of any evil designs against this government, he having been bred in it from his infancy, had hitherto behaved himself inoffensively, and was seduced to depart in time of peace by the instigation of some others without any evil intentions that could be made to appear in himself.* The earliest evidence of resident Indian traders within the present limits of the county is "A Draught of the Susquehanna Eiver in 1701, made by Isaac Taylor, Surveyor of Chester County." It locates " J. Le Tort's store " at the site of the borough of Northumberland, and from that point the journey referred to in the minutes of Council was probably made overland to Canada. His position was well chosen; it commanded the trade of both branches of the Susquehanna, and, while consignments were doubtless made to Philadelphia, there is reason to think that the proprietor was also in com- munication with the French. England and France were then at war, and, notwithstanding the favorable disposition of the provincial authorities toward him and his professions of fidelity to the colonial government, he was *Colonial Becords, Vol. 11. p. 100. 32 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. called upon to give " sufficient security for his good behavior in the sum of one thousand pounds," in default of which he was incarcerated in the com- mon gaol of Philadelphia. In 1707, with Peter Bazalion, Martin Chartiers, and others, he embarked in prospecting for minerals "upon the branches of the Potomac, within this government," evidently the Cumberland valley, from which they were obliged to withdraw by order of the Governor. In 1712 he was licensed as an Indian trader; at a treaty with the Six Nations at Philadelphia in July, 1727, their chiefs requested /' that none of the traders be allowed to carry any rum to the remoter parts where James Le Tort trades (that is, Allegheny, on the branches of Ohio)," from which some idea of the extent of his operations may be formed. It is highly probable that his journeys thither were made by way of the Susquehanna river; on the 18th of April, 1728, having " lately come to town from Chenastry on the upper parts of the river Susquehanna," he was examined before Council at Philadelphia and stated that, intending to make a journey as far as the Miamis in the autumn of the previous year, he had considted Madame Mon- tour, who had formerly lived among them; she and her husband, Caronda- wana, agreed to accompany him, but, after waiting long at Chenastry for one who had engaged to go with them, the winter set in before they could pro- ceed, and when he again spoke to Madame Montour upon the subject she declined to go, having heard of impending hostilities on the part of the Indians. As further information was desired, Le Tort and John Scull were forthwith dispatched to Chenastry with messages and presents for Alluma- pees, Madame Montour, and Manawkyhickdn. On the 12th of May Le Tort wrote to the Governor from Catawissa, which shows that his travels embraced also the North Branch. He was concerned in Indian affairs for some years after this, but not with any degree of prominence in the terri- tory to which this work relates. The earliest recorded visit of Europeans to Shamokin occm-red in May, 1728, although there can be no doubt that Le Tort, Madame Montour, and others passed through the place prior to that date. Taylor's map of 1701 1-ocates " John Scull's store " on the east bank of the Susquehanna river, near the mouth of Mahanoy creek. Scull was thus the earliest resident English trader within the present limits of Northumberland county of whom there is authentic evidence; he was also the first English visitor to Shamokin of whom there is any record. As previously stated, he was associated with Le Tort as the bearer of presents to Madame Montour and the Indian chiefs; they were commissioned on the 18th of April, 1728, and on the 10th of May^ in a letter headed " Shahomaking " Allumapees informed the Governor that he had received his letter, and sent an answer by John Scull. Several weeks later it again became necessary to communicate with the chiefs; three friendly Indians having been killed at Cuscussea, Chester county, steps were at once taken for the apprehension of the murderers, and on the 15th of May, THE COLONIAL PEBIOD. 35 1728, Nicholas Scull, John Scull, and Anthony Zadowsky received instruc- tions to inform AUumapees, Opekasset, and Manawkyhickon of these pro- ceedings. The conference was held at Shamokin, and the answer of the chiefs, " delivered in Indian and interpreted by James Le Tort," was trans- mitted to the Governor under date of May 22, 1728. On the 7th of August, 1729, a committee of Council recommended the payment of the following: — To Mcholas Scull, eleven pounds, for twenty-two days' service on a message to the Indians at Shamokin and other parts upon the unhappy murder of those at Cuscussea; and four pounds extraordinary to him, he being the person especially intrusted with the management thereof. To John Scull, fifteen pounds for thirty days' service on the said messages and other services performed; and three pounds extraordinary for interpreting at treaties. To Anthony Zadowsky, seven pounds, for fourteen days' service on the message aforesaid.* In the autumn of the same year (1728) it became necessary to send a third message to the chiefs at Shamokin. Anthony Zadowsky, in a private letter to John Petty, another Indian trader, stated "that an Indian came to Oley to one Peter Kerwin and brought account that all the Indians were removed from Shamokin except AUumapees and Opekasset; that at the Shawanese town called Malson the Shawanese had hanged one Timothy Higgins, a servant of Henry Smith's, an Indian trader, upon a pole of their cabin; .... and that it was Jeared it might not be well with the rest of the Indian traders in those parts." Intelligence having also been received that a band of Shawanese had left Pecheoquealin (Durham, on the Delaware river), upon the receipt of a message from the Susquehanna, the Governor and Council, at a meeting on the 1st of September, 1728, decided to send Henry Smith and John Petty to Shamokin with a message to AUumapees, Ope- kasset, ShakatawHn, and Shikellimy. Having arrived at their destination, they wrote the Governor under date of September 3, 1728, informing him that Higgins had not been hanged as reported and that they were pursuing their journey in quest of further intelligence. Nothing of material impor- tance was discovered, however; the Shamokin chiefs met the provincial authorities in conference on the 10th and 11th of October, 1728, at the court house in Philadelphia, when expressions of the most friendly character were interchanged, and thus the war cloud that seemed to be gathering on the Susquehanna frontier was happily dissipated. John Fisher and John Hart are mentioned as "two of the Shamokin traders" in a letter from the Delaware chiefs "at Allegheny on the main road" under date of April 30, 1730. Some of their people, the chiefs state, formed a hunting party, to which Fisher and Hart attached themselves; when they had gone down the Allegheny river more than a hundred miles the Indians "proposed to fire hunt by making a ring; the white men would go along"; the Indians tried to dissuade them from it, "alleging that they ♦Colonial Records, Vol. III. pp. 366-367. 3 36 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. did not understand it and might receive some harm, but they still persisted in it, so all went together." John Hart was shot in the mouth; the bullet lodged in his neck, resulting in death. The letter also states that "at a friend's house about twenty miles distant from hence, Henry Smith being there with rum, the Indians got drunk," and in the melee which ensued an Englishman was wounded. This was doubtless the same Henry Smith who was associated with Petty two years previously as the bearer of the messages and presents to the chiefs at Shamokin. Anthony Zadowsky and John Fisher had been at Allegheny in 1729; Jonah Davenport, who had some dealings with Caron- dawana, the husband of Madame Montour, prior to 1728, had been at Alle- gheny as early as 1727; from which it is quite evident that the traders who frequented the regions of the upper Susquehanna extended their journeys to Allegheny by that route, while the expression, "Shamokin traders," clearly indicates that the town of that name was a rendezvous for the commercial itinerants of the entire northern and northwestern parts of the State. Regarding these adventurous spirits it is possible to speak only in gen- eral terms. Their ranks were not usually recruited from among the best classes of citizens, and much that has been preserved concerning them in of&cial records is not to their credit; but, while their dealings may have some- times shown a disposition to take advantage of the ignorance and credul- ity of the " red brother," this harmonized so well with the general usage of the first Proprietor and his successors that it ought, perhaps, to be regarded as commendable. Wherever there were Indians who would take guns and ammunition, rum, stroud match-coats, knickknacks, etc. in exchange for peltries, the ubiquitous traders found their way, and, while geographical knowledge was but an incidental acquisition, the information of this nature thus gained was of the first importance. In establishing commercial rela- tions with the Indian tribes they did much to attach them to the English interest. Not unfrequently, after a long absence in which their associations had been exclusively with the savage population of remote districts, they were summoned before the Governor and Council and the information thus elicited determined in large measure the policy of the government in Indian affairs. Correspondence with distant tribes was conducted entirely through them, while their knowledge of the Indian languages rendered their presence and assistance indispensable at treaties. In the latter functions they were succeeded by Conrad Weiser, who, as of&cial interpreter from 1732 until his death, was intimately connected with affairs in the territory to which this work relates during that period. Conrad Weiser was born at Afstadt, Wiirtemberg, November 2, 1696. His father, John Conrad Weiser, a local magistrate, immigrated to Living- ' stone manor. New York, in 1710, at the head of a colony of four thousand Palatinates. Their immediate neighbors were the Mohawk Indians, with whom, from his prominence among the membership of the German colony. THE COLONIAL PEBIOD. 37 the elder Weiser was frequently in communication. On one occasion a Mohawk chief visited him at his home, and, conceiving a fondness for Con- rad, who was then a youth of seventeen, sought and obtained permission to have him reside among his people. Accordingly, he spent eight months at a Mohawk town eight miles south of Schoharie, New York; during this period he acquired a thorough knowledge of their language and customs and was adopted as a member of the tribe. In 1720 he married, and from 1714 to 1729 he resided within two miles of the town referred to, where, although engaged in farming, he was also employed as interpreter. Owing to litiga- tion affecting the title to their lands, m.any of the Palatinates removed to the Tulpehocken, Berks county, Pennsylvania; among this number was Conrad Weiser, who located near Womelsdorf in 1729. The first general confer- ence between the chiefs of the Six Nations and the provincial authorities after his settlement in the Province occurred in 1732, when it was mutually agreed that he should thereafter act as interpreter for that confederation. In this capacity he ofS.ciated at the treaties of 1736 and 1749 at Philadel- phia, the great council at Lancaster in 1744, the Albany conference of 1754, and on many minor occasions. He was also intrusted with important missions to the great council at Onondaga and to the Ohio tribes, and throughout his long career as agent and interpreter enjoyed the full confidence of both Indians and English. He died at Tulpehocken, July 13, 1760. Two of his descendants, each of whom bore the name of George Weiser, served as associate judges of Northumberland county. Weiser's first journey to Onondaga was made in 1737. Governor Gooch, of Virginia, having requested the Pennsylvania authorities to send a message to the Six Nations inviting them to a conference with the Cherokees and Ca- tawbas at Williamsburg, James Logan, president of Council, engaged Weiser to undertake the journey. He left Tulpehocken on the 27th of February, 1737 ; that part of his journal which relates to the journey through North- umberland county is as follows: — 1st Marcli, left Tollieo, whicli is the last place in the inhabited part of Pennsyl- vania. On the 4th we reached Shamokin, but did not find a living soul at home who could assist us in crossing the Susquehanna river. On the 5th we lay still; we had now made about eighty miles. 6th, we observed a smoke on the other side of the river and an Indian trader came over and took us across. We again lay still to-day. On the 7th we started along one branch of the river going to the northwest. An old Shawane, by name Jenoniawano, took us in his canoe across the creek at Chillisqua- que. On the 8th we reached the village where Shikellimy lives, who was appointed to be my companion and guide on the journey. He was, however, far from home on a hunt. Weather became bad and the waters high, and no Indian could be induced to seek Shikellimy until the 12th, when two young Indians agreed to go out in search of him. On the 16th they returned with word that Shikellimy would be back next day, which so happened. The Indians were out of provisions at this place. I saw a new\blanket given for about one third of a bushel of Indian corn. The party consisted of Conrad Weiser, a Dutchman, and three Indians. 38 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The journey was attended with great hardships, and it was not until the 12th of May, 1737, that Weiser's report was considered by Council. Weiser's first official visit to Shamokin was occasioned by the report of a skirmish in Virginia between the inhabitants and a party of Iroquois. It was feared that hostilities might ensue in which Pennsylvania would neces- sarily be involved, and on the 26th of January, 1743, the Governor wrote him to proceed at pnce to Shamokin, and, in concert with Shikellimy, devise measures for the adjustment of the difficulty. He received his instructions on the evening of January 30th, and, accompanied by Thomas McKee, an Indian trader, set out for Shamokin on the following morning. On the 3d of February they overtook a party of Shawanese, each armed with gun and saber, at a trader's house twenty-five miles from Shamokin; as they alighted from their horses the trader's wife told them that the Indians, who had entered the house, were disposed to be unfriendly, but Weiser went in, shook hands, engaged them in conversation, and gained their confidence and good will. They then pursued their journey together, arriving at Shamokin on the evening of that day after sunset. On the 4th of February twenty-five Indians, including Shikellimy, Saghsidowa, Lapacpitton, and Andrew Montour, assembled in council at Shikellimy's house; as the latter was in mourning for a relative lately killed in Virginia, Weiser first pre- sented him with two strouds to wipe the tears from his eyes, an indispen- sable preliminary, as the Indians never transacted public business while in mourning. He then stated the object of his mission, to which AHumapees replied on behalf of the assembled company. On the following day AHum- apees held a council of the Delawares, at which Weiser, Shikellimy, and Saghsidowa were present. As a result of these conferences, ShikeUimy, his son, and Saghsidowa, who was a Tuscarora chief, immediately set out for Onondaga; and, having accomphshed the immediate object of his mission, Weiser left Shamokin on the 6th of February, arriving at Tulpehocken on the 9th. Governor Gooch having expressed his acceptance of the good offices of the Pennsylvania authorities, it became necessary to continue the negotiations thus begun by a second message to Shamokin, and on the 9th of April, 1743 Weiser again arrived at that place in pursuance of instructions from the Governor. Shikellimy, his son, and Saghsidowa returned from Onondaga on the same day, and on the 10th a council was held at which the answer of the Six Nations was delivered. Shikelhmy's people then gave " a handsome Indian dinner " to aU that were present, after which Weiser made known the object of his visit and presented the company with two rolls of tobacco. On the 21st of April, accompanied by ShikeUimy and Saghsidowa, he arrived at Philadelphia. But the most important part of his connection with this affair remained to be performed. Governor Gooch wrote Governor Thomas on the 7th of May, 1743, requesting him to send a present amounting to one THE COLONIAL PEKIOD. 39 hundred pounds in value to the Six Nations at Onondaga and arrange for a treaty in the following year. This mission was intrusted to Weiser; he delivered his report to the Governor on the 1st of September, and, although no details are given regarding the journey, it was doubtless made by way of Shamokin and the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Weiser' s next visit to Shamokin in his official capacity was made in May, 1745. In the Virginia affair the English had been the aggressors, and he represented the Governor of Pennsylvania as mediator between them and the Six Nations, but on this occasion he appeared to demand satisfaction for the murder of a trader and two of his servants on the Juniata by Dela- wares. Two of the murderers had been apprehended, tried before a council at Shamokin, and found guilty; they were then bound, and lay thus twenty- four hours before any one "would venture to conduct them down, because of the great division among the Delaware Indians; and Allumapees, in dan- ger of being killed, fled to Shikellimy and begged his protection. At last Shikellimy's son Jack went to the Delawares, most of them being drunk, as they had been for several days, and told them to deliver the prisoners to Alexander Armstrong, and if they were afraid to do it they might separate their heads from their bodies and lay them in the canoe and carry them to Alexander to roast and eat them; that would satisfy his revenge, as he wants to eat Indians. They prevailed with the said Jack to assist them, an^ accordingly he and his brother and some of the Delawares went with two canoes and carried, them off." They conducted the principal perpetrator to Lancaster, but allowed the other to escape on the way. Weiser was instructed to demand the apprehension of the two accessories who were yet at large and the restoration of the stolen goods. He met the Indians in council at Shamokin on the 2d of May, 1744, and delivered his m.essage, to which Allumapees responded. A feast was then prepared, at which more than a hundred persons were present, and after they had, "in great silence, devoured a fat bear, the eldest of the chiefs made a speech, in which he said: That, by a great misfortune, three of the brethren, the white men, had been killed by an Indian; that, nevertheless, the sun was not set [meaning there was no war] — it had only been darkened by a small cloud, which was now done away; he that had done evil was like to be punished, and the land to remain in peace. Therefore he exhorted his people to thankfulness to God, and therefore he began to sing with an awful solemnity, but without expressing any words. The others accompanied him with their voices. After they had done, the same Indian, with great earnestness of fervor, spoke these words: 'Thanks, thanks to Thee, Thou great Lord of the world, in that Thou hast again caused the sun to shine and has dispersed the dark cloud. The Indi- ans are Thine.'" After this Weiser's visits to Shamokin were of a less formal character. In September, 1744, with eight young men of his "country people," he spent 40 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. seventeen days there building a "lock-house" for Shikellimy. His journey to Onondaga in 1745 was probably made by way of Shamokin, as Shikel- limy, his son, and Andrew Montour accompanied him. On the 13th of June, 1747, he set out for Shamokin by way of Paxtang, when he met Shikellimy at Chambers's mill, which rendered it unnecessary to proceed farther. On the 6th of October in the same year he again left Tulpehocken, arriving at Shamokin on the 9th about noon. It was on this occasion that he found Shikellimy and his family ill and administered medicine for their relief. He spent three days with them, leaving on the afternoon of the 12th and arriving at Tulpehocken at noon on the 15th (October, 1747). In a letter to the Governor under date of April 22, 1749, he says: "I returned from Shamokin on the 18th of this instant. I happened to meet the eldest and youngest sons of Shikellimy at the trading house of Thomas McKee, about twenty miles this side of Shamokin, by whom I was informed that all the Indians had left Shamokin for this present time because for want of pro- visions ; so I thought best to deliver my message there to the sons of Shikel- limy." His message was one of condolence from the Governor and Council to the children and grandchildren of the deceased viceroy and a request to Tachnechdorus to "take upon him the care of a chief." On the 17th of April, 1754, he set out "by the way of John Harris's and Thomas McKee's, l^ing afraid of the two high mountains," and reached Shamokin on the 20th. Thence he journeyed up the West Branch a distance of twenty miles, and sent his son, Samuel, to Wyoming; the latter was accompanied by Logan. They returned to Tulpehocken on the 1st of May. On the 11th of June, 1755, he arrived at his home from Otstuacky, a town about forty-five miles above Shamokin on the West Branch, where he had been with ten hired men to fence a corn field for the Indians, agreeably to instructions from the Governor. He left two sacks of flour at Shamokin, where the supply of provisions was not very plentiful. Two of his sons visited Shamokin in the autumn of that year, to inform the Indians of Sir William Johnson's success against the French on Lake George. The first visit of Moravians to Shamokin occurred in 1742. The party, composed of Count Zinzendorf, his daughter Benigna, Conrad Weiser, Anna Nitschmann, John Martin Mack, and two Indians, David and Joshua, arrived on the 28th of September, 1742. Bishop Spangenberg, accompanied by David Zeisberger, John Joseph Schebosh, and Conrad Weiser and his sons, Philip and Frederick, arrived at Shamokin' on the 1st of June, 1745, and departed for Onondaga on the 7th. In September of the same year Mack and his wife were stationed at Shamokin as resident missionaries and remained four months. In April, 1747, he visited the scene of his former labors to confer with Shikellimy regarding the erection of a smith-shop. (This had been suggested as early as 1740 by AUumapees, who brought his ax to Philadelphia to have it mended). In the following June a house eighteen by THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 41 thirty feet in dimensions was erected by John Hagen and Joseph Powell; it was first occupied on the 24th of the month. Blacksmith tools were obtained at Lancaster and transported by way of Harris's Ferry. Anton Schmidt, the smith, arrived on the 3d of August, accompanied by his wife and the wife of Hagen, who had been appointed resident missionary, but died in the autumn of 1747 and was succeeded by Mack. At a later date Schmidt was succeeded as blacksmith by Max Kieffer. Bishop Cammerhofl and Joseph PoweU visited the mission in January, 1748, and David Zeisberger in the following summer, while the missionary and smith were frequently in communication with the Brethren at Bethlehem. When the Penn's creek massacre occurred there were three of the Brethren at Shamokin, one smith and two missionaries ; the latter immediately fled to Bethlehem, but the smith, reluctant to leave without instructions from the directors of the society, remained, and finally effected his escape by way of Wyoming. The location of Shamokin is not indicated in contemporary accounts as definitely as might be desired. Spangenberg states in his journal of June 3, 1745, (two days after his arrival at Shamokin) that "Joseph and Conrad crossed the river to visit the Indian king who lives there" (AUumapees), and on the previous day he mentions that "Brother Joseph also went over to the island to visit Madame Montour," from which it would appear that the town was situated on both sides of the river and on the island. On the 2d of June, 1757, one himdred Indians arrived at Fort Augusta, and, according to Colonel Buxd's journal, "encamped above the fort towards the old town." One of their number died of femaU-pox on the 8th and was interred "at the old town where the Indians were always buried." The Indian burial ground was situated on the old Hunter farm. In 1859-63 M. L. Hendricks exhumed a number of skeletons, among them one which there is good reason to suppose was that of the great Shikellimy. 42 HISTOEY OP NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER 11. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD (Concluded). Pdbchase of the Susquehanna — Alienation of the Delawabe Indians — Hostilities Inaugubated — Bumobs of Feench Invasion — Defensive Measukes Adopted — The Augusta Regiment Oeqanized to Build a Fobt at Shamokin — PnOGBESS OF the EXPEDITION — CONSTEUCTION OF FOBT AuGUSTA — PRINCIPAL Events of Colonel Clapham's Administration — Exteacts and Incidents FROM Major Bued's Journal — Subsequent Commanding Opficbes^The 3Iag- AziNE AND Indian Stoeb — Operations in 1763 — Strength of the G-areison and Armament — The Flag — Doctoes and Chaplains — Plan and Dbsceiption of THE Fobt — Close of the Feench and Indian Wab — Puechase of 1768 — Early Surveys — Lists of Pioneees — Fithian's Jouenal — The Yankee and Penn- AMiTB Wab. THE peaceful intercourse of the trader, the interpreter, and the mission- ary with the Lidians of Shamokin and the surrounding region, the narration of which forms so large a part of the preceding chapter, was abruptly terminated by the massacre of Penn's creek. This was but the be- ginning of a protracted Indian war, the causes of which are to be found principally in the policy of the provincial authorities in the purchase of Indian lands. The first Indian deed to William Penn was executed on the 15th of July, 1682, by certain chiefs of the Delaware Indians, and conveyed the southeastern part of Bucks county. This was negotiated by William Mark- ham, and when the Proprietor himself arrived the further acquisition of territory was energetically continued. Numerous deeds of varying impor- tance were executed by the Delawares during the following years ; and finally, on the 17th of September, 1718, a general release was signed by their king, Sassoonan, and six of their chiefs for all the territory between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers " from Duck creek to the mountains on this side Leohay." In these negotiations the Delawares were treated with as an inde- pendent tribe, and the various transactions seem to have been mutually satisfactory. Ahnost before his Colony was firmly established upon the Delaware, Penn anticipated the extension of settlement to the westward by negotiating with the Iroquois for the Susquehanna valley. In this he secured the serv- ices of Thomas Dongan, Governor of New York and subsequently Earl of Limerick, who wrote him as follows regarding the contemplated purchase under date of October 10, 1683:— THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 43 I have had an account from Albany of the Indians being there, and find they can not agree among themselves; I hope Mr.^Graham will find them there, and that my ■orders have taken efEect, though I would not advise you to settle any people suddenly upon it before the Indians agree among themselves, two or three of the most powerful nations being debarred from any interest in it, as you will see by the inclosed. The Maquas have been here with me, and told ^me there was one about to purchase the land; I have ordered them to agree in a peaceable way about it and they have promised to send me word as soon as they do, of which I will immediately after acquaint you. They have also given me the land, and pretend that they have better interest than any ■other. They have all of them agreed to give Susquehanna river to me and this gov- ernment, which I have under their hands to show for it.* From this it is evident that Graham was the agent by whom the original purchase -was made; that the Five Nations were not jointly interested, but that the Maquas (Mohawks), pretended to a " better interest than any other, " and that the council of the confederation was divided in sentiment regarding the matter. These differences were at length harmonized, and on the 2 2d of October, 1683, Dongan wrote: "The Susquehanna river is given me by the Indians by a second gift, about which you and I shall not fall out."f It was not until 1696, however, that the transfer was made to William Perm. On the 12th of January in that year Thomas Dongan granted to him " all that tract of land lying upon on both sides the river commonly called or known by the name of the Susquehanna " for one thousand years at an annual rental of one pepper corn; and on the following day (January 13, 1696), he conveyed the same to William Perm in fee simple at the consideration of one hundred pounds. The lower Susquehanna valley, the southern part of the lands in question, was occupied at that time by the Susquehannock Indians, and these transac- tions were naturally of vital interest to them. At a conference at Conestoga in 1721, Civility, "a descendant of the ancient Susquehannock Indians, the •old settlers of these parts," stated "that he had been informed by their old men that they were troubled when they heard that their lands had been given up to a place so far distant as New York, and that they were overjoyed "when they imderstood WiUiam Perm had bought them back again." On his second visit to the Province, the Proprietor, actuated doubtless by motives of policy no less than a sense of justice, further strengthened his title to the Susquehaima by securing from the Susquehaimocks a release even more abso- lute than that which he had obtained from their conquerors. By the terms *Pennsylvanla Archives, Vol. I. pp. 76-77. tPennsylvania Archives, Vol. I. p. 81. At a conference -with the Six Nations at Conestoga in July, 1721, " they were told it was now very near, viz., within one moon, of thirty-seven years since a great man of England. Governor of Vir- ginia, called the Lord Effingham, together ■with Colonel Dongan, Governor of New York, held a great treaty with them at Albany, of which we liad the writings to this day. Ghesaont answered they knew it well, and the subject of that treaty, it was, he said, about settling of lands. Being further told that in that treaty the Five Nations had given up all their right to all the lands on Susquehanna to the Duke of York, then brother to the King of England, he.acknowledgedthis to be so."— Golowial SaiorOjs, Vol. III. p. 1S3. From this it would seem that Dongan's purchase was not consummated until August, 1684. 44 HISTOEY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of this instrument, which was executed on the 13th of September, 1700, Widaagh alias Orytyagh and Andaggy Junkquah, "kings or sachems of the Susquehannock Indians and of the river under that name and lands lying on both sides thereof," granted and confirmed to William Penn " aU the said river Susquehanna and all the islands therein, and all the lands situate, lying, and being upon both sides of the said river and next adjoining to the same, extending to the utmost confines of the lands which are or formerly were the right of the people or nation called the Susquehannock Indians," with aU, the right, title, and interest therein that they or their ancestors " could, might, or ought to have had, held, or enjoyed." The bargain, and sale effected by Dongan were also distinctly ratified; and on the 23d of April, 1701, the Potomac and Shawanese Indians, with other chiefs of the Susquehannocks, entered into a treaty with Penn by which the purchase from Orytyagh and Andaggy Junkquah was approved and confirmed. While the Susquehannocks were apparently weU satisfied, the Six Nations were not. They acknowledged Dongan' s deed'at a conference with Governor Gookin at Conestoga in 1710, but several years later the Cayugas "had the boldness to assert that all the lands upon Susquehanna river belonged to them and that the English had no right to settle there;" and although the sale to Dongan was admitted and confirmed at the Conestoga conference of July, 1721, and at Albany in September, 1722, his transfer ta Penn seems to have been both incomprehensible and unsatisfactory. The reasons for this were thus stated by Canassatego, an Onondaga chief, at the Lancaster treaty in 1744:— Our brother Onas [Penn] a great while ago came to Albany to buy the Susque- hanna lands of us, but our brother, the Governor of New York, who, as we suppose, had not a good understanding with our brother ^Onas, advised us not to sell him any lands, for he would make an ill use of it; and, pretending to be our good friend, he^ advised us, in order to prevent Onas or any other persona imposing upon us, and that we might always have our land when we should want it, to put it into his hands, and told us he would keep it for our use and never open his hands but keep them close shut and not part with any of it but at our request. Accordingly, we trusted him and put our land into his hands and charged him to keep it safe for our use. But some time after he went away to England and carried our land with him, and there sold it to our brother Onas for a large sum of money; and when, at the instance of our brother Onas, we were minded to sell him some lands, he told us that we had sold the Susquehanna lands already to the Governor of New York and that he had bought them from him in England.* At length, in pursuance of a decision of the Onondaga council, a depu- tation was sent to Philadelphia in the autumn of 1736 for the purpose of terminating all disputes relating to the Susquehanna river and lands. A. conference was held, resulting in the execution'of a deed by which the Six Nations, on the 11th of October, 1736, released and confirmed to the Proprie- taries " all the said river Susquehaima, with the lands lying on both sides *Colonlal Records, Vol. IV. p. 708. " THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 45 thereof, to extend eastward as far as the heads of the branches or springs which run into the said Susquehanna, and all the lands lying on the west side of the said river to the setting of the sun, and to extend from the mouth of the said river northward up the same to the hills or mountains called in the language of the said nations the Tyannuntasachta or Endless hills and by the Delaware Indians the Kekkachtananin hills." After the close of the conference the Indians set out on the return journey; at Tulpehocken, Octo- ber 25, 1736, they signed a supplementary document declaring that the "true intent and meaning " of their deed of the 11th instant was, to release all that part of the Province between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers with the Endless hills as the northern boundary. The Kittatinny range thus became the line of the Province along the entire north and west frontier from the Delaware river to the Maryland border. The next purchase from the Six Nations was made in 1749. On this occasion they took the initiative; the conference began at Philadelphia on the 16th of August, 1749, when, after the usual preliminary exchange of courtesies, Canassatego reminded the Governor and Council of their agree- ment under previous treaties to remove all persons who should locate upon lands not yet purchased, and of their evident inability to carry this stipula- tion into efEect; but, as it would involve much trouble to remove the intrud- ers, the Six Nations were willing "to give up the land on the east side of Sus- quehanna from the Blue hills or Chambers's miU to where Thomas McKee, the Indian trader, lives," and leave the amount of the consideration for the Governor and Council to determine. The Governor replied that this propo- sition could not bp acceded to, as the lands offered were principally mount- ainous, but if they would make Shamokin the northern limit and the Dela- ware river the eastern boundary the Council and himself were ready to ofPer a fair price and bring the transaction to a close. After some further negoti- ations it was finally agreed that the northern line should begin on the Sus- quehanna river at "the first or nearest mountain to the north side of the mouth of the creek called in the language of the said Five Nation Indians Cantaguy and in the language of the Delaware Indians Mahanoy " and extend in a direct course to the Delaware river at the mouth of Lackawaxen creek. The amount paid was five hundred pounds, and the deed was executed on the 22d of August, 1749. The course of the northern boundary of this purchase in Northumberland county coincided very nearly with the Little mountain. As settlers continued to encroach upon the Indian lands beyond the Kit- tatinny range and west of the Susquehanna, Tachnechdorus was sent to the Six Nations in the spring of 1754 to arrange the preliminaries for another purchase. In the following summer their chiefs were met at Albany by the Peimsylvania coromissioners, who at once opened negotiations for a release of all their lands as far west as the extent of the Province and as far north as they were willing to sell. At length they acquiesced in the proposed western 46 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNT 3f. boundary, but Hendriok, the great Mohawk chief, made the following signif- icant utterance in his reply to the commissioners: "We will never part with the land at Shamokin and Wyoming; our bones are scattered there, and on this land there has always been a great council fire." It was finally decided that the northern line should begin on the Susquehanna river a mile above Penn's creek (a point nearly opposite Sunbury), and extend "northwest by west" to the confines of the Province. The deed was signed on the 6th of July, 1754. Notwithstanding the comprehensive character of the release of 1718, the lands thus ceded by the Delawares were insufficient for the extension of settlements between the Delaware and Susquehanna. In 1732 the region drained by the Schuylkill and its tributaries was purchased, but while this quieted the Delawares regarding the Tulpehocken lands, they were stiU greatly dissatisfied with the settlement of the Minisink, their ancient council seat, which they were naturally reluctant to relinquish. At this juncture a deed, said to have been made in 1686, was produced; under its alleged pro- visions the " walking purchase " of 1737 was consxunmated, but in a manner highly unsatisfactory to the Delawares, who absolutely refused to acknowl- ■ edge its validity. The Six Nations had released the lands in question by the supplementary deed of 1736, and in 1742 the matter was brought to their consideration at a conference in Philadelphia. Canassatego, in announcing their decision, administered a terrible castigation to the unfor- tunate Delawares. " You ought to be taken by the hair of the head," said he, " and shaked severely till you recover your senses We conquered you, we made women of you, you know you are women, and can no more seU land than women. Nor is it fit you should have the power of selling lands, since you would abuse it. This land that you claim is gone through your guts Did you ever tell us that you had sold this land ? Did we ever receive any part, even the value of a pipe shank, from you for it ? You act a dishonest part, not only in this but in other matters And for all these reasons we charge you to remove instantly. We don't give you the liberty to think about it We therefore assign you two places to go, either to Wyoming or Shamokin. You may go to either of these places, and then we shall have you more under our eye and shall see how you behave Thip string of wampum serves to forbid you, your chil- dren and grandchildren to the latest posterity, forever meddling in land affairs." * The immediate object of the government in invoking the author- ity of the Six Nations was successfully accomplished. The remnant of the Delawares forthwith removed to the localities designated, and some con- tinued their journey to the Ohio; but they retained a deep resentment toward the provincial authorities, and contact with the French on the Ohio early served to alienate them entirely from the English interest. * Colonial Records, Vol. IV. pp. 579-580. THE COLONIAL PEKIOD. 47 The exploration of the Susquehanna valley by Etienne Brul6 has been related in the preceding chapter; and while it can not be positively stated that this formed the basis of the French pretensions, the Susquehanna river is given as the western boundary of Pennsylvania in a map of Louisiana pubHshed at Paris in 1721. It was not until 1753, ho-(srever, that the French accentuated their claims to Pennsylvania territory by military occupation, thus precipitating the long struggle known in colonial history as the French and Indian war. An expedition against Fort Duquesne, which, from its location at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, was the most important French post in the Ohio valley, was imdertaken in 1755 under the joint auspices of the British and colonial governments. The command was intrusted to General Edward Braddock, an English officer, whose utter ignorance of the methods of Indian warfare resulted in the almost total annihilation of his army on the 9th of July, 1755. The influence of Braddock' s defeat was at once apparent in the changed attitude of the Delaware Indians. Tears of subjection to the dominant Iroquois, the injustice of the "walking purchase," the coercive measures of 1742, and, finally, the treaty of 1754, by which the Six Nations had virtually sold their lands and those of the Shawanese "from under their feet," had given cumulative force to the ardor of their revenge. Their former attachment to the English had resulted largely from the expectation that the latter would enable them to recover their former standing as a nation; dissappointed in this they embraced with eagerness the promised assistance of the French, and, in conjunction with the Shawanese and other allied tribes, ravaged the Penn- sylvania frontier from the Delaware river to the Maryland line with tomahawk and firebrand. Hostilities were inaugurated in the Susquehanna vaUey on the 16th of October, 1755, when a band of fourteen Indians from the Allegheny attacked the settlements at Perm's creek, several miles south of Shamokin on the west side of the river, kiUed fifteen persons, and carried off ten prisoners. Two of Conrad Weiser's sons, Frederick and Peter, had been at Shamokin several days previously and stopped at the house of George Gabriel, who lived at the present site of Selinsgrove, on their return. While there a message arrived from Logan, one of ShikeUimy's sons, and Lapacpitton, a friendly Delaware chief, to the effect that a large body of French and Indians was approaching by way of the West Branch and that they would dispute their progress if re-enforced and supplied with arms. But the warning was too late. Intel- ligence of the massacre reached Harris's Ferry on the 19th instant, and on the 23d John Harris, Thomas Forster, Adam Terrence and others to the number of forty left Paxtang to bury the dead. Finding that this was already done they were about to return, when Tachnechdorus persuaded them to go on to Shamokin and confer with the Indians there. They arrived on the 24th and remained over night; on the following morning they crossed the river 48 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and started down on the west side, but were fired upon by Indians in ambush at the mouth of Penn's creek and suffered considerable loss. This outrage, with others of a similar character at different points on the frontier, produced the wildest consternation. In a letter to Governor Morris under date of October 26, 1755, Conrad Weiser wrote: "I suppose in a few days not one family will be seen on the other side of Kittatinny hills." Three days later John Harris wrote from Paxtang: "We expect the enemy upon us every day I had a certain account of about fifteen hundred Indians beside French being on their march against us and Virginia and now close on our borders I am informed that a French officer was expected at Shamokin this week with a party of Delawares and Shawanese, no doubt to take possession of our river." The extent to which this rumor gained cur- rency is apparent from a letter of Governor Morris to General Shirley in which the following statement occurs: "There is reason to apprehend that the French have designs upon Shamokin and are going to seize and fortify it, having, it is said, obtained the consent of the Delaware Indians to do it under the ensnaring pretense of putting them again into possession of their former country and rendering them independent of the Six Nations. These Indians we know are gone against us, and with the Shawanese .... are now in several parties killing our inhabitants in the country near Shamokin, with design no doubt to give the French time to build their fort and to hinder any obstruction from us." These reports were confirmed by Andrew Montour, who arrived at Paxtang from Shamokin on the 31st of October, 1755; he had been as far as the Great Island in the West Branch of Susquehanna, where a cotmcil was held at which two Delawares stated that fifteen hundred French and Indians had left Fort Duquesne twenty-one days previously to invade the English settlements, and that a French fort would be in course of con- struction at Shamokin within ten days. The Indians whom he met confidently expected to spend the approaching winter at Lancaster. Of the actual state of affairs at Shamokin there is but meager informa- tion. The attitude of the Indians toward Harris an/i his party was one of distrust, and warlike preparations were also in progress at the time of their visit. When John Schmick and Henry Fry arrived at Wyoming on the 10th of November, 1755, they were informed that Paxinos and Abraham, the two principal Shawanese chiefs at that place, "were sent for to Shamokin, and when they came there they found that the Indians there were convened to a treaty, where a Mohawk French Indian gave a string of wampum and addressed the other Indians in these terms: 'Your grandfather, i. e., the French king, sends you word that I intend to come down with fifteen hun- dred men with me; ' to whom the Indians made answer, ' If this is your intention, then come not through our land.'" From this it is apparent that the Shamokin Indians were not at that time committed to the French interest, conclusive evidence of which is found in the report of THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 49 Scarroyady, an Oneida chief, who visited the Susquehanna cantons shortly after the inroad on Penn's creek. He absolutely denied that they had been concerned in any attacks upon the settlements, and declared that they hated Onontio (the Governor of Canada) as cordially as the English; but they must know whether the latter intended to fight; if they could not be safe where they were they would go somewhere else and take care of themselves. " They could not even stay at Shamokin," he said, " which might have been prevented if the government had paid a proper regard to their repeated solicitations for a supply of arms and ammunition for their warriors and of necessaries for their wives and children." That the town was abandoned in November, 1755, is further shown by the report of an Iroquois who was sent thither from Harris's Ferry and found no Indians there. On Saturday, June 5, 1756, six scouts arrived at Shamokin, " and not observing any enemy, went to the place where the town had been, the houses being burnt to the ground They continued there till ten o'clock the next day, and, seeing no appearance of an enemy except some old tracks of Indians and horses, they returned " to Fort Halifax. After abandoning the town the Indians retreated to Nescopec, Wyoming, Tioga, and other towns on the North Branch and to the French posts in the Northwest. The Delawares, who had been without a king since the death of Allumapees, elected Teedyus- cimg to that position. He was keenly sensible of the wrongs his people had suffered from their conquerors at the instance of the English, and, as the first measure for a restoration of their former tribal standing, inaugurated a series of hostile incursions against the frontier settlements. From the Six Nations this pohey secured a reluctant admission of the equality of the Dela- ware tribe; with the colonial government it was not so successful, however, and on the 14th of April, 1756, Grovernor Morris issued a proclamation declaring war against the Delawares and their allies. While the Province was thus in constant danger of Indian incursions and menaced by French invasion, divided coimsels prevented the authorities from adopting efficient measures of defense. The Governor refused his assent to the taxation of Proprietary estates, and the provincial Assembly, with equal obstinacy, declined to grant supplies upon any other basis. These differ- ences were at length temporarily adjusted, however, and in January, 1756, Governor Morris elaborated a comprehensive system of frontier defense. Four forts were erected west of the Susquehanna, viz. : Pomfret Castle, on Mahantango creek twelve miles from the river ; Fort Granville, on the Juni- ata at the mouth of Kishocoquillas creek; Fort Shirley, at Aughwick, and Fort Lyttleton, on the road to the Ohio. Between the Susquehanna and Delaware a chain of blockhouses was constructed along the Kittatinny range, with Fort Henry at Tolheo gap. Fort Lebanon on a branch of the Schuylkill, and Fort Allen on the Lehigh. The erection of a fort at Shamokin was repeatedly urged by friendly Indi- 50 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ans. It was probably first suggested by Andrew Montour and Monocatootha at Harris's Ferry on the Ist of November, 1755, and at once received the favorable consideration of the Governor, who wrote to General Johnson under date of November 15th: "I intend to build a fort at Shamokin this winter." On the 17th of January, 1756, it was again brought to the notice of the Gov- ernor at a conference at Carlisle. The fort would, the Indians said, "be a place of refuge in times of distress for us with our wives and children to fly to for our safety." The Governor replied that he would " make immediate provision for the building a strong house at Shamokin," and its construction would probably have begun at once if the season had permitted. This is evident from a letter of Governor Morris to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, in which he says (February 1, 1756): "I also propose to build a fort at Shamokin at the forks of Susquehanna as soon as the season will admit a passage up that river, for the mountains north of the Kittatinny are quite impassable for carriages." The Indians became impatient at the delay, and at the conferences of February 22 and April 10, 1756, urgently requested the Governor to perform what he had promised. The location was inaccessible, except by water, and opposition from the enemy was not improbable; the appropriations made by the provincial Assembly were dispensed under the supervision of a board of commissioners, who were not in cordial sympathy with the Governor's plans, and it was not until April, 1756, that their con- sent to this project was obtained. The consent of the commissioners was coupled with a request that four hundred troops should be raised for the expedition. The Third battalion, knovm as the Augusta regiment, was accordingly recruited; the following is a roster of the officers, with the respective dates of their commissions: — * Lieutenant Colonel, William Clapham, March 29, 1756. Major, James Burd, April 24, 1756. Adjutant, Asher Clayton, May 24, 1756. Aide-de-Camp, Thomas Lloyd, April 2, 1756. Commissary of Provisions, Peter Bard. Wagon Master, Eobert Irwin, April 12, 1756. Captain, William Clapham, March 29, 1756;' lieutenant, Levi Trump, April 3, 1756; ensign, John Mears, April 20, 1756. Captain, Thomas Lloyd, April 2, 1756; lieutenant, Patrick Davis [Davies], April 4, 1756; ensign, Samuel J. Atlee, April 23, 1756. Captain, Joseph Shippen, April 3, 1756; lieutenant, Charles Garraway, April 15, 1756; ensign, Charles Brodhead, April 29, 1756. Captain, Patrick Work, April 22, 1756; lieutenant, Daniel Clark, May 1, 1756; ensign, William Patterson, May 14, 1756. Captain, James Burd, April 24, 1756; lieutenant, William Anderson, May 1 0, 1756; ensign, John Morgan, May 24, 1756. ♦Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. II. pp. 537-538. ' ' THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 53 Captain, Elisha Salter, May 11, 1756; lieutenant, Asher Clayton, May 24, 1756; ensigns: Samuel Miles, May 24, 1756; Alexander MoKee, August 17, 1756. Captain, David Jamison, May 19, 1756; lieutenant, William Clapham, Jr., August 20, 1756; ensign, Joseph Scott, May 24, 1756. Captain, John Hambright, June 12, 1756; lieutenant, WilUam Plunket; ensign, Patrick Allison, June 25, 1756. Captain, Nathaniel Miles; lieutenant, Bryan; ensign, ^ Johnson; sergeant, McCurdy. The battalion rendezvoused at Fort Hunter, a stockade on the east side of the Susquehanna river a short distance above Harris's Ferry. This point was selected by Governor Morris, v^ho, on the 12th of April, 1756, issued instructions to Robert Irwin, " wagon master and conductor of the boats and canoes." On the 25th of April he wrote to Governor Shirley: "Your dis- patches found me preparing to set out for the Susquehanna, where the pro- vincial forces are waiting for me." In a communication dated " Camp at Harris's Ferry, May 23, 1756," he refers to "the multiplicity and great variety of business in which I have been constantly employed ever since I came here," from which it is evident that the expedition was organized under his immediate supervision. After leaving the camp of rendezvous, the troops marched on the east side of the Susquehanna river as far as Fort Halifax. A stop appears to have been made at McKee's store (opposite the mouth of Sherman's creek) ; on the 11th of June, 1756, Colonel Clapham wrote: " On Saturday last [June 5th] I marched from McKee's store with five companies and eighteen bat- teaux and canoes loaded, and arrived here [Fort Halifax] the next after- noon." He then proceeds to give an account of the progress of the expedi- tion. Detachments had been stationed as garrisons at Harris's Ferry, Fort Hunter, and McKee's store. Considerable difficulty was experienced in as- cending the Juniata rapids; many of the batteaux grounded, "though laden with no more than four barrels of pork and a few light things." It was Governor Morris's idea originally to use canoes only in the transportation service; the substitution of batteaux was due to the suggestion of John Harris. At the time Colonel Clapham wrote (June 11th) there were twenty- batteaux and two canoes in the service; they had made five trips to McKee's and two to the " Camp at Armstrong's " (Fort Halifax), and were then absent on a third. While the transportation of the stores was in progress the main body of the troops was employed in erecting Fort Halifax; this was not included in the original design of the expedition, but was undertaken by Colonel Clapham in the exercise of his discretionary powers. On the 10th of June ten "ship carpenters " arrived from Harris's Ferry; they were probably followed by others, and ten days later the Colonel. wrote : "The carpenters are still employed in building batteaux and carriages for the can- 54 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. non." On the 1st of July he informed the Governor that "the ship car- penters have finished the carriages for the cannon, and, as soon as they have finished the batteaux in hand, which I expect will be done to-morrow, I shall give them a certificate of their services and discharge them aU except one, who will be absolutely necessary in the passage and without whose assistance we may probably lose more than his pay can cost the Province. None of my people are to be depended on in case of an accident on the water, and I can assure your Honor that I find fatigue and difaculties enough to conduct so amphibious an expedition with all the assistance I can possibly command lam at present extremely engaged in embarking the regi- ment's stores, etc. for Shamokin, expecting to march [in] time enough to encamp to-night on the west side of Susquehanna about five miles above Fort Halifax." From that place the march was continued on the west side of the river to a point opposite Sunbury, where the troops crossed in batteaux. On the 12th of June, 1756, the Governor sent Colonel Clapham detailed instructions regarding the conduct of the expedition; the following is a transcript of those portions relating to the construction of the fort: — , Herewith you will also receive two plans of forts, the one a pentagon, the other a square with one ravelin to protect the curtain where the gate is, with a ditch, covered way, and glacis. But as it is impossible to give any explicit directions [for] the particu- lar form of a fort without viewing and considering the ground on which it is to stand, I must leave it to you to build it in such form as will best answer for its own defense, the command of the river and of the country in its neighborhood, and the plans here- with will serve to show the proportion that the different parts of the work shall bear to each other. As to the place upon which this fort is to be erected, that must be in a great measure left to your judgment; but it is necessary to inform you that it must be on the east side of the Susquehanna, the lands on the west at the forks and between the branches not being purchased from the Indians, besides which it would be impossible to relieve and support a garrison on that side in the winter time. From all the information I have been able to collect, the land on the south side of the East Branch opposite the middle of the island is the highest of any of the low laud thereabout and the best place for a fort, as the guns you have will form a rampart of a moderate height [and] command the main river; but as these informations come from persons not acquainted with the nature of such things, I am fearful they are not much to be depended on, and your own judgment must therefore direct you. When you have completed the fort you will cause the ground to be cleared about it so to a convenient distance and openings to be made to the river, and you will erect such buildings within the fort and place them iu such a manner as you shall judge best. Without the fort at a convenient distance, under the command of the guns, it will be necessary to build some log houses for Indians, that they may have places to lodge in without being in the fort. As soon as you are iu possession of the ground at Shamokin you will secure your- self by a breastwork in the best manner you can, so that yovir men may work in safety.* Contemporary records contain but meager information regarding the •Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. pp. 6G7-668. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 55 progress of the -work. Captain Levi Trump and Ensign Samuel Miles (sub- sequently a colonel in the Revolutionary war and the founder of Milesburg, Centre county, Pennsylvania) had charge of the workmen. On the 18th of July Colonel Clapham wrote the Governor that he had but one team of draught horses, in consequence of which "the works must proceed very slowly and the expense in the end be proportionable." In his reply to this Governor Morris says: "I have your map of the forts and of the blockhouses and stoccado you have erected, which I much approve, as your people may under that cover work in safety." This doubtless referred to the tem- porary defenses mentioned in his instructions; for on the 14th of August Colonel Clapham wrote: "We have the walls of the fort now above half - finished and our other works in such situation that we can make a very good defense against any body of French and Indians that shall seat them- selves before us without cannon." On the 7th of September he gave a letter of recommendation to Michael McGuire, who had enlisted as a private soldier and was "particularly useful as an overseer and carpenter in the building of the fort If the government designs to strengthen this post by doubling the fort with another case of logs and filling up the interme- diate space with earth in order to render it cannon-proof, which I think ought to be done, such a man will be particularly serviceable." This letter was addressed to Benjamin Franklin, to whom, in a communication on the following day, he says: "This post, which is in my opinion of the utmost consequence to the Province, is already defensible against all the power of musketry, but as it is, from the nature of its situation, exposed to a more formidable descent from the West Branch, it ought, I think, to be rendered still stronger." Peter Bard, the local commissary, wrote to the Governor on the 4th of September: " The fort is now almost finished, and a fine one it is." Colonel Clapham transmitted a plan of the fort to Governor Denny on the 23d of September, with the information that its construction had required "little better than the space of six weeks." This referred only to the works originally projected, which were probably constructed from the plans fur- nished by the Governor without any special engineering supervision. On the 17th of October, 1756, E. Meyer, an engineer in the provincial service, arrived at Harris's Ferry with James Young, the commissary general; thence they proceeded to Fort Augusta in company with Captain Lloyd. On the 23d instant Colonel Clapham acknowledged the receipt of " Mr. Meyer's instructions relative to the additional works to be made at Augusta;" and on the 8th of November he wrote: — I have, since the departure of Mr. Meyer, been constantly employed on the works laid out agreeably to his instructions, but which mitst necessarily proceed more slowly for want of stronger teams and wheelbarrows, as we have at present no other method of removing the dirt but by hand-barrows and the tedious way of casting it with shovels from nmn to man. "What still increases the want of horses and car- riages is the necessity we lie under of conveying clay from other places for the construe- 56 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND OOUNT-?. tion of tlie parapet, what comes out of the ditch being improper for that purpose as we find it a foot or two beneath the surface to grow sandy and not to be consolidated by any force or expedient in our power. The axes we have are, in general, extremely bad, and even the number of them insuflScient. Tomahawks with square, flat eyes, nails of several sorts, and especially spades are very much wanted, the wagon master s presence extremely necessary, and rum for the men employed on the works. In a letter evidently written several weeks later he says: " Two bushels of blue grass seed are necessary wlerewith to sow the slopes of the para- pet and glacis and the bants of the river. In eight or ten days more the ditch will be carped quite round the parapet, the barrier gates finished and erected, and the pickets of the glacis completed." Constant danger was apprehended from French and Indians. On the 30th of July, 1756, Fort Granville was taken and burned, and an attack upon Fort Augusta was deemed highly probable. The fleet of batteaux ascended and descended the river under a strong guard, the necessity for which is appar- ent from the following statements in Commissary Bard's letter of September 4th: "On the 23d past one of the soldiers was coming here from Harris's express, and fifteen miles from this fort was murdered and scalped. The party that went to escort Captain Lloyd found and buried him. And last Sunday morning one of our people who attended the cattle went to the spring, about half a mile from the fort, and while he was drinking was shot and afterwards scalped and tomahawked." This melancholy occurrence gave to the Bloody spring its sanguinary name. The boldness of the aggressors caused much alarm, which was greatly increased in the following month when Ogagradarisha, a friendly Iroquois chief, brought intelligence of the approach of a large force of French and Indians. Dispatches were at once transmitted to Colonel Clapham, who was then at Harris's Ferry, whence he im- mediately returned to Fort Augusta with the determination to defend it to the last extremity. The garrison was re-enforced and additional works were constructed, which so increased the strength of the post as to warrant offen- sive measures. Information having been received that the bands of Indians which harrassed the frontier rendezvoused at a town on the West Branch, fifty miles from the fort. Colonel Clapham dispatched a party composed of thirty-eight privates, two sergeants, and two corporals tmder command of Captain John Hambright with Montour as guide to attack and destroy it should he find it inhabited but leave no indications of his visit should he find it abandoned. His instructions, which were of the most specific character, were issued under date of November 4, 1756. The town, called Chingle- clamouse, was situated on the West Branch at the present site of Clearfield. "Captain Hambright entered the town, found the cabins all standing, but deserted by the Indians. Agreeably to his orders he did not touch anything nor destroy the town, in hopes the Indians would come to settle there again. * Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. III. p. 41. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 57 This was the only Indian town could be attacked."* No important results attended the expedition. Much difficulty was experienced in obtaining adequate supplies of provis- ions and ammunition. . On the 14th of August, 1756, at a time when there was believed to be imminent danger of an attack, there were but four half- barrels of powder in store; and so fearful was Colonel Clapham that the let- ter containing this information would fall into the hands of the enemy that he put it in the pad of the courier's pack-saddle. On this occasion, having found it utterly impossible to continue the batteau service owing to the low stage of water, he urgently requested that a number of pack-horses should be engaged, which would render it possible to transport sufficient provisions from Tulpehocken to keep the garrison through the winter. On the 1st of September the stock of provisions was reduced to forty-six barrels of beef and pork, nine of flour, five of peas, and one bullock — scarcely sufficient for three days' rations; at this critical juncture Captain Lloyd arrived with thirty- three cattle and a quantity of supplies, probably the first received by pack- horses. In a letter to Governor Denny on the 23d of September Colonel Clapham stated that the supply of flour had twice been reduced to two bar- rels, and suggested the appointment of a purchasing agent. In the following month he made' a visit to Lancaster and Cumberland counties, returning on the afternoon of Sunday, October 17th, with "seventy horse-loads of flour and a quantity of salt, and thirty head of cattle." Upon the approach of winter it became necessary to revert to the batteau service again, and in November the Colonel wrote: "The repairs of the batteaux are now near flnished; they wiU require one hundred thirteen men to work them, for which expense and the payment of arrears due on that service I have not in my hands one single shilling. The season advancing will not admit of the supplying this garrison by horses- but for a short time, when the depth of the creeks, the badness of the roads, the coldness of the weather, and the length of the way will render that method impracticable." Inadequate provision for the financial requirements of the expedition occasioned much dissatisfaction among its members. "Everybody seems dis- posed cheerfully to contribute their services toward the public good," says Colonel Clapham in a letter to Governor Morris on the 20th of June, 1756, "if there was ever a,ny prospect or assurance of being paid for it." At that time there were twenty-six b9,tteau-men in confinement for mutiny on account of the failure of the officers to pay them, and it was feared that oth- ers woidd desert if allowed to leave the camp. Nor was this discontent con- fined to the rank and file; the extremely parsimonious policy of the commis- sioners by whom the provincial appropriations were disbursed caused general dissatisfaction among the officers. The subalterns alleged that seven shill- ings six pence had been promised each lieutenant and five shillings six pence * Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. III. pp. 41-43, 116. 58 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. to each ensign, while the former had received but five shillings six pence and the latter four shillings. A council was accordingly held at the camp at Shamokin on the 13th of July, 1756, at which all the officers of the regiment were present except Captain Miles, who was in command of the garrison at Fort Halifax; the reasons of the subalterns for expecting a larger rate of pay than they had received were recited in a memorial to the Governor, at the conclusion of which the officers joined in the following resignation: — The gentlemen ofacers beg leave to appeal to his Honor, the Governor, as an evi- dence that that opinion universally prevailed throughout the regiment, and, thinking themselves unjustly dealt with by the gentlemen commissioners, are unanimously determined not to serve longer on these terms; they therefore beg leave to return your Honor their most hearty and sincere thanks for the favors received, the grateful impres- sions of which they shall never forget, and at the [same time request a permission from your Honor to resign on the 30th day of August next, desiring to be relieved accordingly.* This was transmitted to the Governor by Colonel Clapham, who improved the opportunity to air his own grievances and those of the other field officers. The following is an extract from his letter: — I entered into this service at the solicitation of some of the gentlemen commis- sioners, in dependence on promises which they have never performed, and have acted ever since not only in two capacities but in twenty, having, besides the duties of my commissions as colonel and captain, been obliged to discharge those of an engineer and overseer at the same time, and undergone in the service incredible fatigues with- out materials and without thanks. But as I am to be paid only as a colonel I intend while I remain in this service only to fulfill the duties of that commission, which never was yet supposed to include building forts and ten thousand other services which I have performed; so that the gentlemen commissioners have only to send engineers, pioneers, and other laborers, with the necessary teams and utensils, while I, as colonel, preside over the works, see that your Honor's orders are punctually executed, and only defend the persons engaged in the execution of them. In pursuance of a resolution of your Honor and the gentlemen commissioners to allow me an aid-de-camp, who was to be paid as a supernumerary captain in the regi- ment, I accordingly appointed Captain Lloyd as my aid-de-camp on April 2, 1756, who has ever since acted as such in the most fatiguing and disagreeable service on earth, and received only captain's pay. Your Honor was pleased to appoint Lieutenant Clayton adjutant to the regiment under my command by a commission bearing date the 24th day of May, 1756, but the gentlemen commissioners have, in defiance of all known rules, resolved that an officer can discharge but one duty in a day, and have paid him only as a lieutenant. Impowered by your Honor's orders, and in compliance with the exigencies of the service, I hired a number of batteau-men at two shillings six pence per day, as will appear by the return made herewith to your Honor, and, upon demanding from the paymaster general money for the payment of the respective balances due to them, was surprised to find that the commissioners had by their instructions restrained him from paying any incidental charges whatever, as thinking them properly cognizable only b themselves. 'Tis extremely cruel, Sir, and unjust to the last degree, that men who cheerfully ventured their lives in the most dangerous and fa tiguing services of their country, who ♦Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. p. 701. ' THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 59 have numerous families dependent on their labor, and who have many of them while they were engaged in that service suffered more from the neglect of their farms and crops at home than the value of their whole pay— in short, whose afEairs are ruined by the services done their country — should some of them receive no pay at all.* The provincial commissary general, James Young, whose visit to Sha- moMn developed such general dissatisfaction among the officers and men, arrived at that place on the 12th of July and remained four days. He left on Friday, the 16th instant, in a batteau with four oars, arrived at Harris's Perry before night, and on the following day proceeded to Carlisle, whence he transmitted an account of his transactions to the Governor. He had followed the instructions of the commissioners in paying the subalterns, who receipted for the amounts received but not for their full pay. He had been instructed to pay four hundred men, but found more than that number in the camp, beside the detachments at Fort Hunter and elsewhere. He was to pay the men to the 1st of July, deducting one half for clothing: against this they protested; the captains drew up a statement setting forth the manifest injustice of such an arrangement, and he was obliged to yield to their demands. He had no ^unds to meet Colonel Clapham's bill for one hundred sixteen batteau-men at two shillings six pence per day, but was credibly informed that the greater part of them were soldiers in the regiment and received pay as such. From this it would appear that the Colonel applied the same principle to them as to himself and his brother officers, viz., that a man should receive full pay in every capacity in which he served. He observed that the arbitrary disposition of the commanding officer had occasioned great dissatisfaction among the subordinate officers, all of whom except three or four had been placed in confinement by him and released at his pleasure without trial, f The straitened condition of provincial finances continued. On the 23d of September, 1756, Colonel Clapham informed Governor Denny that there was four months' pay due the regiment, and, as many of the soldiers had families to support, he was obliged to loan the greater part of his ovm salary among them, otherwise he feared they would have deserted or returned to their homes at the expiration of their terms of enlistment. J At length, " tired with the discouragements perpetually given to the service by the commis- sioners and with their particular treatment of him," he resigned his com- mission and was succeeded in command of the Augusta regiment by Major James Burd, the officer next in rank. Major Burd || arrived at Fort Augusta on Wednesday, December 8, 1756, *Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. pp. 706-707. tXhis statement does not harmonize with the Colonel's action on a subsequent occasion. On the 14th of August he wrote : " I have put Lieutenant Plunket under an arrest tor mutiny, and only wait tor the return of Captain Lloyd, the judge advocate, to have him tried by a general court martial."— Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. p. 745. tPennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. pp. 779-780. IIMajor Burd kept a minute record of occurrences at Fort Augusta, and the facts relating to the 60 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. with Captains Shippen and Jamison and a supply train. He found Captain Hambright in command: Colonel Clapham had departed at ten a. m. on the previous Monday; Captains Lloyd and Salter, Lieutenants Clapham, Trump, and Miles, and Ensign Patterson were also absent. On the following day he " inquired into the state of the garrison," and found two himdred eighty men, with nine officers, for duty. No work had been done for some time ; he found "the ditch unfinished; the pickets up; the beef cistern unfinished; the picket gates not done, and the beef aU in the store in bulk; no place pro- vided for the flour, and the salt in casks; — in the heads standing on the parade; the batteaux all frozen up in the river." The remainder of the day was occupied in disposing of the supplies of flour and rum he had brought up, and in dispatching a party to the camp at McKee's for another consign- ment. On Friday, December 10th, he " employed a party to build a smoke- house for the beef; one to haul the batteaux out of the ice upon the bank to preserve them from being destroyed by the ice when the river should break up; one to clean out the fort, which was full of heaps of nuisances; one to throw all the stone out of the pickets; one to ram the earth about the beef cistern; one to build a bakehouse, and one to build a chimney in Captain Hambright's barrack; and one to make beds in the guard house." The completion and renovation of the works, thus early begun, was energetically continued. Some idea of the routine pursued at Fort Augusta under Major Burd's administration may be gained from the following transcript of his journal for February 7—20, 1757:— 1th, Monday.— Thi^ day it snows a little in the morning. At work in the woods getting firewood, twenty-two; at the coal kiln, six; sawyers, two; making helves, one; getting stufE for helves, two; making wheelbarrows, two. Very cold, the ice driving but very little. 8th, Tuesday.— Km-p\ojoA this day as follows: twenty-two men cutting pickets, one man pointing ditto, six men at the coal, two sawyers, two making tomahawk helves, two making wheelbarrows, nine putting beef in the smokehouse, two working at the bakehouse. A clear, cold day. 9th, Wednesday.— E.mT^\ojfi^ as yesterday. Sent seventeen men out to hunt up any straggling horses that might be yet in the provincial service, but could only find four, which I have sent down to be discharged the service. The two Indians, AVilliam Sack and Indian Peter, applied to me for an escort to conduct them safely to the Conestoga town. I accordingly sent Volunteer Hughes and two soldiers and four horses, with orders to conduct them safely home. They set out from this at five p. >r. This evening it rains and blows prodigiously. 10th, Thursday.— Could not work to-day; it rained and blew prodigiously all last mght and all this day. The saw-pit is full of water. The doctor made complaint this mornmgthat there was a great deal of under-water in the hospital; the doctor told me that he thought he had bad success in his cures, which he imputed to the want of H^hpH* rT ,'f '^'",'° """'"""^^ 1>'^™ "««° "lainly derived from this source. The journal is pub- llshed in the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series-December 8, 175G, to October 14 1757 In Vol H THE COLONIAL PEKIOD. 61 fresh provisions and vegetables; I acquainted the doctor that I had some thoughts of removing the hospital to Fort Halifax or Fort Hunter as soon as the weather would permit; he told me if that was not done many would lose their lives. The river in a fine state for hatteauing. 11th, Friday. — Employed this day as follows: twenty-nine men in the woods cut- ting pickets, two carpenters pointing ditto, two carpenters making tomahawk helves, two carpenters making wheelbarrows, two carpenters working at the bakehouse, saw- yers emptying the water out of the saw-pit, the smiths at work and colliers. This day it blew very hard and froze most severely. 12th, Saturday. — Employed this day as yesterday. This day it freezes most intensely. The river is quite full of ice. Though the people are at work, yet they can't do much. 13th, Sunday. — This morning I ordered a general parade of all the regiment present at ten A. M. and prayers at eleven A. M. if the weather would permit. Had the general parade accordingly, and found all the arms in good order, bright and quite clean. This day it freezes severely, and is so extremely cold that I omit prayers, the officers com- plaining it was too severe. 14th, Monday. — Employed this day as follows: twenty-one men in the woods cutting pickets, two pointing ditto, six colliers, two men at the wheelbarrows, two making ax handles, two making the pork cistern, four sawyers, three bakers. This day it freezes a little; more moderate than it has done for some days past; the river is quite full of ice, driving thick cakes. 15th, Tuesday. — This morning John Apelby, of Captain Salter's company, died; two men employed in making a coffin for ditto. Twenty-one men in the woods cutting pickets, one pointing ditto, six colliers, two making wheelbarrows, two making ax handles, two wagoners, four sawyers, two at the pork cistern, three bakers, four smiths. Buried John Apelby this evening. This day it snows a little; the river continues full of ice. Finished cutting pickets this evening; the adjutant reports they have out upwards of a thousand. 16th, Wednesday. — This morning Christian Holtsaple, of Captain Salter's company, died. Seventeen men in the woods piling oil pickets and cutting firewood, one man pointing pickets, six colliers, four smiths, four sawyers, three bakers, two carpenters making a coffin, two jointing plank for the pork cistern, two making wheelbarrows, two making ax_ handles, two wagoners, four digging a grave. At eleven a. m. two men arrived here with rum for Mr. Trapnell and informed me that the batteaux were lying weather-boimd at Berry's place. At twelve m. d. Lieutenants Davis and Clapham arrived here with a party of thirteen men and brought my letters and confirmed the batteaux being at Berry's place under the command of Captain Trump. The above Christian Holtsaple was buried this. evening. This day I was taken so ill that I could not read my letters; should have answered Colonel Clapham's letter and Lieutenant •Colonel Armstrong's, but my indisposition would not permit. It thaws to-day much. nth, Thursday. — This day it rained so hard all day that the soldiers could not work ■out of doors; the river clear of ice, and thaws much. The two men at work making wheelbarrows, one making ax handles, smiths and bakers at work. 18th, Friday. — Fine, clear weather. Employed to-day as follows : twenty-one work- ing in the woods cutting pickets, and cutting and piling brush, three bakers, six coll- iers, four sawyers, two making wheelbarrows, two pointing pickets, two jointing plank for the pork cistern, two making ax helves, two making paddles, two carters. This day at one p. m. Captain Trump arrived here vsdth Ensigns Brodhead and Scott and the party, and batteaux with fifty-one barrels flour, three hogsheads of rum, one faggot steel, twelve barrels pork. At two p. m. it began to rain to-day. We have great difficulty in getting the batteaux unloaded. Sent Sergeant Lee to Carlisle express. 62 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. 19th, Saturday.— It rained all day to-day. No work done except emptying the batteaux of the remainder of their loading, which is now all in the store. Returned to the full allowauQe of provision, one pound two ounces of beef and one and one half pounds of flour. 20tli, Sunday.— Had a general review of all the regiment; appointed the party to wait Lieutenant Colonel Armstrong's orders. The fort was so wet we could not have sermon nor prayers to-day. The summer routine was slightly different. The following is a tran- script of the journal from the 17th to the 31st of July, 1757: — 17th, Sxmday.-'Ha.d the general review and church twice, at which the Indians attended. I had all the Indians to dinner with me to-day, which gave great satisfac- tion. 18th, Monday.— 'Employed fifty-eight parapet, twenty-seven with the wagon, four- teen cattle guard, ten carpenters, thirteen mauling rails for a hog pen, four sawyers, four smiths, two gardeners, two bakers, one chandler.This day at one p. ji. the Indians set off quite pleased, and said they would return in twenty days with all the chiefs of their nations. 19th, Tuesday.— 'Employed sixty-three parapet, twenty-six with the wagon, seven- teen cattle guard, eleven carpenters, four smiths, four sawyers, two gardeners, two bakers, one chandler. Nothing material. 20th, Wednesday.— Employed sixty-five at the parapet, twenty-seven with wagon, fifteen /cattle guard, eleven carpenters, four smiths, four sawyers, two bakers, two gardeners, two pin makers, one chandler. This day at three p. m. Captain Shippen arrived here with the fleet of batteaux and twenty-seven recruits. 21st, TMtrsday. — Employed fifty-three at the parapet, twenty-six with the wagon, fourteen cattle guard, ten carpenters, four sawyers, four smiths, two bakers, two gar- deners, one chandler, two pin makers. Nothing material. 22d, Friday. — Employed seventy-two at the parapet, twenty-seven with the wagon, fourteen cattle guard, ten carpenters, four sawyers, four smiths, two bakers, two gar- deners, two masons, two pin makers, one chandler. 2.Sd, Saturday. — Employed seventy-two at the parapet, twenty-six with the wagon, fourteen cattle guard, ten carpenters, four sawyers, four smiths, two bakers, two gar- deners, one chandler, two pin makers. Ordered a general review to-morrow at four p. M. 24th, Sunday. — This morning I sent out a reconnoitering party, one hundred men, with the following oflicers: Captains Hambright and Trump, Lieutenant Garraway, Ensigns Brodhead and Allison. Had a, general review to-day at four p. m. The reconnoitering party returned at nine p. m. and reported no signs of the enemy. 25th, Monday. — Employed sixty-two at the parapet, twenty-seven with the wagon, fourteen cattle guard, four sawyers, four smiths, two gardeners, two pin makers, one chandler, eight sodders. Ordered the batteaux to be ready to sail to-morrow; I could not empty the flour sooner, having no place to put it iu. Captain Patterson and Ensign Miles go with the batteaux and a party of twent_v-flve soldiers; Lieutenant Garraway, Ensigns Scott and Allison go recruiting. Ordered Lieutenant Atlee on the recruiting service from Fort Halifax, and Lieutenant Miles to take post there. 26th, Tuendiiy. — Employed fifty-four at the bank, twenty-six with the wagon, four- teen cattle guard, eight sodders of the bank, four sawyers, ten carpenters, four smiths, two gardeners, two bakers, two masons, two chandlers. This day at m. d. the fleet of batteaux sailed with the officers. Captain Patterson, Lieutenant Garraway, Ensigns Scott, Miles, and Allison, with a party of twenty-five men. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 63 57. 19th of July, 1758; "one carpenter, two masons, one smith are left here. I have begun to build a powder magazine, (as there has never been any other than the common provision store, an unfit place to hold powder,) and am obliged to leave it unfinished for want of lime and stone. The limestone is to fetch six miles and it is impossible to fetch them any other way than by water; and all the batteau-men are discharged, so it is impossible for me to carry it on any further without some more assist- ance." It does not appear that the garrison was materially re-enforced, although its effective strength was probably increased by employing batteau- men, and thus the magazine was finally constructed. Of all the military works that once constituted Fort Augusta the subterranean portion of this structure alone remains. From the highway on the bank of the river it pre- sents the appearance of a small mound of earth. A narrow stone stairway descends to the interior, which is ten by twelve feet in dimensions ; the walls are constructed of stone and the arched ceiling of brick, manufactured, in all probability, at the fort. Over this underground chamber a wooden building formerly stood; there is some reason to think that this was the magazine proper, for WiUiam Maclay refers to it as "this magazine, under which there is a small but complete dungeon, "f It was enlarged and strengthened, and served for a brief period as the first jail of Northumberland county. The "small but complete dungeon" is all that now remains of the only fortifica- tion erected within the present limits of Northumberland county during the colonial period. J * Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. III. pp. 388-389. + Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. IV. p. 463. t" McKee's lort "' is located within the present limits of the county on the map published hy the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the editor of the Pennsylvania Archives makes the following statement concerning it (Vol. XII. p. 405) : " It is believed to have been named after Thomas McKee, an Indian trader who had a plantation on the Susquehanna near the falls which still bear his name. It is said to have been situated on the east branch [bank?] of the Susquehanna in Lower Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, at or about where Georgetown now stands at those falls." 68 HISTORY OF NOBTHDMBEELAND COUNTY. An Indian trading house was also built. This was done at the special request of the Indians living on the Susquehanna, who had been pacified and desired a convenient place for the exchange of peltries, etc. for clothing and supplies. The Governor and Assembly had some difficulty in agreeing upoa a plan for the regulation of this trade, and the delay in establishing stores caused much dissatisfaction among the Indians. At length these differences were adjusted; on the 20th of January, 1758, Captain Shippen informed Major Burd that several parties of Delawares had arrived "with skins to trade at the store," and in the list of supplies received he mentioned "a quantity for Mr. Carson's store." On the 1st of July, 1758, Captain Trump wrote: "Agreeably to your orders to me I have begun to dig the cellar for the store house for Indian goqds, but there is not carpenters' tools here suffi- cient to complete the building of the house." Temporary quarters were provided, however, regarding which he wrote on the 19th instant: "It is impossible for me to carry on the Indian store house for want of workmen and tools, and as this last draft has taken all the workmen from me save the few [I] have mentioned to your Honor; but I have for the present fitted up one of the barracks that is almost joining the present Indian store, which will hold a great quantity of skins." A trading house was eventually erected, however; it stood outside the fort, and was removed in 1763. The work of demolition was begun on the 16th of July; the materials were taken inside A careful comparison ot the evidence on tlie subject does not, in tlie opinion of tlie author, justify tliis conclusion. Thomas McKee was commissioned as a captain in the provincial service In 1756, and on'the 26th of January was instructed to receive from the officer commanding the detach- ment at Hunter's mill the "arms, accouterments, blankets, tools, and stores" in his hands (Penn- sylvania Archives, Vol. II. p. 563) ; he was to march his company to Hunter's mill, and " either com- plete the fort already begun there or build another at such other convenient place as James Gal- braith, Esq. shall advise" (Ibid. p. 564). On the 5th of April, 1756, he wrote to Edward Shippen from the " fort at Hunter's mill," informing him that John Sliikellimy had arrived there (Ibid. p. 615). In a letter to the Governor on the 19th instant Shippen wi-ote that he had been at ' ' Captain McKee's fort," where he had seen John Shikellimy; Hunter's house, he said, was "five or six hun- dred feet from the fort " (Ibid. pp. 634H335). From this it is quite evident that " lIcKee's fort " was the stockade generally known as Fort Hunter. That McKee had a trading house at the site of GeorgetoVn or in that vicinity there can be no doubt. It was there that Conrad Weiser met Shikellimy's sons in April, 1749 (Ibid. p. 23). Kishoco- quillas, the Shawane chief from whom the beautiful valley in Mifflin county derives its name, died there in 1754 (Colonial Keoords, Vol. VI. pp. 153-154). On the 3d of June, 1766, six scouts were sent by Colonel Clapham to ascertain the condition of the country between his camp and Shamokin; "they saw nothing till they came to McKee's and found his house burnt, where they discovered the tracks of an Indian moccasin." (Ibid. Vol. VII. p. 154). Five scouts were sent out two days later (Saturday, June 5th); on the following Monday they discovered "the fresh tracks of four Indians and four horses," which tliey followed about six miles to no purpose, " and then turned to the left and went across the mountain toward Mr. McKee's plantation; and, having got within two miles of that place, they came upon the same tracks," which they again followed about a mile. James Lowry, the leader of the party, then "followed up the triioks till he came witliin seventy yards of McKee's cleared iields, and plainly saw four Indians and as many horses hoppled in the meadows, upon which he immediately ran back a mile to acquaint liis companions with it; and upon their coming up they all perceived live more Indians walking up from the river (with water, as they supposed) towards the place where the house had stood." While they were deliberating upon the course to be pursued they heard the reports of three guns in quick succession on their right and left, and, fearing they might be surrounded, " retired all night and came in the morning to the camp at Armstrong's " (Ibid. p. 155). This certainly affords conclusive evidence that the fort Captain McKee was Instructed to build in January, 1766, was not located at his trading house near the mouth of Stone Valley creek. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 71 the fort and used for other purposes. The business had been conducted under the auspices of the government, with Nathaniel Holland as resident agent several years, and during this time the coming and going of parties of friendly Indians were the principal occurrences that varied the monotony of routine garrison Ufe. Fort Augusta again became the scene of active military operations in 1763. A preconcerted attack had been made upon the western posts by the Indians under the direction of Pontiac and Guyasutha, and measures were at once taken to put Fort Augusta in a condition for defense. In the tem- porary absence of Lieutenant Graydon, Lieutenant Samuel Hunter was in command. On the 5th of June, 1763, he received a letter from John Harris informing him that Colonel Clapham and twelve men had been killed at Pittsburgh; on the following day he had a letter from Colonel Armstrong, stating that the post at Sandusky had been taken; he was also warned by a friendly Indian to be on his guard, as the fort was in danger of attack at any time. It was at once ordered that the reveille should beat at daybreak, when all the garrison were to proceed to the bastions under arms. Twelve men, with a sergeant and corporal, were detailed to mount guard, and a sentry was stationed in each bastion. The gates were ordered to be shut at dusk. Directions were given that all the small arms should be charged, "that each man might have two or three by him for present use." It was subsequently ordered that no soldier should have any dealings with the Indians upon any pretense whatever, or fire his piece except at the command of an officer or at an enemy; and the sentries were directed to let no "man, woman, or child go on the ramparts." On the 8th of June the entire garrison was employed "to put the fort in the best position" for immediate defense and continued at that work several weeks. Lieutenant Graydon arrived on the 15th and" Colonel Burd on the 18th instant; the latter at once assumed command. One week later a conference was held with more than a score of Indians, during which he took the precaution to have the garrison under arms. In order to insure a supply of water in case of siege the construction of a covered way to the river was begun on the 29th of June, when "three houses at the south end of the town" were pulled down. On the following day it was ordered, "That every one passing through either one of the barrier gates shut them after them to prevent cattle going into the covered way; also, to walk on the covered way as near the pickets as they can." On the 2d of July the " pickets in the covered way" were finished. The erection of a "new guard house over the back gate" was begun July 20th, probably with the former materials of the Indian trading house; it was completed and first occupied on the 4th of August. While these improvements were in progress a barricade was thrown up against the upper side of the redoubt and the defenses otherwise strengthened. Although the anticipated attack did not occur, military movements of 72 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. some consequence were made on both branches of the Susquehanna. On Thursday, August 25, 1763, at twelve m., Captains Patterson and Bedford and George Allen arrived at Fort Augusta with one hundred fourteen men, and left on the same day to destroy several Indian towns sixty miles distant on the West Branch. They encountered the enemy thirty miles up the river, and in the skirmish that ensued four of their party were killed and four wounded. Captains Patterson and Bedford returned to the fort at noon on Saturday, the 27th instant; George Allen and John Wood, with the remainder of the party, arrived at five p. m. on the same day. On their retreat down the river the latter had intercepted three Indians from Bethle- hem, who, as they were suspected of carrying intelligence and supplies to the hostile Indians, were killed on the hill north of Northumberland. The entire party remained at Port Augusta until Sunday, August 28th, when they departed for the settlements whence they had come. A second expedi- tion against the Indian rendezvous at Great Island was made in the follow- ing October under the command of Colonel John Armstrong. After destroy- ing the Indian corn fields arid villages, the party retreated down the West Branch; Captains Patterson, Bedford, Sharp, Laughlin, and Crawford, with two hundred men, arrived at Port Augusta on the 11th of October, and Captains Piper and Lindsay, with fifty men, on the following day; Colonel Armstrong had left the latter party about seven miles from the fort, " intend- ing to go the nearest way to CarHsle." On the 13th of October Major Clayton reached the fort with eighty men, en route to Wyoming; they resumed their march on the 15th, accompanied by Lieutenant Hunter and twenty-four of the garrison. On the 20th instant they returned, having destroyed what provisions and implements they found. The journal kept at Port Augusta from June 5 to December 31, 1763, is not prolific in details. The arrival and departure of the batteaux and supply trains and their convoys are regularly noted; cattle and sheep were brought in herds, as formerly, and slaughtered upon the approach of winter, when the meat was cured and stored. These and other matters relating to the commissary department, the defensive operations and offensive movements noted, the holding of courts martial, intelligence brought by Indians, and the state of the weather, mainly constitute the subject matter of the journal. It was evidently begun by Lieutenant Hunter ; after Colonel Burd's arrival the entry for each day was signed by the officer of the guard, in which capacity the names of Lieutenants Graydon, Himter, Wiggins, Blyth, and Hendricks, Mr. Irvine, and Colonel Burd appear. The Colonel arrived on the 18th of June and remained until the 20th of August; he again arrived on the 9th of November and remained several weeks. On the 23d qi February 1764, he wrote Governor Penn that he had "sent out sundry parties [from Fort Augusta] to endeavor to discover and come up with the enemy to pre- vent their falling down upon the inhabitants, and, in case they should have THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 73 gone past, to lay an ambush for them on their return," but without making any discoveries at all. Lieutenant Graydon was in command in November and December, 1764, and May, 1765. At this point it may be proper to summarize the numerical strength of the garrison at the various dates to which authentic information relates. James Young, the commissary general, visited Shamokin in July, 1756, with instructions to pay three hundred eighty-four privates and sixteen sergeants, but foimd more than that number in the camp, beside the detachments at McKee's and Port Hunter. "The garrison consists of three hundred twenty effective men," wrote Colonel Clapham on the 14th of October, 1756. On the 18th he informed the Governor that Captain Christian Buss6 arrived at the fort on the evening of that day with his company, which formed part of Lieutenant Colonel Conrad Weiser's battalion. He also transmitted a return of the regiment on the 18th of October; it shows seven companies, of which the respective strength was as follows: colonel's, forty-three; major's, forty-four; Captain Lloyd's, thirty -nine; Captain Shippen's, forty-four; Cap- tain Work's, forty-three; Captain Hambright's, forty-nine; Captain Salter's, forty-four — total, three hundred six, of whom one hundred sixty-four were "duty men." There were fourteen sergeants, fourteen corporals, and seven drummers; two bakers, three blacksmiths, one herdsman, fourteen cooks, thirty-seven carpenters, six masons, five sawyers, six coal burners, two clerks, two butchers, and four brickmakers; four were on furlough, four on provost duty, fourteen sick and lame, and three attending the sick; six deserters were reported. Captain Buss6's company was not included in this report; it was probably not regarded as part of the regular garrison, and on the 8th of November was ordered to return to its former station. When Major Burd arrived (December 8, 1756,) there were two hundred eighty men "doing duty" and nine ofiScers "for duty." The terms for which many of the men had enlisted expired in the following spring, and three companies of Lieutenant Col- onel Weiser's battahon — those of Captains Patterson, Wetterholt, and Morgan — were ordered to Port Augusta to take their places. Captain James Patterson arrived with his company on the 2d of April, 1757, and on the 6th more than a hundred men whose terms had expired took their departure. Captain John Nicholas Wetterholt and Lieutenant James Handshaw arrived on the 27th of April with fifty men, and Captain Jacob Morgan and Lieutenant Andrew Engel on the 4th of May with thirty men. "A great many dis- charged men" left the fort on the 10th of May and others on the 15th. Their former officers thereupon engaged in recruiting, and in the course of a few months the companies that originally composed the garrison were strength- ened sufficiently to permit the withdrawal of the re -enforcement from Weiser's battalion. On the 1st of January, 1758, Captain Shippen reported eight companies, accredited, respectively, to Major James Burd and Captains Thomas Lloyd, 74 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTS. Joseph Shippen, Patrick Work, David Jamison, John Hambright, and Levi Trump, and Lieutenant Patrick Davis. The total number of men was three hundred thirty-seven, of whom two hundred thirty-two were fit for duty. Adjutant Kern's return of February 5, 1758, states that there were twenty- five companies in the provincial service at that time, eight of which were stationed at Fort Augusta, from which the relative importance of that post may be inferred. These eight companies, according to Commissary Yoimg's report of February 9th, numbered three hundred sixty-two men. The "Return of the garrison at Fort Augusta, consisting of detachments from the First and Second battalions of the Pennsylvania regiment. Major Thomas Lloyd, commandant," April 1, 1758, shows a total of three hundred forty- eight men, two hundred five of whom were fit for duty; there were eight companies, accredited, respectively, to Lieutenant Colonel James Burd, Major Thomas Lloyd, and Captains Joseph Shippen, Patrick Work, David Jami- son, John Hambright, Levi Trump, and Asher Clayton. Shortly afterward nearly the entire effective force was detached for service in Forbes's expedi- tion against Fort Duquesne, and on the 2d of June but four men of Colonel Burd's company, fourteen of Major Lloyd's, thirteen of Major Shippen's, fifteen of Captain Work's, eighteen of Captain Jamison's, four of Captain Hambright's, forty of Captain Trump's, and thirteen of Captain Clayton's remained — a total of one hundred twenty-one, of whom ninety-nine were fit for duty. Captain Trump, the commandant at that time, wrote Governor Denny on the 1st of July that " Captain Robert Eastburn and Captain [Paul] Jackson arrived here on the 20th ultimo, with part of their companies. Thirty of their men, according to orders, they left at Hunter's fort, under the command of Ensign Price." In his report for July 1st he gives the total number of men as one hundred eighty -nine, of whom one hundred sixty were fit for duty. Peter Bard, the local commissary, accompanied the detachments of Captains Eastburn and Jackson, and in a letter to the Governor on the 1st of July says: "What were here before we came, one htmdred twenty odd, are the cuUings of the whole battahon, and several of them sick and lame, so that we have but a very weak garrison." The state of affairs on the 19th of July was thus described by Captain Tramp; — Captain Montgomery arrived here on the 16th instant with three subalterns and sixty-two private men, who were 'drafts out of several companies of the newly raised levies. General Forbes has ordered Captain Robert Eastburn and Captain Paul Jack- son and their subalterns with thirty-five of each company (which is more than they have here) to march and join him at Raystown; liliewise ordered me to draft forty of the best men belonging to Colonel Burd's battalion and send them to him with two officers, viz.: Lieutenant Brodhead and Ensign Haller. There is but one officer left here beside myself of Colonel Burd's battalion, which is Ensign Henry; I have no ensign; the above drafts march from this' place this day. There is only one hundred forty-three men left here, out of which number there's ten whose times are expired and will not enlist again, beside two men more that Major Lloyd has sent discharges for; and a great part of them that are left are blind, lame, sick, old, and decrepit, not fit to be intrusted with any charge. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 75 On the 1st of August and 1st of September, 1758, Captain Trump reported one hundred sixty-nine men, accredited to fifteen different com- panies, ranging in numerical strength from one to thirty; one hundred forty- one were fit for duty on the 1st of August and one hundred twenty -two on the 1st of September. When Colonel Burd, accompanied by Ensign Morgan and two companies, arrived on the 15th of February, 1760, the garrison numbered thirty-six men, who " marched off " four days later. Two com- panies, accredited to Colonel Burd and Captain Caleb Graydon, respectively, constituted the garrison on the 1st of October, 1763; the total number of men was eighty-eight, of whom sixty were fit for duty. On the 20th of July, 1764, the " Board of Commissioners for Defense " decided to maintain four companies between the Susquehanna and Delaware, " including thirty men to garrison Fort Augusta," who were to be "victualled by the crown." In the return of the muster of the First battalion at Lancaster, July 23-25, 1764, forty-seven men are accredited to Captain Hunter's company and sixteen as a "detachment of Captain Graydon's;" they were detailed for service on Bouquet's expedition, leaving Captain Graydon in command of the thirty who remained in garrison at Fort Augusta. Some difficulty was experienced in providing funds for their pay, as evidenced by the following message from the Governor to the Assembly: — Gentlemen: From the great importance of Fort Augusta to the protection of this Province when engaged in a war with the Indians, I thought it absolutely necessary to keep a garrison in it the last year, and am of opinion that, till the final conclu- sion of a peace with the savages, it will be highly imprudent to abandon that post. The garrison has been paid up to the 1st of January last year out of the supplies granted to his Majesty last year, but as that fund is nearly exhausted, I recommend it to you to consider and provide ways and means for the future subsistence and support of the troops stationed there till it may be thought advisable either to reduce or disband them. John Penn.* February 9, 1765. The reply of the Assembly was as follows: — After due consideration of your message dated the 9th instant we are of opinion that, as the cannon and other military stores at Fort Augusta can not be at present removed from thence, it may be prudent to defer any resokition concerning the evacu- ation of that post until further certainty of peace being firmly established with the Indians ; yet, in the meantime, as the fund from which that garrison has been paid up to the 1st of last month is nearly exhausted, we should approve an immediate reduc- tion of the troops stationed there; although, in respect to disbanding the whole garrison we can only recommend to your Honor and the provincial commissioners, when more satisfied of the Indians' fidelity and conveniency offers for water carriage from Sha- mokin, to lose no time in removing the cannon and stores above mentioned and disbanding the remainder of the garrison, in order to ease the public of that burthen whenever it can be done with safety and prudence.^ Colonel Bouquet's expedition to the Muskingum in the autumn of 1764 had been entirely successful; the Indians sued for peace, and gave hostages * Colonial Eecords, Vol. IX. pp. 244-245. t Colonial Eecords, Vol. IX.' p. 246. 76 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. as security for the release of all their prisoners when a general treaty should be ratified. As soon as Governor Penn received intelligence that they had. fulfilled thdir promises to Colonel Bouquet in this and other respects he " gave orders that Fort Augusta should be evacuated and commissioned Col- onel Francis to settle the accounts of that garrison." It does not appear that his orders were immediately carried into execution, however; the follow- ing is the transcript of a letter, hitherto unpublished and now in the posses- sion of WiUiam T. Grant, of Sunbury, which affords some information regard- ing the subsequent military occupation of this post: — Philadelphia, April 21, 1768. Sik: Although Fort Augusta, which you were heretofore ordered to keep posses- sion of, may be within the words of an act of Assembly lately made for removing set- tlers from the lauds unpurchased of the Indians, yet I am persuaded it was not within the design of the law. You will, therefore, with the people that were left there with you, continue to keep possession of it as before the passing [of] the act. But I desire you will take special care that no new settlements are made there or in the neighborhood of it beyond the line of the purchase, for any such new settlements will be within the Intent of the act, and those who presume to settle in disobedience of it may depend upon being prosecuted in the most vigorous manner. I am. Sir, ^ Your most obedient humble servant, Joh::^ Pektst. Captain Samuel Hunter. From this it appears that a nominal garrison was sustained at Fort Augus- ta in 1768, with Captain Hunter as commandant, and that he was also intrusted with the duty of administering the law against intruders upon lands to which the Indian title had not yet been extinguished. The amount of stores, ammunition, and ordnance at the fort were fre- quently reported.* Six four-pound cannon, two swivels, and six blunder- busses constituted the armament on the 6th of October, 1756. On the 3d of November the commanding ofiicer at Fort Hunter was ordered " to weigh the two cannon which now lie in the water and place them on the bank at some convenient place for transportation;" and on the 19th of May, 1757, Major Burd made the following entry in his journal: "This day at eleven a. M. Captain Patterson arrived here with the batteaux and brought two four- pound cannon." Eight cannon, two swivels, and seven blunderbusses were reported by Captain Shippen on the 1st of March, 1758, and by Captain Trump on the 1st of June in the same year. On the 19th of July, 1758, Captain Trump wrote Governor Denny that " The four pieces of cannon are come up that were sent from Philadelphia, but there's not a person to make carriages for them, so they'll be useless till such time as there's a fit person sent here to make them." Twelve cannon, two swivels, and seven blunder- • These reports were usually made by the commissavy or commandant; the following are pub- lished in the Pennsylvania Archives : Septembers, 17BG, Vol.11, p. 711-,; October 6 1756 Vol III pp 4 5; December 3, 17S6, Vol. III. p. 70; March 1, 1758, Vol. III. pp. 347-348; June 1, 17,'.S, Vol III pp 406- 407; August 1, 17B8, Vol. III. p. 502; October 1, 1758, Vol. III. pp. 560-551; December 1, 17S8 Vol' III pp. 568-569; December 6, 1758, Vol. III. p. 674; October l, 1703, Vol. IV. p. 122. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 77 busses were reported by Commissary Bard on the 1st of August, 1st of Octo- ber, and 1st of December, 1758, and by Captain Gray don on the 1st of Octo- ber, 1763. One of these old cannon is now in the possession of Sunbury Steam Fire Company, No. 1; the following interesting facts in its history have been developed by the researches of Dr. E. H. Awl: From Fort Augusta it was taken to Muncy and not returned until 1774; it was thrown into the river, out of which it was taken by Jacob Mantz, Samuel Hahn, and George Shoop in 1798. It then remained at Sunbury until lS24, when it was surreptitiously removed to Selinsgrove and placed in the cellar of a Mr. Baker. In the fol- lowing year a party from Sunbury, composed of George Hileman, John Epley, John Weaver, John Pickering, James McCormick, Jacob Diehl, and others, succeeded in regaining possession and placed it under a bed in the attic of John Weaver's hotel (the old stone building at the southeast corner of Market a^d Third streets). It was brought into requisition at the next 4th of July cele- bration and then hidden in the cellar of Robins' s tannery on Market street, from which it was shortly afterward abstracted by Charles Awl, Samuel Kessler, Charles Baum, Elias Hummel, Michael Kleckner, Thomas Hala- bush, Samuel Winter, and Thomas Getgen, taken to New Berlin, and con- cealed in the cellar of a hotel. Intelligence of its hiding place having reached Sunbury, Charles Bradford, Jacob ELeefer, Ezekiel Follmer, and others went to New Berlin in the night for the purpose of recovering the stolen property. They entered the cellar by a side door; the cannon had been placed upon a raised platform, which collapsed under their weight when they attempted to lift it off. The noise wakened a woman, who came down the inside stairway with a candle; Bradford knocked it from her hand, and the entire party sought safety in flight. Selinsgrove next succeeded in securing possession of the cannon, and from that place it was brought to Sunbury in 1834 by Dr. R. H. Awl, Charles Rhinehart, Henry V. Simpson, Thomas McEwen, Jeremiah Mantz, Jacob and John Richtstine, Isaac Zeigler> Edward Lyon, Peter Zimmerman, and George Mahan. Here it has since remained. In 1849 an attempt was made to remove it to DanviUe, but Captains Charles J. Bruner and Henry Wharton had been warned of the plot and the cannon was securely guarded at the house of Benjamin Krphn on Front street. When the Danville party arrived they found their designs effectually frustrated, and since that time Sunbury has enjoyed undisputed possession of this migratory piece of ordnance. It was chained to a five- hundred-pound stone in the " old barracks " on Front street for a time, and subsequently kept in Peter Weimer's cellar, Zeigler's tannery, the county jail, John Shissler's cellar, etc. For some years it was in the possession of Samuel Huey, from whom the present owners obtained it. Several allusions are made to the flag in the official papers relating to Fort Augusta. "We want a good, large flag to grace it," wrote Commissary 78 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Bard on the 4th of September, 1756. The want was evidently supplied, but on the 1st of July, 1758, it was again expressed by Captain Trump, in the following words: "Our colors are entirely worn out, and should be extremely glad of a new one; the staff is seventy feet high." Captain Graydon made the following entry in the journal under date of September 14, 1763: "This day got a new flag-staff placed and our flag hoisted." Reference is frequently made to the health of the garrison. There was a hospital at the fort, but it was not constructed with reference to sanitary requirements, and on the 10th of February, 1757, Dr. John Morgan, the post surgeon, made complaint to Major Burd regarding the amount of "under water " in it; he also attributed his lack of success in the treatment of patients to the want of fresh provisions and vegetables, and readily assented to a prop- osition for the removal of the sick to Fort Halifax or Hunter. The latter was selected; and "the hospital, consisting of twenty-four sick," was sent thither by batteaux on the 23d of February. "Forty of the hospital" left the fort by similar conveyance on the 6th of April; their destination, and possibly that of the others also, was probably Harris's Ferry, for Doctor Morgan is reported in the return of April 1st as absent since March 29th " visit- ing the sick at Harris's." "I desired Captain Young to acquaint your Honor that there was neither surgeon nor doctor here," wrote Commissary Bard from Fort Augusta on- the 1st of July, 1758, "since which he informs me there is one appointed for us; I hope he will be here soon, as several of our men are suffering for the want of one. I believe Doctor Morgan left us but few drugs, as the shop looks very thin." Dr. John Bond was commis- sioned as surgeon on the 11th of May, 1758, and his name appears in the returns of August 1, September 1, and December 1, 1758. On the 17th of October, 1763, Colonel Burd wrote that a surgeon and medicines were much needed, which is clearly evident from the following paragraph in his letter of November 25th: "The smallpox has been brought to this place, I believe by the volunteer parties; there is simdry of the soldiers down in them and a great number of the garrison has never had them, so that I expect they will be infected. I have no medicines, and therefore nature must do the whole." On the 10th of December he wrote: "I am glad a surgeon is allowed; Lieutenant Thomas Wiggins of my company is a surgeon, having served his apprenticeship with Doctor Thompson in Lancaster. He attended my family there; I always found him careful and I believe he understands his business, therefore would recommend him to your Honor for the double commission." He was accordingly appointed, and was the last resident surgeon at the fort. But meager provision was made for the spiritual interests of the garrison. Among the Sunday entries in Major Burd's journal are the following: De- cember 2, 1756 — "I have thought it my duty to-day to employ the carpen- ters in working at the beef cisterns. This day it rained so hard that we could not have sermon." March 19th— "This day we had two sermons, one THE COLONIAL PEKIOD. 79 forenoon and one afternoon, by Doctor Morgan." March 26th — "Had prayers and a sermon this forenoon and prayers in the afternoon by Doctor Morgan." January 2, 1757 — "The weather this day would not permit sermon nor prayers." January 9th — No reference to religious exercises. January 16th — "Doctor Morgan read prayers this morning." January 23d — "We had prayers to-day at eleven o'clock." January 30th — "This day it rained so hard all day that we could not have prayers." February 6th — "We could not have sermon nor prayers." February 13th — "So extremely cold that I omit prayers, the officers complaining it was too severe." February 20th — "The fort was so wet we could not have sermon nor prayers to- day." February 27th — "No prayers on account of the severity of the weather." Parson Steele, the first regularly appointed chaplain, arrived on the 24th of March; on the following Sunday (the 27th) Major Burd wrote: "It snowed and rained so much to-day that we could not have sermon, but we had prayers toward evening in a general parade and the chaplain prayed in each of the barracks and the hospital." It is not probable that Parson Steele remained very long; he returned on the 10th of July, but again took his departure on the 11th of August. The accompanying plan of Fort Augusta is reproduced from that pub- lished in Voliune XII. of the Pennsylvania Archives, to which the following explanatory notes are appended: — The above plan was drawn from a copy of the original to which the following note is attached : Isaac Craig, engineer. " Faithfully copied by me for Richard Biddle, Esq., from the original deposited in the geographical and topographical collection attached to library of his late Majesty, George the Third, and presented by his Majesty, King George the Fourth, to the British Museum. London, March, 1830. William Osman." Fort Augusta stands at about forty yards distance from the river, on a bank twenty- four feet from the surface of the water; that side of the fort marked with single lines, which fronts the river, is a strong palisado, the bases of the logs being sunk four feet into the earth, the tops holed and spiked into strong ribbands, which run transversely and are mortised into several logs at twelve feet distance from each other, which are larger and higher than the rest, the joints between each palisado broke with firm logs well fitted on the inside and supported by the platform. The three sides represented by double lines are composed of logs laid horizontally, neatly done, dove-tailed, and trun- nelled down; they are squared — some of the lower ends three feet diameter, the least from two feet one half to eighteen inches diameter — and are mostly white oak. There are six four cannon mounted, one in the of each bastion fronting the river and one in the —^ , and one in the flank of each of the opposite bastions; the woods cleared to the distance of three hundred yards, and some progress made in cutting the bank of the river into a glacis. On the 23d* of September, 1756, Colonel Clapham transmitted a plan of the fort to Governor Denny — probably the original of which that in the Brit- ish Museum is a copy, as the foregoing description harmonizes fully with what is known of the fort at that date. The magazine, Indian trading house, etc. had not been erected at that time, nor are they indicated on this plan; 80 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. moreover, six cannon constituted the armament until May 19, 1757, so that the plan must have been made prior to that date. The site of the fort was embraced in the manor of Pomfret, and con- tinued in possession of the Penn family until 1786. The demolition of the works probably began as soon as it became evident that they would be no longer required for military purposes. Colonel Samuel Hunter lived at the fort until his death in 1784; his residence and that of his family after his decease was the building originally erected as the colonel's quarters of which an engraving is herewith given. It is reproduced from a painting in THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 81 the possession of Captain John Buyers, of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, which bears the following indorsement: "A view of the 'old house' at Fort Augusta, one mile above Sunbury, Pennsylvania, at the junction of the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna, in the year 1825. Painted by Mrs. COIOJ^ELS QUARTERSTIbrtAiigiisla. AmeKa Donnel." This is believed to be the only picture of any part of the fort now extant, and is here published for the first time. If the author's inference regarding the date of the plan is correct, the building represented was erected in 1756, and was, until the time of its removal, the oldest house in the upper Susquehanna valley. It fronted toward the interior of the fort. 82 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. That part of the porch north of the door was originally inclosed, and formed a small apartment with one window on the north; in this apartment reliable tradition asserts that the first court for Northumberland county was held. The close of the French and Indian war and the collapse of Pontiac's conspiracy were followed by the disbandment of the provincial forces and virtual evacuation of the frontier posts; a feeling of security pervaded the border communities, the conviction became general that a period of tran- quiHty was at hand, and the progress of settlement on the northern and west- ern confines of the Province early rendered further concessions of territory from the Indians necessary. One important result of the war was the reces- sion of much the larger part of the purchase of 1754; this was done at a treaty at Easton in October, 1758, when the chiefs of the Six Nations also executed a release for the territory east of the 'Allegheny mountains and south of a line northwest and west from a point on the Susquehanna river one mile above the mouth of Penn's creek. The next purchase, the last and most important under Proprietary auspices, was consummated at Fort Stan- wix, now Kome, New York, November 5, 1768; the territory ceded was bounded on the north and west by the North Branch of Susquehanna, To- wanda creek, Lycoming creek, the West Branch of Susquehanna, and the Alle- gheny and Ohio rivers from Kittanning to the line of the State. The first survey in Northumberland county within the boimds of the purchase of 1768 was the manor of Pomfret. The warrant was issued, October 29, 1768, and the survey was made on the 19th of December in the same year by William Scull, deputy surveyor. The manor was bounded as follows: Beginning at a sugar tree marked T. E. P. on the east bank of the Susque- hanna river at the south side of the mouth of Shamokin creek; thence up the east bank of the Susquehanna river and the North Branch thereof eleven hun- dred eighty-two perches to a beech marked T. E. P. eight perches northeast of a small run; thence south ten degrees east two hundred eighty perches to a small hickory marked T. E. P. ; thence north eighty degrees east eight hundred forty-four perches to a chestnut oak marked T. E. P. ; thence south ten degrees east four hundred perches to a pine marked T. E. P. ; thence south sixty-seven degrees west eight hundred sixty-five perches to a post; thence south eighty degrees west seven hundred perches to the place of beginning, embracing four thousand seven hundred sixty-six acres and allow- ance of six per cent. The officers' lands were next surveyed. The officers of the First and Second battalions of the Pennsylvania regiment who had served in Bouquet's expedition formed an association* at Carlisle in 1764 and entered into an agreement to " apply to the Proprietaries for a tract of land, sufficiently extensive and conveniently situated, whereon to erect a compact and defensi- *The minutes ot this association are published In the Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol. I. ; extended treatment ot the subject Is given in Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, pp. 26-32. THE COLONIAL PEBIOD. 83 Me town." In pursuance of this agreement an application was made to the Proprietaries on the 30th of April, 1765; as stated therein, their object was, " to embody themselves in a compact settlement on some good land at some •distance from the inhabited part of the Province, where, by their industry they might procure a comfortable subsistence for themselves, and by their arms, union, and increase become a powerful barrier to the Province." They requested the Proprietaries to make a new purchase from the Indians, and apportion among them forty thousand acres of arable land on the West Branch of the Susquehanna. Four years elapsed before their plans were realized. On the 3d of February, 1769, it was ordered by the Board of Property " That Colonel Francis and the officers of the First and Second battahons of the Pennsylvania regiment be allowed to take up twenty-four thousand acres, to be divided among them m distinct surveys, on the waters of the West Branch of Susquehanna, to be seated with a family for each three iundred acres within two years from the time of survey, paying five pounds Sterling per hundred and one penny Sterling per acre." The officers acceded to the terms proposed at a meeting at Fort Augusta in the latter part of JFebruary, and appointed Captains Hunter and Irvine to accompany William Scull in making the surveys of their lands east of the West Branch. At a meeting of the officers at Harris's Ferry on the 16th of May he reported having surveyed six thousand* ninety-six acres, which were apportioned to Lieutenant Colonel Turbutt Francis, Ensign A. Stein, Captain Samuel Hun- ter, Captain Nicholas Houssegger, Lieutenant Daniel Hunsicker, Captain WiUiam Piper, and Lieutenant James Hays, all of whom were officers in the First battalion except Captain Piper, of the Second. Colonel Francis's tract embraced the site of Milton; Ensign Stein's, the mouth of Muddy run; Captain Hunter's, the mouth of Warrior run; Captain Houssegger's, the site of Watsontown, above which were those of Lieutenant Hunsicker, Captain Piper, and Lieutenant Hays. Applications for lands in the new purchase were first received at the pro- vincial land office on the 3d of April, 1769, agreeably to the following advertisement : — The land office will be opened on tlie 3d day of April next at ten o'clock in the morning to receive applications from all persons inclinable to take up lands in the new purchase, upon the terms of five pounds Sterling per hundred acres and one penny per acre per annum quit-rent. No person will be allowed to take up more than three hun- dred acres without the special license of the Proprietaries or Governor. The surveys upon all applications are to be made and returned within six months and the whole pur- chase money paid at one payment, and patent taken out within twelve months from the date of the application, with interest and quit-rent from six months after the applica- tion. If there be a failure on the side of the party applying, in either procuring his survey and return to be made or in paying the purchase money and obtaining the patent, the application and survey will be utterly void, and the Proprietaries will be at liberty to dispose of the land to any other person whatever. And, as these terms will be strictly adhered to by the Proprietaries, all persons are hereby warned and cautioned 84 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. not to apply for more land than they -will he ahle to pay for in the time herehy given for that purpose. By order of the Governor, James Tilghmak, Secretary of the Land Office. Philadelphia Land Office, February 23, 1769. N. B. 8o long a day is fixed to give the back inhabitants time to repair to the office.* As it was evident that several applications might be made for the same location, all were put together in a box or trunk and thoroughly mixed, after which they were drawn out, one by one, by a disinterested person. In this manner questions of priority were obviated. The land desired was usually described by natural boundaries or characteristics, proximity to streams or mountains, etc. Delaware run, Warrior run. Muddy run, Lim.estone run, and Chillisquaque creek were referred to by their present names, which had thus gained general currency prior to 1769. There was an immediate and rapid influx of population to the territory thus opened to purchase and settlement. Although that part of Northum- berland county south of Mahanoy mountain was included in the purchase of 1749, it was not settled to any extent before the Indian war, during which the few inhabitants were compelled to seek safety beyond the Kittatinny range. After the restoration of peace the valleys of Mahanoy creek and its tributaries. Stone valley, and the Mahantango region early received a large German immigration, which also extended to the northern parts of the county and has since found a large element of its population. Between the North Branch of Susquehanna and the Muncy hiUs the pioneers were principally Scotch-Irish; this nationality was also represented in the valleys of Boyle's run, Hollowing run, and Shamokin creek, while many families of English or Welsh origin found their way into the territory now comprised in Rush, Shamokin, and the adjoining townships. The Germans were principally from Berks county, the Scotch-Irish from Lancaster, the English and Welsh from New Jersey. So rapid was the settlement of the region drained by the Susquehanna river, the North and West Branches, and their tributaries, that the county of Northumberland was erected on the 21st of March, 1772, less than three years after the purchase of 1768 was opened. Two townships, Augusta and Turbut, originally comprised its present area; the following hsts of pioneers have been compiled from the earliest assessment records of these townships now extant. Augusta township originally embraced that part of Northumberland county south of the North Branch of Susquehanna; the following is a list of taxable inhabitants in 1774: William Boyle, Sebastian Brosius, Edward Biddle, John Clark, Jacob Conrad, Robert Conn, Adam Conrad, Uriah Clark, Sebastian Crevous, George Cliver, Henry Cliver, William Clark, •"Smith's Laws, Vol. II. p. 16S. THE COLONIAL PEEIOD. 85 Frederick Dtuikelberger, Eobert Desha, William Davis, John Doane, George Ecole, Lawrence Eichinger, Martin Epley, Philip Everhart, David Eowler, John Fisher, William Forster, Peter Ferst, Henry Ferst, Anthony Fricker, David Fox, _3amuel Flowers, Valentine Geiger, Peter Gearhart, Charles Garment, Solomon Green, Stophel Gettig, Alexander Grant, Nicholas Gron- inger, Charles Gough, Ellis Hughes, Samuel Harris, Samuel Hunter, Max Haines, Jacob Haverliag, Charles Hufty, George Hymn, John Harrison, George Hawke, Adam Haverling, Anthony Hinkle, Thomas Hughes, Reuben Haines, Henry Hollier, Philip Johnston, Gaspe;r Kobel, Daniel Kobel, Samuel Krooks, Henry Kobel, Henry Kries, Peter Kobel, Henry Keller, Andrew Ketterley, Nicholas Kofield, Jacob Karron, James Logan, Martin Lister, Gottlieb Lefler, E. Lewis, John Liss, Jonathan Lodge, Benjamin Lightfoot, William Maclay, Joseph McCarrell, Eobert McBride, William Murdock, Arthur Moody, David Mead, Jacob Martin, John Moll, John Miller, Jacob Minium, Thomas McGahan, Patrick McCormick, Hugh McKinley, David McKinney, Nicholas Miller, Eli. Mead, James McNeill, James Mc- Clegg, Joseph McDonald, Isaac Meyer, John Moore, Christian Mowry, David McNear, John Musser, George Overmeier, John Peiffer, John Philips, Sam- uel Pearson, James Parr, Jacob Read, Frederick Reely, Zachariah Robins, Cornelius Row, Henry Reigert, John Ream (butcher), John Ream, Michael Redman, Robert Randall, Thomas Runyon, Valentine Rebuck, George Reitz, Gustavus Ross, Joseph Shippen, Matthias Slough, James Starr, John Simp- son, David Shakspeare, William Scull, Casper Suavely, Samuel Shakspeare, Stephen Sutton, Thomas Steinbach, John Sober, Daniel Smith, Gaspar Schneider, George Shellam, Michael Shaffer, John ShafEer, Nicholas Shuter, Peter Smith, Abraham Stein, Jacob Schertz, Conrad Schneider, John Spoon, Stophel Stump, John Titsal, Michael Troy, George Vaughan, Peter Whit- more, Samuel Weiser, Frederick Weiser, Stophel Whitmore, George Wolf, Jonas Weaver, Michael Weaver, Aaron Wilkerson, Frederick Wimbolt, John Weitzel, James Wild, John Wall, Peter Withington, Francis West, Mordecai Tamall, Francis Yamall, Ellis Youngman, Jonas Youghan, Jacob Zartman, Henry Zartman, Nicholas Zantzinger. The following were assessed as single men: John Barker, Nicholas Bierly, John BrentHnger, Adam Christy, James Chisnall, Charles Charter, Wilham Crooks, George Calhoon, Joseph Disberry, Michael De Armond,, John Elser, James Ellis, Bllerton Fowler, John Forsyth, John Feucher, Jacob Graff, Joseph Gray, James Gayley, Richard Grosvenor, William Gray, George Grant, Jacob Hill, David Harris, Henry Hide, Nicholas Harmer, James Hamilton, John Harris, Jr., William Harp, John Hardy, George Kiest, William Kennedy, David Johnston, Dennis Leary, Aaron Lane, Jesse Lukens, Charles McCann, John McCord, Abraham McGahan, George North, Casper Reigert, William Robins, Jacob Ribble, John Robinson, Richard Robinson, Lawrence Steinbach, James Silverwood, John Teel, Hugh Turner, 86 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. William Trilmmer, Michael Tobin, Philip Valentine, William Wilsoji, Casper Weitzel, John Wiggins, Peter Yarnall, Ludwig the tar burner. Turbut township originally embraced all that part of the present area of Northumberland county north of the North Branch, with considerable adja- cent territory to the east. The following are the names of taxables at the first assessment of which there is any record; while the year is not given, it bears satisfactory intrinsic evidence of having been taken before the close of the colonial period and prior to the year 1775: John Blair, Frederick Blue, William Blue, James Biggar, Michael Baimart, Jamfes Brandon, Samuel Bailey, Thomas Batman, John Black, Garret Beriry, George Ben- nett, Hawkins Boone, Michael Bright, Dominick Bradley, John Brady, John Buyers, John Bullion, Michael Bradley, John Boyd, William Bailey, Will- iam Bonham, Isaac Coldron, John Curry, James Carscaddon, Adam Clark, Robert Curry, John Clark, James Cochran, Andrew Clark, Wilham Clark, Nathaniel Coltart, Joseph Carson, James Clark, John Comfort, John Cheney, John Clark, James Crawford, Anthony Carney, John Cochran, Michael Campbell, David Carson, Charles Cochran, William Cooke, William Caldwell, Abraham^ Carr, David Chambers, Matthew Cunningham, Cornelius Cox, George Calhoon, William Clark, John Cha,mbers, Johnson Cheney, John Carothers, John Chattam, Cain Callander, Philip Davis, John Denny, Peter Dougherty, Henry Dougherty, John Dixon, James Durham, Neal Davis, John Donald, David Davis, John Dunlap, Michael Dowdle, Henry Dougherty, Margaret Duncan, William Davis, John De France, Thomas Dean, John Dougherty, Adam Dean, Josiah Espy, James Espy, Thomas Egan, John Evison, John Emmitt, Alexander Emmons, John Eason, Robert Eason, Alexander FuUerton, Garret Freeland, William Fitzsimmons, Barna- bas Farran, Benjamin Fulton, Abraham Freeland, Jacob Follmer, Ephraim Fowler, Conrad Foutz, George Frederick, George Field, William Fisher, John Freeman, WiUiam Forster, Philip Frig, William Gillespie, John Gil- lespie, John Gilliland, Alexander Gibson, John Gray, Thomas GasMn, James Goudy, Samuel Gordon, Paul Geddis, Charles Gillespie, William George, Thomas Ginning, James Galloway, Alexander Grant, Robert Galbraith, Ber- tram Galbraith, John Gray, Robert GilfiUan, Reuben Haines, George Hamil- ton, Thomas Hughes, James Harrison, David Hays, John Hood, Henry Hoff- man, Marcus Hulings, Jacob Hammersley, Simon Hemrod, William Harrison James Hays, Michael Hendershott, William Hutchison, John Hambright, James Hunter, Thomas Hewitt, Caleb Horton, Samuel Hunter, Jacob Haines, Joseph Herbert, Samuel Harris, Hugh Hamilton, Benjamin Hemling, Will- iam Hannah, George Haines, William Hoffman, David Ireland, George Irwin, Richard Irwin, Francis Irwin, Archibald Irwin, George Irwin, Matthew Irwin, John Irwin, Owen Jury, Benjamin Jones, WiUiam Johnston, Henry Johnston, Thomas Jordan, Peter Jones, John Johnston, Benjamin Jordan, Patrick Kearney, Moses Kirk, Daniel Kelley, David Kennedy, Robert King,' THE COLONIAL PEBIOD. 87 William Kennersley, John Lytle, Robert Low, William Layton, Eobert ' Luckey, Eobert Luokey, Jr., James Luokey, Joseph Leech, Jonathan Lodge, Thomas Lemon, Charles Lomax, Hugh Logue, Cornelius Lamerson, Aaron Levy, Andrew Levy, Eobert Luckey, William Linton, Eobert Love, Charles Lamerson, Widow Lukens, Eichard Malone, John Montgomery, William McKnight, Jacob Miller, Eobert McCaUan, William Mc Williams, William Murray, Eobert McCandlish, Eobert McFarling, James McBrier, Judah Miller, John McHenry, John Martin, John Mc Williams, James Mur- phy, Eobert Mc Williams, John McClenaohan, Hugh Mc Williams, Thomas Mahaffey, Eobert Moodie, James Murray, John Murray, George McCandlish, James McClung, John McClintock, Alexander McMath, James McKnight, Gowan McConnell, Isaac Miller, John Minger, Samuel MoKee, James Mahaffey, John Miles, Darius Mead, James McMahan, Adam Mann, William Marshall, Eobert McCuUy, Hugh MoCormick, James McClenachan, WiUiam Montgomery, George Miller, Frederick Maus, John McFadden, WiUiam Mur- dock, Samuel Mann, William McKim, Eobert Martin, Peter Martin, Laughlin McCartney, John McAdams, John Moore, John McCuUoch, John McGufPy, John Martin, Alexander Murray, John Neilson, James Neely, Thomas Orr, Samuel Oaks, Joseph Ogden, William Piper, WiUiam Plunket, Barnabas Parson, Eobert Pedrick, Stephen Philips, Edmund Physick, John Pollock, William A. Patterson, William Patterson, Mr. Patton, Samuel Purviance, Eobert Poyles, Eobert Eeynolds, Isaac Eobison, Ellis Eeed, John Eichey, Matthew Eeese, Joseph Eeynolds, Andrew Eussell, Mungo Eeed, William Eoss, Alexander Eoddy, Eichey & Company, WiUiam Eeed, Andrew Eobi- son, Archibald Simpson, Benjamin Sterritt, Thomas Staddon, Samuel Shaw, Alexander Speer, James Semple, John Simpson. This list is evidently not quite complete. Thirty-two indentured servants and five slaves were reported; the latter were accredited as follows: William Maclay, one; Garret Freeland, one; ^ James Hays, one; David Ireland, one, and William Plunket, one. These were the pioneers of Northumberland county. With the imple- ments of peaceful industry they invaded its territory, took possession of its soil, removed the primeval forest, and initiated the development of its agri- cultural resources. The terms upon which the "New Purchase" was opened rendered it possible for men of limited means to buy land, improve it by their own labor, and acquire a home; the opportunity was eagerly embraced, and thus the early population of the county was composed almost entirely of people in humble circumstances. Contemporary assessment records show that a horse and cow and eight or ten acres of cultivated land constituted the taxable property of the great majority of the farmers of that period, and the man who brought with him several horses and cows and means enough to employ others to assist him in clearing his land was evidently regarded as rich by his neighbors. »» HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Many interesting characteristics of pioneer life in this county are reflected in the journal of Philip V. Fithian, a licentiate of the First Presbytery of Philadelphia, who made a journey through Delaware, Maryland, Pennsyl- vania, and Virginia in the summer of 1775. The journal, edited by John Blair Linn, was first published in 1883-84 in Dr. W. H. Egle's Historical Register. He traveled horseback; passing through the Cumberland valley he arrived at John Harris's on the Juniata on the 24th of June, 1775 (Saturday) ; on the following Monday he rode to Eckert's tavern, within the present limits of Snyder county, and thence to Sunbury. The journal is as foUows: — Tuesday, June 27. — Rode from the clever Dutchman's to Sunbury over the Susque- hanna, fifteen miles. I thiuk the river is a half a mile over, and so shallow that I forded it; the bottom is hard rock. Sunbury is ou the northeast bank. It is yet a small village, but seems to be growing rapidly. Then I rode on half a mile to one Hunter's, within the walls of Fort Augusta. Then I rode onward to Northumberland about a mile, but on the way crossed the river twice. Here are a number of boatmen employed in going up and down the river to Mid- dletown and back. With these and others from the country, this infant village seems busy and noisy as a Philadelphia ferry-house. I slept in a room with seven of them, and one for a bed-fellow. He was, however, clean and civil, and our bed good and neat. Some of them suspected me of being a clergyman, and used me with profound respect. " Your Reverence," was the preface of almost every sentence. One of them, a genuine Qiw-he, coaxed me by persuasion and complaints out of a sixpence as charity. Wednesday June 38. — A very wet, rainy morning. About twelve o'clock marched into this town, from the Great Island or " Indian land " fifty miles up the river, thirty young fellows, all expert ritlemen, with a drum and fife, under Captain Lowdon. They passed on, however, soon to Sunbury, where they remained until Monday. Brave youth! go, through the kindness of the God of battles may you prosper and save your country. I made some small acquaintance with Mr. Doheda, a smart, agreeable Englishman, and one Mr. Chrystie, a dry, sensible, intelligent Scot. Thursday, June 29.— I rode up the West Branch two miles, to ]Mr. Andrew Gib- son's, on the way crossing the river twice, over a fine, rich island shaded with lofty, smooth beech trees; on one of these I carved my name. After dinner I went down the river with two of the Messrs. Gibson in a small boat, for exercise and recreation. The river is perfectly transparent— so clear that you can see, in the deepest parts, the smallest fish. In the evening came the Philadelphia papers. All things look dark and unsettled. The Irish regiments have arrived. Government is strengthening its forces; the Americans are obstinate in their opposition. The Virginians have differed highly with their Governor, and he has thought it necessary to go on board, with his family, of one of his Majesty's ships. The Continental Congress is sitting 'in Phila- delphia, and recommends Thursday, July 20th, as a day of public humiliation, fastinn', and prayer. '^' Saturday, July l.—l crossed the river and rode into town; my landlady received me kindly. Prom the room where I write this I have a loui^-, full, and beautiful prospect of Sunbury down the river. Now, going either up or down, are many boats canoes, etc. plying about. In short, this town in a few years, without doubt will be grand and busy. I find these two infant villages, like other rivals, are jealous of each other's improvements, and Mr. Haines, who is proprietor of this place is much annoyed. ' THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 89 Sunday, July 2. — A rainy, damp morning; but little prospects of service. At eleven, some few came in; we iiave worship in Mr. McCartney's liouse. After we began, many came in from tlie town, and they gave me good attention. Between ser- mons several gentlemen kindly invited me to visit them: Mr. Cooke, the high sheriff; Mr. Martin, a gentleman who came lately from Jersey; Mr. Barker, a young gentle- man, a lawyer, from Ireland last fall. After one hour and a half intermission we had service again; many more were present than in the morning. Mr. Scull, the surveyor general's agreeable mate, was present at both sermons; Mrs. Hunter, Captain Hunter's lady, who lives on the other side of the water at Fort Augusta, and is burgess [lieu- tenant] for his county, and is with Mr. Scull now, down at Philadelphia, was also present at both sermons with her two small, neat daughters and a beautiful young lady, her niece. I was invited by Mrs. Scull to cofEee; present: Mrs. Hunter and the young ladies, Mrs. McCartney and her sister, and Mr. Barker. While we were at cof- fee the post came into town; we have in the papers accounts of the battle of Bunker Hill, near Boston, where the Provincials were worsted; accounts of General "Washing- ton and his aid-de-camp, Mr. Mifflin, leaving Philadelphia for the North American camp. Mrs. Scull very kindly invited me to make her house my home while I shall stay in town. She has a pleasant and valuable garden, the best by far in the town ; it has a neat and well designed summer-house. She has a well finished parlor, with many pieces of good painting, four, in special, which struck me much — large heads from ancient marbles of Hypocrates, Tully, Socrates, and Galen. Monday, July 3. — No paper to be had in town, and I have only five sheets. Mr. McCartney gave me one pound, five shillings, nine pence for the supply, for which he demanded a receipt, a custom here. Breakfasted with Mrs. Scull; I dined with Mr. Martin, in West Way street, on the river. After dinner Mr. Haines, the proprietor of the town, took me to see a lot he is about to give to the Presbyterian society. It is a fine, high spot on the North Way street, and near the river; also near it is a fine spring of good water. A number of the town gentlemen proposed, if my appointments will allow, to preach in this town on the day of the Continental fast. Tuesday, July 4. — Mrs. Scull entertained me with many good, agreeable songs. She moved my head toward my charming Laura when she sang the following: — Constancy. Oh ! lovely Delia, virtuous, fair, Believe me now thy only dear, I'd not exchange ray happy state, For all the wealth of all the great, etc., etc. A rainy afternoon; I spent it with Mr. Barker in-doors. I was introduced to one Mr. Freeman, a young gentleman who has been a trader at Fort Pitt. Pie beats the drum and we had a good flfer, so we spent the evening in martial amusement. Wednesday, July 5. — A very wet morning. Last Sunday some Northumberland saint stole my surtout from my saddle. It was hid for security in a woodpile in the neighborhood, where it was found the next morning, advertised, and this day returned- If this be the " New Purchase " manners, I had rather chosen to own some other kind of impudence. I agreed to-day to preach in this town on the day of the public fast, and began, my sermon for that purpose. I had some proposals made me for staying in this town, but I can not yet answer them. I dined with the kind and entertaining Mrs. Scull. She took me, with Mr. Barker, into Mr. Scull's library. It is charming to see books in the infancy of this remote land. I borrowed," for iny amusement, the following from her: The Critical Review, No. 44. Our evening spent nightly tete-a-tete in honor and friendship; in bed by three — much too late. Thursday, July 6. — I opened my eyes, by the continued mercy of our Bountiful 90 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Overseer, at half an hour after eight, when a most serene, lovely morning, more so after so much dark and unharvestable weather. I was called in to see Mrs. Boyd, to visit and pray with a sick young man, Mr. Thompson. I found him lying very ill with an intermittent fever and a great uneasiness of mind. I conversed with him as well as my abilities would allow, and commended him to God in prayer and withdrew. Break- fasted with Mrs. Scull and Mr. Barker, and with great reluctance I took my leave of both. The young gentleman who has been preaching in the English church at Salem, New Jersey, is this Mr. Barker's brother. By ten I left town. The road lies along the river, and after leaving the town about a mile, such a fertile, level, goodly country I have perhaps never seen. Wheat and rye, thick and very tall; oats I saw in many places, yet green, and full as high in general through the field as a six-railed fence. Pokes and elders, higher than my head as I sat upon my horse, and the country is. thickly inhabited and grows to be a little open. All this pine tract on the north side of the West Branch belongs, I am told, to Colonel Francis, and is now leased for a term of years. After riding eight miles on the bank of the river I crossed over. The river is near a half-mile broad, and since the rain it has risen so that I had near been floated. Stopped at Captain William Gray's. Mr. Fithian remained in BufEalo valley until the following Wednesday; during this time he was principally engaged in preparing for his part in the observances of the "Solemn Continental Fast." The following is the text of the journal from the time he left Captain Gray's until his final departure from the present territory of this county: — Wednesday, July 12. — A violent thundergust last night. Soon after breakfast I left Mr. Gray's; rode to Mr. Fruit's, and must breakfast again. Mr. Fruit very civilly gallantfed me on my road. We forded the river and rode up the bank on the north side. The country on both sides of this water very inviting and admirably fertile. Mr. Fruit left me, and I jogged along alone. A narrow bridle road, logs fallen across it, bushes spread over it, but I came at last to Captain Piper's at Warrior run, twelve miles. The Captain was out reaping; Mrs. Piper received me very kindly. She is an amiable woman by character; she appears to be so by trial. At three after dinner the Captain came in. He stood at the door; "I am," said he, "William Piper. Now, sir, in my turn, who are you?" "My name is Fithian, sir." "What is it?" "Fithian, sir!" "Oh," says he, "Fiffen." "No, it is Fithian." "What, Pithin? Damn the name, let me have it in black and white. But who are you? Are you a regular orderly preacher? We are often imposed upon and curs& the man who imposes on us next." " I come, sir, by the appointment of Donegal Presbytery from an order of Synod." "Then God bless you, you are welcome to Warrior Bun— You are welcome to my house. But can you reap?" He was full "half seas over." He spoke to his wifer " Come, Sally, be kind and make a bowl of toddy." Poor, unhappy, hard-conditioned, patient woman! Like us neglected and forsaken " Sons of Levi," you should fix on a state of happiness beyond this world. " I was in the evening introduced to Captain Hays, a gentleman of civility and seriousness. He begged me to preach a week-day lecture before I leave the neighborhood. At Mr. Hays's I saw a large gourd; it held nine gallons. I saw in the bottom near the bank of the river a syc°amore or buttonwood tree, which measured, eighteen inches' from the ground, fifteen feet in circumference. Thursday, July «.— "There is not one in this society but my little wain," said the Captain to me quite full of whiskey, "not one of them all but my little wain that can tell you what is effectual calling." Indeed, his "wain" is a lovely girl. She is an only child, just now ten years old. She seems to be remarkably intelligent, reads very "^^/rvC. THE COLONIAL PEBIOD. 93 clear, attends well to the quantity of words, has a sweet, nervous quo-he accent. Indeed, I have not lately been so highly pleased as with this rosy-cheeked Miss Peggy Piper. Mrs. Piper keeps a clean house; well-fixed beds — here I have not seen a bug or a flea. Friday, July 14. — Last evening after sunset I walked with Mrs. Piper to four neighbors' houses, all within a half a mile. She was looking for harvest hands, while her ill-conditioned husband was asleep perspiring off the fumes of whiskey. It is now seven o'clock. There are two reapers. Miss Piper is out carrying drink to the reap- ers. Her father is yet asleep. Tim is about the house as a kind of waiting man. There is also a close-set young Irish widow who, on her passage, lost her husband and two children at sea. She came in Captain McCulloch's ship with six hundred pas- sengers, of which one hundred five died at sea, and many more on landing. Mrs. Piper is taken this morning after breakfast with a violent fever and palpitation of the heart, which continues very threatening. The young Irish widow is lame with a cold in her shoulder and has this morning scalded her hand most sorely. Dear Peggy went out early and is overheated, so that she is laid up with the headache. The Captain himself is ut semper full of whiskey. A house full of impotence. We are relieved, however, by a young woman of this neighborhood. Doctor Bprigg,a gentleman in the practice who is settling in the neighborhood, by accident came in, and made some application of some medicine to Mrs. Piper. Towards evening I took a ramble with Peggy to find and bring in the cows. She showed me their sugar tree bottom, out of which Mrs. Piper says she makes plenty of sugar for her family use. I am charmed with each calm evening. The people here are all cordial and inveterate enemies of the Yankees, who are settling about in this Province on the land in dispute between Connecticut and Pennsylvania. It is said they are intending to come down into this neighborhood and fix down upon the unsettled land, which exasperates the people generally. Saturday, July 15. — I had my horse belled to-day and put in a proper lawn. I would rather call it a park. He wears the bell, contrary to my expectation, with per- fect resignation. To-day Mrs. Piper is better, and walks the house. There came ten reapers before breakfast; the Captain was in bed, supinus stertieus. It was something remarkable — after he awaked he would drink no more, and before evening was per- fectly sober. I am told he is always sober and devout on Sabbath; There came on a great rain before ten, and reaping visas done. I took a walk after the rain on the bank of the river. My wonder ceases that the Indians fought for this happy valley. Sunday, July 16. — Warrior Run — this meeting house is on the bank of the river, eighteen miles from Northumberland. It is not yet covered. A large assembly gath- ered; I preached from a wagon, the only one ;present. The people sat upon a rising ground before me. It looked odd to see the people sitting among the bushes. All were attentive, and there were many present. I spoke the loudest and with more ease than I have ever done any day before. After service I rode down to Mr. Pruitt's, and spent the evening reading and examining Mr. Lusk's piece against the Seceders. Monday, July 17. — After breakfast and prayer I took my leave, crossed over the river, and rode down to town. The day was bright and very hot; the inhabitants yet busy with their harvest. Northumberland — in town by eleven, much fatigued. I spoke with Mr. Barker. He was busy but soon came in, and we spent an hour very pleasantly. I walked down to Mr. Martin's to see the newspapers. Doctor Plunket and three other gentlemen were in the next room. Mr. Carmichael's sermon, preached lately before the Carlisle company, was in contemplation. "Damn the sermons, Smith's and all," said one of them; " gunpowder and lead shall form text and sermon both.'' The Doctor, how- ever, gave him a severe reproof. The Honorable Conference is yet sitting, and have 6 94 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. published to the world reasons for our taking up arms. By a letter lately from Prince- ton to a gentleman here, I am told that James Armstrong and John Witherspoon have gone to Boston with General Washington; I am told that Mr. Smith, our tutor, was lately married to Miss Ann Witherspoon. Probably in this conflict I may be called to the field, and such a connection would make me less willing to answer so responsible a call. I will not, therefore, marry until our American glory be fixed on a permanent foundation, or is entirely taken from us. An alarming report: eight horse-loads of powder went up the country this day, carried by a number of Indians; it is shrewdly guessed they have in view some infernal stratagem. Tuesday, July 18. — I rose by seven, studying at my sermon for the fast. There is a rupture in the other town [Hunbury]; they have two men in prison who were seized on suspicion of selling what they call the Yankee rights of land. They are apprehen- sive of a mob who may rise to release them, and keep every night a strict guard. Mr. Scnll, who is captain for this town, goes with a party for a guard from hence to-night. I am invited to a party this afternoon. South of this town the bank of the river is a high, stony precipice, three hundred fifty feet at least, and almost perpendicular. There is a way, by going a small distance up the river, of ascending to the top, which is level and covered with shrubby pines. Here I am invited by a number of ladies to gather huckleberries. The call of women is invincible, and I must gallant them over the river. Perhaps my Eliza is in the same exercise in the back parts of Deerfield [Cum- berland count}', New Jersey]. We dined and walked down to Mr. Martin's, on the West Way street. Ladies: Mrs. Boyd, a matron, Mrs. Martin, Mrs. McCartney, Miss Carothers, Miss Martin, Miss Lusk, and a strange young woman. Miss Manning, and my- self. Horrible, fearful! It is so high and so steep. Look at you man in his small canoe; how diminutive he seems groveling down there, paddling a tottering boat! The water itself looks to be very remote, just as I have often seen the sky in a still, clear brook. Wednesday July 19. — Mr. Barker called on me this morning to walk. We strolled up the North Branch of the river two miles. Good land, but less cultivated. I can not but much esteem this young gentlemen. He is not forward in conversation, not by any means dull, makes many just and pleasant remarks on the state of America. Two wagons, with goods, cattle, women, tools, etc., went through the tovra to-day from East Jersey, on their way to Fishing creek, up the river, where they are to settle. Rapid, most rapid, is the growth of this country. At the invitation of Mr. Scull and Mr. Barker I went, after dinner, over the river to Captain Hunter's. I was formally introduced by these gentlemen to him. He talks but little, yet with great authority. I felt little in his presence, from a consciousness of inferiority. We drank with him one bowl of toddy, and passed on to Sunbury. The town lies near a half-mile below the fort, on the east side of the main branch. It may contain an hundred houses. All the buildings are of logs but Mr. Maclay's, which is of stone and large and elegant. The ground is low and level, and on the back part moorish. Northumberland at the point has a good appearance from this town. The inhabitants were mustering arms — blood and death, how these go in a file ! As we were returning in our slim canoes I could not help thinking with myself how the sav- age tribes, while they were in possession of these enchanting wilds, have floated over this very spot. My heart feels for the wandering natives. I make no doubt but multi- tudes of them, when they were forced away, left these long possessed and delightsome banks with swimming eyes. Evening, between nine and ten, came into Mr. McCart- ney's Doctor Allison, Doctor Kearsley, Mr. Barker, and Mr. Freeman. " I am the very man and no other," said Doctor Allison, " who was appointed to carry on the building of our meeting house here, and I am for having it done with brick. Let us at once make a convenient place for worship and an ornament to the town." THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 95 Thursday, July 20. — I rose by six; the town quiet; all seems dull and mournful; stores shut and all business laid aside. By ten many were in town from the country. Half after eleven we began. I preached in Mr. Chattam's house, in the North Way street. It is a new house, just covered, without partitions. It was thronged. Many were in the chamber; many in the cellar; man}^ were without the house. There were two Jews present — Mrs. Levy and her nephew. I spoke in great fear and dread. I was never before so nice an audience; I never spoke on so solemn a day. In spite of all my fortitude and practice, when I began my lips quivered; my flesh shrank; my hair rose up; my knees trembled. I was wholly confused until I had almost closed my sermon. Perhaps this feeling was caused by entirely fasting, as I had taken noth- ing. I was to-day, by Mr. Barker, introduced to Mr. Chambers, a young gentleman of Sunbury, a lawyer. He appears to be serious, civil, and sociable. I was also introduced to Mr. James Hunter, of Philadelphia. In the afternoon service felt much better, but was under the necessity of reading both sermons. Several in the neighborhood gave me warm invitations to call and see them, but I must now away up this long river, sixty miles higher, among quarrelsome Yankees, insidious Indians, and, at best, lonely wilds. Mrs. Boyd, an aged, motherly, religious, chatty neighbor, Mr. Barker's land- lady, drank coffee with us; Miss Nellie Carothers, also, and several strangers. Even- ing, two villains — runaways and thieves — were brought into town and committed to prison. One of them took my coat the other day. Justice, do thy ofl3ce ! Friday, July 21. — The weather these two days is extraordinary, so that I have slept under a sheet, blankets, coarse rug, and in my own clothes, and I am to-day wish- ing for a thicker coat than this sieve-like crape. I dined with Doctor Allison and Mr. Barker, at Mr. Scull's. Oh! we have had a most agreeable afternoon. It has been an entertainment worthy of royalty. If this pompous declaration is thought strange and a secret, too, I will explain its meaning. I have been in the company of gentlemen where there is no reserve. Books and literary improvement were the subjects. Every sentence was a sentiment. Mr. Chambers and Sheriff Cooke joined us. The gloomy, beavy thoughts of war were a while suspended. Saturday, July 22. — I slept but little last night; a sick Irish girl in the next room, by her continual moaning, kept me awake. Indeed, the poor Irish maid was extremely ill. I am to take my leave of acquaintances and soon leave this town. It is probable I shall never see it again. I wish, however, it may thrive and prosper in all its inter- ests. I left the town and took a long, narrow bridle road to Mr. James Morrow's [Murray's] at Chillisquaque. He lives on the creek, five miles from the mouth. I was more bewildered in finding this road — which for more than six miles, at least, was nothing more than a dull, brush-covered hog-road, with a log across it almost every TOd — ^than I have been before. I received of Mr. Gibson for my fast-day supply, seven shillings six pence. He lives in a small log hamlet; is, himself, a man of business. He was in the last war, and is very garrulous, and, indeed, intelligent, on military subjects. On the bank of this creek I walked among the white walnuts, ash, buttonwood, birch, hazels, etc., rambling along. At last I stopped, stripped ofl: my stockings, and waded up and down. One thing here I don't like. In almost all these rural cots I am under the necessity of sleeping in the same rojom with all the family. It seems indelicate, at least, for men to strip surrounded by different ages and sexes, and rise in the morning, in the blaze of day, with the eyes of at least one blushing Irish female searching out subjects for remark. Sunday, July 23.—W& have a ?till, dark, rainy morning. The people met at Mr. Morrow's [Murray's]. His little house was filled. Many came from a funeral, in all probably sixty. Three days ago, when one of the neighbors was carting in his rye, Ms young and only child, not yet four years old, drew into its mouth one of the beards. 96 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. It Stopped in his throat, fixed, and soon inflamed, and yesterday, in spite of all help, about noon he died. Monday, July 24.— One. of the elders gave me for yesterday's supply fifteen shill- ings three pence. Yesterday and this morning we breakfasted on tea. It is boiled in a common dinner-pot of ten or fifteen gallons and poured out in tin cups. We have with it boiled potatoes and huckleberry pie, all in love, peace, and great welcome. My horse, however, now feeds upon the fat of the earth. He is in a large field of fine grass, generally timothy, high as his head. He has not fared so well since we left Mr. Gray's on the Juniata. Mrs. Morrow [Murray] wears three golden rings, two on her second finger of the left hand and one on the middle finger of the right. They are all plain. Her daughter Jenny, or, as they call her, Jensy, wears only two. Jensy is a name most common here; Mr. Fruit, Mr. Allen of Buffalo, Mr. Hays of Warrior run, and the women here all have daughters whom they call Jensy. Salt here is a great price, the best selling at ten shillings and ten shillings six pence, and the lowest at eight shillings. Half after nine I left Mr. Morrow's [Murray's] and rode to Mr. Mc- Candlish's on the river. Here I fed my horse with a sheaf of wheat. Thence to Freeland's mill, thence over Muncy's hills and Muncy's beautiful creek to Mr. Crown- over's. The Connecticut claim, which received so large a share of public attention at the time of Mr. Pithian's visit, was based upon the royal charter granted to that Colony in 1662; this instrument described its territory as extending "to the South sea on the west," and under this clause all that part of Pennsyl- vania north of the forty-first parallel of north latitude was claimed to be within its jurisdiction. The Connecticut Susquehanna Company was formed in 1753, and at the Albaiiy conference in the following year purchased from certain chiefs of the Six Nations the territory between the forty-first and forty-second parallels of north latitude, bounded on the east by a line ten miles distant from the North Branch of Susquehanna and extending westward one hundred twenty miles. The forty-first parallel crosses Northumberland •county a short distance below Milton, and thus a large part of its original area was included in the territory purchased. A number of emigrants from Con- necticut arrived at Wyoming in 1762, but in the following year many of them were killed by the Indians; the settlement was abandoned, but in 1769 it was again established. In 1771 two townships, Charleston and Judea, were sur- veyed at Muncy on the West Branch and allotted to prospective settlers. In January, 1774, the Connecticut legislature passed an act erecting all the ter- ritory within its jurisdiction between the Delaware river and a line fifteen miles west of the North Branch into the " Town of Westmoreland," which was attached to Litchfield county; in May, 1775, its western limits were so extended as to include the townships on the West Branch, the actual settle- ment of which had been begun. The authorities of Northumberland county, unable to prevent the occupation of its territory by Connecticut claimants, joined in a petition to the Governor in which the foUowing statements occur:— Sorry we are to inform your Honor that our utmost endeavors are likely to fail of the desired effect, through the restless and ambitious designs and enterprises of the Colony of Connecticut; the intruders from that Colony settled at Wyoming are re-en- THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 97 forced with fresh numbers; officers, civil and military, are appointed, not only among them but even among us, by the Governor of Connecticut, as well in direct violation of our laws as for the express purpose of overturning the jurisdiction of our courts. Swarms of emissaries from that Colony crowd among our people, seducing the ignor- ant, frightening the timorous; and denouncing the utmost vengeance against any who may be hardy enough to oppose them In fine, to such situation are we already reduced from the number of their adherents, spies, and emissaries, as to'be under the hard necessity of keeping constant guards, not only to prevent the destruc- tion of our jail, but for the security of our houses and persons.* John Vincent appears to have been the most active partisan of the Con- necticut interest who resided within the present limits of Northumberland county. In May, 1775, the Governor of Connecticut appointed him a justice of the peace for Litchfield county ; in the following August, accompanied by his son and several others, he went to Wyoming " and requested a number of people to go on the West Branch and make settlements, and extend the juris- diction and authority of Connecticut to that country, "f His mission was successful ; an armed force under the command of Major William Judd and Joseph Sluman marched from Wyoming and arrived at Warrior run on the 23d of September. Their purposes were thus set forth in the following letter to William Plunket: — Warrior Run, September 25, 1775. Sie: This acquaints you that we arrived at this place on Saturday evening last vpith a number of other men, purposing to view the vacant lands on this branch of the Susquehanna river and to make a settlement on the vacant lands if we find any place or places that shall be agreeable. And, as this may be a matter of much conversation among the present inhabitants, we are willing to acquaint you the principles on which we are come. In the first place, we intend no hostilities; we will not disturb, molest, or endeavor to dispossess any person of his property, or in any ways abuse his person by threats or any action that shall tend thereto. And, as we are commissioners of the peace from the Colony of Connecticut, we mean to be governed by the laws of that Col- ony, and shall not refuse the exercise of the law to those of the inhabitants that are now dwellers here on their request, as the Colony of Connecticut extended last May their jurisdiction over the land. Finally, as we are determined to govern ourselves as above mentioned, we expect that those who think the title of this land is not in this Colony will give us no uneasiness or disturbance in our proposed settlement. We are. Sir, with proper respects. Your humble servants, Joseph Sltjman, William Judd.J If Major Judd and his party really supposed that their movements would meet with no opposition, they were egregiously mistaken. It is quite evident, however, that they anticipated hostilities and prepared for defense. Accord- ing to the deposition of Peter Smith, one detachment was on guard at a * Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. II. p. 241. tMiner's History of Wyoming, p. 168. The quotation appears in an extract from the papers of Colonel John Franklin. ^Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. IV. pp. G61-662. HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. school house at Freeland's mill and another at John Vincent's house; the report reached Sunbury that they had brought intrenching and fortifying tools, which were put to use immediately upon their arrival. The mihtia of Northumberland county was at once called out, and at one o'clock on the 25th of September fifty men left Sunbury to join companies from other points and proceed to Warrior run. Colonel Franklin places the number of Major Judd's men at eighty and' of the militia at five hundred; he states that one man was killed and several wounded, all of the Connecticut party were taken pris- oners, three were detained at Sunbury, Judd and Sluman were sent to Phil- adelphia, and the others were dismissed. That the action of the authorities and militia was approved by the provincial Assembly is evident from the fol- lowing resolution, which was passed on the 27th of October, 1775 : — Besolmd, That the inhabitants of the county of Northumberland, settled under the jurisdiction of this Province, were justifiable and did their duty in repelling the said intruders and preventing the further extension of their settlements.* Not content with the expulsion of the Connecticut intruders from the valley of the West Branch, the authorities of Northumberland county next undertook the invasion of Wyoming. Seven hundred men, commanded by William Plunket, composed the Pennamite force; the supplies were trans- ported by boats, one of which carried a field piece. The expedition reached its destination on the 23d of December. The Yankees occupied an impreg- nable position, and, having failed to bring them to an engagement (in which superior numbers would doubtless have given him the victory), Plunket re- treated with his command on the 25th instant. The question of jurisdiction remained unsettled, but the animosities of Yankee and Pennamite were for the time forgotten in the Eevolutionary struggle that had already begun. ♦Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. IV. p. 678. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 99 CHAPTER III. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PEEIOD: Close op the Peovinciai, Regime — The County's Representation in the Conti- nental Ahmy — Companies op Captains Lowdon, Pabk, and Weitzel — Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment — Committee op Sapety — Militia Organization — Indian Outrages — Bepbnsive Measures Instituted by Colonel Hunter — " The Great Runaway '' — Colonel Brodhead Temporarily Stationed on the Frontier — Colonel Hartley's Military Administration — Pall op Fort Freeland — The German Regiment — General Potter's Expedition — Events of 1781-82 — CoLONEi, Hunter's Accounts. ALTHOUGH the early settlement of Northumberland county occurred during the period of tranquility following the close of the French and Indian war, the possibility of future hostilities was a constant incentive to military organization, while the circumstances of frontier life were eminently calculated to foster a spirit of independence; and thus her people, although deficient in the elements of wealth and comparatively few in numbers, were well prepared for the Eevolutionary struggle. In all the movements pre- liminary to the organization of the State government they were represented. The first of these was the "Meeting of the Provincial Deputies," July 15, 1774; it was called by a committee of correspondence at Philadelphia, the chairman of which, Thomas Willing, addressed a letter to William Maclay, William Plunket, and Samuel Hunter on the 28th of June, 1774, in com- pliance with which the different townships elected committee-men who met at Eichard Malone's on the 11th of July and selected William Scull and Samuel Hunter to represent the county. The delegates to the Provincial Convention of January 23, 1775, were William Plunket and Casper Weitzel; to the Provincial Conference of June 18, 1776, William Cooke, Alexander Hunter, John Weitzel, Eobert Martin, and Matthew Brown, and to the Con- stitutional Convention of July 15, 1776, William Cooke, James Potter, Eobert Martin, Matthew Brown, Walter Clark, John Kelly, James Craw- ford, and John Weitzel. The latter were elected on the 8th of July at the house of George McCandlish near the mouth of Limestone run; Thomas Hewitt, William Shaw, and Joseph Green served as judges. The former justices of the county were superseded on the 3d of September by ordinance of the Constitutional Convention; the result of the first general election under its provisions were certified by John Brady, James McClenachan, John Gray, and Thomas Eobinson, judges of the different districts, Novem- 100 HI8T0KY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ber 7, 1776, and thus the provincial regime in Northumberland county terminated. During the progress of these developments the county was well repre- sented at the front. A resolution was adopted by Congress, June 14, 1775, dii'ecting the formation of ten companies of expert riflemen — six in Pennsyl- vania, two in Maryland, and two in Virginia — to be employed as light infantry and be paid the following sums per month : a captain, twenty dollars ; a lieu- tenant, thirteen and one third dollars ; a sergeant, eight dollars ; a corporal, seven and one third dollars; a drummer, seven and one third dollars, and a private, six and two thirds dollars — all "to find their own arms and clothes." One of these companies. Captain John Lowdon's, was recruited in Northum- berland county. The roster was as follows: — Captain, John Lowdon, June 25, 1775. First Lieutenant, James Parr, June 25, 1775. Second Lieutenants: James Wilson, June 25, 1775; William Wilson, from third lieutenant, January 4, 1776. Third Lieutenants: William Wilson, June 25, 1775; John Dougherty, from sergeant, January 4, 1776. Sergeants: John Dougherty, David Hammond, Alexander McCormick, William McMurray, Cornelius Dougherty. Corporals: Thomas Henry, William Edwards, John White, James Car- son, Charles Cochran. Drummer, Richard Grosvenor. Privates: William Adkins, Joseph All, John Benickler, Samuel Brady, William Briggs, George Butler, William Calhotm, Robert Carothers, James Carson, John Cassaday, Samuel Cealy, David Clements, Charles Cochran, Peter Condon, David Davis, John Dean, John Eicholtz, John Evans, Jacob Finkboner, Charles Ford, Philip Gintner, Thomas Giltson, John Hamilton [Hamberton], David Harris, Michael Hare, Thomas Hempington, Christo- pher Henning, William Humber, William Jamison, Samuel Johns, James Johnson, Lewis Jones, Thomas Kilday, Nicholas Kline, John Ladley, Sam- uel Landon, William Leek, Robert Lines, Jacob Lindy, Thomas Lobdon, Reuben Massaker, Moses Madock, John Malone, Charles Maloy, James Mc- Cleary, Cornelius McConnell, Martin McCoy [McAvery], Patrick McGoni- gal, Edward McMasters [Masterson], Alexander McMuUan, William Mor- gan, William Murray, John Murphy, Timothy Murphy, John Neely, Daniel Oakes, John Oliver, Michael Parker, Thomas Peltson, Peter Pence, John Ray, Robert Ritchie, Bartholomew Roach, John Robinson, George Sands, George Saltzman, Henry Silverthorn, John Shawnee (an Indian), John Smith! James Speddy, Arad Sutton, James Sweney, John Teel, Robert Tuft, Philip Valentine, Peter Ward, John Ward, Charles West, Joseph Whiteneck, Aaron Wright, John Youse, Robert Youjig.* * Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. X. pp. 27-31. THE EEVOLUTIONABY PERIOD. 101 This company formed part of the battalion of riflemen commanded by Colonel William Thompson, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The men rendez- voused at Northumberland, where, according to Fithian's journal, thirty of them arrived from Great Island on Wednesday, June 28, 1775. The journal of Aaron Wright, a private, states that they formally enlisted on the following day; on the morning of July 8th, in pursuance of marching orders received the previous day, they boarded boats on the Susquehanna river (this means of conveyance was probably used as far as Harris's Ferry); they reached Reading on the "ISth of July, and there received knapsacks, blankets, etc., remaming until the 20th. On the 1st of August they were at Bethlehem, and thence pursued their march across northern New Jersey and southeastern New York, arriving at the North river, opposite New Windsor, Connecticut, August 20th. They marched through Litchfield on the 24th, crossed the Connecticut river near Hartford on the 26th, and arrived at Dudley, Massa- chusetts, August 30th. On the 31st they reached Weston, and thence passed through Framingham, Watertown, and Cambridge to Prospect Hill, Boston. The battahon became the Second regiment " of the Army of the United Colonies, commanded by his Excellency, General George Washing- ton," and, on the 1st of January, 1776, the First regiment of the Continental Army. Two companies (those of Captains William Hendricks and Matthew Smith, the latter subsequently prothonotary of Northumberland county) were detailed for service in Arnold's expedition to Quebec in September, 1775; the remainder continued in camp at Prospect Hill, and performed guard and fatigue duty with the brigade to which they belonged. On the 24th of October Lieutenant Parr marched for Portsmouth with thirty men. Six of the regiment were stationed at Leohmere Point On the 9th of November, when, the tide having risen and separated it from the main land, a number of British regulars, under cover of their batteries on Bunker's, Copp's, and Breed's Hills, landed for the purpose of driving off cattle; the regiment was hastily ordered under arms, marched through the water to the Point, and divided into two parties, of which Captain Lowdon's company formed part of that on the right; a severe skirmish was anticipated, but before the enemy's position was reached the latter had withdrawn to their boats. For their courage and promptness on this occasion the regiment was publicly thanked by General Washington. On the 8th of March, 1776, Colonel Hand wrote: "I am stationed on Cobble's Hill with four companies of our regiment: two companies, Cluggage's and Chambers's, were ordered to Dorchester on Mon- day; Ross and Lowdon relieved them yesterday." On the 14th of March the regiment left Cambridge with five others under the command of General Sullivan; Hartford was reached on the 2l!st and New York on the 28th; it was shortly afterward detailed for duty on Long Island, and was so engaged at the expiration of the original term of enlistment, July 1, 1776. 102 HISTOKY OF NOBTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. The First regiment (which thus became the First Pennsylvania regiment of the Continental Line) re-enlisted with practical unanimity, at first for the term of two years, but in October, 1776, the limit was extended to the close of the war. Lowdon, who became a member of Council, was succeeded as captain by James Parr; thirty- two of his company were enlisted out of the old battalion and fourteen from the flying camp. In August, 1776, it was composed of one captain, two lieutenants, four sergents, four corporals, one drum and fife, and fifty -two privates. The roster was as follows: — Captain, James Parr, promoted major, August 9, 1778. First Lieutenant, James Wilson, promoted captain, January 6, 1777. Second Lieutenant, William Wilson, promoted first lieutenant, September 25, 1776; captain, March 2, 1777. Ensign, John Dougherty, promoted third lieutenant, September 25, 1776. Sergeants: David Hammond, afterward promoted second lieutenant; Alexander McCormick, William McMurray, Cornelius Dougherty. Privates: David Allen, Michael Bacher, John Bradley, Daniel Callahan, Daniel Campbell, James Chapman, Peter Condon, James Connor, Mansfield Coons, James Curry, David Davis, Eichard Deatevoise [Dubois], Cornelius Delling, Patrick Donahue, William Edwards, John Grifiin, Patrick Griffin, William Haggerty, John Hammond, Philip Henry, Aquila Hinson, John Hutchinson, Lewis Jones, William Leech, Michael Loughrey, James Lough- rey, James McCleary, Cornelius McConnell, Patrick McGonigal, Henry Mc- Cormick, Hugh McGaughey, John Malone, Charles Meloy, James Moore, WiUiam Moore, William Morgan, John Murphy, Timothy Murphy, Patrick Murray, John Noishen, George Norton, John Oliver, Thomas Paine, Thomas Peltson, Philip Peters, John Eankin, John Bay, William Eyan, George Saltman, Samuel Scott, William Scott, James Spigg, James Speddy, Thomas Stewart, Maurice Sullivan, Alexander Thompson, John Toner, George War- ren, Jonathan Washburn, Matthew Wilson, Samuel Wilson, Joseph White- neck, John Youse.* The company began its new term of enlistment in camp on the shores of Long Island. Some time in August the regiment, of which Edward Hand was colonel, took position at Delancey's Mills, and was in action in the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. On the night of the 29th it was posted " in a redoubt on the left and in the line on the right of the great road, below Brooklyn church " as part of Major General Mifflin's command, by which the retreat of the army was covered. Through somo mistake on the part of an aid-de-camp Mifflin's command was prematurely withdrawn, a movement highly prejudicial to the safety of the retreating army; General Washington learned of it through Colonel Hand, and the rear guard returned to its former position in time to avert serious consequences. On the 16th of ♦Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. X. pp. 342-344. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PEEIOD. 103 November, 1776, four men of Colonel Parr's company were taken prisoners at Fort Washington. Colonel James Chambers (who succeeded General Hand in command of the First regiment) wrote as follows from "Mount Prospect camp," June 18, 1777: " We have a partisan regiment — Colonel Morgan commands — chosen marksmen from the whole army compose it. Captain Parr, Lieutenants Lyon and Brady, and fifty men from my regiment are aiiiong the number." Cap- tain David Harris (subsequently prothonotary of Northumberland county) relates the following incident in a letter from " Cross Roads, about twenty miles from Philadelphia," August 13, 1777: "Captain Parr, with two subal- terns and about fifty privates, are detached in Morgan's partisan corps. Captain Parr has killed three or four men himself this summer. His expres- sions at the death of one I shall ever remember. Major Miller had the com- mand of a detachment, and had a skirmish at very close shot with a party of Highlanders. One of them being quite open, he motioned to Captain Parr to kill him, which he did in a trice, and, as he was falling. Parr said: ' I say, by Grod, sonny, I am in you.' I assure you Parr's bravery on every occasion does him great honor." Morgan's riflemen included many men from North- umberland coimty, drawn from the companies of Captain Parr, of the First Pennsylvania, and Captain Boone, of the Twelfth. They joined the northern army in August, 1777, and participated in the battles of Saratoga, Septem- ber 19th and October 7th; it is worthy of record that General Fraser was shot by Timothy Murphy, of Parr's company, at the express direction of Col- onel Morgan. In July, 1778, Captain Parr was placed in command of a detachment from Morgan's rifles and sent with the Fourth Pennsylvania to defend the frontiers of New York; they spent nearly a year in the Schoharie valley. His command united with the army of General Sullivan at Tioga on the 22d of August, 1779, and served in the expedition to the Genesee coun- try. It is frequently mentioned in Colonel Hubley's journal The march began on Thursday, August 26th; "Major Parr, with the riflemen, dispersed considerably in front of the whole, with orders to reconnoiter all mountains, defiles, and other suspicious places." The following reference is made to Murphy: "This Murphy is a noted marksman and a great soldier, he having killed and scalped that morning [September 13th], in the town they were at, an Indian, which makes the three and thirtieth man of the enemy he has killed, as is well known to his ofiicers, this war." He was from Northumberland coimty. William Wilson succeeded James Parr as captain when the latter was transferred to Morgan's command. Regarding the movements of the regiment in July and August, 1777, Colonel Chambers wrote: "We marched from Mount Prospect to Morristown, where we halted a few days We were then ordered to march to Pompton; here we halted one day. . . . Next day, 13th July, we were ordered to move to a place called 104 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. SufEerance, at the mouth of the Clove; here we halted to the 19th, when we proceeded through the Clove towards New Windsor. We moved upwards of twenty miles this day; here we halted till the 22d, then marched across the ridge to a place called Chester We arrived the 29th at Howell's Ferry; here we halted till the 1st of August, then crossed the river, and continued our march through Germantown to Schuykill Falls, where we halted to the 9th, then marched back to this place on our way to Coryell's.'' At the battle of Brandywine, September 11th, the regiment lost sis or seven killed and as many wounded; it was principally engaged in with- drawing the artillery. The division of which it formed part at the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, was drawn in front of the artillery in a small hol- low; the enemy's artillery occupied an em^inence directly in front. " Of course we were in a right line of their fire," says Colonel Chambers, " both parties playing their cannon over our heads, and yet only killed two of our men and wounded four of my regiment with splinters of rails." This position was at the center of the American line, against which a determined charge was made by the flower of the British army under Colonel Monckton. He was killed, and the colors, which were near him, also went down. " Captain Wilson and his company, who were on the right of the First Pennsylvania, made a rush for the colors and tlje body of the Colonel. The Grenadiers fought desperately,"* but without avail. Captain Wilson secured his sword and the colors ; he gave the former to General Wayne, who presented it to Lafayette, by whom it was returned to the Wilson family on the occasion of his visit to America in 1824. Captain Wilson was not mustered out until November 3, 1783, from which it is fair to presume that his company partic- ipated with the Pennsylvania Line in its subsequent campaigns until the close of the war. Captain Casper Weitzel's company of the Pennsylvania Rifle regiment, commanded by Colonel Samuel Miles, was the second formed in Northum- berland county. The roster was as follows: — Captain, Casper Weitzel, appointed, March 9, 1776. First Lieutenant, William Gray, appointed, March 15, 1770. Second Lieutenant, John Robb, appointed, March 17, 1776. Third Lieutenant, George Grant, appointed, March 19, 177G. Sergeant Major, John Gordon. Sergeants: Jacob Snider, Thomas Price, William Orr, Thomas Shanks. Drummer, John Everard. Privates: William Allison, John Arthur, John Aumiller, William Barr, Peter Brady, Stout Brinson, John Burke, Samuel Carson, WiUiam Carson, William Carson, Jr., Andrew Carter, Charles Carter, Robert Carothers, James Chisnall, William Clark, James Clayton, Jeffrey Connell, John Cribs, David Curry, Peter Davis, Edward Doran, David Durell, Stephen Durell, James 'Linn's Annals of Buffalo \'alley, p. 101. ~ ' " THE EEVOLUTIONABY PERIOD. 105 Elder, Christian Ewig, Henry Gass, Henry Gearhart, James Glover, John Hardy, William Harper, Thomas Hissom, Dennis Huggins, Elijah Hunt, James Irvine, Martin Kerstetter, Thomas Little, Joseph Madden, Charles McClean, William McCormick, John McDonald, Patrick Mclnnis, Patrick McManus, William McMath, Patrick McVey, Henry Miller, Eobert More- head, Eichard Newman, Michael Nolan, Andrew Ralston, James Eandolph, John Eice, John Sands, John Adam Shafer, Jacob Spiess, Samuel Staples, David Turner, James Watt, Eobert Wilson, Christian Winters, Silas Wolcot.* The Pennsylvania Rifle regiment was enlisted for the defense of the Province at the suggestion of the Committee of Safety. It rendezvoused at Marcus Hook, and was ordered to Philadelphia on the 2d of July, 1776; thence the First battalion (Lieutenant Colonel Brodhead's) proceeded by way of Bordentovm to Amboy, New Jersey, where the entire regiment shortly afterward arrived. Colonel Miles was ordered to New York on the 10th of August; he crossed to Long Island when the British began landing troops, and took position near Platbush. On the morning of August 27th, finding his com m and in danger of being surrounded, he made a retrograde movement with the expectation of reaching the Jamaica road in advanise of General Howe. In this he was disappointed; an effort was then made to break through the enemy's flank guards, but, finding it impossible to do this in a body, he directed the men to make their way as best they could and was taken prisoner with two thirds of his command. In a return of Captain Weitzel's company on the 1st of September the following are marked "miss- ing since the battle:" William Gray, John Gordon, Thomas Price, William Allison, Peter Brady, Andrew Carter, Eobert Carothers, Henry Gass, John Hardy, Dennis Huggins, Martin Kerstetter, Joseph Madden, William Mc- Cormick, Patrick McVey, Eobert Moorehead, Andrew Ralston, John Eice, Jacob Spiess, and James Watt. Captain Weitzel gives the following par- ticulars in a letter to his brother John, dated " Camp near Kingsbridge, six- teen miles above New York, September 6, 1776:" " My Lieutenant Gray, Sergeant Gordon, Sergeant Price, and sixteen privates are missing. I know of only one killed in my company. The poor fellow was wounded in the thigh and unable to walk; his name is Spiess; the damned savage Hessians and English light infantry ran their bayonets through him and two of Captain Albright's men, who were^ also badly wounded and murdered by them. I have this from one of my men, who was a prisoner and escaped to me, and imagine the rest are prisoners. James Watt is among them. I came off with whole bones, contrary to my expectations. I was in so much danger, that, by escaping that, I think it was impossible for ^them to kill me." In consequence of the great losses sustained on this occasion the company was consolidated with others in the following October and thus lost its individu- ality. Captain Weitzel and Lieutenant Gray returned to Sunbury, where *Peniisylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. X. pp. 214-217. 106 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. both died; Lieutenant Eobb was promoted captain in the Thirteenth Penn- sylvania, April 18, 1777; Lieutenant Grant was promoted captain in the Ninth Pennsylvania, May 3, 1777, and died on the North river, Connecticut, three miles above New Windsor, October 10, 1779. The Twelfth Pennsylvania regiment of the Continental Line* was raised in the counties of Northumberland and Northampton in pursuance of a reso- lution of Congress; the following field officers were appointed by the Con- stitutional Convention, September 28, 1776: William Cooke, delegate from Northumberland county, colonel; Neigal Gray, delegate from Northamp- ton county, lieutenant colonel, and James Crawford, delegate from North- umberland county, major. The following roster embraces only a small part of the regiment: — Colonel, William Cooke, September 28, 1776; rank, October 2, 1776; resigned, January 16, 1778. Lieutenant Colonel, Neigal Gray, September 28, 1776; rank, October 5, 1776; cashiered, June 2, 1778. Major, James Crawford, September 28, 1776; rank, October 8, 1776; resigned October 12, 1777. Captains: Peter Withington, October 1, 1776; Nicholas Miller, October 4, 1776; Hawkins Boone, October 4, 1776; John Brady, October 14, 1776; John Harris, October 14, 1776; Henry Makinley, October 16, 1776; Alex- ander Patterson, October 16, 1776; William Work, October 16, 1776; Stephen Chambers, from first lieutenant, 1777; John Eeilly, from first lieutenant, May 20, 1777: First Lieutenants: Thomas Brandon, October 4, 1776; Hananiah Lin- coln, October 4, 1776; Christopher Gettig, October 14, 1776; John Reilly, October 16, 1776; Stephen Chambers, October 16, 1776; WiUiam McElhat- ton, October 16, 1776; John Henderson, October 16, 1776; WiUiam Sayres, October 16, 1776; John Boyd, from second lieutenant; Benjamin Lodge, from second lieutenant, October 11, 1777; Stewart Herbert, from second lieutenant, January 9, 1778. Second Lieutenants: Robert King, October 4, 1776; James Williamson, October 4, 1776; Edward McCabe, October 16, 1776; John Hays, October 16, 1776; Samuel Quin, October 16, 1776; John Boyd, October 16, 1776; William Bard, October 16, 1776; John Carothers, October 16, 3776; Benja- min Lodge, from ensign, October 16, 1776; Blackall William Ball, from ensign; William Boyd, from ensign; Stewart Herbert, from ensign. May, 1777; Andrew Engle, from ensign; Robert Faulkner, from ensign; John Armstrong, from ensign, December 11, 1777. Ensigns: Benjamin Lodge, October 16, 1776; Thomas Hamilton, October 16, 1776; Blackall William Ball, October 16, 1776; William Boyd, October 16, 1776; John Stone, October 16, 1776; Stewart Herbert, October 16, 1776; •Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. X. pp. 755-764. THE BEVOLUTIONART PERIOD. 107 Andrew Engle, October 16, 1776;' Eobert Faulkner, January 8, 1777; John Seley, February 3, 1777; John Armstrong, from sergeant; John Cook, from private. Adjutant, Thomas Hanson, October 16, 1776. Paymasters: Eobert Levers, November 13, 1776; Thomas Dungan, April 29, 1777. Quartermasters: Wilton Atkinson, January 11, 1777; George Vaughan. Surgeons: Francis Allison, October 14, 1776; Andrew Ledlie, Januaiy 18, 1777. Surgeon's Mate, Aaron WoodrufE. Sergeants: John Armstrong, Charles Fleming, Eobert Kearns, Andrew Lorentz, Eobert Lyon, Joseph Lorentz. Privates: George Aldridge, Samuel Auchmuty, William Bedworth, Henry Bentley, James Brown, John Campbell, John Cochran, William Con- nor, John Cook, William Coram, John Cusick, James Dougherty, David Doyle, James English, Patrick Flanagan, James Gallant, Hugh Gowans, WiUiam Haines, Barney Hasson, Nathaniel Hiland, Eichard Hughes, Henry Lebo, John Lemmons, Matthew Little, Henry Lushbaugh, Samuel McClu- ghan, Archibald McCowan, Joseph McHarg, Thomas Mcllvaine, John Mcll- vaine, Angus McKeever, Daniel McMath, George Martin, James Newberry, Neal Peacock, Eobert Polston, Eichard Eeynolds, Nicholas Eheam, John Eice, John Eobinson, John Shreck, Joseph Silverthorn, John Teel, Eobert Wilson, WiUiam Woodrow. The active service of this regiment is thus summarized in the Pennsylvania Archives : — The greater portion of th'e regiment was recruited upon the West Branch of the Sus- quehanna, and on the 18th of December it left Bunbury in boats for the battle fields of New Jersey. Being composed of good riflemen and scouts, it was detailed on picket and skirmish duty. It (with the Third, Ninth, and Sixth Pennsylvania) was in Brigadier General Thomas Conway's brigade. Its headquarters were at the five cross- roads at Metuchen, between Quibbletown and Amboy. Its companies were engaged in the various skirmishes in that neighborhood: at Bound Brook, April 12, 1777; Pis- cataway, May 10th, where Joseph Lorentz and twenty-one others were made prisoners by the British, Wendell Lorentz making his escape by running in among a flock of sheep; at Short Hills, June 26th, and Bonamtown. In June Colonel Daniel Morgan's rifle command was formed, and a detachment from the Twelfth Pennsylvania, un- der the command of Captain Hawkins Boone, was placed in it In the battle of Brandywine the Twelfth was engaged under Sullivan at Birmingham church, losing heavily. Major Crawford, Captain Brady, and other officers were wounded. Lieuten- ant William Boyd, of Brady's company, killed. At Germantown Conway's brigade led the attack on the left wing of the British, being in front of the troops that composed the right wing of the American army, and the Twelfth was in the hottest of the fight, losing heavily in men, Second Lieutenant John Carothers of the officers, killed. The Twelfth wintered with the rest of the army at Valley Forge, and at Monmouth the remnant of it was nearly destroyed, as testified to in many of the statements made by the privates, on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. Meanwhile, 108 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. April 2, 1778, the General Assembly had appointed a committee to confer upon the best means of reducing three of the regiments, and it was ordered that the Twelfth be in- corporated with the Third, which arrangement went into eifect on the Ist of July, and Captains John Brady and Boone, Lieutenants Dougherty and Robert King were ordered home by General Washington to assist Colonel Hartley in protecting the West Branch valley. Among those who were taken prisoners at Piscataway was Joseph Mc- Harg, of Chambers's company; how he was treated is shown by the following entry in the minutes of the court of Northumberland county, March 25, 1779 : — Came into court Joseph McHarg, who, being duly sworn upon the Holy Evangel- ists, deposeth and sayeth: that on the 10th day of May, A. D. 1777, he, with others be- longing to the Twelfth regiment of Pennsylvania troops, was taken prisoner in a skir- mish at Piscataway and carried to New York, where, through the excessive rigor with which he was treated during his confinement, and the decay of his health, he was in- duced to take an oath of allegiance to the king of Great Britain and also an oath that he (the deponent) would not bear arms against the said king durin'g the present con- test, in consequence of which oath deponent got liberty to work for a subsistence and was sent as a hand on board a vessel that carried General Howe's baggage to Philadel- phia, from whence, by the assistance of a friend, he made his escape in disguise. It also appears to this court that deponent, by the failure of his sight and bodily infirmi- ties, is rendered incapable of serving his country as a soldier. Among the officers in this regiment from Northumberland county were Colonel William Cooke, subsequently associate judge; Major James Craw- ford, who resigned, October 12, 1777, and died in 1817, having been justice of the peace in Wayne township, Clinton county, many years; Captain Nicholas Miller, who became supernumerary, July 1, 1778, and died in North- hampton county; Captain Hawkins Boone, who fell near Fort Freeland, July 29, 1779; Captain John Brady, who was wounded at Brandywine, Septem- ber 11, 1777, and killed at Muncy, April 11, 1779; Captain John Harris; Captain Stephen Chambers, one of the first resident attorneys of the county; Lieutenant Christopher Gettig, subsequently a justice at Sunbury; Lieuten- ant Thomas Brandon; Lieutenant John Boyd, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, rose to the rank of captain, retired from the regiment, January 1, 1781, and was for many years justice of the peace at Northumber- land; Lieutenant William Boyd, who was killed at the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777; Lieutenant John Carothers, who was kiUed at the bat- tle of Germantown, October 4, 1777; Lieutenant Robert King, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, was with Colonel Hartley on the frontier in 1778, and resided in Lycoming county in 1840; Quartermasters Wilton Atkinson and George Vaughan; Dr. Francis Alhson, surgeon, who was trans- ferred to the general hospital, of which he was senior surgeon in 1781; Ser- geant Joseph Lorentz, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, and died in Northumberland county, January 30, 1824; Sergeant Andrew Lorentz, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, discharged at Smith's Cove, New Jersey, and kept hotel at Sunbury in 1813; Sergeant Robert THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. Ill Lyon, who was transferred to the Sixth Pennsylvania, rose to the rank of second lieutenant, and died in Northumberland county, August 19, 1823, aged seventy-seven, and Corporal Wendell Lorentz, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, discharged, January 17, 1781, and died at Milton in 1821. Miller's, Boone's, Brady's, and Harris's companies were from Northumber- land county. No rosters have been preserved, and that of the regiment contains the names of but a small number of its members. " The hundreds who fell in all the battles of the Eevolution .... the wounded, who dragged their torn limbs home to die in their native valleys, are not here. The heaths of New Jersey, from Paramus to Freehold, by a line encircling Morristown and Bound Brook, were, in the summer of 1777, dotted with the graves of the Eighth and Twelfth Pennsylvania." Among the privates who returned to Northumberland county were Samuel Auchmuty, of Captain Chambers's com- pany, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania, discharged, January 25, 1781, and resided in Lower Augusta township in 1835 at the age of eighty- two; John Campbell, who was wounded at Piscataway, discharged, and settled in Shamokin township; James English, of Captain Brady's company, who was transferred to the Third and then to the First Pennsylvania, dis- charged, August 13, 1783, and resided in Lycoming county irt 1835 at the age of ninety-nine; Henry Lebo, subsequently hotel keeper at Sunbury and sheriff of Northumberland county; Hugh Gowen, who was transferred to the Third Pennsylvania and resided in Northumberland county in 1820 at the age of sixty- six; Matthew Little, who was transferred to the Third Penn- sylvania and resided in Shamokin township in 1813; Henry Lushbaugh, of Harris's company, who resided in Lycoming county in 1835, aged eighty-four; Joseph McHarg, previously mentioned; Samuel McClughan, who was drafted into Morgan's rifles, wounded at Saratoga, and resided in Buffalo valley in 1786; George Martin, who was drafted into Morgan's rifles, wounded at Saratoga, resided in Buffalo valley in 1786, and died, March 10, 1816 ; James Newberry, who died in Northumberland county, February 1, 1830, aged eighty-four, and Nicholas Eheam, who was transferred to the Third Penn- sylvania, discharged in 1781, and died in Union county in 1829. While the county thus contributed an ample quota to the regular army at the outbreak of the Eevolution, a local Committee of Safety* attended to the administration of internal affairs and the organization of the militia. The minutes of this Committee begin as follows: — February 8, 1776. Tlie following gentlemen, being previously nominated by the respective townships to serve in this Committee for the county of Northumberland for the space of six months, met at the house of Richard Malone, viz.:— *Tlie muster rolls and papers relating to the associators and militia of the county of Northum- berland, Including the minutes of the Committee of Safety, ai'e published in the Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. XIV. pp. 313-367. 7 112 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Augusta Township. — John Weitzel, Alexander Hunter, Thomond Ball. Turbut Township. — Captain John Hambright, William McKnight, William Shaw. Bald Eagle Township. — William Dunn, Thomas Heweg, Alexander Hamilton. Wyoming Township. — James McClure, Thomas Clayton, Peter Melick. Mahanoy Township. — No return. Mahoning Township. — William Cooke, Benjamin Allison, Thomas Hewitt. Muncy Township. — Robert Bobb, William Watson, John Buckalew. Buffalo Township. — Walter Clark (removed to White Deer),WilUam Irwin, Joseph Green. Penn's Township. — No return. Potter's Township. — John Livingston, Maurice Davis, John Hall. White Deer Township. — Walter Clark, Matthew Brown, Marcus Hulings. The Committee proceeded to elect a chairman and clerk, when Captain John Hambright was unanimously appointed chairman during the continuance of this Com- mittee and Thomond Ball, clerk. A return of field officers elected at Northumberland on the 7th instant by the battalion for the lower division of the county was presented, and the officers were forthwith recommended for commissions. Action was also taken for the organization of the battalion for the upper division of the cormty. Messrs. Weitzel, Hunter, and Ball were appointed to prepare a memorial to the Assembly regarding the murder of two of the sheriff's posse at Wyomiug. The Committee then adjourned to meet at Laughlin McCartney's in North- umberland on Monday, the 26th instant. Captain Hambright presided at all the meetings of this Committee of which the minutes have been preserved. On the 26th of February Messrs. Weitzel, Hunter, and Ball presented the draft of a petition to the Assembly, which was forthwith approved. Six captains in Colonel Hunter's battalion appeared and produced lists of their companies, whereupon a letter was transmitted to the provincial Committee of Safety (to which the county com- mittees were subsidiary), recommending the respective officers for commis- sions; the Committee then adjourned until the 13th proximo, aft«r authorizing the president and four members to receive and transmit any returns that might be received in the interim. The next meeting was held at the house of Frederick Stone in Northumberland, March 13th. Eeturns were received from seven companies of Colonel Plunket's battalion, the officers of which were recommended for commissions. A letter was transmitted to Colonel Hunter, who represented the county in the provincial Committee at that time, detailing at some length the objectionable proceedings of recmiting officers. At the next meeting, Monday, March 25th, it was resolved that no officer be allowed " to recruit men in this county except the officers who are or may be appointed therein." The grounds upon which this decisive action was based were thus set forth in a letter to the provincial Committee: — Our zeal for the cause of American liberty has hitherto prevented our taking any steps to hinder the raising of men for its service; but, finding the evil increasing so fast upon us as almost to threaten the depopulation of the county, we can not help THE BEVOLUTIONABY PEBIOD. 113 appealing to the wisdom and justice of your Committee to know, whether the quota of men that may be demanded from this county under their own officers is not as much as can reasonably be expected from it; whether, at a time when we are uncertain of peace with the Indians, well knowing that our enemies are tampering with them, and a claim is set up to the greatest part of this Province by a neighboring Colony who have their hostile abettors at our very breasts as well as their emissaries among us, is it prudent to drain an infant frontier county of its strength of men? and whether the safety of the interior parts of the Province would not be better secured by adding strength to the frontiers; whether our Honorable Assembly, by disposing of commissions to gentlemen in different counties to raise companies did not intend that the respective captains should raise their companies where they [were] appointed, and not distress our county by taking from it all the men necessary for the business of agriculture as well as the defense of the same. The minutes of the next meeting, so far as concerns the organization of the Committee, are as follows: — " August 13, 1776. The following gentlemen, being unanimously chosen by their respective townships to serve in the Committee for the county of Northumberland for the space of six months, met at the school house in the town of Northumberland, viz : — Augusta Tovraship. — William Maclay, David McKinney, John Maclay. Turbut Township.— George McCandlish, William Shaw, Paul Geddis. Bald Eagle Township. — Robert Fleming, Thomas Kemplen, John Section. Wyoming Township.— Samuel McClure, Peter Melick, John Clingman. Mahanoy Township. — Sebastian Brosius, George Reitz, Peter Almang. Mahoning Township. — Laughlin McCartney, Thomas Robinson, John Boyd. Muncy Township. — Mordecai McKinney, James Giles, Andrew Culbertson. Buffalo Township. — Martin Traester, William Speddy, Philip Cole. Penn's Township. — Simeon Woodrow, Adam B., Mander, Paul Gemberling. Potter's Township. — [No return.] White Deer Township. — James McClenachan, Robert Fruit, William Gray. The Committee proceeded to elect a chairman and clerk, when Mr. Robert Fruit was unanimously appointed chairman during the time of six months* and John Boyd, clerk. At this meeting Andrew Culbertson, Mordecai McKinney, and James Giles "were appointed to request Colonel Plunket to divide the ammunition appor- tioned to the six comparlies of his battalion that were formed above Muncy. It was stored at the house of Laughlin McCartney; an additional supply had been forwarded to Harris's Ferry, and arrangements were made for its further transportation. The next meeting was held at Northumberland, September 10th: complaint having been made that Aaron Levy and John Bullion had a quantity of salt which they refused to sell, the Committee directed William Sayres to take possession of it and sell it at fifteen shillings per bushel; WiUiam Parker and John Chattam were summoned upon a charge of un- friendliness to the cause of liberty, and, having confessed that they were British soldiers who had been taken as prisoners, they were ordered to Lan- caster under escort. At a meeting on the 12th the ammunition in the hands *Paul Geddis succeeded Robert Fruit as chairman in the following December. 114 HISTOBY OF N-ORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of the Committee was examined; half a pound of powder and one pound of lead were apportioned to each associator, with an additional quantity for the battalions on the frontiers. William Maclay and Mordecai MoKinney were appointed to go to Philadelphia for the salt allotted to the county; it appears, however, that Robert Fruit performed this service, as he wrote from Phila- delphia on the 23d of November that he had received seventy-seven bushels from the Council of Safety and delivered it to Marcus Hulings for transpor- tation. On the 12th of September the Committee addressed a memorial to the State Convention, expressing deep soHcitude at the probability of Indian hostilities (the prospect of which had been learned from intercepted letters), and deploring their inability "to keep the single and disengaged men in the county" as they chose "rather, under pay, to have to do with a humane enemy, than, at their own expense, to encounter merciless savages." The Convention was /asked to authorize the enlistment of men for the protection of the frontier or the expenditure of money in the erection of forts in wfiioh the inhabitants might take refuge. On the 14th of December the Committee met "by express from Captain John Brady upon sundry charges produced by said Brady against a certain Robert Robb." It was alleged that he had advised the acceptance of the terms of peace offered by Lord Howe, spoken disparagingly of the Conti- nental Congress and the State Convention, dissuaded others from entering the militia, etc. Numerous depositions were taken, and on the 17th of December the Committee decided " That said Robert Robb shall either take his gun and march immediately with the militia of this county into actual service for the defense of the United States in order to wipe off the present evil suspicions" or else be committed to the care of Colonel James Murray to be sent to some proper place of confinement. From this decision he ap- pealed to the Council of Safety, but was continued in the custody of Colonel Murray, who, "out of lenity to said Robb's family, saw fit to appoint the mansion house of the said Robb as a prison for him on a promise of his good behavior for the future." Three days later (December 20th) he "abused the lenity shown him by barbarously beating and much abusing a certain Peter Smith," and further contemned the constituted authorities by asserting that "he never thought to be tried by such men as some of the Committee; some of them had been tried for murder and some for horse-stealing," which was submitted in evidence at a meeting at the house of George McCandlish, January 14, 1777. On the following day Captain William Murray was desired to bring the offender before the Committee, which he positively declined to do, although notified three times, and finally surrendered his commission; Simon Hemrod and Buchanan Smith were then appointed to conduct Robb to the Council of Safety.* *Kobert Robb was subsequently Indicted by the grand jury of Northumberland county for mis- prision of treason, tried at November sessions, 1780, acquitted, and discharged upon payment of fees. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PEBIOD. 115 The last Committee of which the proceedings are extant organized on the ] 3th of February, 1777, as shovm by the following transcript from the min- utes: — Northumberland, February 13, 1777. Tbe following gentlemen, being unanimously chosen by their respective townships to serve in the Committee of this county for the ensuing six months, met at the house of Laughlin McCartney in Northumberland and gave in the following returns of their election, viz. : — Augusta Township. — No return. Potter's Township. — John Livingston, John McMillan. Turbut Township. — Thomas Jordan, John Nelson, Josiah Espy. Buffalo Township. — John Overhand, Thomas Sutherland, George Overmeier. Bald Eagle Township. — John Fleming, James Hughes, John Walker. Mahanoy Township. — G-eorge Yeakle, Henry Zartman, Henry Krebs. Penn's Township. — Andrew Moore, David Miller, Jacob Hosterman. White Deer Township. — William Blyth, James McCormick, William Reed. Muney Township. — John Coats, James Hampton, William Hammond. Mahoning Township. — No return. Wyoming Township. — James McClure, Peter Melick, John Clingman. The Committee, according to order, proceeded to elect their chairman and clerk, when Thomas Jordan was unanimously chosen c]jairman and John Coats, clerk. The second regular meeting of this Committee was held on the 11th of March at the house of Greorge McCandlish. Allis Read, of Wyoming town- ship entered complaint that a horse, strayed or stolen from him and replev- ined from John Drake, had been taken from his stable by Drake's widow; the case was referred to the local Committee for adjudication. The appeal of Jacob Links from the Committee of Buffalo township was then considered, and reserved for a future meeting. Captain Benjamin Weiser having com- plained of desertions from his company, it was ordered that a day of muster be assigned for the deserters to return, in default of which they should be placed under arrest. The Committee of Bald Eagle was authorized to pre- vent the purchase of grain by distillers and to compel its sale at the market price; report having been made "of a certain Henry Sterratt profaning the Sabbath in an unchristian and scandalous manner, causing his servants to maul rails, etc. on that day," the Bald Eagle Committee was " recommended to suppress such like practices to the utmost of their power." On the 15th of April, pursuant to adjournment, the Committee met at Mc- Candlish's and issued a special summons for Jacob Driesbach as a witness in the case of Jacob Links, charged with misappropriation of funds intrusted to him for the purchase of salt in Philadelphia; he appeared on the 17th, and his testimony was such as to vindicate the accused. The case of William Bead, who had declined to enter the militia, was then considered: he had been implicated in a riot in Ireland, he said, but was acquitted upon taking a solemn obligation never to bear arms against the British government, and basedrhis refusal upon a conscientious regard for that declaration; after tak- ing an oath of allegiance to the United States he was discharged. A letter 116 HISTOEy OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. from Nicholas Pickard, of Wyoming, to John Pickard, of Penn's township, in- forming him of an approaching Indian invasion, next received attention: John Pickard took the oath of allegiance; Nicholas acknowledged himself a British emissary, and was sent to Philadelphia under guard. The Committee then adjourned to meet at Laughlin McCartney's in Northumberland on the 10th of June, but no record of its subsequent proceedings has been preserved. The local militia was organized in four battalions and officered as fol- lows : — First Battalion. — Colonel, Samuel Hunter; lieutenant colonel, William Cooke; majors: Casper Weitzel, John Lee. First Company. — Captain, Nicholas Miller; first lieutenant, Christopher Gettig; second lieiitenant, Nehemiah Breese; ensigns: Gustavus Koss, Will- iam Sims. Second Company. — Captain, Hugh White; first lieutenant, John Forster; second lieutenant, Andrew Gibson; ensign, Samuel Young. Third Company. — Captain, John McMahan; first lieutenant, John Mur- ray; second lieutenant, William Fisher; ensign, William Bailey. Fourth Company. — Captain, Charles Gillespie; first lieutenant, Robert King; second lieutenant, Samuel Fulton; ensigns: William Boyd, John Wood- side. Fifth Company. — -tJaptain, William Scull; first lieutenant, Jonathan Lodge; second lieutenant, George Calhoon; ensigns: William Sawyer, George Grant. Sixth Company. — Captain, William Clark; first lieutenant, John Teitson; second lieutenant, William McDonald; ensign, John Moll. Seventh Company. — Captain, John Simpson; first lieutenant, Robert Curry; second lieutenant, John E wart; ehsigns: Thomas Gaskins, David Mead. Eighth Company. — Captain, Robert Crawford; first lieutenant, James McClure; second lieutenant, George Espy; ensign, Joseph Salmon. The field officers and all the company officers except those of the Seventh and Eighth were returned on the 8th of February, 1776; the officers of the Seventh company were returned on the 25th of March and those of the Eighth on the 12th of June. Second Battalion.— Colonel, James Potter; lieutenant colonel, Robert Moodie; majors: John Kelly, John Brady. First Company.— Captain, Arthur Taggart; first lieutenant, Cornelius Atkinson; second lieutenant, James McClung; ensign, James Wilson. Second Company.— Captain, William Gray; first lieutenant, William Clark; second lieutenant, James Murdock; ensign, William Thompson. Third Company.— Transferred to the Third battalion, in which it became the Seventh. Fourth Company.— Captain, Samuel Dale; first lieutenant, William Bennet; second lieutenant, Hawkins Boone; ensign, Jesse Weeks. THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 117 Fifth Company. — Captain, Cookson Long; first lieutenant, William Mc- Elhatton; second lieutenant, Eobert Fleming; ensign, Robert Fleming, Jr. Sixth Company. — Transferred to the Third battalion, in which it became the Second. Seventh Company. — Captain, James Murray; first lieutenant, William Murray; second lieutenant, Thomas Plunket; ensign, Andrew Robinson. Probably transferred to the Third battalion. Eighth Company. — Transferred to the Third battalion, in which it became the First. Ninth Company. — Captain, John McMillen; first lieutenant, John Mc- Connell; second lieutenant, John McCormick; ensign, Charles Wilson. Tenth Company. — Captain, David Hays; first lieutenant, Charles Clark; ensign, Thomas Gray. Eleventh Company. — Captain, Philip Davis; first heutenant, James Espy; second lieutenant, John Nelson; ensign, Jacob FoUmer. All the officers of this battalion were returned on the 24th of January, 1776. Third Battalion. — Colonel, William Plunket; lieutenant colonel, James Murray; majors: John Brady, Cookson Long. First Company. — Captain, Henry Antes; first lieutenant, Thomas Brandon; second lieutenant, Alexander Hamilton; ensigns: John Morrison, James Alexander. Second Company. — Captain, Samuel Wallis; first lieutenant, John Scud- der; second lieutenant, Peter Jones; ensign, James Hampton. Third Company. — Captain, John Robb; first lieutenant, William Watson; second lieutenant, Robert Nelson; ensign, James White. Fourth Company. — Captain, William McElhatton; first lieutenant, An- drew Boggs; second lieutenant, Thomas Nelson; ensign, John McCormick. Fifth Company. — Captain, William Murray; first lieutenant, Richard Irwin; second lieutenant, Thomas Phuiket; ensigns: Andrew Robinson, Benjamin Jordan. Sixth Company. — Captain, Simon Cole; first lieutenant, Thomas Kemp- len; second lieutenant, James Brandon; ensigns: William King, James Hughes. Seventh Company. — Captain, David Berry; first lieutenant, WiUiam Hammond; second lieutenant, Joseph Bouser; ensign, Israel Pershel. All the officers of this battalion were returned on the 13th of March, 1776. Fourth Battalion. — Colonel, Philip Cole; lieutenant cqlonel, Thomas Sutherland; first major, Thomas Foster; second major, Casper Yost; adjutant, James McCoy; standard bearer, Dewalt Miller. First Company. — Captain, John Clark; first lieutenant, Henry Pontius; second lieutenant, James Moore; ensign, Patrick Watson. 118 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Second Company. — Captain, Michael Weaver. Third Company. — Captain, Jacob Links. Fourth Company. — Captain, William Weirick; first lieutenant, Jacob Sherred; second lieutenant, William Gill; ensign, Nathaniel Moon. Fifth Company. — Captain, George Wolf; first lieutenant, George Conrad; second lieutenant, Michael Wildgoose ; ensign, John Hessler. Sixth Company. — Captain, George Overmeier; first lieutenant, James McKelvy; second lieutenant, Peter Weirick; ensign, Michael Snyder. The local militia was first engaged in active service in the winter of 1776 -77. On the 5th of December the Supreme Executive Council appointed Robert Martin " paymaster to the Northumberland county miliiia, now going into service;" on the 8th of January he was superseded by Alexander Hun- ter, " paymaster to the militia of Northumberland county, enrolled to serve to the 10th of March next." One detachment marched to Reading under Colonel Cole, of the Fourth battalion, and another to Philadelphia under Lieutenant Colonel Murray^ of the Third. Among the companies in Colonel Murray's command were Captains Benjamin Weiser's and John Lee's; ,the latter was composed of volunteers from the First battalion (Colonel Hunter's), who organized by electing the following ofiicers: Captain, John Lee; first lieutenant, Hugh White; second lieutenant, Thomas Gaskins, and ensign, Gustavus Ross. They marched on the 24th of December, 1776, and arrived at Philadelphia prior to the 11th of January. Captain Weiser's company was at Philadelphia on the 30th of January. Colonel Murray joined the army in New Jersey. On the 21st of March, 1777, Samuel Hunter* was appointed county lieu- tenant; in this capacity he assumed the general direction of the militia, which was divided into classes for convenience of management. The first requisition of troops that he received was as follows: — Philadelphia, Juue 14, 1777. Sir: By intelligence this moment received from Generals Sullivan and Arnold we are informed that the enemy are rapidly advancing through the Jerseys and had arrived at Rocky run, within four miles of Princeton. We do therefore entreat j-ou, by all the ties of virtue, honor, and love for your country, to call together immediately all the militia of your county you can possibly spare and hasten their march to this city with the utmost expedition. We are, in the greatest haste, Sir, Your most humble servants, Thomas JIcpflix, John Aemstiuixg, James Potteb. *Colonel Hunter's official correspondence Is published in the Pennsylvania Archives, as follows : 1770- Vol. V. p. 133; mi-Xol. V. pp. 370-:i71, 377-378, 414, GlO-611, 615, 717-718, 737-738, 762; Vol. VI. p. S7; 1778-Vol. XL pp. 175-170, 191-1(12, 392, 47S, 490-500, 530-537, 552-553, 563-565, 570-572, 673, 599, 015, 024, «31-632, 630-637,711, 773; Vol. VII. pp. 116-118; 1779-A'ol. \-II. pp. 267-268, 316-318, 346-347, 375, 438, 455, 510-512, 546-547, 574, 589, 594, 015, 019-620, 080; \i)\. \IU. pp. 29-30; 17S0-Vol. VIII. pp. 88-90, 157, 160-168, 173, 189-190, 205-200, 369-370, 393-394, 567-508, 601 ; 1781-yol. VIII. p. 717; 1782-A'ol. IX. pp. 503- 504, 028-529, 057-058. Original copies Of many ol' Colonel Hunter's letters are now in the possession of Captain John Buyers, of Selinsgrove^ Pennsylvania. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 119 Colonel Hunter received this on the 17th instant, and preparations were at once made to march the first and second classes on the 23d or 24th. On the 16th Council directed that the first class only should be called out, which was accordingly done. An order countermanding the latter was issued on the 19th; it did not reach Colonel Hunter until the 29th, and before the militia could be stopped one company had proceeded more than sixty miles and two others about thirty. , The next requisition was received by Colonel Hunter on the 10th of Sep- tember, 1777, and in compliance therewith he at once ordered the first class of the militia to march. A requisition for the second class was issued on the 12th instant and for the third and fourth classes on the 23d of October. The latter reached Colonel Hunter on the 31st instant, but, owing to the difficulty of procuring arms and blankets, the classes designated did not march until November 11th. They were commanded by Colonel James Murray, whose regiment was attached to General James Potter's brigade and suffered some loss at the Guelph mills, near Philadelphia, December 11th. The following " Return of the Second battalion of Northumberland county militia, commanded by Colonel James Murray, May 1, 1778," on file in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, shows its numerical strength at that date: — COMPANIES. a 6 1 CO ^aj 1 § 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 53 52 56 58 49 35 41 65 61 Captain John Wilson's Company 60 63 Captain Arthur Taggart's Company 66 Captain James McMahan's Company 57 43 Captain John Chattam's Company 49 73 Total 1 473 I do certify the above return to be just and true as delivered me by tlie above captains. ■ Samuel Htjntbb, Lieutenant. The fifth class was ordered out on the 5th of January, 1778; the requisi- tion reached Colonel Hunter on the 13th, and on the following day he wrote the president of Council expressing his extreme reluctance to comply with its terms, as organized frontier defense had become imperatively necessary. The order was accordingly rescinded. The hostile attitude of the Indians became a source of grave apprehension about this time. In a letter dated July 29, 1776, John Hairris stated, upon the authority of' two men from Sunbury, that two Senecas had come to the 120 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Great Island in the "West Branch three weeks preyiously; on the day after their arrival the Indians in that neighborhood cut down their com and removed their families, evidently with the intention of joining the Canada tribes in alliance with the English. Although the danger of invasion was represented to the State authorities by the county Committee no defensive measures were taken until the autumn of 1777, when, a report having been circulated tha^ two hundred Indians were on the West Branch forty miles above the Great Island, Colonel Cookson Long set out on the 6th of Septem- ber with a party of men to ascertain whether their intentions were hostile or friendly. Colonel Hunter wrote on the 27th of October that more than five hundred people had collected at Lycoming, Antes' s mill, and the mouth of Bald Eagle creek, in anticipation of an attack. Eifty men were stationed on the frontier at that time, under the command of Colonel John Kelly; after serving two months they were relieved by a detachment from Colonel Cook- son Long's battalion, three classes of which were ordered out. On the 28th of March, 1778, Colonel Hunter wrote that the fifth class was on the frontier under Lieutenant Colonel Henry Antes; at that time two rifles and sixty muskets constituted the public arms. In May he ordered the seventh class of Colonel John Kelly's battalion to relieve the sixth in Perm's valley, and the sixth and seventh classes of Colonel Cookson Long's battalion to scout along the frontiers. Great difficulty was experienced in procuring provisions ; the price of bacon was four shillings six pence per pound and of flour three pounds ten shillings per hundred-weight. Not more than half the militia was armed; the powder was very inferior in quality, and no flints could be bought. A consignment of seventy guns, thirty-one rifles, sixty-nine mus- kets, and a quantity of powder, lead, and flints was ordered sent to Colonel Hunter by the Supreme Executive Council on the 18th of May. Notwithstanding these defensive measures, Indian outrages became alarmingly frequent. On the 14th of January, 1778, Colonel Hunter re- ported two men killed at Pine creek on the 23d ultimo; May 14th, one man killed at Bald Eagle on the 8th instant and another in Penn's valley; May 26th, three men killed at Bald Eagle on the 16th, three persons taken prison- ers at Pine creek on the 18th and nine at Lycoming on the 20th, and sixteen persons killed or taken prisoners at Loyalsocb on the 24th. On the 17th of Mqy Colonel Potter reported twenty persons killed on the North Branch. " The back inhabitants have all evacuated their habitations and assembled in different places," wrote Colonel Hunter on the 31st of May; " all above Muncy to Lycoming are come to Samuel Wallis's and the people of Muncy have gathered to Captain Brady's; all above Lycoming are at Antes' s mill and the mouth of Bald Eagle creek; all the inhabitants of Penn's valley are gathered to one place in Potter's township; the inhabitants of White Deer township are assembled at three different places, and the back settlers of Buffalo are come down to the river; all from Muncy hill to Chillisquaque THE BETOLDTIONAEY PEEIOD. 121 have assembled at three different places ; Fishing creek and Mahoning settle- ments have all come to the river side." Eight persons were killed betv?een Loyalsock and Lycoming on the 10th of June, and Indians were encountered below Muncy hill a week or two later. On the 3d of July occurred the massacre of Wyoming, the intelligence of which produced a general panic among the inhabitants of Northumberland county and precipitated the " Great Eunaway." The flight of the settlers on the West Branch was thus described by Eobert Crownover, the well known scout: — I took my own family safely to Sunbury and came back in a keel-boat to secure my furniture. Just as I rounded a point above Derrstown, now Lewisburg, I met the whole convoy from all the forts above. Such a sight I never saw in my life. Boats, canoes, hog-troughs, rafts hastily made of dry sticks, every sort of floating article, had been put in requisition, and were crowded with women, children, and plunder. There were several hundred people in all. Whenever any obstruction occurred at any shoal or ripple, the women would leap out into the water and put their shoulders to the boat or raft and launch it again into deep water. The men of the settlement came down in single file on each side of the river to guard the women and children. The whole con- voy arrived safely at Sunbury, leaving the entire range of farms along the West Branch to the ravages of the Indians. The state of affairs was graphically described by William Maclay* in a letter to Council, dated Paxtang, July 12, 1778, of which the following is an extract: — I left Sunbury and almost my whole property on Wednesday last [July 8th]. I will not trouble you with a recital of the inconveniences I suffered while I brought my family by water to this place. I never in my life saw such scenes of distress. The river and the roads leading down it were covered with men, women, and children, flying for their lives, many without any property at all, and none who had not left the greatest part behind; in short, Northumberland county is broken up. Colonel Hunter only re- mained, using his utmost endeavors to rally some of the inhabitants and make a stand, however short, against the enemy. I left him with very few — I can not speak with certainty as to numbers — but am confident when I left him he had not one hundred men on whom he could depend. Wyoming ia totally abandoned; scarce a single family remained between that place and Sunbury when I came away. The panic and spirit of flight have reached even to this place; many have moved even out of this township, and almost every one is thinking of some place of greater security. You will scarce be able to give me credit when I inform you that if the same body which defeated Colonel Butler at Wyoming should follow up the blow, they may without difliculty penetrate to Carlisle .... For God's sake, for the sake of the country, let Colonel Hunter be re-enforced at Sunbury; send him but a single company if you can not do more. Mrs. Hunter came down with me; as he is now disinc umbered of his family, I am con- vinced he will do everything that can be expected from a brave and determined man. I must mention to you with freedom an opinion that has prevailed and done great hurt on the frontiers, viz., that no men or relief would be offered them. The miserable ex- ample of the Wyoming people, who have come down absolutely naked among us, has operated strongly, and the cry has been, " Let us move while we may, and let us carry *Wllliam Maclay's correspondence relating to affairs in Northumberland county is published in the Pennsylvania Archives, as follows: 1778— Vol. VI. pp. 634-635; 1779— Vol. VII. pp. 357, 586-587, 593, 597-598, 623-624; 1780— Vol. VIII. pp. 156, 172-173. 122 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. some of our efEects along with ub." It was to no purpose that Colonel Hunter issued orders for assembling the militia, and the whole county broke loose. At tea o'clock on the 12th of July Colonel Matthew Smith* wrote as fol- lows from Paxtang: "I am this moment arrived at Mr. Harris's ferry, and just now behold the greatest scenes of distress I ever saw. The numerous poor ran away from their habitations and left their all Northumberland coimty is evacuated." " This day," wrote Peter De Haven from Hummelstown July 12th, "there were twenty or thirty families passed through this town, some from Buffalo valley and some from Sunbury and some families from this side of Peter's mountain. Wyoming is taken, and most of our people have left Sunbury and are coming down; these people inform us that there are two hundred wagons on the road." On the 14th of July Colonel Bertram Galbraith, lieutenant of Lancaster county, informed the vice-president of Council that " On Sunday morning last the banks of the Susquehanna from Middletown up to the Blue mountain were entirely clad with the inhabit- ants of Northumberland county who had moved off, as well as many in the river in boats, canoes, rafts, etc." Captain Abraham Scott, who had been up at Garver's mill for his sister, the wife of Colonel Hunter, also informed him that the inhabitants of Wiconisco valley were preparing for flight.* On the 9th of July Colonel Hunter addressed a letter to the officers of the Berks county militia; there was then every reason to anticipate that Sunbury and Northumberland would be the frontier in less than twenty- four hours, but a few of the inhabitants had determined to make a stand and re-enforcements were urgently solicited. On the 12th he sent a com- munication to Council, in which the following passages occur: — The calamities so long dreaded, and which you have been more than once Informed must fall upon this coiinty if not assisted by Continental troops or the militia of the neighboring counties, now appear with all the horrors attendant on an Indian war; at this date the towns of Sunbury and Northumberland are the frontiers, where a few virtuous inhabitants and fugitives seem determined to stand, though doubtful whether to-morrow's sun will rise on them freemen, captives, or in eternity. Yet, relying on that Being who never forsakes the virtuous, and the timely assistance of the government which they have with zeal and vigor endeavored to support, they say the)- will remain as long as they can without incurring the censure of suicide. The carnage at Wyoming, the devastations and murders upon the West Branch of Susquehanna, on Bald Eagle creek, and, in short, throughout the whole county to within a few miles of these towns (the recital of which must be shocking), I suppose must before now have reached your ears. If not, you may figure yourselves men, women, and children, butchered and scalped, many of them after being promised quarter, and some scalped alive, of which we have miserable instances amongst us; people in crowds driven from their farms and habitations, man)' of whom have not money enough to purchase *Oolonel Smith's correspondence relating to affairs In Northumberland county is published In the Pennsylvania Archives, as follows: 1778— Vol. VI. pp. 632-G33; 1779— Vol. VII. pp. 606, 609-611, 614; Vol. VIII. p. 23; 1780— Vol. VIII. pp. 240, 417-419,513, 691-692. •The letters quoted are published In Vol. VI. of the Pennsylvania Archives— Colonel Smith's, p. 632; De Haven's, p. 633; Galbraith's, p. 642. THE EEYOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 123 one day's provisions for their families, which must and alreadj^ has obliged many of them to plunder and lay waste the farms as they pass along. These calamities must, if not speedily remedied by a reinforcement of men from below, inevitably ruin the frontier and incumber the interior counties with such numbers of indigent fugitives unable to support themselves as will like locusts devour all before them. If we are assisted to stand and save our crops, we will have enough for ourselves and to spare; you need be under no apprehension of any troops you send here suffering for want of provisions if they come in time, before the few who yet remain are obliged to give way; with men it will be necessary to send arms and ammunition, as we are ill pro- vided with them. Gentlemen, you must all know that this county cannot be strong in men after the numbers it has furnished to serve the United States. Their applications to us for men were always complied with to the utmost of our abilities and with the greatest alacrity; should Our supplications now be rejected I think the survivors of us, if any, may safely say that virtue is not rewarded. The defense of the frontier having been considered by Congress and the State authorities, it was decided that the detachment of Colonel Hartley's regiment then at Philadelphia should march to Sunbury ; three hundred militia from Northumberland county, four hundred from Lancaster, and one hun- dred fifty from Berks were also ordered to that point, July 14, 1778. Colonel Daniel Brodhead's regiment, then on the march to Pittsburgh, had been directed to take position at Standing Stone (Huntingdon), but when General Lachlan Mcintosh, who commanded in that department, heard of the state of affairs on the northern frontier, he ordered it to proceed up the Susquehanna, a movement that received the hearty approval of the Board of War and Supreme Executive Council. On the 24th of July Colonel Brodhead wrote* that, having arrived at Sunbury too late to be of service to the inhabitants there, he had determined to fix upon two principal posts and maintain a line of scouts between them; accordingly, a major, two captains, one subaltern, and eighty men were stationed at Brier creek on the North Branch and one hun- dred twenty men tmder his personal command at Muncy, while a captain and twenty-five men were detached to General James Potter's in Penn's valley. General Potter reported that the arrival of this force had done much to restore confidence; the "Eunaway" had entailed a loss of forty thousand pounds, but the people were returning to reap their harvests and further waste would thus be prevented. He expressed his intention of directing the movements of the militia; this had been agreed upon by' Generals Armstrong and Mcintosh with the acquiescence of Colonel Brod- head, as General John Lacey, whom Council had designated for that service, was not regarded as eligible. It appears, however, that the militia which first arrived at Sunbury was commanded by General John P. De Haas, who had offered on~the 13th of July to lead a body of volunteers against the Indians; Council accepted his services, and in the organization of defensive measures he rendered valuable assistance. ♦Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. VI. pp. 660-661. 124 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ' Colonel Hartley* arrived at Sunbury with a detachment of his regiment in the last week of July, 1778, and in the early part of August Colonel Brod- head's command withdrew to Carlisle en route to Pittsburgh. Two hundred militia had collected at Sunbury, and parties had been sent to various points by General De Haas. Four fifths of the inhabitants had fled; many were returning, and for their protection Colonel Hartley deemed it necessary to establish a line of posts between Fishing creek and the Great Island. He sent a detachmept to garrison Fort Jenkins, at Brier creek on the North Branch, the erection of which had been begun by Brodhead's troops; another was stationed at Bossley's mills, in the forks of Chillisquaque, and a third at Muncy, on the West Branch. At the latter point, which he visited in per- son, accompanied by General De Haas, the erection of a fort was undertaken. William Maclay's residence at Sunbury was converted into a magazine and fortified by a stockade in the rear. The forces in Northumberland county, as summarized by Colonel Himter on the 20th of August, numbered six hun- dred fifty men, of whom one hundred were Continental troops in Colonel Hartley's regiment; four hundred ninety were militia — two hundred twenty from Lancaster county, one hundred seventy from Berks, and one hundred from Northumberland; and sixty were volunteers in Captain Mm-ray's com- pany. Pursuant to a resolution of Congress of June 8, 1778, and Council's instructions of the 10th, this company was recruited for six months under the direction of Colonel Hunter, by whom the following officers were ap- pointed: Captain, James Murray; captain lieutenant, Eobert Arthur; second lieutenant, Samuel Fulton; third lieutenant, William Eeed; ensign, Andrew Donaldson. Colonel Hartley's expedition against the Indian towns on the North Branch was the first offensive movement of importance on the northern frontier. On the 21st of September he left Muncy with two hundred men; the route selected was the Sheshequin path, and the march was rendered ex- tremely arduous by streams, swamps, and mountains. On the 20th the ad- vance guard of nineteen men encountered an equal number of Indians, who fled with the loss of their chief. Tioga, the town of Queen Esther, was burned. Crossing the .North Branch on the 28th, the expedition proceeded to Wyalusing, where the retreat was resumed on the following day. Seventy of the men descended the river in canoes; the main body marched in three divisions, of which Captain Murray's was the third, while five runners under Captain Kemplen formed part of the rear guard. The Indians made an attack on the afternoon of the 29th; Captains Boone and Brady and Lieu- tenant King landed from the canoes with a few brave fellows at a critical moment, and the enemy, after a brief resistance, fled with a loss of ten *Colonel Hartley's oorresponrtence relating to affairs in Northumberland county Is published in the rennsylvania Archives, as follows : 177S— Vol. VI. pp. G74. 6SS-090, GOO-694, 705, 729 ; Vol. VI t. pp. 3-9, 10, 81-82, 86-87, 87-88, 778. THE EEVOLDTIONAEY PERIOD. 125 killed. The expedition arrived at Sunbury on the 5th of October, after making a circuit of three hundred miles, having defeated the enemy when- ever encountered, destroyed all their towns between Wyoming and Tioga, and recovered about fifty cattle, twenty-eight canoes, and much other prop- erty of value. On the 9th of November Colonel Hartley wrote that the enemy had de- stroyed the settlements on the North Branch above Nescopeck, and was only deterred from advancing farther by the garrison at Fort Jenkins; seventy Indians were also advancing toward the forks of Chillisquaque, and he was collecting a force to attack them. Orders were issued for the inhabitants to assemble, to which they responded with alacrity. On the 14th he was at Fort Jenkins, whence, on the following day, his force advanced toward Wyoming; the enemy was compelled to abandon a number of cattle taken above Nescopec, and fled with the utmost precipitation. He was again at Sunbury on the 20th, but shortly afterward took his departure, leaving a detachment from his regiment in garrison at Fort Muncy and others at different points. The Berks and Lancaster militia had returned at the expiration of the period for which they were called out, and thus the protec- tion of the frontier devolved entirely upon the exertions of its inhabitants and a few companies of Continental troops. It does not appear, however, that any incursions of importance occurred during the winter of 1778-79. In March, 1779, General Edward Hand* was ordered to the frontier of Northampton and Northumberland counties with a detachment of Continental troops. " As the principal object of my command lies above Wyoming," he wrote President Eeed on the 16th of April, " I am apprehensive that I can't pay much attention to Sunbury or the contiguous settlements," and in pur- suance of this declaration he devoted his first efforts to the strengthening of the post at Wyoming. Three companies of forty men each were raised in Northumberland county and employed in scouting duty, but with such inad- equate protection its territory again became an inviting field for Indian in- cursions. On the 25th of April an attack was made upon the settlement near Fort Jenkins and several families were taken prisoners; the garrison effected their rescue, but was driven to the fort with some loss. On the 26th thirteen men were fired upon five miles from Fort Muncy, and all but one were killed or captured. On the same day thirty or forty Indians attacked a small party of militia near Fort Freeland; among those killed on this occasion was Michael Lepley, whose widow applied for a pension in 1786. The following certificate appears in the minutes of the orphans' court of Northumberland county as part of the evidence in her case: — I, the subscriber, do hereby certify that on the 36th of April, 1779, 1 was stationed at Freeland's fort with a party of militia whom I had the honor to have the command *General Hand's correspondence relating to affairs in Nortliumberland county is published in the Pennsylvania Archives, as follows : 1779— Vol. VII. pp. 321, 344, 408. 126 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of, and, at the request of Mr. McKnight*, I ordered a guard of six men to go with Mc- Knight to his plantation, as they were but a small distance from Freeland's fort. The party was attacked by a number of Indians, and Michael Lepley, one of my soldiers, was killed and scalped. Witness my hand this 37th day of June, 1786. Jacob Spbes, Lieutenant. The depredations continued. " Almost every hour for three days past," wrote William Maclay on the 27th of April, " we have fresh alarms of the enemy. Massacres and depredations have been committed at Wyoming, Fort Jenkins, Fishing creek, Freeland's mill, Port Muncy, and Loyalsock, almost at one and the same time. We expect every moment to hear of their nearer approach. The whole force of the Six Nations seems to be poured down upon us." He thought that a single troop of light horse, attended by blood- hounds, would destroy more Indians than five thousand troops stationed in forts along the frontier. While it does not appear that Council adopted this suggestion. General Hand was at length brought to realize that Northumber- land county had some claim upon his protection, and on the 15th of May he reported a garrison of one hundred men at Fort Jenkins, one hundred at Fort Muncy, and seventy at Simbury, all Continental troops from the Elev- enth Peimsylvania regiment (formerly Colonel Hartley' s),while a local company of nine-months men under Captain John Kemplen was stationed at Bossley's mills and detachments of militia at Fort Freeland and other minor posts. During the months of May and June .the county enjoyed almost entire im- munity from Indian ravages, the prelude, unfortunately, to the most serious reverses experienced within her present limits during the Revolutionary period. In the latter part of June the Eleventh regiment was ordered to Wyom- ing for service in Sullivan's expedition, for which the supplies were trans- ported principally up the Susquehaima by boat, and in this work nearly aU the able-bodied men in the county engaged. On the 26th of June Colonel Hun- ter wrote that, exclusive of the militia at Fort Freeland and at General Potter's (in Penn's township), he had been able to collect only thirty men, who were stationed at Sunbury to guard the stores. The term for which the two- months companies enlisted had expired, thus leaving him with the entire frontier to defend and practically no forces at his command. The enemy was not slow to take advantage of the situation. Their movements were thus summarized by Colonel Hunter on the 23d of July: " Immediately after the evacuation of Fort Muncy the Indians began their cruel murders again; the 3d instant they killed three men and took two prisoners at Lycoming; the 8th instant they burned the Widow Smith's mill and killed one man; 17th instant they killed two men and took three prisoners from Fort Brady; the *James MoKnlght, memher of Assembly from this county at that time. Colonel Hunter states that he was taken prisoner; In Gift's narr.itlve (Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 170) lie is repre- sented as having heen killed. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 129 same day they burned Starret's mill and all the principal houses in Muncy township; the 20th instant they killed three men at Freeland's fort and took two prisoners." " Stripped of the whole of the standing army," wrote Will- iam Maclay July 26th, " and without a single man save the militia of the county and fourteen men imder the command of a Captain Kemplen, and almost every young man on the frontier engaged in the boat service, they suf- fer more than ever from the savage depredations of a horrid enemy. Every- thing above Muncy Hill is abandoned; a large body of above forty savages had penetrated as far as Freeland's mills I have spoken to Colonel Hunter for a guard for the magazine, but in vain; he is not able to protect the flying inhabitants. The stores at Sunbury are deposited in my late dwelling house, which is large and conveniently situated, both for defense and the reception and delivery of stores. The back part of it was stockaded last year by Colonel Hartley; a small expense would complete the stockade and mount a. few swivels, several of which lie there dismounted I have had the charge. of the magazine at Sunbury for some time past." The party that devastated Muncy and appeared at Fort Freeland July 20th was somewhat in advance of the main body of the enemy, which was com- posed of one hundred British rangers under Captain John McDonald and two hundred Indians under Hiokoto, a Seneca chief. Their approach was reconnoitered by Eobert Crownover, and upon receiving his intelligence the people at Fort Muncy at once evacuated- that post. In their journey down the West Branch they were joined by the families at Fort Meminger, near the mouth of Warrior run, but, although warned of the impending danger,, the people at Fort Boone and Fort Freeland preferred to remain. The former was a small stockade at the mouth of Muddy run, constructed under the supervision of Captain Hawkins Boone; Mrs. Mary V. Derickson gives the following account of Fort Freeland in a letter dated Delaware Kun, December 17, 1855:— The fort was situated on the Warrior run about four and one half miles above where it empties into the Susquehanna river. In the year 1772 Jacob Freeland, Samuel Gould, Peter Vincent, John Vincent and his son Cornelius Vincent, and Timothy Williams, with their respective families, cut. their way through and settled within some two miles of where the fort was after- ward built. They were from Essex county. New Jersey. Jacob Freeland brought the irons for a grist mill, and in the years 1773 and 1774 he built one on the Warrior run. There were several more families moved up from the same place, and they lived on friendly terms with the Indians until 1777, when they began to be troublesome and to remove their own families. In the summer of 1778 they had to leave the country, and when they returned in the fall they picketed around a large two-story log house which had been built by Jacob Freeland for his family, inclosing half an acre of ground. The timbers were set close and were about twelve feet high; the gate was fastened with bars inside. Into this fort or house the families of Jacob Freeland, Sr., Jacob Freeland, Jr., John Lytle, Michael Freeland, John Vincent, Peter Vincent, George Pack, Cornelius Vincent, Moses Kirk, James Durham, Samuel Gould, Isaac 8 130 HISTOBY OP NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Vincent, and Daniel Vincent all gathered and lived that winter. In November, George Pack, son of George Pack, was born, and on the 10th of February, 1779, 1 was born. My father was Cornelius Vincent; and on the 20th of May, George, son of Isaac Vin- cent, was born. In the fall of 1778, as a company of the settlers was leaving the country on account of the Indians, they were fired at, and Mrs. Durham's infant was killed in her arms; she fell with it, and they came and tomahawked and scalped her, and when the men went to count the dead, she raised up and asked for a drink of water. Blias Williams, one of the men, ran to the river and brought his hat full of water and gave her a drink; they then put her in a canoe and took her to Northumberland, where Doctor Plunket dressed her head; she recovered and lived about fifty years. Her body was afterward laid in Warrior Run burying ground, about a half-mile off where the fort stood. In the spring of 1779 the men planted corn but were occasionally surprised by the Indians, but nothing serious occurred until the 21st day of July; as some of them were at work in a cornfield back of the fort they were attacked by a party of Indians about nine o'clock a. m., and Isaac Vincent, Elias Freeland, and Jacob Freeland, Jr., were killed, and Benjamin Vincent and Michael Freeland were taken prisoners. Daniel Vincent was chased by them, but he out-ran them, and escaped by leaping a very high log fence. "When the Indians surprised them, Benjamin Vincent (then ten years of age) hid himself in a furrow, but he thought he would be more secure by climbing a tree, as there was a woods near, but they saw him and took him prisoner; he was ignorant of the fate of the others until about two o'clock p. m., when an Indian thrust a bloody scalp in his face, and he knew' it was his (and my) brother Isaac's hair. At this point it is proper to mention the death of James Watt, to which Mrs. Deriokson does not refer. The deposition of his widow, Mrs. Ann Watt, entered in the minutes of the orphans' court of Northumberland county at October term, 1790, states, that he "was stationed at Freeland's fort in the county aforesaid and did actual duty as a sergeant in Captain Taggart's company in the battalion of Colonel James Murray, having served under the commands of Captain Taggart, Lieutenant Atkinson, Ensign Freeland, and Adjutant Lytle (the latter being commander at the time of the death of the said James), each in succession of the said Fort Freeland; that on the morn- ing of the 28th day of July, A. D. 1779, the said James Watt was set upon by the Indians at enmity with this Commonwealth, about one hundred yards from the said fort, and was then and there tomahawked and put to death." It is worthy of remark that the name of Lieutenant Spees is not given among the successive commanders of the fort; possibly he preceded those men- tioned. The remainder of Mrs. Derickson's narrative is as follows:— Nothing again occurred until the morning of the 29th; about daybreak, as Jacob Freeland, Sr., was going out of the gate, he was shot, and fell inside of the gate The fort was surrounded by about three hundred British and Indians, commanded by Cap- tarn McDonald; there were but twenty-one men in the fort, and but little ammunition- Mary Kirk and Phebe Vincent commenced immediately and ran all their spoons and plates mto bullets; about nine o'clock there was a flag of truce raised, and John Lvtle and John Vmcent went out to capitulate, but could not agree. They had half an hour given them to consult with those inside; at length they agreed that all who were able to bear arms should go as prisoners, and the old men and women and children set free THE EEVOLUTIONABY PERIOD. 131 and the fort given up to plunder; they all left the fort by twelve o'clock m., not one of them having eaten a bite that day, and not a child was heard to cry or ask for bread that day. They reached Northumberland, eighteen miles distant, that night, and there drew their rations, the first they had to eat that day. When Mrs. Kirk heard the terms on which they were set free she put female's clothes on her son "William, a lad of sixteen, and he escaped with the women. Mrs. Elizabeth Vincent was a cripple; she could not walk. Her husband, John Vincent, went to Captain McDonald and told him of her situation, and said if he had the horse that the Indians had taken from his son Peter the week before that she could ride, and about daylight the next morning the horse came to them; he had carried his wife to the lower end of the meadow where they lay and saw the fort burned, and it rained so hard that night that she lay mid-side in water; when the horse came he stripped the bark ofE a hickory tree and plaited a halter, set his wife on, and led it to Northumberland, where there were wagons pressed to take them on down the country.* The following copy of the articles of capitulation was transmitted to President Eeed by Colonel Matthew Smith: — Articles of Capitulation entered into between Captain John McDonald on Ms Majesty's pa/rt and John Lytle on that of the Congress. Article 1st. — The men in garrison to march out and ground their arms on the green in front of the fort, which is to be taken possession of immediately by his Majesty's troops. — ^Agreed to. 2d. — All men bearing arms are to surrender themselves prisoners of war and to be sent to Niagara. — Agreed to. 3d. — The women and children not to be stripped of their clothing nor molested by the Indians, and to be at liberty to move down the country where they please. — Agreed to. John McDonald, Ga/ptain of Rangers. John Lttlb. The first intelligence of the attack was received at Sunbury at twelve o'clock on the 28th day of July, when an express arrived from Boone's mill with the information that the fort was surrounded by a party of Indians. A party at once marched from Sunbury and Northumberland to the relief of ( the garrison at Boone's. At Colonel Hunter's request Dr. Francis Allison wrote Colonel Elder "that Freeland's fort, the most advanced fort on the frontiers of the "West Branch, had on "Wednesday last [July 21st] three of the garrison killed and scalped (one only shot) within sixty yards of the fort, and two made prisoners; their number of Indians appeared to be up- wards of thirty in the open view of the garrison. Relief was sent imme- diately from Boone's fort and the two tovsois, and additional force was left behind to their assistance," notwithstanding which an attack was made on the morning of July 28th, of which intelligence was received by express from Major Smith and Captain Nelson. The following extracts from letters written at Sunbury on the 29th of July convey a graphic idea of the situa- tion : — * Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. XII. pp. 364-366.— It is to be observed that Mrs. Dericltson says tlie first attaclc occurred July 21st— Colonel Hunter, July 20th ; she also says the capitulation occurred July 29th, while contemporary wi-iters without exception give July 28th as the date, and the latter is undoubtedly correct. ^32 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Yesterday morning early there was a party of Indians and regular troops attacked FortFreeland- the firing was heard at Boone's place, when a party of thirty men ™?ot from that unler the command of Captain Boone, but before he arnved at FortFreeland the garrison had surrendered and the British troops and savages were paraded around the prisoners, and the fort and houses adjacent set on fire Cap- tain Boone and his party fired briskly on the enemy, but were soon surrounded by a large party of Indians; there were thirteen killed of our people and Captain Boone himself among the A&m.-Golmel Hunter to William Maday. ^ ^ ^ Yesterday morning Freeland's fort was attacked by not less than three hundred British troops and Indians; they acted on the defensive as long as they could well but found it impracticable to hold out any longer after the enemy had sent in three flags desiring them to surrender, the last mentioning if they did not they would put them to the sword, every one The whole killed in the fort was four men. Captain Boone, who went out for their relief, fell in with the enemy; Captain Kem- plen who observed the first Indian on guard, shot him dead on the spot; then a party rallied out of the mill and defeated Boone's company-killed Boone, Captain Dougherty, Captain Hamilton; Only thirteen escaped. Northumberland is now the frontier.— /oto Buyers to William Maday. We have received particular instructions from Fort Freeland by women who have been in the fort. They say the garrison surrendered after making a noble but short resistance, and after being thrice summoned Of the garrison four were killed, and thirteen scalps were brought into the fort in a pocket handkerchief, among whom were Captain Boone's and Captain Dougherty's, supposed to belong to the party from Boone's fort which attacked the British, Indians, etc., and even got in among the people who were prisoners with them, but were obliged to fly on account of superiority of numbers. Thirteen or fourteen of the party have come in; they and the women of Fort Freeland estimate the number of the enemy at between three and four hundred, one third of whom are regular troops. Boone's fort is evacuated, and Northumber- land-Town is already the frontier.— Dr. Francis Allison to Colonel Joshua Elder. On the 2d of August a party from Buffalo valley under Colonel John Kelly buried the dead and prepared a list of their names; they gave it to Colonel Matthew Smith, by whom it was transmitted to Council. Of the garrison, James Watt, John McClintock, William McClung, James Miles, and Henry GilfiUan were killed; of Captain Boone's party, Hawkins Boone, Samuel Dougherty, Jeremiah McLaughlin, Natt'e Smith, John Jones, Ed- ward Costigan, Ezra Green, Samuel Neill, Matthew McClintock, Hugh McGill, and Andrew Woods. Of the garrison, the following were taken prisoners:* Captain's company — John Neely, sergeant, George Bailey, George Armitage, Aaron Martin, Thomas Smith, Isaac Wilson, and John Forney; "of the militia that enrolled themselves for the defense of the garrison" — John Lytle, adjutant, Cornelius Vincent, quartermaster, Samuel Gould, ser- geant, Henry Townley, Peter Williams, Isaac Williams, Elias Williams, Henry GilfiUan, James Durham, Daniel Vincent, John Watt, William Miles, John Dough, Thomas Taggart, Francis Watt, and Peter Vincent; the two last named made their escape on the same day. All the women and chil- dren in the fort, fifty-two in number, according to Colonel Matthew Smith, •Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 179. THE EEVOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 133 arrived safely at Sunbury. Four old men were also permitted to return, as the enemy did not think them strong enough to march to Niagara. On the 28th of July Colonel Hunter dispatched letters to General Sulli- Yan, whose army was yet at Wyoming, and Colonel Joshua Elder, of Pax- tang, sub -lieutenant of Lancaster county, urgently soliciting assistance. The former declined to comply with the request, as his entire force was deemed necessary for the success of the expedition, but the appeal to the latter was not made in vaia. On the 31st of July the inhabitants of Paxtang township held a meeting at which Colonel Elder, Colonel Matthew Smith, and William Maclay presented the situation in Northumberland county; an appeal was made for volunteers and eight o'clock Sunday morning fixed upon as the time to march. Colonel Smith arrived at Sunbury on Monday evening, August 2d, with sixty Paxtang boys; "Provisions are scarce, but we intend to follow the savages," he wrote on the 3d; " we hope to come at them, as the number of cattle is great they have taken from the country, and must make a slow progress on their return home .... The distress of the people here is great; you may have some conception, but scarcely can be told. The tovm now composes Northumberland county. The enemy have burnt every- where they have been; houses, bams, rice and wheat in the field, stacks of hay, etc. are all consumed. Such devastation I have not yet seen." The Paxtang boys were the first to arrive; every hour brought fresh accessions from Lancaster and Cumberland counties, and on the morning of Thursday, August 5th, five hundred militia marched from Sunbury under Colonel Smith. Their immediate destiaation was Muncy. It was thought that the enemy might be overtaken, but a week had elapsed since their departure and it is not probable that the pursuit was long continued. After about two weeks of active service, the volunteers disbanded. General Sullivan was advancing into the Indian country, and for a time the frontier was comparatively undisturbed. On the 28th of August Colonel Hunter wrote that no damage had been sustained since the fall of Freeland; below Muncy Hill many of the inhabitants had returned to their farms; thirty-four militia from Lancaster county had arrived at Sunbury, and he was about to station them in the Warrior run neighborhood. The disastrous consequences attending the withdrawal of the Eleventh regiment prompted Council to make an urgent application for Continental troops to protect Northumberland county, in compliance with which the German regiment, which had been stationed at Wyoming since its return from Sullivan's expedition, was ordered to Sunbury. This regiment num- bered one hundred twenty effective men, exclusive of officers, and was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig Weltner, who made his head- quarters at Sunbury and retained a detachment at that place to guard the stores. Twenty men were stationed at Fort Jenkins, and Captain Kemplen's rangers, a local company of fourteen men, at Fort Meminger, seventeen 134 HISTOBY OP NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. miles from Sunbury on the West Branch. As there was not sufficient force to rebuild and garrison Fort Muncy, it became necessary to select some other point equally well adapted for the protection of the frontier in that direction. "McClung's place" (presumably the improvements of a settler of that name near the West Branch above Milton) was accordingly chosen, and a detach- ment of the German regiment took position there on the 5th of November. It was represented that fortifications had been begun at that point, but this proved without foundation, and, as there was insufficient shelter and no timber convenient, the troops removed to " a place called Montgomery's," where barracks and other necessary defenses were erected. This post, variously referred to as Fort Montgomery, Fort Rice, and Fort Bunner, was situated in the extreme southeastern part of Lewis township at a large spring on a tract of land originally warranted under the name of Paradise, which ultimately gained popular currency and is now applied to a large part of Turbut and Lewis townships. The first resident owner of this land was John Montgomery, who built his cabin at the spring; it was fortified when the Indian troubles began, and thus acquired the name of Fort Montgomery. On the morning that Fort Freeland was invested, retreat having become wiser than resistance in view of a probable attack by greatly superior num- bers, Montgomery and his party withdrew in safety to Sunbuiy. There is reason to suppose that Weltner's troops found his improvements available for occupation, and that the additional works erected rendered this a place of comparative strength. It was given the names of Fort Rice and Fort Bunner in honor of Captains Frederick William Rice and Jacob Bunner, of the German regiment, who had command of the garrison at various times. During the ensuing winter the regiment appears to have been engaged principally in garrison duty. On the 13th of December, 1779, Colonel Weltner wrote that the detachments at Montgomery's and Jenkins's had left him only enough at Sunbury " to mount a couple of sentries." In a letter dated April 9, 1780, he stated that he had "manned three material outposts," Fort Jenkins, Fort Montgomeiy, and Bossley's miU, in addition to which a post on the West Branch near Boone's mill was reported on the 8th of May.* On the 7th of April President Reed wrote Colonel Hunter authorizing the payment of fifteen hundred dollars for a prisoner and one thousand dollars for an Indian scalp; this furnished incentive for the organization of volunteer companies, and as spring opened the Continental troops also engaged in reconnoitering expeditions. On the 20th of June Colonel Welt- ner wrote that the entire frontier from the North to the West Branch had *It does not appear that the latter was sustained any length of time ; the following statements occur in a " Memorial of Inhahltants on the West Branch " dated June 20, 1780: " The German regi- t1iir?vthrpt'„rF''^r'!T' T"f' °' '"'°"' ""^'"""Ired men, and are posted nearly as follows: thirty-thiee a Fort Jenkins, thirty at Bossley's mill, twenty-four at Fort Bunner, and the residue at headquarters in Northuinberland-Town."-Pm,«si/Im«ta ArclUvc, (^Second Scries\ Vol III ™ THE EEVOLUTIONARY PEEIOD. 135 been traversed to a distance of forty miles from Northumberland, and an officer witli five men had ascended the West Branch more than a hundred miles. Regarding his own excursions he said: "I often reconnoiter my outposts ;...... five or six gentlemen in this town and two of my officers are commonly my escorts It is highly discouraging for a man who has always been generous in his own house, and now when he serves his country with every nerve in his body, must, after a fatigue of two or three days, and those gentlemen who suffered the same, must then go home without any refreshment from me, as this place has not afforded a drop of good liquor since the beginning of March last." It does not appear that his command was engaged in any important movements during the summer, and in August, 1780, it was withdrawn. The enemy made frequent incursions during this period. On the 27th of November, 1779, Colonel Hunter wrota that a deep snow had fallen, which he hoped would prevent their inroads during the winter, and while this seems to have been the case, William Maclay stated in a letter written on the 2d of April, 1780, " They are with us before that snow is quite gone." The county was, he said, a " divided quarter," in which " Whig, Tory, Yankee, Pennamite, Dutch, Irish, and English influence " were strangely blended. On the 31st of March seven or eight prisoners were taken near Fort Jenkins. Three Indians attacked the house of a widow on the 8th of April, kUled two of her children, and took her prisoner, but she escaped. On the 13th, although three parties of the inhabitants were out scouting at the time and a detachment of militia was stationed two miles away, twenty Indians killed one man and wounded three at Peter Swartz's plantation on the West Branch twelve miles from Sunbury. Four men were killed at Grozong's mUl in Buffalo Valley May 16th. On the 12th of June Emanuel Lewis, second lieutenant in Captain Mull's company of the Third battalion, was killed at his house on the Reading road seven miles from Simbury, and on the same day an Indian was taken prisoner at Thomas Bowyer's on the North Branch ten miles from Northumberland. In the same vicinity and about the same time Robert Curry was killed while riding horseback and his wife taken prisoner, but she escaped. Two inroads were made on the 15th of August, in one of which the Middle creek settlement, eight miles from Sunbury, was attacked. After the withdrawal of the German regiment Colonel Hunter ordered the frontier companies of militia to embody and kept one fourth of the men constantly reconnoitering. Fort Jenkins, Fort Rice, and Fort Swartz were each garrisoned with twenty men; Captain McCay took position in Buffalo valley with thirty volunteers from Cumberland county, which also con- tributed two companies of militia numbering seventy or eighty men who arrived on the 10th of September. The re-enforcement was timely. A large body of the enemy appeared before Fort Rice about sundown on the 6th of 136 HISTOBY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. September, killed one man, and wounded another, but the garrison returned the fire with such spirit that they withdrew and set fire to a number of houses and grain stacks during the night. The militia was immediately ordered out, and one hundred men under Colonel John Kelly reached the fort on the following day, but, having been informed that the enemy num- bered two hundred fifty, it was not deemed prudent to pursue. Colonel Hunter at once ordered the evacuation of Fort Jenkins (which was subse- quently burned) and sent an express to Colonel Purdy on the Juniata, who brought one hundred ten mihtia and eighty volunteers. General James Potter arrived at Sunbury on the 11th of September and took command; as the local militia had collected and the number of the enemy was found to be less than had been reported, he dismissed the volunteers; on the 12th he marched with one hundred seventy men to Fort Swartz on the West Branch. Leaving his command at that point he crossed the river to the mouth of "White Deer creek, where Colonel Kelly was encamped with eighty men, waiting for the return of three spies. It was decided to join forces and advance eastward along Muncy Hill, but, as the spies had not yet returned on the following morning and their continued absence strongly indicated that they had been killed or captured, it was deemed advisable to proceed up the "West Branch; General Potter marched on the east side and Colonel Kelly on the west side. At Muncy Hill they met the spies, who gave posi- tive assurance that the enemy had not retreated in that direction; Colonel Kelly thereupon crossed the river with his command and the combined forces set out for Huntington creek, the east branch of Fishing creek. On the night of the 13th, an express having arrived with intelligence of the enemy's appearance at Middle creek, Colonels Kelly and Purdy returned "with one hundred fifty men; General Potter proceeded with the remainder, numbering one hundred ten, but, finding it impossible to overtake the attack- ing party, he returned to Sunbury on the 17th. On the following day he transmitted an account of the expedition to President Reed, with the request that militia might be sent to the frontier; the letter was considered by Council on the 29th instant: one class of the Lancaster county militia was ordered to Northumberland, where it remained imtil December. Early in the spring of 1781 hostilities were again reported. On the 12th of April General Potter wrote that five distinct attacks had been made since the 22d of March (one not more than five miles from Sunbury), and distress was widely prevalent among the people; Captain Thomas Eobinson* had enlisted forty men, but there was not a blanket among them. On the 15th of June Captain Eobinson reported fifty-two men enlisted for the war and fourteen for seven months; Lieutenants Peter Grove and Samuel McGrady *Captain Robinson's correspondence relating to affairs In NorthwmHerland county during the Revolutionary period is published In the Pennsylvania Archives, as follows :— 1781— \"ol. IX. pp. 208-209, •237-238, 302; 1782— Vol. IX. p. 669. THE EEVOLUTIONAKY PERIOD. 137 were also recruiting. The former had seventeen men and the latter twenty, all for seven months. Council experienced great difficulty in furnishing sup- plies, owing to the straitened condition of State finances, and it was not until the 1st of July that clothing and ammunition were forwarded from Philadel- phia. The wagon reached Lancaster on the 23d instant and Captain John Hambright sent it to Middletown the same day in care of Captain Abraham Scott; the receipt of its contents was acknowledged by Captain Robinson on the 8th of September. Referring to the Indians in a letter of that date he said: "The savages have been a long time quiet this summer. They have done no harm in this county since I have been able with men to go to the woods to scout. They made their appearance in harvest twice, but did no hurt." Robinson's company, which was withdrawn early in the winter of 1781, was again stationed on the frontier in 1782 and rebuilt Fort Muncy, which proved of material advantage as a rendezvous for scouting parties. Notwith- standing this the Indians succeeded in penetrating to the interior qf the county, and several tragedies were reported during the year. Major John Lee and family were killed at Winfield, three miles above Sunbury, in August; on the 14th of October John Martin and wife were killed at their house on Chillisquaque near Colonel James Murray's and three persons were taken prisoners; and on the 24th of the same month Sergeant Edward Lee of Captain Robinson's company was killed two miles from Fort Rice and Robert Carothers was taken prisoner. Happily for the distressed frontier, the independence of the United States was acknowledged by Great Britain, November 30, 1782, and on the 20th of January, 1783, a preliminary treaty of peace was signed. Thus assured of immunity from the harassing experiences of the preceding years the former inhabitants of Northumber- land county began to return, and the arts of peaceful industry were again resumed after the long interruption of the Revolutionary period. Colonel Hunter was appointed as county lieutenant, March 21, 1777, and reappointed on the 6th of April, 1780, with William Murray, Walter Clark, and John Wolf as sub-lieutenants. Thomas Jordan was appointed paymas- ter of the militia, March 15, 1777, and William Gray, June 23, 1781; John Kelly and Thomas Hewitt, commissioners to seize the personal effects of trai- tors, October 21, 1777; James McMahan, wagonmaster, January 9, 1778 William Gray and John Lytle, purchasers of provisions, February 20, 1778 John KeUy and Thomas Hewitt, agents for forfeited estates. May 6, 1778 William Cooke, assistant forage master, April 5, 1780; John Weitzel, issuing commissary, July 7, 1780. The following statement, showing Colonel Hunter's receipts and disburse- ments for the support of the militia of Northumberland county during the Revolution, has been transcribed from the original, now in the possession of Captain John Buyers, of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. An asterisk (*) indi- 138 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. cates State currency; a dagger (f), specie; sums to which no distinguishing mark is affixed were paid in Continental money. State of the Accounts of Samuel Hunter, Lieutenant of Northumberland County, from March, 1777, to March, 1784. Samuel Hunter, Dr. to Sundries. John W. Nesbit, Treasurer Council of Safety:— Received per Colonel William Cooke for paying the militia of North- £ s. d. umberland County, January 3, 1777 187 10 Paid Colonel Philip Cole the balance of his account, January 9, 1777 . . 45 5 Paid Colonel Murray for a like sum he paid to Colonel Hunter, Janu- ary 13, 1777 25 3 6 Council of Safety: — Received per George Calhoon, December 39, 1776 788 15 6 David Rittenhouse, Treasurer: — Received upon an order of Council per Francis Allison, July 13, 1777 300 Per Joseph Green, January 1, 1778 1600 Per Thomas Hewitt, September 33, 1777 750 Per Matthias Slough, to be delivered to John Hambright and for- warded to said Hunter for purchasing provisions, January 31, 1778. . 937 10 Per Jacob Reighard, to be forwarded as above, July 4, 1778 563 10 By order of Council, April 14, 1779 1809 Per Joseph Hart, May 3, 1779 3750 Per John Hambright, on account, for raising a company of rangers, June 9, 1780 10000 For raising a company of rangers for defense of the frontiers, Feb- ruary, 1781 *100 For recruiting Captain Robinson's ranging company, December 8, 1781 tl30 John Hambright: — Received of him, which had been sent from the treasury, April 19, ' 1779 3750 Matthew Smith:— Received of Daniel Reese, supposed to be a part of the moneys paid to said Smith for the defense of the frontiers, June 8, 1779 1875 George Wolf, sub-Lieutenant: — Received of him, being fines collected, March 6, 1778, £150 15s.; Janu- ary 39, 1779, £397 10s 548 5 William Murray, sub-Lieutenant: — Received of him, being fines collected, April 15, 1778 303 Militia Fines: — Received of Robert Martin, flues collected, April 30, 1778 326 15 Received of Jonathan Lodge, sheriff 80 Received the flne of Charles Gough 33 10 Received the fine of John Parker 30 Received of Sheriff Lodge Livingston's flne, April, 1779 50 Received of Thomas Hewitt the fines of James McNeill and Thomas Barry 57 3 g Balance due to Colonel Hunter 3830 9 t346 18 8 Total — Continental money 31513 5 9 State currency *100 Specie IBGe 18 8 THE EEVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 139 Sundries, Br. to Samuel Hunter, United States: — For tlie following sums paid by Colonel Hunter out of a part of tlie $35,000 borrowed of Congress, December 26, 1776, advanced for the militia of Northumberland county and afterwards credited by them at settlement with the United States, viz.: Colonel Philip Cole, December 14, 1776, £108; December 19th, £76 lOs., per John M. Nesbit, January 9, 1777, £45 5s.; to Captain John Lee, December 13, 1776, £108, December 19th, £35, December 20th, £40 15s., Decem- ber 24th, £84 10s.; to Colonel BenjaminWeiser, December 22, 1776, £ s. d. £53 10s.; Colonel James Potter, £261 706 5 Joseph Green, quartermaster, for provisions furnished the militia on their march, July 21, 1777 61 19 3 Joseph Green, for nine days' pay as quartermaster to Colonel Kelly's battalion, July 21, 1777 3 Captain John Forster, for his own and the pay of his company of militia, July 28, 1777 37 6 6 Doctor Bennett, for forage, July 38, 1777 14 6 Captain Thomas Gasliins, for his own and the pay of his company of militia, July 8, 1777 33 19 Colonel Cookson Long, pay of Captain Wilson and his company, July 29,1777 - 45 7 George Keiser, wagon hire carrying baggage, July 30, 1777 6 Dr. Benjamin Allison, his pay as surgeon six days, August 1, 1777. . . 4 10 Lieutenant Colonel Hugh White, of militia, six days' pay, September 27, 1777 4 10 Colonel John Kelly, six days' pay, October 10, 1777 5 13 6 John Buyers, quartermaster, for provisions furnished the militia, October 3, 1777 10 6 William Bonham, for 391 lbs. of beef furnished the militia, November 4, 1777 14 11 William Bailey, quartermaster, in part of his account of provisions furnished, November 10, 1777, £66; November 11th, £45 Ill Dr. Benjamin Allison, surgeon first class Colonel Kelly's battalion, two months' pay, November 18, 1777 41 5 John Ream, for 64;ibs. of beef for the militia, December 11, 1777 3 4 Captain Thomas Gaskins, for his own and the pay of his company of - Northumberland county militia from September 14 to November 8, 1777; [paid,] January 13, 1778 315 15 8 Colonel John Kelly, for his pay, September 14 to November 8, 1777; [paid,] January 10, 1778 50 13 Captain Casper Eeed, for himself and company, September 14 to No- vember 8, 1777; [paid,] January 31, 1778 343 9 Joseph Green, for his pay as quartermaster, September 14 to Novem- ber 8, 1777; [paid,] January 33, 1778 17 5 Major Jonas Yocum, his pay for two months, February 17, 1778 37 10 Captain John Mull, for military services, March 18, 1778 3 John McMullin, surgeon's mate, his pay from September 14 to No- vember 8, 1777 37 Captain Thomas Wilson, for his own and the pay of his company for said time, April 18, 1778 393 17 140 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Captain John Chattam, pay of a party after disaflected persons, July £ s. d. 16,1778 3 7 6 Robert Martin, for ferriage of the militia, January 25, 1779 11 8 9 John Weitzel, for services as commissary of stores at Sunbury, May 30, 1778 47 10 "William Simms, for riding express, July 10, 1778, £11 5s.; April 35, 1779, £7 10s ; 18 15 John Bason, for pay of three persons employed as spies between Northumberland-Town and Wyoming, August 16, 1779 33 15 John McMahan, for pay as spy between Muncy Hill and Lycoming, August 28, 1779 45 John Eason, for reconnoitering between Muncy Hill and Lycoming, August 28, 1779, £45; September 6th, £26 5s '. 71 5 William King, for reconnoitering between Muncy Hill and Lycoming, September 6, 1779 30 Thomas Ferguson, for reconnoitering between Muncy Hill and Ly- coming, Septembers, 1779 71 5 John Weitzel, in part pay as superintendent of the magazine at Sun- bury ,'October 14, 1779 285 James Murray, for services reconnoitering, October 19, 1779 135 Dr. Benjamin Allison, for six months' pay as surgeon from April 1, 1779; [paid,] October 33, 1779 202 10 Walter Clark, for services of three men as spies, November 35, 1779. 135 Peter Gabriel, for bailing three hundred-weight of biscuit for a secret expedition against the Indians, July 21, 1780 33 15 John Weitzel, in part pay as superintendent, September 11, 1780 187 10 William Campbell, for his services as pilot on the Indian expedition, October 2, 1780 78 15 James Hepburn, for purchasing provisions, being in part of his accounts settled, and the balance paid,'December 7, 1779 112 10 Lieutenant Jacob Creamer, of the Rangers: — Paid him for the recruiting service and pay, March 8, 1781 *18 15 Colonel James Murray: — Paid him out of the moneys sent by the Council of Safety, December 10,1776 261 Paid him as captain for recruiting his company, July 14, 1778 90 Paid him for arms furnished his company of six months' men. May 6,1779 1809 Andrew Culbertson: — Paid him for the use of purchasing provisions, October 9, 1777 81 15 Major Robert Arthur: — Paid him towards the pay of the militia on their march, November 11. 1777 23 10 Joseph Green, Quartermaster: — Paid him towards providing provisions for the first class on the fron- tiers, January 10, 1778 967 5 g Colonel William Cooke :— Paid him to purchase provisions for the militia, June 2, 1778 987 10 Captain Thomas Kemplen: — Paid him for recruiting a camp of rangers, May 7, 1779, £75; May 13th, £450; June 15th, £339 7s. 6d 864 7 6 Paid him for the pay of his company, August 13, 1779 82 10 THE EEYOLUTIONAEY PERIOD. 141 Paid liim for John Carmady, sergeant, to pay for making shirts for £ s. d. Captain Kemplen's company, September 33, 1779 13 10 Paid himself, October 8, 1779 83 10 Paidhim for Thomas Moore for his company, November 19, 1779, £335; May 3, 1780, £113 10s 337 10 Captain George Grant, of the Ninth regiment: — Paid him for the recruiting service, March 37, 1778, £157 3s. 6d.; April 31st, £53 10s 309 13 6 Captain William Wilson, of the First regiment: — Paid him for the recruiting service, April 16, 1778, £150; April 30th, £304 7s.6d 354 7 6 Captain John Boyd, of the Twelfth regiment: — . Paid him for the recruiting service, April 16, 1778, £150; May 7th, £75 335 Captain Thomas Robinson, of the Rangers : — Paid him for raising his company, July 11, 1780 : 3878 17 6 Paid him for the recruiting service, January 7, 1781, £815 13s. 6d.; January 16th, £811 10s 1637 3 6 Paid him for raising his company, October 3, 1781, £37 10s.; October 15th, £18 15s U . *56 5 Paid him for raising his company, December 31, 1781, £18; February 33, 1783, £6; May 30th, £33 10s t^^ 10 Paid him per Lieutenant Samuel McGrady for six-months men, May 30,1783 tl3 3 6 Military stores: — Paid sundry persons at sundry times for four rifles, one musket and bayonet, 236i^ lbs. of powder, 404J^ lbs. of lead, 574 flints, 3 powder kegs, and for repairing arms and for transporting same and ammuni- tion 914 10 10 [On the same account] "|'5 11 3 Militia expenses: — Paid sundry expenses on public business for the defense of the county, the families of poor militia men in the service, captains for making re- turns of male whites, ferriages, drummers and fif ers, stationery, £15 for a substitute, expenses of conveying distressed families from Fort Freeland, and other contingent expenses, 1777-84 1551 8 9 William Murray, for his services as sub-lieutenant 4 10 William Watson, for his services as sub-lieutenant 33 4 For his own pay as sub-lieutenant from March 33, 1777, to April 5, 1779_667 days, at 23s. 6d.; from April 5, 1779, to October 10th— 160 days, at 37s. 6d.; from October 10, 1779, to March 30, 1780— 118 days, at £6— in all 1758 7 6 For his own pay as sub-lieutenant from March 30, 1780, to June 31, 1781— employed 375 days at £30 per day 11350 For his own pay as sub-lieutenant from June 31, 1781, to March, 1784 — 403 days, of which 387 at 15s. and 16 at 13s. 6d. specie -1-300 5 John Hambright: — For a deficiency of $4333^ in the £10000 he received at the treasury, June 9, 1780, to be sent to Colonel Hunter, and of which the sum of only $33433 only was delivered per voucher 1587 13 6 Balance due the State *25 142 HISTOKY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. £ S. d. Total— Continental money 31513 5 9 State currency *100 Specie t86618 8 Colonel Samuel Himter, Dr. To balance of the foregoing account due to the State *25 To funded debt, for sundry certificates issued agreeably to act passed, April 1, 1784 t2T8 14 3 Contra Cr. By balance of the foregoing account in favor of Colonel Hunter, £3830 9d. Continental money, equal to *25 1278 14 3 Examined and settled. Comptroller General's Office, John Nicholson. April 6, 1784. CHAPTER IV. OEGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. Ekection of Nokthumbebland County — Disintegration op Its Terbitokt — Present Boundaries — Internal Subdivision — Original Townships — Forma- tion OP Present Subdivisions — Statistics op Population — Public Build- ings — Early Fiscal Apfairs — Inauguration op the Public School System — Roster op County Oppicers — Representation in Constitutional Conten- tions, ETC. — Legislative Representation — Early Township Oppicers. THE three orginal cotmties of Pennsylvania were Chester, Philadelphia, and Bucks, formed in 1682 at the founding of the Province. Lancas- ter vFas erected in 1729 from the western part of Chester, York in 1749 from that part of Lancaster west of the Susquehanna, and Cumberland in 1750 from the northwestern part of York. Northampton and Berks were formed in 1752, the former from the northern part of Bucks, the latter from the cor- responding portions of Philadelphia, Chester, and Lancaster. At that time the lines separating Berks from Northampton and Lancaster were run only so far as the settlements then extended, and in 1769 William Maclay, Will- iam Scull, and John Biddle, Jr., were appointed to continue them "as far as the lands lately purchased by the Honorable the Proprietaries of this Prov- ince from the Indians do extend." The western boundary of Berks county was accordingly surveyed beyond the Susquehanna, crossing that river near the mouth of Mahanoy creek and extending as far as the West Branch. That part of the present area of Northumberland county inclosed by this ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 143 line, the Susquehanna river, and Mahantango creek thus remained in Lancas- ter county; west of the Susquehanna the western line of Berks separated its territory from that of Cumberland. The purchase of 1768 was followed by a rapid influx of population into the region about the confluence of the North and West Branches of the Sus- quehanna, and, with the seats of justice of Berks, Lancaster, and Cumber- land counties at Beading, Lancaster, and Carlisle, respectively, the conven- ience of the inhabitants early demanded better facilities of civil administra- tion. This desirable result was finally attained, March 21, 1772, by the pas- sage of an act erecting Northumberland county, with boundaries described as follows: — Beginning at tlie moutla of Mahantango creek, on the west side of the river Sus- quehanna; thence up the south side of said creek, by the several courses thereof, to the head at Robert Meteer's spring; thence west by north to the top of Tussey's mount- ain; thence southwesterly along the summit of the mountain to Little Juniata; thence up the northeasterly side of the main branch of Little Juniata to the head thereof; thence north to the line of Berks county; thence northwest along the said line to the extremity of the Province ; thence east along the north boundary to that part thereof which is due north from the most northern part of the great swamp; thence south to the most northern part of the swamp aforesaid; thence with a straight line to the head of the Lehigh or Middle creek; thence down the said creek so far that a line run west- southwest will strike the forks of Mahantango creek where Pine creek falls into the same, at the place called Spread Eagle, on the east side of Susquehanna; thence down the southerly side of said creek to the river aforesaid; thence down and across the river to the place of beginning. In order to render this intelligible to the general reader some explanation may be necessary. There are two streams known by the name of Mahan- tango : the one first mentioned flows into the Susquehanna from the west, form- ing the present boundary of Juniata and Snyder counties; the other sustains the same relation to Northumberland and Dauphin. It is probable the county line struck the Little Jimiata no great distance above its confluence with the Eaystown branch, and the West Branch near the mouth of Bald Eagle creek. The northwestern boimdary of the county was the line of the purchase of 1768. The " great swamp " is identified as the southwestern part of Wayne county and the adjoining part of Lackawanna; the line from the northern boundary of the State south to the " great swamp " and thence to the Lehigh is the present western boundary of Wayne county. Part of the southeast line between the Lehigh river and Mahantango creek still possesses geographical significance as the line of division between the counties of Carbon and Luzerne, Sohylkill and Columbia, and Northumberland and Schylkill, respectively. On the 21st of March, 1772, the Assembly passed an act defining the boundaries of Bedford county, which was erected in 1771 and adjoined Northumberland on the southwest; this act and the act passed the same day erecting Northumberland assigned to those counties different and incon- 144 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. sistent boundary lines, and in order to rectify this discrepancy the line in question was again defined, September 30, 1779. As thus established, the southwest boundary of Northumberland, beginning on the Juniata at the terminus of a north line from the gap in Tuscarora mountain near Path val- ley, coincided with that river as far as Jack's Narrows, where it deflected to the north along the summit of the watershed between Kishocoquillas and Standing Stone creeks ; from the head of the latter it extended westward along the summit of Tussey's mountain, the ridge separating Bald Eagle and Little Juniata, and Chestnut ridge to the head of the southwest branch of Bald Eagle, thence a direct course to the head of Moshannon creek, and down that stream to its junction with -the West Branch. Considerable territory was thus added to this county. Although a large county as originally formed, it is problematical whether Northumberland was the largest in the State at that date. If not of equal or greater extent, Bedford was certainly scarcely inferior in size, but West- moreland was formed from the latter in 1773, and from that time until 1795 the position of Northumberland as the most extensive subdivision of the State is unquestioned. Its greatest proportions were attained in 1785, when, by the act of April 9th, all that part of the purchase of 1784 east of the Cone- wango creek and Allegheny river was placed within its limits. The county thus extended along the northern line of the State from Conewango creek to the line of Wayne county and from the Lehigh river to the Allegheny, with a maximum breadth equal to nearly two thirds that of the State. The extent of this region exceeds that of several States of the Union. The first curtailment of this generous domain resulted from the erection of Luzerne county, September 25, 1786. West of the Susquehanna the first county to which Northumberland contributed was Mifflin, erected on the 19th of September, 1789, but the part taken from Northumberland, with additional territory from Northumberland and other counties, was erected into Centre, February 13, 1800. The formation of Lycoming county, April 13, 1795, deprived Northumberland of the large extent of territory acquired under the purchase of 1784, with a considerable part of its original area. The line of division was described as follows: — > From the Mifflin county line, on tlie summit of Nittany mountain, thence running along the top or highest ridge of the said mountain to where tlie White Deer Hole creek runs through the same; and from thence by a direct line, crossing the "West Branch of Susquehanna at the mouth of Black Hole creek, to the end of Muncy hills; thence along the top of Muncy hills and the Bald mountain to the Luzerne county line. Northumberland was thus reduced to the position of an interior county, and with the opening of the present century its original boundaries remained undisturbed only on the south. Bounded on the east by Luzerne, on the west by Centre, on the north by Lycoming, and on the south by Mifflin, ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 147 Dauphin, and Berks, its location with reference to the area of the State was nearly central. Although somewhat irregular in form, its proportions did not lack symmetry; its territory was nearly equally divided by the Susquehanna and the "West Branch, while the location of the county seat was central to the population and conveniently accessible from all parts of the county by the natural highways of the region. But in the first decade of the century there was a marked increase in population, and with the growth of settle- ments at the extremities of the county arose the desire and necessity for further territorial subdivision. A movement for the erection of a new county seems to have taken definite shape in the region west of the Susque- hanna first; the agitation in the valley of the North Branch for the accom- plishment of a similar object was begun a little later, and in the pursuit of interests so closely allied the promoters of the two projects rendered mutual assistance. At length the popular will found expression in the election of State representatives favorable to division, and with friends at court the ' desired end was consummated in the passage of two acts, erecting Columbia and Union counties, respectively, which were approved, March 22, 1813. To the former was assigned that part of the former area of Northumberland west of the Susquehanna and the West Branch ; the boundaries of the latter were described as follows: — Beginning at the nine-mile tree on the hank of the Northeast Branch of the Sus- quehanna, and from thence by the line of Point township to the line of Chillisquaque township; tjiesee-bj^^e line of Chillisquaque and Point townships to the "West Branch of the river Svisquehaiiii^; thence up the same to the line of Lycoming county; thence by the line of Lycoming csmnty to the line of Luzerne county; thence by the same to the line of Schuylkill county; thence along the same to the southwest corner of Cata- wissa township; thence by thA line of Catawissa and Shamokin townships to the river Susquehanna; and thence down said river to the place of beginning. The formation of two new counties had been effected, but not to the entire satisfaction of the dismembered territory. The townships of Chillis- quaque and Turbut had bee^ separated from the parent county in opposition to the wishes of nine tenths/ of their inhabitants, who remonstrated strongly and at length secured their re-annexation to Northumberland county, Feb- ruary 21, 1815. The question had not reached a final adjustment, however; the real issue involved was the separation of sufficient territory from North- umberland to render Danville eligible as the county seat of Columbia, and on the 22d of January, 1816, that part of Turbut and Chillisquaque west of the following line was again annexed to Northumberland: — Beginning at the comer of Point and Chillisquaque townships in the line of Columbia county; thence by the lines of said townships along the summit of Montour's mountain to where what is called " Strawbridge's road" crosses said mountain; thence by said road to where the road from Wilson's mills to Danville intersects said road; thence to the bridge over Chillisquaque creek at James Murray's; thence by what is called " Harrison's road" past Chillisquaque meeting-house to the corner of Turbut and Derry townships in the line of Lycoming county. 9 148 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. This line constitutes the present eastern boundary of the county north of the river. A history of the roads mentioned is given in this work in the chapter on Internal Improvements. The location of these roads changed in course of time, and thus the line became a subject of dispute, greatly to the inconvenience of township officers in Northumberland and Montour counties. At length petitions were presented to the courts of both counties praying for a resurvey, in compliance with which a commission was ap- pointed, composed of George W. West, of Danville, A. J. Guffy, of Watson- town, and 0. D. Eldred, of Muncy, by whom the line was resurveyed, February 22-25 and August 22-25, 1881. Their report,* showing the courses and distances of the line from the southwest comer of Montour county on Montour ridge to the line of Lycoming county, received the con- current approval of the courts of the respective counties, and is the author- itative description of the line in question. The eastern boundary of the county south of the North Branch was run and marked in 1830 by Elias Hoyt and Joseph Whitacre, commissioners appointed in pursuance of the act of April 7, 1830, whose report gives the following as its courses and distances: — Beginning at the Susquehanna river at the mouth of Little Roaring creek; thence up said creek the several courses and distances thereof, establishing said creek as the boundary line, to a white oak tree by a spring at the head of said creek; thence east, following a ridge of land most of the way, seven hundred sixteen perches to a hemlock on Big Roaring creek; thence up said creek, the south branch thereof the several courses and distances thereof, establishing said creek as the division line, to Yarnall's path; and thence from a white oak on said path south twenty degrees east fourteen hundred perches to the line of Schuylkill county .| The line of separation from Lycoming was established in 1795 by the formation of that county. On the west Northumberland includes the channel of the river, as the townships originally formed on the eastern side extended to the western bank. The southern boundary, originally estab- lished in 1772, was again defined by legislative enactment, April 17, 1795, by which the Governor was directed to appoint three commissioners for running and marking a line " Beginning at the forks of Mahantango and Pine creeks at the place called the Spread Eagle, and from thence north fifty-six degrees east until the same shall intersect the line dividing the counties of Berks and Northampton, and from thence the same course to the Lehigh creek; thence along the east bank of the said Lehigh creek to the head thereof; from thence a due north course to the boundary of the State." Northumberland and Luzerne counties were north and west of this line; Dauphin, Berks, and Northampton, south and east of it. As commissioners the Governor appointed Philip Myer, John Eckman, and John Eeese; under date of June 1, 1796, they presented their account to the commissioners of 'Quarter Sessions Docket of Northumberland County, No. 1, December Sessions, 1880. tQuarter Sessions Docket of Northumberland County, April Sessions, 1831. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTKATION. 149 Northumberland county, from which it appears that the survey required forty days, at a total expense, including the services of the surveyors and their assistants, pack-horses, etc., of three hundred sixty-seven pounds, four shillings, nine and one half pence. The present area of the county, as given in SmuU's Legislative Handbook, is four hundred sixty-two square miles. The following is a list of counties situated wholly or in part within the limits of Northumberland in 1785: Armstrong, Bradford, Cameron, Centre, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Elk, Forest, Indiana, Jeffer- son, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Montour, Northumberland, Potter, Schuylkill, Snyder, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, and Wyoming — a total of twenty-eight. It is with eminent pro- priety, therefore, that Northumberland has been called the " Mother of Counties." INTEENAL SUBDIVISION. At the time of its erection the larger part of the present area of North- umberland county was included in Augusta township, Berks county, which extended eastward to the line of Northamptbn and embraced the incipient settlements about the confluence of the East and West Branches of the Sus- quehanna. The present line of Dauphin and Schuylkill, extended in a north- westerly direction, was the southwestern boundary of Augusta; and the tri- angular area inclosed by this line (then the line of division between Berks and Lancaster), Mahantango creek, and the Susquehanna river was part of Upper Paxtang township, Lancaster county. On the 0th of April, 1772, at a court of private sessions of the peace, the county was divided into seven townships, for which the following boundaries were respectively established: — Description of Penn's Township. — Beginning at the moutli of Mahantango on the west side of Susquehanna; thence with the county line up Mahantango creek to Meteer's spring; thence with the same line to the top of Tussey's mountain; thence along the top of the same easterly to Peun's creek and down Penn's creek to the mouth thereof at the head of the Isle of Que; thence down Susquehanna to the place of beginning. Description of Augusta Township. — Beginning at the mouth of Mahantango on the west side of Susquehanna; thence with' the county line crossing Susquehanna to the mouth of Mahantango on the east side; thence with the same county line up Mahantango to the Spread Eagle in the forks of said Mahantango; thence with the said county line east-northeast to the old line formerly run for a division between Berks and Northampton counties; thence by the same old line northwest to the East Branch of Susquehanna; thence down the same to Port Augusta; thence crossing Sus- quehanna and down the same to the place of beginning. Description of TurJrnt Township. — Beginning on the east side of Susquehanna at Port Augusta; thence 'up the easterly side of the Northeast Branch to the old line formerly run for a division between Berks and Northampton counties; thence by the 150 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. same line northwest to the top of Muncy Hill; thence along the top of the same west- erly to the West Branch of Susquehanna, and crossing the same to the west side, and down the same to the junction of the branches, and crossing Susquehanna to the place of beginning so as to include the forks and island. Deaaription of Buffalo Township.— 'Begm'o.ms at the mouth of Penn's creek at the head of the Isle of Que; thence up the same to the forks; thence by a north line to the West Branch of Susquehanna; thence down the "West Branch of Susquehanna to the forks; thence down Susquehanna to the place of beginning. Description of Said Eagle Township. — Beginning at the forks of Penn's creek; thence by a north line to the West Branch of Susquehanna; thence up the same to where the county line crosses it; thence by the county line south to the head of Little .Juniata; thence down the same to the end of Tussey's mountain; thence along the top of the same easterly to the place of beginning. Description of Muncy Township. — Beginning on the west side of the West Branch of Susquehanna opposite the end of Muncy Hill; thence up the West Branch to oppo- site the mouth of Lycoming; thence crossing the Branch up Lycoming to the head thereof; thence by a southeast line to the Muncy Hill; thence along the top of the same to the West Branch, and crossing it to the beginning. Description of Wyoming Township. — Beginning at the heads of Lycoming; thence southeast to Muncy Hill; thence along the top of the same westerly to the old division line between Berks and Northampton;* thence southeast along the same line to the present county line; thence by the lines of the county to the bounds of the present purchase near Chenango; thence westerly by the bounds of the present pur- chase to the beginning at the heads of Lycoming aforesaid. The policy of the court in the formation of these subsidiary divisions was analagous to that of the legislature in the erection of the county. In both instances political autonomy was conferred upon territory vast in extent, comparatively unexplored or sparsely inhabited, and comprehended within vaguely defined boundaries. "Magnificent distances" were a characteristic of the various townships no less than of the county at large. Of the original townships east of the Susquehanna the smallest were Turbut and Muncy : Turbut included all of Northumberland and Montour counties north of the North Branch, with a portion of Columbia, while Muncy embraced that part of Lycoming between Lycoming creek and Muncy hills. Augusta, consisting of the present area of Northumberland and Montour south of the North Branch, with adjoining territory in Columbia and Schuylkill, ranked next in size. The most extensive was Wyoming, comprehending within its ample limits the whole of Luzerne, Lackawanna, Susquehanna, "Wyoming, and (probably) Sullivan counties, with portions of Bradford, Columbia, and Schuylkill. Of the three townships west of the Susquehanna, Penn's, embracing nearly the whole of Snyder county, with considerable adjacent territory, was the small- est; Buffalo included nearly the whole of "Union, with the contiguous por- *It Is problematical whether this line was ever regarded as the western boundary of Wyom- ing. When Mahoning was formed in 1775 Fishing creek was declared its eastern limit ; in 1785 Augusta is represented as extending "from the town of Sunbury till near the plains of "Wyoming-" and Fishing Creelc, formed in 1789 entirely from Wyoming, was bounded on the west by the stream of tliat name When Wyoming was restricted to that part of Its original territory north of the North Branch and east of Fishing creek can not be satisfactorily determined from existing county records ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 151 i tions of adjoining counties ; while Bald Eagle comprised the extensive region west of Buffalo and northwest of Penn's. The first change in the internal geography of the county was the forma- tion of Potter's township, May, 1774, from Penn's, BufEalo, and Bald Eagle. Sometimes it appears as "John Potter's township;" the name stiU retains political significance as applied to a township in Centre county. East of the Susquehanna the disintegration of the extensive townships originally formed began in 1775. In the territory south of the North Branch the new township of Mahanoy was formed at February sessions in that year from the southern part of Augusta, with Mahanoy mountain as the boundary line. A decade elapsed before Augusta was again curtailed; but when, at August sessions, 1785, Catawissa was erectbd, the parent township was reduced to a comparatively narrow area with Gravel run as its eastern limit. Three years later Ealpho was formed from Catawissa, receiving a year after- ward the name of Shamokin; but Catawissa was still thirty miles long and fifteen miles wide, and Miiflin was formed from the eastern part of its terri- tory before the close of the century. Sunbury borough was erected into a township in 1803, and Mahanoy was divided at August sessions, 1806. North of the North Branch the disintegrating process also began at Feb- ruary sessions, 1775, when Mahoning was erected from the southern part of Turbut, with ChiUisquaque creek and Fishing creek as its northern and eastern limits, respectively. At February sessions, 1786, Point was formed from the southwestern part of Mahoning, and has retained its original bound- aries substantially unimpaired longer than any other subdivision of the county. At May sessions following Turbut was further reduced by the erection of Derry and ChiUisquaque: the former was taken entirely from its territory, with "the road leading from Muncy Hill to Montgomery's mill" as the line of division; Mahoning contributed partly to the latter. The forma- tion of Luzerne county in 1786 divided the extensive township of Wyoming, and at August sessions, 1789, it was ordered that so much thereof as remained in Northumberland should receive the name of Pishing Creek. Green Brier Creek was formed from its southern part in 1797; in the following year a movement was made to divide Brier Creek, and Bloom was formed. At August sessions, 1799, Greenwood was erected from the northern part of Fishing Creek. In 1801 proceedings were instituted for the division of Mahoning, subsequently resulting in the formation of Hemlock. At April sessions, 1812, a third division of Fishing Creek was petitioned for; no decision was reached until January sessions, 1814, when Harrison was erected. This was the last case relating to the territory beyond the present limits of Northumberland county that was considered by her courts ; and it is worthy of mention that popular choice ultimately overruled the decision of the court in this instance, as the township in question, the most northerly in Columbia county, now bears the name of Sugar Loaf. 152 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. In the meantime important developments were in progress west of the Susquehanna in the extensive region within the jurisdiction of the county courts. White Deer township was erected at February sessions, 1776, com- prising that part of the former area of Buffalo north of Buffalo and Spruce creeks. It thus extended along the West Branch from the mouth of Buffalo creek to Bald Eagle township; and within the next decade the population had increased sufficiently to warrant the inhabitants north of White Deer mountain in asking separate municipal privileges, which were accordingly conferred, the new township receiving the name of Washington at August sessions, 1785. At this time Bald Eagle extended through Clinton and Cen- tre counties a distance of seventy miles, and was, with the exception of Wyoming, the largest subdivision of the county. Three townships were formed from its original territory at May sessions, 1786, imder the respective names of Nippenose, Bald Eagle, and Upper Bald Eagle. Penn's was con- siderably curtailed by the erection of Beaver Dam and Mahantango, the for- mer at February sessions, 1787, the latter at April sessions, 1795, but this was partly compensated at February sessions, 1789, by the annexation of that part of Buffalo within the forks of Penn's creek and the Susquehanna. At the last mentioned term of court that part of Potter's remaining in North- umberland county after the formation of Mifflin received the name of Haines. West Buffalo was erected at August sessions, 1792; Centre, (from Perm's,) at August sessions, 1804; and Hartley, (from West Buffalo,) at April ses- sions, 1811. North of the West Branch the purchase of 1784 and subsequent legis- lation extended the administration of the county courts over a vast territory. At August sessions, 1785, a petition was presented setting forth the absolute necessity that this territory should be organized " for the purposes of order and a civil state of society," and praying the court " to erect that part between Lycoming and Pine creeks, being near fifteen miles, into one town- ship; and from Pine creek upwards into another township;" which was accordingly done, the former receiving the name of Lycoming, and the latter that of Pine Creek. In this same region Loyalsock was formed at Feb- ruary sessions, 1786, from that part of Muncy above Loyalsock creek. In 1786, when the county extended from the Lehigh river on the east to the Allegheny on the west, with the line of New York as its northern bound- ary, there were twenty-one townships within its comprehensive limits, the names of which were as follows : Augusta, Buffalo, Bald Eagle, Catawissa, ChiUisquaque, Derry, Loyalsock, Lycoming, Mahanoy, Mahoning, Muncy, Nippenose, Penn's, Pine Creek, Point, Potter's, Turbut, Upper Bald Eagle, Washington, White Deer, and Wyoming. The county was deprived of nearly the whole of Wyoming township by the erection of Luzerne in 1786; the whole of Upper Bald Eagle and half of Potter's were embraced in Mif- flin at its organization in 1789; and after the formation of Lycoming and OBGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 153 Centre, in 1796 and 1800, respectively, Muncy, Loyalsock, Lycoming, Pine Creek, Nippenose, and Bald Eagle were also beyond its limits. The counties of Columbia and Union were organized in 1813: twelve townships — Bloom, Brier Creek, Catawissa, Chillisquaque, Derry, Fishing Creek, Greenwood, Hemlock, Mahoning, Mifflin, Sugar Loaf, and Turbut — were apportioned to Columbia; nine — Beaver, Buffalo, Centre, Hartley, Ma- hantango, Penn's, Washington, West Buffalo, and White Deer — to Union; leaving to the " Mother, of Coxinties " but six — Augusta, Lower Mahanoy, Point, Shamokin, Sunbury, and Upper Mahanoy. Turbut and Chillisquaque were reannexed to Northumberland in 1815, as previously stated in this chapter. In the political development of the county since the year 1813 that part of its territory south of the North Branch has been principally affected. Four large townships — Augusta, Shamokin, Upper and Lower Mahanoy — with the borough of Sunbury, comprised this territory at that date. Little Mahanoy was formed in August, 1813, from Augusta and Shamokin, extend- ing longitudinally across the county from near the Susquehanna to the Schuylkill line, with Upper and Lower Mahanoy on the south the entire dis- tance. In August, 1819, Eush was erected from the northern part of Sham- okin, receiving its name in compliment to Benjamin Rush, the distinguished physician, and Jacob Rush, first president judge in this county under the constitution of 1790. January 6, 1836, Jackson was formed from Upper and Lower Mahanoy, with Middle creek as part of its eastern limits. Its south- western boundary was identical with the present northeastern line of Lower Mahanoy. In November, 1837, Coal was formed from Shamokin and Little Ma- hanoy; the latter was thus restricted to its present area, while the new township became one of the most extensive in the county at that date. Cameron was formed from its territory in 1851; Zerbe, March 11, 1853, and Mt. Carmel, in 1855. Jordan was formed in August, 1852, from that part of Jackson and Upper Mahanoy south of Jacob's ridge; these two townships also con- tributed to the territory of Washington in 1856. After a long continued agitation, Augusta was divided in 1846; Limestone valley was transferred from the lower to the upper division, November 4, 1846, and Rockefeller was formed from the eastern part of Lower Augusta, May 7, 1880. Three years later (February 5, 1883), Shamokin was divided and Ralpho erected from that part of its former territory adjacent to Columbia county. Gearhart was erected from the northern part of Rush, September 10, 1890. Although reannexed to Northumberland county in 1815, the boundaries of Chillisquaque and Turbut were again disturbed in 1816 by the excision of a part of their area in favor of Columbia. This reduced Chillisquaque to its present limits ; and in 1843 Delaware and Lewis were formed from Turbut, thus bringing the northern part of the county to its present geographical status. The boroughs of the county have been incorporated in the following or- der: Sunbury, March 24, 1797; Milton, February 26, 1817; Northumber- land, January 16, 1828; McEwensville, November 7, 1857; Turbutville, 154 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. January 3, 1859; Mt. Carmel, November 3, 1862; Shamokin, November, 1864; Watsontown, November 4, 1867; Eiverside, May 4, 1871; Snydertown, May 26, 1871; East Sunbury, December 5, 1890. STATISTICS OF POPULATION. In 1800 the population of Northumberland county by townships and boroughs was as follows: — SUBDIVISIONS. Augusta Beaver Beaver Creek . , Bloom Catawisea Chillisquaque . , Derry East BiiSalo . . , Fishing Creek., Greenwood . . . , Haines Mahanoy Kree Persons. 1,037 1,257 548 806 1,315 1,098 1,570 1,982 419 668 1,887 1,810 Slaves. SUBDIVISIONS. Mahantango . Mahoning ... Mifflin Miles Penn's Point Shamolfin . . . . Sunburj' Turbut Wasliington. . . West BufEalo. Wliite Deer . . Free Persons. 1,070 1,102 450 588 2,309 874 1,466 611 2,364 380 1,691 977 Slaves. The census of 1820 was the first after the county was reduced to its pres- ent limits. The following table exhibits the population by townships and boroughs at each decennial census since that date : — SUBDIVISIONS. 1820. 1830. 1840. I860. I860. 1870. 1S80. 1890. Augusta 2,075 2,131 3,409 Cameron 402 1,341 1,769 1,903 T17 960 919 323 2,095 1,664 391 1,702 603 1,597 2,920 1,879 886 924 1,238 269 1,802 1,790 342 1,909 1,389 3,451 1,788 938 976 1,737 4,320 3,037 959 978 1,173 326 1,194 1,866 383 3,102 2,378 3,126 2,293 926 1 034 Chillisquaque 1,035 1,199 1,399 918 1,344 1,461 1,908 1,935 1,607 8 616 Coal Delaware 1,864 1 046 Jackson 1,584 Jordan '914 Lewis 1,475 326 2,019 1,474 1,151 307 Little Mahanoy 447 563 313 Lower Augusta 839 Lower Mahanoy 1,214 1,738 1,199 1 750 McEwensville .... 262 Milton 1,016 1,281 1,508 1,649 5,317 8 254 Mt. Carmel* Mt. Carmel 1,088 1,108 1,015 3,193 1^^^ Northumberland 1,095 987 928 746 1,041 876 Point 1,378 778 1,001 394 Ealpho Riverside 336 836 1,263 8,184 2,218 209 4,077 2,821 414 1,735 932 811 1,481 1,147 Eockefeller 1 071 Hush 1,192 1,078 1,028 1,178 1,219 1,324 4,320 2,282 1,346 14,403 1,443 343 5,930 793 441 2,749 891 788 2,157 1,355 Shamokin* Shamokin 1,820 1,909 1,983 2,191 2,159 Snydertown Sunbury 861 2,752 1,057 3,388 1,108 3,872 1,218 1,047 1,803 1,760 380 912 990 870 3,131 1,803 417 1,246 878 801 ' 1,181 1,446 Turbut Turbutville .... Upper Augusta 862 1,268 Upper Mahanoy 1,639 1,742 1,131 Washington Watsontown Zerbe 1,432 *Boi'oiigh. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 155 The aggregate population of the county at each decennial census has been as follows: — 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. White 16,963 109 89 27,633 135 29 36,130 194 3 36,327 15,310 113 1 18,033 100 19,922 105 23,180 92 28,807 115 41,311 133 Free Colored Slaves Total 17,161 27,797 15,424 18,133 20,027 23,272 28,922 41,444 53,123 74,698 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Section Vlth of the act erecting Northumberland county appointed Will- iam Maclay, Samuel Hunter, John Lowdon, Joseph Wallis, and Robert Moodie, or any three of them — To purchase and take assurance to them and their heirs of a piece of land, situate in some convenient place in the said county, to be approved hy the Governor, in trust, and for the use of the inhabitants of the said county, and thereupon to erect and build a court house and prison sufficient to accommodate the public service of the said county, and for the ease and convenience of the inhabitants. It is to be observed that the selection of the site was left almost entirely to the discretion of the commissioners; nor had the location of the county seat been definitely determined at the date of the act above quoted. While the interest of the Proprietaries, governed by the location of the manor of Pomfret, favored the selection of the site of Sunbury, there were other cir- cumstances that also claimed consideration and affected in a measure the ultimate result. The larger part of the area of the county was west of the Susquehanna and north of the North Branch. In the latter direction, par- ticularly, there was an aggressive and increasing population. That the site of Northumberland was seriously considered with reference to the location of the county town is evident from the following instructions of James Tilgh- man to William Maclay: — You are to treat with Mr. Lowdon, and if his title be good, and he will take a sum named in the instructions (two hundred pounds), the town is to be laid out in the forks; otherwise on the fort side. Wallis and Haines have said they had a right, and they must relinquish it. As Lowdon's application was in his wife's name, she must convey. As putting the town in the Forks is a concession against the interest of the Proprieta- ries to accommodate the people, if the place can not be clear of claims, the town must be on the other side. Subsequent developments can not be satisfactorily traced; but at a meet- ing of the Executive Council on the 16th of June, 1772, the surveyor general was directed to "lay out a town for the county of Northumberland, to be called by the name of Stinbury, at the most commodious place between the fort [Augusta] and the mouth of Shamokin creek," with a "commodious square in the most convenient place for public buildings." It is unneces- sary to add that the proceedings under this order disposed of the question at 156 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. issue most effectually, and permanently fixed the seat of justice for the county at its present location. The act erecting the county directed that until a court house should be built the courts should be held at Fort Augusta; and there the first county court, a private sessions of the peace, was held on the 9th of April, 1772. How long the courts were held at the fort can not be definitely ascertained; it is evident from the minutes that the sessions were uniformly held there more than a year, and after that at occasional intervals. It is probable the residence of William Maclay did temporary duty as a court house, but this is largely matter of conjecture. It is entered of record at August sessions, 1775, that "the common pleas adjourned to Tuesday, the 26th day of Sep- tember, to the house of Samuel Harris in Sunbury." After the jail was completed it became also the place of holding the courts, but this arrange- ment does not appear to have given entire satisfaction, and the public house of Christian Gettig was secured for this purpose. The ofiices of the recorder and prothonotary were kept at various places. Among the expendi- tures of the commissioners in providing facilities for the transaction of public business at this period were the following : — 1793, January 28.— To Christian Gettig, for the use of his house for the £ s. d. January court, and for the room for the commissioners three weeks. .600 1793, Fehruary 1.— To Christian Gettig, for the use of his house for No- vember and January courts last, and the room for the commissioners 6 1794, March 14.— To Christian Gettig, for the last year's use of his house, fire and candles for the court, and for the room for the commis- sioners 7 10 1795, May 1.— To Christian Gettig, for one year's use for his house, fire- wood and candles for the court and commissioners, ending the 14th day of March last 7 10 1795, September 3.— To John Simpson, for rent for his office to this date i° full 30 1796, January 8.— To John Simpson, for one year's rent for the recording office, commencing the 1st of January, 1795, and ending the 1st of January, 1796 7 10 o 1796, February 27.— To Jacob Prisinger, for rent for the office of the prothonotary in full to the 15th day of May, 1795 $20 00 A considerable period thus elapsed before the "commodious square" in the town of Sunbury appropriated for the public buildings of the county was improved in the manner designed. For this two principal reasons may be assigned: first, the Eevolutionary war had left the people in an impoverished condition, and precedence was naturally given to personal rather than pub- lic necessity; second, the county embraced a wide extent of territoiy, from which the formation of new counties was only a question of time, and in anticipation of this the inhabitants of the more remote districts were reluct- ant to contribute toward improvements in which they could not expect to have a permanent interest. But the necessity of providing better facilities ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 157 for the courts and greater security for the public records at length became imperative, as evidenced by the following proclamation from the county treasurer which appeared in the Sunbury and Northumberland Gazette of January 1, 1794: — AVherbas, The county may shortly expect to be called upon to refund to the State the principal and interest of the eight hundred pounds borrowed from the State before the Revolution for the purpose of building a court house in Sunbury; and whereas the president and associate judges of this county have called upon the commissioners and threatened them with immediate prosecution in case they do not next summer proceed to build a new court house, gaol, and an oflSce to keep the county records in, as the gaol and court house is now become ruinous : I therefore call upon all delin- quent collectors in this county to come in and settle oft their respective duplicates. December 18, 1793. Fbbdbkick Antes. "Whether the county commissioners evinced a disposition to disregard the m.andate of the judges is not known, but legislative authority was next invoked, and by an act approved on the 18th of April, 1794, they were directed to levy a tax not exceeding five thousand three hundred thirty-three dollars, thirty -three cents, for the erection of a court house. For the expend- iture of this fund and the general supervision of the work of construction the act appointed three trustees, viz. : John Weitzel, Alexander Hunter, and William Gray, all of whom resided at Sunbury and were doubtless selected because of the local interest they would naturally feel in having the work done in the best manner possible. From " a list of vouchers of the trustees for building the court house in Sunbury," now in the possession of Captain John Buyers, of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, it is ascertained that the lime was furnished by Joseph Mc- Cleery, Isaac Stewart, Christian Miller, and William P. Brady; hewed stone, by Jacob Snyder; stone, by Robert Walker and Zachariah Robins; bricks, by John Lyon and John Young; scantling, by Hezekiah Boone, Jacob Gear- hart, Jacob Snyder, Robert Gray, William Dewart, and John Haas; shingles, by Henry Antes, Seth Stone, and W. Spring; boards, by Christian Ertle, Robert Gray, and Hughes & Higgins; nails, by Andrew Grove and Will- iam Wilson; glass, locks, etc., by Joseph Sinton, and flaxseed oil, by David Smith. The foundation was dug by Robert Walker; the mason work was done by George Seitz, the carpenter work by Conrad Beck, the plastering by George Seitz and Jacob Waters, and the hauling by Leonard Epley, Val- entine Bilhnan, William Gray, Frederick Myers, James Smith, Elijah Bar- rett, Henry Bucher, Allen & Cox, Thomas Giberson, Paul Weitzel, and Alex- ander Hunter. The well was dug by Zachariah Robins, and W. Hoffman furnished the pump. The vouchers aggregate seventeen hundred sixty-one pounds, two shillings, seven pence; the orders of the trustees, drawn upon Frederick Antes, county treasurer, amount to eighteen hundred three pounds, fifteen shillings, three pence half penny, beginning with October 1, 1795, and ending, November 28, 1798. It may fairly be presumed that the interval 158 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTS. between these dates was the entire period of construction; there is also evi- dence that the internal arrangements of the building were completed in 1797. This building, the first erected in Northumberland county for the special purposes, of a court house, was situated at the western end of the public square in the bprough of Sunbury. It was a square brick structure, two stories high, with gables on the east and west. The entire lower floor was used as a court room; it was entered from the east, west, and south, the judges' bench being at the end opposite the southern entrance. In the southeast corner a stairway ascended to the second story, where there was a large jury room, while a smaller apartment in the northeast comer was occu- pied by the Masonic fraternity. At the center of the building a belfry surmounted the roof; on top of the belfry as originally built were a plow and cornstalk, probably emblematic of the agricultural character of the com- munity. On the 14:th of July, 1838, James Dieifenbacher was awarded the contract for the erection of a steeple, (so called in the commissioners' minutes ; perhaps better described as a belfry) ; on this the rustic ornaments of its pre- decessor were replaced by a conventional weather-vane. The court house bell is now the property of the Presbyterian church of Sunbury; it bears the legend, "George Hedderley, Philadelphia, 1794." An important accessory to the building was the public well, in front of the east entrance; of the im- provements once situated on the park this alone remains. The court room appears to have been practically unfurnished for a num- ber of years. At November sessions, 1820, the grand jury presented the necessity of procuring seats, urging that they knew "no good reason why suitors, witnesses, spectators, and jurymen should be treated as rabble," and stating that "persons compelled to attend the trial of a cause are now obliged to stand the whole day, or sit amidst the dirt of the steps in the back of the court house;" whereupon the court directed the commissioners to appropriate a sum not exceeding a hundred dollars to provide suitable accommodations. In 1845 the bar inclosure, formerly semi-circular, was made rectangular; benches were placed on either side for jurymen and various conveniences were provided for the lawyers, including tables, chairs, etc. Two wooden pillars, situated just within the railing of the bar inclosure, supported the floor above. The first stoves were placed in the court room in the winter of 1801-02. There were two of them; they were brought from Beading by Matthias Persing and John Snyder, respectively, and placed in position by William Myers. They were purchased from Matthias Bobb, the considera- tion being one hundred three dollars, thirty-three cents. As early as 1815 the use of "stone coal" was recommended by the grand jury, but it does not appear that this fuel was introduced until 1837, when the expenses of Fred- erick Lazarus in making a journey to Centre and Lewistown furnaces to pro- cure three coal stoves were paid by the board of commissioners, of which he was a member. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 159 Up to this time there was no regularly established place for the transac- tion of business though the offices of the prothonotary, register and recorder, and commissioners, and provision for the requirements of public convenience in this respect next received consideration. The first formal action of the com- missioners regarding this matter is the following resolution, which occurs in the minutes under date of February 14, 1798: — Resolved, That John Lyon forthwith erect and complete the public offices, as stipu- lated in the condition of his obligation of this day's date and filed in this office. The work of construction had already begun, however, as evidenced by an order for three hundred dollars in favor of Mr. Lyon for fifty thousand bricks, issued by the commissioners, January 3, 1798. The brickyard was situated at the southeast corner of Walnut and Awl streets, upon a lot of ground recently sold by Dr. E. H. Awl to the Philadelphia and Beading Railroad Company. No great degree of energy characterized the building trades at that period, and it was not until the autumn of the year 1800 that the " public offices " were completed. The following minute occurs in the records of the board under date of October 28, 1800: — The board proceeded to the settlement of John Lyon's account respecting the county offices on the report of William Montgomery, Samuel Maclay, Simon Snyder, and Samuel Dale, and finally settled the same, which amounts to £1915 15s. 6d. Mr. Lyon received a final payment of one hundred ninety-four dollars, fifty-two cents, November 12, 1800. His contract probably included only the main parts of the building; the shelves in the prothonotary' s office were constructed by Theodoras Kiehl, and those in the recorder's office by Abra- ham Kiehl; the smith work was done by John Hill; and John Alter furnished certain "necessary appurtenances" not enumerated in his account. This building was popularly known as the " state house," but the origin of the name or the period when it first acquired general currency can not be satisfactorily determined. It was a two-story brick structure, aligned with Market and Second streets, with its greatest length (sixty feet) from east to west. About two thirds the distance from the west end a hall extended through the building from north to south, opening upon Market street and into the yard at its opposite extremity. From this hall the stairway ascended to the second story on the west side. There were three rooms on the second floor — a large jury room and two smaller apartments. The build- ing was divided on the first story into three sections and the hall by heavy brick walls extending from the front on Market street to the rear or south wall; and each section was divided into a room, and a fire proof vault for the preservation of records and papers. The waUs of the vault were of brick, with the fioors and the ceilings brick arches; the doors of the vaults were made of heavy wrought iron, and there was a window to each, with an inside iron shutter. The office of the prothonotary had the same relative position as in the present court house, occupying the eastern end of the building; IgO HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTT. those of the recorder and commissioners were west of the hall, the former communicating with it, the latter entered only from the street. In the year 1819 the words " Prothonotary's Office," " Eegister's and Eeoorder's Office," and " Commissioners' Office " were printed in large black letters over their respective doors. In the yard at the rear was a frame building in which the apparatus of the Washington and Good Will fire engine companies was kept. The gradual development of the county and the large increase in popu- lation and wealth incident to the discovery of its mineral resources aug- mented the volume of legal business to a corresponding degree, and the time at length arrived when the buildings erected at the close of the last century were found to be utterly inadequate. At January sessions, 1860, the grand jury recommended the sale of the "state house" and the application of the pro- ceeds to repairs for the court house. This could have proven but a tem- porary solution of the difficulty, however. The first measures officially suggested for the erection of a new court house emanated from the grand jury at January sessions, 1864, when the citizens of Sunbury were recom- mended to contribute five thousand dollars and the limit of the total amount to be expended was placed at forty-five thousand dollars. This action re- ceived the indorsement of the grand inquest at the following term of court; the borough council of Sunbury assumed the amount mentioned, and the preliminaries having been thus arranged, the board of commissioners, on the 30th of November, 1864, unanimously resolved to take imm.ediate meas- ures for carrying into execution the recommendation of the grand jury. To this end arrangements were made to visit the court houses recently erected in adjoining counties, in order that plans and specifications might be pre- pared before the close of the year. TDhis was accomplished, the court house of Lycoming county being taken as the model. On the 5th of Jan- uary, 1865, proposals ranging from ninety-seven to one hundred five thou- sand dollars were received, and the contract was awarded D. S. Risel at the amount first named. On the 21st of March apartments in the residence of Mrs. Donnel were rented for one year for the offices of the prothonotary and register and recorder, and Greorge Hill's office for the county commis- sioners. On the 24th of the same month the old court house was sold to Lodge No. 22, F. & A. M., for the sum of eight hundred dollars. The work of construction began in the early spring, and was pushed with energy. Within a year the new building was ready for occupancy; and on the 27th of March, 1866, the commissioners, prothonotary, treasurer, and register and recorder took possession of their respective offices. The aggregate cost con- siderably exceeded one hundred thousand dollars. The present court house of the county is a brick building with an ex- treme length of one hundred twenty-two feet eleven inches, and an extreme width of sixty-six feet two inches. At the northwest corner a tower ascends to the height of one hundred twenty -five feet ; it contains a clock with four dials. OEGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 161 and a bell bearing the inscription: "Presented by the Hon. Simon Cameron to the citizens of Sunbury, Pa., June, 1866." The projecting corners of the building give to its exterior a symmetrical appearance. The main entrance is from Market street, from which a corridor extends the entire length of the first floor, communicating with the offices of the register and recorder, commissioners, and sheriff on the west, and those of the prothonotary and treasurer and the arbitration room on the east. A transverse hall crosses the center of the building. Two stairways in front and one on the east side in the rear ascend to the second floor. This is mainly occupied by the court room, a well furnished apartment of ample dimensions and good acoustics. Above the seat of justice is the figure of an eagle in bronze, and a portrait of Alexander Jordan, the first judge elected in Northumberland county. A large apartment in the rear of the court room and in the southwest corner of the second floor is devoted to the purposes of a law library; argument courts are usually held here in the interim between the regular terms. The corresponding space on the southeast is occupied by a jury room. Above the law library on the third floor is the grand jury room; there is also a jury room on this floor, and a waiting room for witnesses. The stairways in the front of the building are continued to the third landing, from which the ascent is made to the clock room. As a whole the court house is well adapted to its purposes, and will doubtless be sufficient for the requirements of the coimty for some years to come.* County Prisons. — The jail is the inevitable accessory of the court in the administration of justice, and the enforcement of law in a community com- posed largely of a class who had sought to escape the restraints of civilized society by retiring to the frontier early demanded a place of confinement for offenders against " the peace and dignity " of the State. It was a duty enjoined upon the trustees of the county to take measures for the erection of a prison, but a divergence of views seems to have prevented concert of action in this matter. The extent to which this was the case is shown by the fol- lowing extract from a letter of William Maclay, addressed to James Tilgh- man and dated April 2, 1773 : — I inclose you a letter from three of the trustees for 'the public buildings of this county respecting some measures which we have lately fallen on to rescue us from the scandal of living entirely without any place of confinement or punishment for villains. Captain Hunter has address enough to render abortive every attempt that was made *The location of the present court house was decicled upon by the commissioners, December 20, 1864, when " the ' state house ' lot and lot No. 8, known as the Snyder lot " were selected. The former, No. 5, had been reserved for the Proprietaries; it was conveyed by John Penn, Jr., and JolmPenn, Sr., through Anthony Butler, their attorney, to Daniel Levy by deed of July 18, 1794; consideration, forty- flve pounds, with a quit rent of one pepper corn on the 1st of March, annually, if demanded, forever.— Eecorded in Deed Book K, p . 243. The conveyance from Daniel Levy to the commissioners was executed, April 5, 1798; consideration, tour hundred dollars. The commissioners to wliom the deed was made were Nathan Stockman, Charles Irwin, and John Lyon.— Eecorded in Deed Book K, p. 244. Lot No. 8 was conveyed to Northumberland county by John A. Snyder and wife, December 20, 1865; consideration, seven thousand dollars. Eecorded in Deed Book XX, p. 137. 162 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND CODNTY. last summer for keeping a regular jail, even after I had been at considerable expense in fitting up this magazine, under which there is a small but complete dungeon. I am sorry to inform you that he has given our present measures the most obstinate resist- ance in his power, and impeded us with every embarrassment in the compass of his invention. We know nothing of the footing on which Captain Hunter has possession of these buildings, and only beg that the county may be accommodated with this old maga- zine, with the addition proposed to be made to it, and with the house in which I now live, to hold our courts in. I have repaired the house in which I now live, but expect to have an house ready to remove to in Sunbury before our November court. As the present repairs are done entirely by subscription, you will readily guess that Captain Hunter is not among the number of subscribers. As there are many pieces of old iron, etc., which formerly belonged to the fort, not of any use at present, the trustees pro- pose using any of them which can be converted to any advantage for grates, etc. for our temporary gaol, unless they receive contrary directions from Philadelphia.* James Tilghman was then secretary of the land office and a member of the Executive Council. As there is no record of the request of the trustees having been denied, it is presumed that the magazine, with the " small but complete dungeon " under it, were accordingly fitted up, thus removing from the newly formed county the "scandal" of being "without any place of confinement or punishment for villains." Of this first public prison in Northumberland county only the dungeon remains. The magazine, with whatever additions the trustees may have made to it, has entirely disap- peared. By whom and in what amounts the funds requisite for this object were contributed can not now be ascertained. In 1791 John Lowdon was paid the sum of six pounds by the commissioners "in full for money advanced by him for enlarging the jail, etc., in Fort Augusta in the year 1773," from which it would seem probable that this was a loan rather than a subscription. The second county prison was built by Kobert McBride, presumably upon lot No. 41 or No. 42, on the north side of Market street above Fourth; on a map of the town plot showing the original lot owners it is stated that these lots were returned under date of September 7 and 13, respectively, 1774, so that it is not probable the jail thereon, if built there, was erected prior to that year. All that is definitely known concerning this jail is con- tained in the following document, the original of which is still preserved in the county archives: — To the Worshipful the Justices of Northumberland County in Court of Quarter Sessions met for said County at Sunbury on Tuesday, November 28, 1175,— The petition of Robert McBride, of Sunbury aforesaid, humbly sheweth: That your petitioner, in compliance with the desire of some of the magistrates of said county, erected a house which he appropriated to a prison for the use of the county, which house was to have been finished in such a manner as to serve for a temporary gaol;^ that your petitioner has been active in the discharge of the duty of a gaoler; notwithstanding, several have made their escape from said prison, owing to the insuf- ficiency of the prison house. Your petitioner, being young in the office of gaoler, 'Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. IV. pp. 462-463. ^V- T-yF.GKerrwjniri OBGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 165 prays if lie is longer continued therein your Worships will occasion the house to be strengthened, the fees for debtors and criminals to be adjusted, and also the allowance to be made for the sustenance of poor debtors and criminals, their fuel, etc. And your petitioner will, etc. Robert McBkidb. Indorsed: November sessions, 1775. Petition of Robert McBride respecting the gaol he built.^ Robert McBride's petition. To be read. This petition referred to. the commissioners. — Per ctinam. By the act providing for the organization of the county its cojnmission- ers were authorized to levy a tax not exceeding one thousand pounds, for the- erection of public buildings; but the resources of the county were found utterly inadequate to meet the demands such an expenditure would have entailed, and in 1774 the Assembly generously re- enforced local exertions, with an appropriation of eight hundred pounds. This imparted immediate vitality to the enterprise; harmony was restored among the trustees, who imited in selecting lot No. 13, at the comer of Market street and Center ' alley, and transmitted to the Council the result of their deliberations. The approval of the Proprietary was expressed in the following letter: — Philadelphia, September 6, 1774. Gentlemen: I do hereby approve of the lot No. 13 which you have fixed upon for the purpose of building a public gaol in the town of Sunbury. I am, gentlemen. Your very humble servant, John Penn. To Samuel Hunter, Bohert Moodie, William Maclay, Esquires, three of the trustees for erecting the public buildings in the county of Northumberland* Building operations were not, however, immediately begun, and at Novem- ber sessions of the following year (1775) the grand jury reported " having care- fully examined the gaol," and presented the same "as unfit to detain pris- oners in its present state." This evidently refers to the magazine and the dungeon beneath it. This presentment probably spurred the trustees to renewed activity, and 1776 is generally assigned as the year in which the jail was completed. Hunter, Maclay, and Moodie seem to have been charged with the responsibility of the undertaking, as is clearly shown by their orders, upon the treasurer in payment for work done and materials furnished. From these orders it has been ascertained that the stone was quarried by James Chisnall; the iron was furnished by John Harris, Sr., of Harris's Ferry, the * This important document appears to have been misplaced, and the title of the commissioners to the property received but little attention until its sale became probable. On the 20th of May, 1799, before Thomas McKean, chief justice of the State, John Simpson stated under oath that he was famil- iar with the chirography of John Penn, and verily believed the name attached to the letter given above to be his signature; it was thereupon recorded in Deed Book K, p. 402. February 14, 1803, John Penn and Eichard Penn, through John E. Coates, their attorney, executed a conveyance for the lot in question to Flavel Eoan, David Taggart, and Solomon Markley, county commissioners, for the nominal consideration of one dollar.— Eecorded in Deed Book M, p. 263. By act of April 1, 1803, the commissioners were authorized to sell this lot; it was exposed at public sale at the court house in Sunbury on the 9th of March, isor, and purchased by Thomas Eobins, to whom a deed was executed by Henry Vanderslice, Flavel Boan, and James Longhead, April 22, 1813, the consideration being eight himdred dollars.— Eecorded in Deed Book S., p. 128. Thus the lot passed out of possession of the county, and from that date it has experienced a number of changes in ownership. 10 166 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. lime, by John Lee, the hinges, rivets, etc., by Frederick Weyman; John Buyers and John Maclay were employed as carpenters, William Atkinson as blacksmith, Henry Crawford and Eobert Lenet as masons, and Joseph Mc- Carrell, Zachariah Robins, and Conrad Platner, to haul the various materials, etc. This building stands at the corner of Market street and Center alley, and is one of the historic landmarks of the Susquehanna valley. The wall aligned with the street is built of brick; that adjoining the alley, of stone. From the immense thickness of the walls throughout it is evident that the projectors endeavored to make their work substantial and enduring. That they succeeded is amply attested by the present condition of the structure. For a time the jail thus erected was sufficient for all reasonable require- ments, and was probably creditable to the county at that period. But with increasing population at the close of the Revolution better facilities were demanded; and at May sessions, 1783, the following report was made by the grand jury: — We, tlie grand inquest for the body of the county of Northumberland, having duly examined the jail of the said county in the town of Sunbury at May term, 1783, are unanimously of opinion that the said jail ought to be condemned as not being suf- ficient for the purposes it was built for, and do agree that our foreman shall sign the same. May 29, 1783. James Crawford, Foreman. In November, 1788, the jail and jail yard were presented by the grand jury as "insufficient to detain prisoners confined therein." It is probable that additional security was provided in compliance with these presentments; at all events, there is no record of any movement for the erection of a new prison until some years later. Various improvements were made in the intervening period, however, among the most important of which was the construction of a palisade around the yard in 1788. It is probable the largest number of persons ever incarcerated here at one time was thirty- six; an account for that number of prisoners from Wyoming was rendered to the commissioners imder date of August 30, 1784. Two prisoners — Edward Jones and William Armstrong — were taken from this jail to expiate the crime of murder; the former was hung by Martin With ington, the latter by Flavel Roan. In the case of Jones the expense was five pounds, fifteen shillings, six pence; in that of Armstrong, twenty-four dollars, eighty cents. Withington received payment, January 6, 1796, and Roan, January 27, 1797. These were the only judicial executions in the early history of the county. The agitation for the building of a court house naturally extended to the erection of a new jail; and as soon as the county offices were well advanced to completion, the jail received the attention of the authorities. On the 10th of March, 1801, the commissioners — John Metzgar, John Frick, and Abraham McKinney — met with John Weitzel, William Gray, and Alexander Hunter, OKGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 167 trustees for the building of the court house, and definitely determined upon the erection of a new jail. An agreement was entered into with Frederick and Matthias Hawger to furnish two thousand bushels of lime; with Zacha- riah Robins, for five hundred perches of stone; with George Seitz, to exe- cute the mason work; with Andrew Grove and Jacob Durst, for all the smith work, large and small, at ten cents per pound; and with John Frick, to superintend the work and exercise an oversight over the materials, etc., at a reasonable percentage. Subsequently James and Michael Collins were em- ployed as plasterers, and Jacob Prisinger as carpenter; John Young fur- nished bricks, and Henry Bardshare lumber; the well was dug by John Epley, and WiUiam Hoffman constructed a pump for it; Henry Zimmerman built the stable. April 27, 1801, Evan E. Evans executed a conveyance for lots No. 149 and 150 on the plan of Sunbury, upon which the jail was then being built, the consideration being four hundred fifty dollars.* The grounds thus secured extend from Arch street to Center alley, fronting on Second street. Regarding the completion of the structure the following minute appears in the records of the court of quarter sessions under date of August, 1802 : — Information being made to the court that the new gaol is finished and in such a condition that the prisoners confined in the old gaol may be removed thereto with safety; whereupon the court order and direct the sherifl of Northumberland county to remove the prisoners aforesaid out of the old gaol into the new gaol. The settlement of the accounts of John Frick was effected through the intervention of arbitrators; their report was as follows: — We, the subscribers, by mutual consent chosen by the commissioners of the county of Northumberland for the time being of the one part, and John Frick of the other part, (who was superintendent for building the new gaol in the borough of Sunbury,) lor the purpose of adjusting the accounts of the said .John Frick with the county of Northumberland aforesaid with respect to the superintendence aforesaid, do report : that we have examined the accounts of the said John Frick and do find them regular and just in our opinion, and do hereby conceive that the said John Frick should have for his services aforesaid at the rate of six per cent, on the moneys by him paid over to the different workmen engaged at the building of the said gaol. Given under our hands this 4th day of November, 1802. Thomas Geant, SiMOK Snydbb, Jr., JoHK Hays. This jail was a stone structure, fronting on Second street and situated somewhat nearer Mulberry alley than Arch street. Attached on the north side and communicating with it was the sheriff's residence, a brick building two stories in height with frame addition. The jail was also two stories high. •It was entered from Second street by a narrow vestibule, on the south, side of which was the sheriff's office. The vestibule terminated at a wrought iron *Lot No. 149 was originally patented to Philip Bobbenmeyer, June 13, 1774; lot No. 150, to John lukens, October 26, 1776. Both subsequently came into possession ot Joseph Jacob Wallis ; by par- tition of his estate they were apportioned to Evan E. Evans and Grace his wife (nee Wallis), by whom they were transferred to John Metzgar, John Frick, and Abraham McKinney, April 27, 1801. 168 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. door, popularly known as the " Ten of Diamonds," which was fastened on the outside by a chain and hook and also by a lock and key. This was the entrance to the prison proper. On the interior a passage led to the rear of the building, where a door opened to the yard. On either side of this pass- age was a room, and a stairway led to the upper story; there there were four rooms, occupying the entire floor, and making six apartments altogether. There was also a dungeon under the northwest comer. Throughout the building were rings in the floors at various places, and to these refractory criminals were frequently chained. Prisoners committed for minor offenses were given the liberty of the yard, which was also occasionally used as a ball ground by the denizens of the borough. This inclosure was entered from Second street by a gate large enough to admit a horse and wagon. It was partly bounded on the north and east by the jail, and elsewhere by a stone wall, upon which a brick addition was built after several informal jail deliv- eries had demonstrated that its original height was insufficient. The stable, a frame structure, stood at the comer of Second and Arch streets. There is reason to think that the jail, like the court house, was practically unfurnished for some years. This is evident from the following presentment of the grand jury at August sessions, 1813 : — The grand inquest of the county aforesaid present to the court that in compliance with the request of the court they have viewed the jail and the state of the prisoners, and find the rooms in the most cleanly state, but that there are no beds, bedsteads, or blankets for the use of the prisoners; that a grand inquest for August sessions, 1811, and another for January sessions, 1812, had directed to the attention of the court the necessity of providing, for the comfort of the unfortunate people within the prison walls, two stoves and six blankets. It appears that these salutary recommendations have been acted upon in no other manner than to be entered on the records, where they stand as memorials of the attention of the grand jury to the necessities of the unfortu- nate, and of the neglect of those whose duty it was to carry them into effect. The present grand jury therefore recommend that the court will be pleased to direct the present commissioners to provide immediately for the use of the prison two stoves, six bed- steads, suitable canvas to hold chaS for beds, twelve blankets, and six rugs. The grand jury further take the liberty to recommend that the court will be pleased to direct an inventory of the said articles to be kept in the jail, so that on the re-visitation of every succeeding grand jury they may see that the articles are kept in good order and remain in their proper places for the use of the prison. Leonard Rxipekt, Foreman. This plain and unequivocal arraignment of the commissioners had the de- sired result, as shown by the reports of succeeding grand juries. That the ordinary comforts of life should have been withheld from the inmates of the prison to the extent stated in the foregoing presentment seems almost incredi- ble, but the era of prison reform had not yet begun and it is not probable any considerable number of persons were ever confined in the county jail at that date. It has been stated that the grounds occupied by the jail property were OBGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 169 purchased from Evan R. Evans in 1801. It appears, however, that there was some defect in the title, and in August, 1819, in an action brought by Joseph Wallis for the use of George Grant, acting executor of Thomas Grant, deceased, against Samuel Hunter Scott, administrator of the estate of Grace Evans, late Grace Wallis, deceased, for the recovery of a debt of six hundred fifteen dollars, forty-six cents, the jail was levied upon by the sheriff. The commissioners consulted Charles Hall, their attorney, who gave as his opinion " that in a court of equity the commissioners might hold out against the claim; but in a jury trial the jury might be imposed upon, and we would lose it and pay the costs." This undecided expression from Mr. Hall divided the opinions of the board. John G. Youngman was willing the jail should be sold by the sheriff and bought for the proper use of the county, but Daniel R. Bright and John MiUer, his colleagues, were in favor of resisting the levy. When the jail was exposed at public sale by the sheriff, however, they had become less inclined to risk the uncertain issue of protracted litigation, and Mr. Youngman became the purchaser at his bid of seven hundred one dollars, fifty cents, January 19, 1820.* The extraordinary nature of this proceed- ing — the exposure of a county jail at sheriff's sale — excited much interest at the time. It is doubtful whether the history of the State furnishes a pre- cedent or a parallel. Although usually occupied, for there has never been a period in the his- tory of the county when the agencies that produce crime were not more or less active, the jail was occasionally empty so far as prisoners were concerned. An instance of this nature occurred in 1846, as shown from the following action of the grand jury at August sessions in that year: — Resolmd, That the grand inquest of this county are well pleased to find that under the influence of the present tarifl of '42 we have found the jail entirely empty. S. John, Foreman. At August sessions, 1848, the grand jury reported the jail "without any inmates in the shape of prisoners except two bears in the back yard, which they recommend to be moved at the expiration of the present sheriff, or *The following abstract of these proceedings occurs in SlierifE's Deed Book A, p. 307 ; Be it remembered that on the 28th day of January, A. D. 1820, William Shannon, Esquire, high sheriff of Northumberland county, came into court and produced to the court a deed poll from him to John Miller, John G. Youngman, and Daniel E. Bright, commissioners of the county aforesaid, dated the 27th day of January, A. D. 1820, for the jail of the county of Northumberland and the lot upon which the same is erected, seized and taken in execution as the property of Grace Evans, late Grace Wallis, deceased, by virtue of a certain writ of fic^ facias issued out of the court of common pleas of the county of Northumberland, tested at Sunbury the 28th day of August, A. D. 1819, at the suit of Joseph Wallis for the use of George Grant, and by virtue of a certain other writ of venditioni exponas Issued of the same court bearing date at Simbury the 27th day of November, A. D. 1819 ; exposed the prem- ises aforesaid to sale on the I7th day of January, 1820, and sold the same by adjournment on Wednes- day, the 19th day of January, In the year last aforesaid, to John Miller, John G. Youngman, and Dan- iel E. Bright, commissioners of Northumberland county aforesaid, to the only proper use and behoof of the aforesaid commissioners and their successors in offlce of the county aforesaid, for such public purposes and uses as tliey or their successors shall think fit, for the sum of seven hundred one dollars and fifty cents. 170 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. chained." It would be interesting to know what relation the tarifip legisla- tion of the period sustained to this state of affairs. The project for the erection of the present jail first assumed definite pro- portions in the presentment of the grand juxj at November sessions, 1875, from which the following with reference to the old prison is an extract: — It was a creditable structure to our grandfathers, who in their poverty built it, but its usefulness has ceased, and it should give place to another. We deem it unsuitable in arrangement, insufficient in capacity, and unfit in other respects for the proper restraint and treatment of prisoners We believe that the prisoners who are not confirmed and hardened criminals should be treated with a view to their reformation and reclamation to the path of virtue, and that they ought not to be thrown into com- panionship with abandoned criminals. We therefore recommend the erection of a new jail, suitable for the separate accommodation of prisoners. In January, 1876, the grand jury characterized it as "the worst con- structed, illy ventilated, and most insecure jail in Pennsylvania, if not in the United States," and strongly indorsed the recommendation of their immedi- ate predecessors. In this the grand jury at March sessions concurred, and the matter was thus brought to the official cognizance of the commissioners. Architects were invited to submit plans and specifications, and on the 2Sth of March, 1876, those of C. S. "Wetzel were adopted. The financial responsi- bilities of the undertaking were next considered, and on the 1st of May the style of county bonds to be issued to cover the expenditure was decided upon. Proposals for the erection of the jail were advertised for, receivable until May 16, 1876; they were opened. May 22, 1876, and the contract was awarded to Ira T. Clement at his bid of ninety-one thousand six hundred thirty-six dol- lars. The old jail building was also sold to Mr. Clement, for the sum of three hundred eighty dollars, on the 22d of May. On the 29th of the same month the persons confined in the prison, twelve in number, were removed to the jail of Lycoming county at Williamsport, thenceforth the place of incarceration for criminals from this county until the completion of the present jail, in which the first occupant was placed on the 7th of August, 1877. The present county prison occupies the lots purchased in 1801. The main building fronts on Second street at the center of the lot; it is three stories high, and surmounted by a tower in the center. The main entrance opens into a vestibule, from which a haUway extends to the prison proper, crossed at the center of the main building by a transverse corridor, at either end of which stairways ascend to the second story. Here there is a large room for the accommodation of jurors, and in the third story are two large tanks from which the water supply of the entire establishment is distributed. The warden's office is situated on the first floor, and several rooms are used for storage purposes; except as otherwise indicated, the main building furnishes accommodations for the warden and his family. From the hallway extend- ing from the vestibule on the first floor two passages diverge, leading to the OKGANIZATION AND ADMINISTKATION> 171 wings in which prisoners are confined. These are distinguished as the north and west or right and left corridors, respectively. Each has an extreme length of nearly one hundred feet. The cells are arranged in two tiers, there being twenty-three in each tier; iron stairways, and an iron platform extend- ing around the interior, furnish access to the second tier. Light is admitted from skylights, and into each cell by an aperture in the exterior wall. The west corridor is used for penitentiary purposes, and here is conducted the industrial* feature of the institution. Carpets are the principal product of this department; knit goods are also made, and the manufacture of paper bags also received some attention at one time. A partition divides the right corridor, part of which is appropriated exclusively for female prisoners. There is a basement under the entire building, part of which is utilized for culinary purposes; that under the prison corridors is divided into cells, not yet finished for occupancy, however, so that the present capacity of the jail is capable of being increased one half. A steam-heating plant provides for the requirements of the institution in this respect. The inclosure is sur- rounded by a substantial stone wall twenty-three feet high, and is entered by a wagon gate from Mulberry alley. A marble block in the center of the tower is inscribed with the names of J. G. Durham, D. S. Eeitz, H. Henrie, and P. Hile, commissioners; C. S. Wetzel, architect, and Ira T. Clement, contractor; and^the date, 1876. The wardens of the prison, elected at the respective dates given, have been as follows: John Peeler, 1879; James Dalton, 1882; William Kella- gher, 1886; P. M. Moore, 1888, and John Kehoe, 1891, present incumbent. A County Poorhouse was agitated in the decade ending 1850, and the project was received with some favor in the northern part of the county. On the 5th of April, 1849, an act was passed by the legislature submitting the question to a popular vote at the ensuing general election. The measure was overwhelmingly defeated, however, as shown by the follow- ing returns : Township. For. Against. Township. For. Against. 54 13 6 7 8 15" "i 33 63 47 208 136 205 133 173 141 Little Mahanoy 1 135 36 33 304 19 39 3 49 Northumberland 3 Coal Point 30 Chillisquaque 101 Rush Milton 5 Turbut 96 Upper ]VIaliaiiioy Delaware 184 Lewis 234 Lower Mahoning Total 563 1,840 The agitation has not been renewed, and the indigent classes are cared for under the supervision of the local authorities. Regular poor houses have been erected in several of the districts. *The erection of a workhouse for tlie employment of persons eonflned in the jail was recom- mended by the grand jury as early as 1810. 172 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. EAELY FISCAL AFFAIRS. Present methods of civil administration difper materially from those under •which the fiscal affairs of the county were conducted a century ago. While the relation of the county commissioners to the assessment and applica- tion of the revenues has always been that of immediate and direct responsi- bility, constitutional and statutory enactments have deprived the board of some •of its former important prerogatives. Of the public officers concerned in levy- ing and disbursing the county taxes, only the commissioners and assessors were elective when the Province became a Commonwealth: the county treas- urer was appointed by the commissioners; collectors were also selected by that board, from persons recommended by the respective assessors, and the duties now assigned to the county auditors were performed by the grand jury. That body made an inquiry into the condition of county finances in August, 1787; their report, the first on this subject of which there is any record, relates to the accounts of William Gray and John Buyers, county treasurers, and is purely statistical. The earliest report of county auditors extant is that of Abraham Scott, James Jenkins, and John Kidd, dated August 28, 1793. Balances were reported against Eobert Martin, treasurer of State taxes, 1777-80; William Gray, treasurer of State taxes, 1780; Will- iam Gray, county treasurer, 1777-81, and David Mead, county commis- sioner. Frederick Antes was treasurer of the county longer than any other incumbent of that position. He was first appointed in 1782, serving until December, 1784, and was reappointed in 1788, serving probably until his death in 1801. His accounts were audited on several occasions, but, owing to the fluctuating value of the currency and various other causes, there was a considerable discrepancy between them and those of the commissioners when his successor assumed office. The matter was referred to the courts for ad- judication, and after a period of litigation a final settlement was reached in the decision of Samuel Maclay, Daniel Montgomery, and Joseph Priestley, arbitrators, awarding to the county the sum of one thousand fifty-seven dol- lars, sixty-two cents. Their report was rendered, August 25, 1807. The minutes of the county commissioners reveal much that is of interest in connection with financial matters. Unfortunately, the early records have disappeared, and diligent search among the archives of the county has failed to discover any minutes of the board until near the close of the first decade after its organization. It is not probable that the revenues of the county were very considerable during the Eevolutionary period, and not improbable that the functions of the board were partially suspended during that time. This is sufficiently indicated by the following action of the commissioners, which appears in the minutes under date of October 19, 1781: — Resohed, That notices be sent to the several collectors of the year 1778 in order for settlement. BcsiiUei], That a letter be prepared and sent to his Excellency the President, set- OEGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 173 ting forth our intention forthwith to procee* in settling all the tax books; that many of the books are lost, collectors dead or moved away, [and] no credit given in the books for taxes paid; and requesting advice respecting the taxes before the Revolution, and what the exchange since the Revolution; and also how delinquent treasurers may be dealt with. Resolved, That fair lists be made out of all the taxes on uncultivated land for the years 1773, 1774, and 1776, and have them advertised according to law. A letter was accordingly transmitted to President Reed on the 26th of October. It contains the following interesting paragraph: — The tax business we have in hand and are determined to proceed with dispatch as far as our circumstances and abiiities will possibly admit. Many of the county books and papers are yet in Paxtang, being removed thither on the break of Wyoming. We find by such as are in our hands that no credit hath been given in the books to any person since this was a county, but it appears by several settlements with sundry col- lectors since the year 1773 that divers sums remained in the hands of the treasurer, and that the inhabitants generally paid their taxes, and the non-residents none or but very little.* In pursuance of the action of the board the unpaid taxes for the years 1773, 1774, and 1776 were advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1781. This was effectual in securing payment of delinquent taxes only in part, however, and on the 28th of May, 1782, the lands upon which taxes remained unpaid were offered at public sale at the court house in Sunbury. This was continued under the auspices of the commissioners on the 28th of August and the 26th of November in the'sam.e year, and on the 1st of January, 1783. These were the first commissioners' sales for taxes in the history of the- county. The opposition of the holders of unseated lands was at once aroused by these proceedings. It was urged that the State had not furnished adequate protection to the frontier; that its development had been thereby restricted, and that there had been practically no returns from the lands in question; and that taxation without protection to property was unjust. This seems to have resulted in a temporary suspension of the proceedings on the part of the commissioners, but in 1786, in compliance with instructions from the auditor general, lands subject to sale for arrears of taxes were advertised; the same opposition was again encountered, whereupon an address " to the landholders non-residents of Northumberland county " was published in the Philadelphia papers by the commissioners, who assured them that they "never had the most distant thought of defrauding any landholder of a single acre, much less of a plantation," at the same time expressing their determination to enforce the payment of taxes. Commissioners' deeds have since entered largely into the titles to land in many parts of the county, f *Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. IX. pp. 440-441. t A curious system of notatloa was devised in 1819 for the records relating to unseated lands. As " scribbling " throughout the books could not be permitted, the following private marks were estab- lished: A small triangular character— "improved;" the letter D— "no land;" the letter 0, with a period in the center,—" sold," and when followed by theletter C— " sold to commissioners ;" the letter O, crossed by a perpendicular Une,— "unsold;" the plus sign -\ "paid to collector;" the letter V Inverted, with a horizontal line crossing the apex.— "not advertised;" a small rectangular character— "part improved ;" the first letter of the treasurer s name indicated his receipt. A knowledge of tills key is almost indispensable in tracing titles that have been affected by commissioners' sales. 174 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. At an early period in the history of the county, State and county taxes, although levied by the same commissioners, were disbursed through dif- ferent treasurers, and, in some instances, audited by different boards. An instance of the latter class occurred in the year 1799, when the auditing of State taxes was referred to a commission specially constituted for that pur- pose. The report, embodying the results of an investigation into the finan- cial relations of the county and State during nearly a score of years, with the intricate questions growing out of the formation of several counties from the territory of Northumberland during that period, is one of the most interesting documents extant relating to early county finances. The follow- ing is an extract: — The commissioners of accounts for the counties of Northumberland and Luzerne are of opinion that the dismemberment of Northumberland county by the erection of the northern part thereof into the county of Luzerne ought to disincumber the parent county of one third of the quotas charged upon it in the accounts submitted herewith to the comptroller general The inhabitants of the township of Wyom- ing, (which at one time nominally included all the present county of Luzerne, extend- ing as far down the Northeast Branch as Fishing creek,) were never assessed beyond the present limits of Northumberland county in that direction. Some of the unseated lands were returned, but, owing to the disturbances of the Connecticut claimants, they were not exacted. No formal assessment ever took place within their intrusions. The dismembered part, by the act of separation, was admitted to a third part of the representation in the General Assembly. The erection of Mifflin county in the year 1789 struck off from Northumberland about the half of Potter's and the whole of Upper Bald Eagle townships. We are therefore of opinion that Northumberland county should have credit on that amount proportionate to the dismembered territory. The report, signed by John Simpson and John Kidd, was transmitted to the comptroller general under date of November 2, 1799. Orders drawn by the commissioners at that early date were frequently lost by those in whose favor they were drawn, and instances are on record of counterfeit orders having been presented to the treasurer and cashed by him, thus producing confusion in the public accounts. To remedy this it was decided to number orders as they were issued, and the treasui-er was instructed to honor numbered orders only. Order No. 1 was issued, Janu- ary 27, 1798. This marks an important step in the evolution of systematic methods. A disposition to keep within the literal meaning of the law in the dis-- bursement of county funds is noticeable in the proceedings of the early commissioners. In the year 1806 the construction of a stone bridge over Chillisquaque creek was authorized by the grand jury and undertaken by the board. It became apparent that the work could not be completed before the ensuing winter, and the contractor asked an allowance for the construction of a temporary roof, in order that the unfinished masonry might be protected from the inclemencies of the season. The commissioners presented a state- OBGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 175 ment of these facts to the court and grand jury, giving their reasons for so doing in the following language: "Small as this expense in the estimation of the board may appear, yet they think themselves not justified to order this roof to be made without the intervention of that tribunal which holds the public purse." The tribunal in question was pleased to consider the matter favorably, and the proposed roof was accordingly provided at the expense of the county. This punctilious exactness occasionally brought the board into conflict with the court. In August, 1807, Joseph Harris presented an account for his services as court crier, amounting to more than a hundred dollars. The com- missioners refused to pay it, upon which he withdrew, but returned in a short time and again presented the account, to which was affixed the follow- ing note from the judges: — Tlie court can not proceed in tlie business of tlie county without a crier; such a person is absolutely necessary. No one can be procured for the common fees in the fee bill. The court therefore think that a dollar a day is not unreasonable pay, and that the commissioners ought to furnish the means of obtaining the attendance of a proper person as a crier. If the commissioners object we know not any other person bound to pay such a man, nor can we hold court without one. Thomas Coopek, J. Macphbkson.. The commissioners replied as follows: — In answer to the within note of the court the commissioners beg leave to state that they do not conceive it necessary to inquire whether the fees allowed by law to the crier of the court are sufficient or not, as they do not think themselves authorized in any case to add to them out of the county stock. C. Maclay, Samuel Awl, Samuel Bond, Commissioners' Office, August 30, 1807. At the same t«rm of court Andrew Kennedy presented a bill for publish- ing lists of causes, etc., amounting to upwards of eight pounds, to which was attached a note from the judges recommending its payment. To this the commissioners replied that they knew of no law which would authorize an appropriation for that purpose, that they had reason to believe there was none, and that they had strong doubts of the public utility of publishing lists of the causes. They therefore declined to pay the bill. What reply the judges made to this ultimatum does not appear, but the friction thus engen- dered doubtless contributed to the influences that finally resulted in Judge Cooper's deposition. There was also a divergence of views between the commissioners and Judge Chapman, but not so radical as that in which Judge Cooper was con- cerned. For two successive years the Judge declined to pay an occupation tax, justifying his refusal by the State constitution. In April, 1828, he 176 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. agreed with the commissioners to refer the question to a committee of three members of the bar. John Lashells, Samuel Hepburn, and James Merrill were selected as arbitrators; they decided that the exemption claimed was untenable, and that the tax was legally assessed and payable. Thus again the civil administration demonstrated its s.uperior legal knowledge. ' The financial stringency of 1837 occasioned great inconvenience in paying jurors and settling other small accounts, silver coin having been practically withdrawn from circulation in this part of the State. In order to facilitate the transaction of business, the commissioners " entered into a resolution to issue small bills under five dollars.'' It is believed that this is the only instance in which the county in its corporate capacity has assumed the functions of a bank of issue. INAUGURATION OP THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. The act of 1834 inaugurated in Pennsylvania what is distinctively knovm as the public school system. Popular education had been a subject of legis- lative action since the founding of the Colony. It was stipulated in the con- stitution of 1790 that the legislature should " provide by law for the estab- lishment of schools throughout the State in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." In 1802 an act was passed to provide for the mainte- nance of schools where elementary instruction might be received by all chil- dren. Those of the well-to-do were required to pay a small sum, but when the returns of the assessors showed that the parents were unable to bear this expense the county commissioners were authorized to do so. It does not appear that popular education in Northumberland county was materially advanced by the operation of this law.* Here the neighborhood school was the earliest result of educational effort. As a measure of convenience certaia communities established schools in which their children might receive a rudi- mentary education. The teacher derived his support from his patrons, and the affairs of the school were intrusted by common consent to the more ener- getic members of the community, who were usually men of intelligence. The law of 1802 was variously amended at different times, without, however, accomplishing its purpose. In 1827 a society for the promotion of education in the State was formed at Philadelphia, and, through a corresponding com- mittee, the opinions of leading , men in every county were ascertained and a union of the most progressive sentiment effected. The powerful influence thus generated resulted in the act of 1834. In this the former distinction between pay and pauper schools was abrogated; all property was made taxable for the support of the schotls, and their local management in each district ♦Pursuant to circular of January 9, 1833, the clerk to the county commissioners transmitted the following statement to the Secretary of the Commonwealth :— 1829, number of poor children taught, 123; amount expended, ¥299.86^; 1830, number of poor children taught, 126; amount expended, «1393.- 1«; 1831, number of poor children taught, 178; amount expended, §570.39^; 1832, number of poor children taught, 240; amount expended, ¥713.10V4. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 177 placed in charge of a board of six directors. Some two hundred acts of the legislature had preceded that of 1834; but the latter, although amended in 1836, is substantially unimpaired, and the growing efficiency of the system fully attests the wisdom of those who framed it. The first convention of delegates under this act, and in all probability the first public educational meeting in the county, was held at the court house in Sunbury, November 4, 1834. The following is a transcript of the minutes : — Agreeably to an act passed the 1st day of April, 1834, entitled " An act to estab- lish, a general system of education by common schools," a meeting of the commission- ers of the county and delegates from the difEerent school districts of the county of Northumberland met at the court house in the borough of Sunbury on Tuesday, the 4th day of November, 1834. The meeting was organized by appointing John C. Boyd, of Bush township, chairman, and John Taggart, of Northumberland, secretary. The meeting then adjourned to the house of William Shannon, when the following per- sons appeared, produced their certificates of election, and took, their seats, viz. : Tur- but township, .lohn McKinney; Chillisquaque township, James P. Murray; Point township, Robert Curry; Augusta township, Samuel Lantz; Shamokin township, Rob- ert McAVilliams; Rush township, John C. Boyd; Upper Mahanoy township, Benjamin Markel; Lower Mahanoy township, Jacob Weiser, Sr.; Milton borough, Robert Mc- Guigan; Northumberland borough, John Taggart; Sunbury borough, John G. Young- man; Daniel Hilbush, William Shannon, and Prederick Burkenbine, commissioners of the county. The meeting then proceeded to take the vote on " making appropriation for com- mon schools," when it appeared that six delegates voted in the affirmative, viz. : Messrs. McKinney, McGuigan, Murray, Curry, Taggart, and Youngman; and that five delegates and three commissioners voted in the negative, viz. : Messrs. Lantz, Mc Will- iams, Boyd, Markel, Weiser, Hilbush, Shannon, and Burkenbine. The delegates and commissioners voting in the negative havingjretired, the dele- gates voting in the affirmative reorganized the meeting by appointing Robert McGuigan president and continuing John Taggart as secretary. The following resolutions were proposed and unanimously passed, viz: — Eesohed, That the commissioners be and they are hereby authorized to levy half the amount of the county tax for the use of common schools in the townships of Tur- but, Chillisquaque, and Point, and in the boroughs of Milton, Northumberland, and Sunbury for the ensuing year. Resolved, That the town meetings be held in all the districts accepting the law, at the usual places of holding their township elections, as the law directs, on Saturday, the 29th of November, and that the school directors give notice in their respective districts of the meeting. The first appointment of school inspectors was made by the court of quarter sessions at April term, 1835, when the following persons were designated for that oifice in the respective townships and boroughs: Turbut, Isaac Vin- cent and William Laird; Milton, Samuel Pollock and John F. Wolfinger; Chillisquaque, Charles Gale and Isaac P. Sanders; Point, George Jennings and Jesse C. Horton; Northumberland, James Hepburn and John Cowden; Sunbury, Hugh Bellas and Alexander Jordan. The meeting for 1835 was held at the court house on the 4th of May; the 178 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. districts accepting the law were represented ag follows: Sunbury, William N. Eobins; Northumberland, John Frick; Point, Eobert Curry; Chillisqua- que, Andrew McReynolds; Milton, Eobert McGuigan; Turbut, John McKin- ney. It was decided to levy a tax equal to one half the State and county tax. This tax, the first in the county for school purposes of which there is any record, was as follows: — Sunbury $ 360.644 Chillisquaque $ 493.92| Northumberland 300.971 Milton 470.43 Point 389.08 Turbut 1,307.52^ Augusta and Shamokin accepted the system in 1836; in that year the number of taxables in the accepting districts was twenty-eight hundred sixty-four; in the non-accepting districts, one thousand sixty-nine. The sys- tem was discontinued in Shamokin in 1837, and not re-established until 1843 ; Eush first appears among the accepting districts in 1842; South Coal dis- trict appears as non-accepting in 1842, and North Coal district as accepting; Turbut discontinued the system in 1843, and in that year the taxables in the accepting districts (Milton, Chillisquaque, Point, Northumberland, Sunbury, Augusta, Rush, Shamokin, and North Coal) numbered twenty-seven hundred twenty-two; in the non-accepting districts (Turbut, Little Mahanoy, Upper Mahanoy, Lower Mahanoy, Jackson, and South Coal), seventeen hundred twenty-five. The system was re-established in Turbut in 1844, by which the number of taxables in the non- accepting districts were reduced to but little more than one-fifth of the entire number in the county (accepting districts, thirty-six hundred fourteen taxables ; non- accepting, nine hundred forty-four). Eush discontinued the system in 1846 but re-established it in 1847 ; public schools were thus introduced and maintained in the entire county except the Mahanoy region. The system was adopted in Lower Mahanoy and Jordan townships in 1865; in Upper Mahanoy in 1866; in Cameron and Jackson in 1869; in Washington in 1870, and in Little Mahanoy in 1871. Further par- ticulars are given under the various townships. Teachers' Institutes. — The first convention of teachers in Northumberland county was held at Elysburg on the second Saturday in April, 1850, in pur- suance of a call issued by J. J. John, George W. West, and A. J. Madison. The topics discussed were, " How can the salaries of teachers be increased?", " How shall teachers improve themselves in the art of teaching ? ", and "What books shall we recommend?" About thirty teachers were in attendance, of whom W. W. Mc Williams was elected president and J. J. John secretary. The first county institute was held in the court house at Sunbury, De- cember 18-19, 1855. The county superintendent, Eev. John J. Eeimensny- der, presided; J. W. Weeks was secretary, and the executive committee was composed of W. P. Teitsworth, J. P. Shultz, S. S. Brittain, C. Kelchner, W. W. Mc Williams, J. Vincent, Jr., and W. B. Taggart. Methods of instruc- ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 179 tion and school government were discussed; resolutions were passed in favor of the use of the Bible in the schools, increased compensation for the super- intendent, and in support of the Pennsylvania School Journal. County Superintendents of Public Schools. — This office was created in 1854. Its incumbents, elected by the school directors of the county, have been as follows: John J. Eeimensnyder, 1854-60; Jacob TJlp, 1860-66; George W. Haupt, 1866-68 (resigned, September 1, 1868); William J. Wol- verton, 1868-69 (appointed by the State superintendent) ; Saul Shipman, 1869-75; Harvey Bartholomew, 1875-78; William M. Boal, 1878-81; Will- iam J. Wolverton, 1881-87 ; William E. Bloom, 1887, present incumbent. EOSTER or COUNTY OFFICERS. Prothonotaries. — In Northumberland county one person is elected to the offices of prothonotary of the court of common pleas, clerk of the court of quarter Sessions, and clerk of the court of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery. After the offices of recorder of deeds arid register of wills were assigned to one individual in this county, the prothonotary continued to exercise the functions of clerk of the orphans' court until 1827 ; since that date the offices have been combined as at present. The incumbents were ap- pointed by the Governor and Council under the colonial regime, by the Supreme Executive Council under the constitution of 1776, and by the Gov- ernor under the constitution of 1790; the office became elective by the amendments of 1837-38, and under these various changes the succession of prothonotaries, with the dates of their commissions or the terms in which they served by election, has been as follows: William Ma6lay, prothonotary, March 24, 1772, clerk of the peace and quarter sessions of the peace, May 19, 1772, recommissioned, March 22, 1777; David Harris, September 11, 1777; Matthew Smith, February 4, 1780; Laurence Keene, September 25, 1783; Jasper Ewing, July 28, 1789, August 17, 1791, and January 3, 1800; Daniel Levy, September 23, 1800; Hugh Bellas, January 3, 1809; George W. Brown, February 2, 1818; Andrew Albright, April 24, 1819; Martin Weaver, February 9, 1821; Samuel J. Packer, January 27, 1824; Martin Weaver, April 9, 1829; Edward Y. Bright, January 25, 1830, and January 21, 1833; Daniel Brautigam, January 29, 1836, and January 4, 1839; Samuel D. Jor- dan, February 5, 1839 — elected in the autumn of that year — 1839-45; John Farnsworth, 1845-51; James Beard, 1851-57; Daniel Beckley, 1857-63; John J. Eeimensnyder, 1863-6*9; William D. Haupt, 1869-72; Lloyd T. Eohrbach, 1872-79; Wesley Auten, 1879-85; H. F. Mann, 1885-91; S. P. Fausold, 1891, present incumbent. Registers and Recorders. — At the organization of Northumberland coun- ty one person was commissioned as register of wills, recorder of deeds, and clerk of the several courts. In 1777 one person was commissioned as regis- ter and recorder and another person as clerk of the several courts, and. 180 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. although William Montgomery was commissioned as recorder only in 1785, it is highly probable that this arrangement continued until 1827, when the register and recorder was also commissioned as clerk of the orphans' court, and in this manner the offices have since been combined. The incumbents, with the dates of their coromissions or the terms in which they served by election, have been as follows : William Maclay, March 24, 1772, and March 22, 1777; John Simpson, March 29, 1777; WiUiam Montgomery (recorder only), April 7, 1785; Jeremiah Simpson, July 24, 1798; John Boyd, Decem- ber, 1805; John Prick, January 18, 1809; John L. Pinney, April 3, 1811, and March 25, 1818; Martin Pries, February 9, 1821; John Oyster, October 7, 1822; Eli Diemer, January 27, 1824; Samuel J. Packer, March 27, 1827; Eobert H. Hammond, April 29, 1829; Solomon ShafEer, January 25, 1830; and January 21, 1833; Jacob Bright, January 29, 1836, and January 4, 1839; John Gr. Youngman, February 5, 1839 — elected in the autumn of that year— 1839-42; Edward Oyster, 1842-48; Martin Irwin, 1848^9; David Rockefeller, appointed, June 25, 1849, vice Irwin, deceased; John P. Pursel, 1849-55; C. Boyd Pursel, 1855-58; Jacob B. Masser, 1858-61; John A. J. Cummings, 1861-67; Jacob Leisenring, 1867-73; Lemuel Shipman, 1873-80; George D. Bucher, 1880-86; Urias Bloom, 1886, present incumbent. Sheriffs are elected triennially. The first incumbent in Northumberland county was sheriff of Berks at the time of its organization, and was author- ized to officiate in Northumberland by the act providing for its erection in 1772. The following is a list from-that date: 1772, George Nagel; 1772-75, William Cooke; 1775-77, WiUiam ScuU; 1777-79, Jonathan Lodge; 1779- 82, James Crawford; 1782-85, Henry Antes; 1785-88, Thomas Grant; 1788-91, Martin Withington; 1791-94, Flavel Roan; 1794-97, John Brady; 1797-1800, Eobert Irwin; 1800-03, Henry VandersUce; 1803-06, Andrew Albright; 1806-09, Jared Irwin; 1809-12, Daniel Lebo; 1812-15, Thomas Painter; 1815-18, Walter Brady; 1818-21, William Shannon; 1821-24, James R. Shannon; 1824^27, Martin Weaver; 1827-30, Jacob McKinney; 1830-33, Peter Lazarus; 1833-36, Henry Reader; 1836-39, George W. Kiehl; 1839-42, Henry Gossler; 1842-45, Felix Maurer; 1845-48, Thomas A. Billingtbn; 1848-51, James Covert; 1851-54, William B. Kipp; 1854-57, Henry Weise; 1857-60, James Vandyke; 1860-63, David Waldron; 1863-66, WilHam M. Weaver; 1866-69, Daniel Beckley; 1869-72, John B. Heller; 1872-76, Samuel H. Eothermel; 1876-79, George W. Strine; 1879-82, William M. Weaver; 1882-85, John C. Morgan; 1885-88, Jacob Kremer; 1888-91, Jacob G. Kramer; 1891, Robert Montgomery, present incumbent. District Attorneys.— Ihia office was known by the title of deputy attor- ney general until 1850, when it became elective and the name was changed to its present style. Prior to that date appointments were made by the at- torney general of the State. The following list is believed to be as complete as existing records permit: Edward Burd, 1772; Jonathan Walker, 1793 (he «y«i> crCCe/PiJ't&Cifi/ OEGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 183 received pay for services in May, 1793, but whether regularly commissioned or not can not be positively stated); Samuel Eoberts, qualified, July 16, 1800; Thomas Cooper, commissioned, July 16, 1803, qualified, August 22, 1803; E. G. Bradford, 1809-20 (probably 1806-09 also); Eobert C. Hall, January, 1821, to November, 1828; E. G. Bradford, January to April, 1824; Alem Marr, qualified at August sessions, 1824; Daniel Scudder, qualified at August sessions, 1828; SamuelJ. Packer, qualified, April 20, 1829; Charles G. Donnel, qualified, November 16, 1829; John E. Wolfinger, appointed by the court, November sessions, 1833, and reappointed, January 4, 1836; James Pollock, qualified at April sessions, 1836; Henry B. Masser, qualified at April sessions, 1839; John B. Packer, qualified at April sessions, 1845; Charles W. Tharp, quahfied at November sessions, 1848; C. Augustus Kutz, elected, 1850; Charles W. Tharp, elected, 1853; WiUiam L. Scott, elected, 1856; John Kay Clement, elected, 1859; Solomon P. Malick, elected, 1862; Jere- miah Snyder, elected, 1865, and re-elected, 1868; John Kay Clement, elected, 1871; Thomas H. B. Kase, elected, 1874; L. H. Kase, appointed deputy dis- trict attorney by Thomas H. B. Kase — appointment approved by the court, August 7, 1876; John Kay Clement, appointed, vice L. H. Kase, resigned, qualified, January 30, 1877; Lewis Dewart, elected, 1877; C. R. Savidge, elected, 1880; Peter A. Mahon, elected, 1883, and re-elected, 1886; Voris Auten, elected, 1889, present incumbent. Coroners are elected triennially. Eor a number of years it does not appear that the persons elected to this ofiice had their commissions recorded,- hence the incompleteness of the following list, in which the date given is that of the commission or election: James Parr, October 9, 1772; James Murray, October 9, 1773; Samuel Harris, October 12, 1775; Thomas Eobinson, Decem- ber 8, 1778; John Foster, October 19, 1779; Christopher Gettig, October 20, 1781; John Chattam, October 18, 1782; John Scott, November 22, 1783; Thomas Hamilton, November 2, 1787; Joseph Lorentz, October 21, 1789; William McAdams, 1796, October 8, 1797, October 18, 1799; Andrew Albright, November 5, 1800; Joseph Lorentz, October 21, 1803, October 28, 1806, October 24, 1809, October 26, 1812; Jacob Albright, October 28, 1815; John Leisenring, October 28, 1818; Jacob Urban, October 22, 1821; Jacob Bright, November 4, 1824; Charles D. Wharton, October 15, 1827; Jacob Long, November 11, 1830; John Conrad, 1833; John Eisely, November 14, 1836; John Smith, 1839; Charles Weaver, 1842-; Jacob Yordy, January 21, 1846; FrankUn A. Clark, November 29, 1848; Aaron Kelly, 1851, November 18, 1852; Cyrus Geasy, 1869; Frederick Hesser, 1872; John W. Taylor, 1875; E. L. Wright, 1878, re-elected in 1881; D. T. Krebs, 1884; F. D. Eaker, 1887, re-elected, 1890, present incumbent. County Commissioners were elected annually for the term of three years until the adoption of the constitution of 1873, which provided for the trien- nial 'election of the entire board of three members. Diligent search has failed 184 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. to discover any minutes of the board prior to 1781, and this list for the years 1772-81 is based upon Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley. The roster is as follows: 1772, William Gray, Thomas Hewitt, John Weitzel, Casper Eeed (the latter qualified, November 23d); 1773, Casper Eeed; 1774, Eobert Truit and Thomas Hewitt, qualified, April 4th, and WiUiam Gray, elected in October; 1775, Casper Eeed, William Gray; 1776, Thomas Hewitt, WiUiam Gray, John Weitzel (the latter qualified, January 22d); 1778, William Gray, John Nelson, Thomas Sutherland, John Lytle; 1779, Walter Clark, William Mackey; 1780, Daniel Montgomery, WiUiam Clark, John White; 1781-82, WiUiam Antes, James Espy, Daniel Montgomery; 1782-83, James Espy, Daniel Montgomery, David Mead; 1783-84, Daniel Montgomery, David Mead, John Clark; 1784^85, David Mead, John Clark, Walter Clark; 1785- 86, John Clark, Walter Clark, WiUiam .Gray; 1786-87, Walter Clark, WiU- iam Gray, John Lytle; 1787-88, William Gray, John Lytle, Peter Hoster- man; 1788-89, John Lytle, Peter Hosterman, William Hepburn; 1789-90, Peter Hosterman, WiUiam Hepburn, John Weitzel; 1790-91, William Hep- bum, John Weitzel, Daniel Montgomery; 1791-92, John Weitzel, Daniel Montgomery, Eobert Fleming; 1792-93, Daniel Montgomery, Eobert Flem- ing, Eichard Shearer; 1793—94, Eobert Fleming, Eichard Shearer, Christo- pher Dering; 1794-95, Eichard Shearer, Christopher Dering, Henry Van- derslice; 1795-96, Christopher Dering, Henry Vanderslice, Nathan Stock- man; 1796-97, Henry Vanderslice, Nathan Stockman, Charles Irwin; 1797-98, Nathan Stockman, Charles Irwin, John Lyon; 1798-99, Charles Irwin, John Lyon, John Metzgar; 1799-1800, John Lyon, John Metz- gar, John Frick; 1800-01, John Metzgar, John Frick, Abraham McKin- ney; 1801-02, John Frick, Flavel Eoan, Solomon Markley (Markley qualified, November 25, 1801; he was appointed, vice McKinney, who re- signed, November 14, 1801); 1802-03, Solomon Markley, Flavel Eoan, David Taggart; 1803-04, Flavel Eoan, Solomon Markley, George Bright (Bright assumed office, December 1, 1803, and died in February, 1804; David Tag- gart was appointed by the commissioners with the concurrence of the court, and qualified, April 27, 1804.); 1804-05, Solomon Markley, David Taggart, Charles Maclay; 1805-06, David Taggart, Charles Maclay, Samuel Awl; 1806-07, Charles Maclay, Samuel Awl, Samuel Bond; 1807-08, Samuel Awl, Samuel Bond, Andrew McClenachan; 1808-09, Samuel Bond, Andrew Mc- Clenachan, Henry Masser; 1809-10, Andrew McClenachan, Henry Masser, Joseph Gaston; 1810-11, Henry Masser, Joseph Gaston, Flavel Eoan; 1811-12, Joseph Gaston, Flavel Eoan, Henry VandersUce; 1812-13, Flavel Eoan, Henry Vanderslice, James Longhead; 1813-14, Henry VandersUce, Samuel Bloom, Jonas Weaver; 1814-15, Samuel Bloom, Jonas Weaver, Isaac Wolverton; 1815-16, Jonas Weaver, Isaac Wolverton, WiUiam F. Buyers; 1816-17, Isaac Wolverton, WiUiam F. Buyers, George Lesher; 1817-18, WiUiam F. Buyers, George Lesher, John MUler; 1818-19, George LeSher, OKGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 185 John Miller, John G. Youngman; 1819-20, John Miller, John G. Young- man. Daniel E. Bright; 1820-21, John G. Youngman, Daniel E. Bright, Elisha Kline; 1821-22, Daniel E. Bright, Ehsha Kline, Christian Bower; 1822-23, Elisha Kline, Christian Bower, James Lee; 1823-24, Christian Bower, James Lee, Samuel Lantz; 1824-25, James Lee, Samuel Lantz, John McKinney; 1825-26, Samuel Lantz, John McKinney, George Young; 1826- 27, John McKinney, George Young, WiUiam H. Muench; 1827-28, George Young, William H. Muench, WiUiam Stewart; 1828-29, WiUiam H. Muench, William Stewart, Jacob Ehoads; 1829-30, William Stewart, Jacob Ehoads, Michael Lenker; 1830-31, Jacob Ehoads, Michael Lenker, Daniel Haas; 1831-32, Michael Lenker, Daniel Haas, Joseph Bound; 1832-33, Daniel Haas, Joseph Bound, Daniel Hilbush; 1833-34, Joseph Bound, Daniel Hil- bush, William Shannon; 1834-35, Daniel Hilbush, William Shannon, Fred- erick Burkenbine; 1835-36, William Shannon, Frederick Burkenbine, Con- rad Eaker; 1836-37, Frederick Burkenbine, Conrad Eaker, Frederick Laza- rus; 1837-38, Conrad Eaker, Frederick Lazarus, Joseph Wallis; 1838-39, Frederick Lazarus, Joseph WaUis, Joseph Patton; 1839^0, Joseph Wallis, Joseph Patton, George Bright; 1840-41, Joseph Patton, George Bright, Jacob Ehoads; 1841-42, George Bright, Jacob Ehoads, Philip Weiser; 1842 -43, Jacob Ehoads, Philip Weiser, John Young; 1843-44, Philip Weiser, John Young, James Buoy; 1844-45, John Young, James Buoy, David Martz; 1845-46, James Buoy, Da-vid Martz, Peter Vandling; 1846-47, David Martz, Peter Vandling, William FoUmer; 1847-48, Peter Vandling, WiUiam FoU- mer, Jacob Hoffa; 1848-49, William FoUmer, Jacob HofPa, Charles Weaver; 1849-50, Jacob Hoffa, Charles Weaver, William WUson; 1850-51, Charles Weaver, William Wilson, Christian Albert; 1851-52, William Wilson, Chris- tian Albert, Charles Weaver; 1852-53, Christian Albert, Charles Weaver, Joseph Nicely; 1853-54, Charles Weaver, Joseph Nicely, Simon Snyder; 1854—55, Joseph Nicely, Philip Eenn, George C. Welker (Welker was appointed, vice Snyder, deceased); 1855-56, Philip Eenn, Charles Hotten- stein, Frederick Haas; 1856-57, Charles Hottenstein, Frederick Haas, Philip Eenn; 1857-58, Frederick Haas, Charles Hottenstein, Samuel Ent; 1858-59, Frederick Haas, Samuel Ent, Joseph Everett; 1859-60, Samuel Ent, Joseph Everett, Philip Clark; 1860-61, Joseph Everett, Philip Clark, Isaac D. Eaker; 1861-62, Philip Clark, Isaac D. Eaker, Samuel Stahlnecker; 1862- 63, Isaac D. Eaker, Samuel Stahhaecker, James Eiland; 1863-64, Samuel Stahlnecker, James Eiland, Joseph Gass; 1864—65, James Eiland, Joseph Gass, Hugh Martin; 1865-66, Joseph Gass, Hugh Martin, John Eckman; 1866-67, Hugh Martin, John Eckman, Solomon Billman; 1867-68, John Eckman, Solomon Billman, Jacob Hunsecker; 1868-69, Solomon Billman, Jacob Hunsecker, M. E. Bucher; 1869-70, Jacob Hunsecker, M. E. Bucher, Sebastian Stepp; 1870-71, M. E. Bucher, Sebastian Stepp, Jacob Hunsecker; 1871-72, Sebastian Stepp, Jacob Hunsecker, Amos Vastine; 1872-73, Jacob 186 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Hunsecker, Amos Vastine, J. G. Durham; 1873-74, Amos Vastine, J. G. Durham, Daniel S. Eeitz (the term of this board expired on the 31st of December, 1874) ; 1875-76, J. G. Durham, Daniel S. Eeitz, Harrison Hen- rie; 1877, J. G. Durham, Daniel S. Eeitz, Harrison Henrie, Philip Hile (Hile was appointed, January 80, 1877, vice Henrie, deceased); 1878, J. G. Durham, Daniel S. Eeitz, Philip Hile; 1879-81, John Clark, Edward W. Chapin, John T. Albright; 1882-84, William P. Datesman, Michael Kel- lagher, George Brown; 1885-87, Michael Kellagher, Thomas L. Karchner, Adam M. Snyder; 1888-90, Adam M. Snyder, Charles Newhard, Daniel KaufEman; 1891, F. W. Lindner, John Eoney, Joseph Pardoe, present incumbents. County Treasurers were elected by the commissioners until 1841, when the office became elective. Defective records preclude the preparation of a complete list from the organization of Northumberland county; the first was Alexander Hunter, who was probably the custodian of the county funds for some time, although this can not be positively stated. William Gray was treasurer of county taxes, 1777-81 inclusive, and in 1780 he was also treas- urer of State taxes, which office had been filled by Eobert Martin, 1777-79 inclusive. Frederick Antes was elected county treasurer in February, 1782; October 20, 1788, he was appointed; John Buyers was elected, December 31, 1784, and January 8, 1786. Buyers also held the office in 1787 and 1788. After this, Frederick Antes was treasurer for a number of years — ^probably from 1788 to 1801, certainly from June 1, 1789, to January], 1794, in 1797- 98, and in 1800-01. He died in 1801, and on the 30th of September, 1801, Christopher Dering was appointed to the position. The succession since that date has been as follows: 1802, Christopher Dering; 1803-05, John Boyd; 1806-08, Simon Snyder; 1809-11, David Taggart; 1812-13, Andrew Albright; 1814, John G. Youngman; 1815-17, Henry Vanderslice; 1818- 20, Isaac Zeigler; 1821, Henry Bucher; 1822-24, George Weiser; 1825- 27, Frederick Haas; 1828-80, Peter Lazarus; 1881-33, George Weiser; 1834-36, Samuel Bloom; 1837, Isaac Wolverton; 1838-40, John Bloom; 1841, George C. Welker; 1842^3, George Weiser; 1844-45, John Farns- worth; 1846-47, WiUiam Gulick; 1848-49, Jesse M. M. Simpson; 1850-51, George B. Youngman; 1852-53, Jacob Young; 1854-55, Francis Bucher; 1856-57, George Bright; 1858-59, Jesse M. M. Simpson; 1860-61, Jacob F. Eohrbach; 1862-63, William E. Irwin; 1864-65, E. H. Awl; 1866-67, John Farnsworth; 1868-69, John F. Fiedler; 1870-71, George McEliece; 1872-73, Albert Cadwallader; 1874-75, John Haag; 1876-78, David C. Dissinger; 1879-81, J. Galen Smith; 1882-84, J. Frank Bucher; 1885-87, John J. W. Schwartz; 1888-90, Jacob Kremer; 1891, John Schabo, present incumbent. Awditors.— Three county auditors are elected triennially. Prior to the adoption of the constitution of 1790 the accounts of the commissioners and OKGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 187 treasurer were submitted to the grand jury. The first legislation introduc- ing the present system was an act passed, March 30, 1791, providing for the appointment of auditors annually by the county court. The office was made elective by the act of March 6, 1809, in which, however, the court of quarter sessions was authorized to fill any vacancies that might occur. On the 7th of February, 1814, an act was passed extending the term of office to three years: the person receiving the maximum number of votes at the first elec- tion thereafter was to serve the maximum period; the person receiving the next highest number, two years ; and the person receiving the next highest number, one year; while one niunber was to be elected annually thereafter. This arrangement continued until the adoption of the present system under the constitution of 1873. The following list is believed to be as complete as existing records permit. (The year given is that in which the board audited the accoxmts of the preceding year) : 1793-94, Abraham Scott, James Jen- Mns, John Kidd; 1798, Robert Hunter, Martin Kendig, Frederick Lazarus; 1800, James Jenkins, Evan E. Evans, John Buyers; 1802, Evan R. Evans, John Buyers; 1808, John Buyers, Evan K. Evans, Daniel Montgomery; 1804, John Buyers; 1805, Daniel Montgomery, John Buyers, Enoch Smith; 1806, John Buyers, Enoch Smith, Daniel Montgomery; 1807, John Buyers, Andrew Albright; 1808, John Buyers, Michael Kutzner, Andrew Albright; 1809-11, Charles Gale, Hugh Wilpon, Henry Vanderslice; 1812, Charles Gale, Hugh Wilson, Andrew Albright; 1813, Charles Gale, Hugh "Wilson, Henry Masser; 1814, Henry Masser, Henry Shaffer; 1815-16, Abia John, George Martin, Charles Gale; 1817, Abia John, Charles Gale, James Smith; 1818, Abia John, James Smith, J. P. Sanderson; 1819, James Smith, J. P. Sanderson, Richard Barclay; 1820, J. P. Sanderson, Richard Barclay, Henry Masser; 1821, Richard Barclay, Henry Masser, Isaac Vincent; 1822, Henry Masser, Isaac Vincent, Henry Donnel; 1823, Isaac Vincent, Henry Donnel, Joseph Hays; 1824, Henry Donnel, John H. Brautigam, Joseph Hays; 1825, Joseph Hays, John H. Brautigam, J. H. W. Baldy; 1826, John H. Brautigam, Michael DruckemiUer; 1827, Michael Druckemiller, Abraham Straub; 1828, Michael Druckemiller, Abraham Straub, Joseph Rhoads; 1829, Abraham Straub, Joseph Rhoads, John Baker; 1830, Joseph Rhoads, John Baker, John Porter; 1831, John Baker, John Porter, Frederick Haas; 1832, Frederick Haas, A. C. Barrett; 1833, Frederick Haas, A. C. Barrett, John McKinney; 1834, John McKinney, Samuel Awl; 1835, John McKinney, Samuel Awl, Jacob Rhoads; 1836, Samuel Awl, Jacob Rhoads, Peter Bixler; 1837, Jacob Rhoads, Peter Bixler, James Eckman; 1838, James Eckman, Henry Reader; 1839, James Eckman, Henry Reader, William L. Cooke; 1840, William L. Cooke, D. Hoffman; 1841, William L. Cooke, D. Hoffman, H. H. Teats; 1842, H. H. Teats, Hugh M. Davison; 1843,- H. H. Teats, Hugh M. Davison, William H. Kase; 1844, Hugh M. Davison, WiUiam H. Kase, Abraham Shipman; 1845, William H. Kase, Abraham Shipman; 1846, 188 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Abraham Shipman, Thomas Strine, Peter Bixler; 1847, Peter Bixler, Eman- uel Zimmerman; 1848, Emanuel Zimmerman, WiUiam Johnson; 1849, Emanuel Zimmerman, William Johnson, Daniel P. Caul; 1850, William Johnson, Daniel P. Caul, William L. Cooke; 1851, Daniel P. Caul, Wilham L. Cooke, Eeuben W. Zartman; 1852, WiUiam L. Cooke, Eeuben W. Zart- man, J. H. Zimmerman; 1853, Eeuben W. Zartman, J. H. Zimmerman, M. D. Withington; 1854, J. H. Zimmerman, M. D. Withington, Joseph Hoover; 1855, M. D. Withington, Joseph Hoover, John Youngman; 1856, Joseph Hoover, John Youngman, William T. Forsyth; 1857, John Youngman, Will- iam T. Forsyth, Abraham Shipman; 1858, WiUiam T. Forsyth, Abraham Shipman, O. P. Patton; 1859, Abraham Shipman, O. P. Patton, C. F. Little; 1860, O. P. Patton, 0. F. Little, Peter W. Gray; 1861, C. F. Little, Peter W. Gray, John HofPa; 1862, Peter W. Gray, John Hoffa, WeUington Hum- mel; 1863, John Hoffa, WeUington Hummel, Nathaniel C. Lytle; 1864, Wellington Hummel, Nathaniel C. Lytle, C. F. Little; 1865, C. F. Little, Peter W. Gray; 1866, C. F. Little, Peter W. Gray, H. K. Culp; 1867, Peter W. Gray, H. K. Culp, C. F. Little; 1868, H. K. Culp, C. F. Little, Joseph Eisely; 1869, C. F. Little, Joseph Eisely, A. J. GaUagher; 1870, Joseph Eisely, A. J. Gallagher, Jasper Haughav^out; 1871, A. J. Gallagher, Jasper Haughawout, Joseph Eisely; 1872, Jasper Haughawout, Joseph Eisely, J. M. FoUmer; 1873, Joseph Eisely, J. M. FoUmer, Jacob E. Muench; 1874, J. M. FoUmer, Jacob E. Muench, Joseph Eisely; 1875, Jacob E. Muench, Joseph Eisely; 1876, Charles Hottenstein, Samuel McNinch, John W. Bren- nan; 1877-78, Charles Hottenstein, Eichard Eyan, Samuel McNinch; 1879— 81, John E. Colt, Edward L. Matchin, Wellington Hummel; 1882-84, Thomas Barr, S. P. Gaston, H. F. Mann; 1885-86, Moses S. Bond, E. Penn Smith, Jacob Shipman; 1887, Moses S. Bond, E. Penn Smith, Philip H. Moore; 1888, Philip M. Shindel, Thomas Swenk, Sr., Moses S. Bond; 1889- 90, Thomas Swenk, Sr., Peter W. Gray, Moses S. Bond; 1891, Joseph Gass, Jr., John C. Forsyth, Thomas Swenk, Sr., present incumbents. County Surveyors. — The title of this officer was deputy surveyor until 1850, when the office became elective; prior to that date its incumbents were appointed by the surveyor general of the State. Under the latter arrange- ment David Eockefeller held the office for a number of years. The foUow- ing is a list of county surveyors since the office became elective; the year is that in which elected: Samuel Young, 1850, re-elected in 1853; David Eocke- feUer, 1859; J. E. Hilbush, 1862; PhiHp Frederick, 1865; J. K Francis, 1868; J. E. Hilbush (appointed, vice Francis, resigned); David J. Lewis, 1871; Samuel G. Frey, 1874, re-elected in 1877; E. Miles Purdy, 1880; Ira Shipman (appointed, vice Purdy, who resigned in 1882); J. E. Hilbush, 1883, re-elected in 1880; P. S. Bergstresser, 1889, present incumbent. Jury Commissioners. — Two jury commissioners are elected triennially. The succession has been as foUows, the year given being that of election: ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTEATION. 189 1867, Hugh H. Teats, Isaac Martz; 1870, Philip McWilliams, Benjamin Bohner; 1873, William H. Leighou, Daniel M. Schwartz; 1876, Christian Enterline, Joseph Vankirk; 1879, William Grady, George W. Coble, Samuel H. Eothermel (Eothermel was appointed, January 17, 1880, vice Coble, de- ceased); 1882, M. D. Bastian, Isaac D. Eaker; 1885, B. F. Kelley, H. P. FoU- mer; 1888, J. W. Seal, E. E. Eeitz, present incumbents. The Clerk to the County Commissioners is elected by the board; in the management of the fiscal affairs of the county considerable responsibility at- taches to this position, and a list of its incumbents, so far as ascertainable from existing records, is herewith given: 1782, Daniel Montgomery; 1785, John Macpherson; 1786, Martin Withington; 1787, Henry Douty; 1790-91, John Weitzel; 1792, Henry Douty; 1793 (December) to 1802, Daniel Mont- gomery; 1802 (November 23) to 1809, John Frick; 1809 (January 21) to 1813, Nathan Patton; 1811, Jeremiah Simpson; 1815-17, Andrew Callum; 1818, William Withington; 1819, Jeremiah Simpson; 1819 (May 24) to 1821, John Baldy; 1822-2-4, Solomon Shaffer; 1825-28, John G. Youngman; 1829- 35, George Haas; 1835 (November 3) to 1860, George Martin; 1860 (August 1) to 1864, S. D. Jordan; 1864-67, Charles Weaver; 1867-72, John Farns- worth; 1872 (July 4) to 1873, Daniel M. Schwartz; 1873-74, Peter W. Gray; 1875-81, Daniel M. Schwartz; 1882-84, Harley Datesman; 1885-91, Jona- than B. Wagner; 1891, T. A. Campbell, present incumbent. Mercantile Appraisers. — This office is likewise filled by appointment of the commissioners. In Northumberland county it was created in 1846 by act of the legislature ; prior to that date its duties were performed by a board composed of the commissioners and associate judges. William J. Martin, the first incumbent of this position, was appointed, November 25, 1846, but re- signed, and John P. Pursel was appointed in April, 1847 ; their successors have served in the following order: 1848, John P. Pursel; 1849-50, Daniel Caul; 1851-52, Eeuben Zartman; 1853-54, James D. Barr; 1855, James Covert; 1856, George Weise; 1857-58, James Lynn; 1859, Daniel Drucke- miller; 1860-61, William Savidge; 1862, Simon Bassler; 1863, William Hoover; 1864, George A. Wighoff; 1865, J. M. Simpson; 1866, Jacob Leisen- ring; 1867, Jacob Yordy; 1868, C. Lesher; 1869, Christian Gingerich; 1870, F. Bower; 1871, John Forsythe; 1872, Peter Keefe; 1873, J. B. Eeed; 1874, Daniel Druckemiller ; 1875, Cyrus O. Bachman; 1876, William K. Erdman; 1877, J. E. Hilbush; 1878, C. K. Sober; 1879, George Hartline; 1880, E. H. McCormick; 1881, Elias Shaffer; 1882, John T. Albright; 1883, Eichard Doyle; 1884, David Cowell; 1885, Thomas Barr; 1886, Simon Vought; 1887, D. E. Shaffer; 1888, Calvin W. Gutelius; 1889, William F. King; 1890, Emanuel Wilvert; 1891, Charles Newhard, present incumbent. BEPEESBNTATION IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS, ETC. Meeting of Provincial Deputies, July 15, 1774. — William Scull, Samuel Himter. 190 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Provincial Convention, January 23, 1775. — William Plunket, Casper Weitzel. Provincial Conference, June 18, 1775. — William Cooke, Alexander Hunter, John Weitzel. Provincial Conference, Jime 18, 1776. — William Cooke, Alexander Hunter, John Weitzel, Eobert Martin, Matthew Brown. Constitutional Convention, July 15, 1776. — William Cooke, James Pot- ter, Eobert Martin, Matthew Brown, Walter Clark, John Kelly, James Craw- ford, John Weitzel. Council of Censors. — Section XLVIIth of the constitution of 1776 pro- vided for an election in 1783 and every seventh year thereafter of two per- sons from each county and the city of Philadelphia, said persons to comprise the Council of Censors, the duties of which included an inquiry into the manner in which the constitution was observed and enforced. Two different returns were made from Northumberland county to the first session of this CoulLoil, which convened on the 10th of November, 1783; on the 26th of the same month, William Montgomery and Samuel Hunter were declared elected. James Potter, elected vice Hunter, deceased, took his seat, July 7, 1784. Constitutional Convention, November 24, 1789. — Charles Smith, Simon Snyder. Constitutional Convention, May 2, 1837. — Senatorial delegate, Eobert rieming — district: Northumberland, Centre, and Lycoming; Eepresentative delegate, William Gearhart. Constitutional Convention, November 12, 1872. — Senatorial Eepresenta- tives: Joseph Bailey, Levi Eooke, John P. Cronmiller — district; Northum- berland, Union, Snyder, and Perry. LEGISLATIVE BEPEESENTATION. Members of Assembly. — Northumberland county was first represented in the Assembly that met at Philadelphia on the 14th of October, 1772. The following is a list of members from that time until the adoption of the con- stitution of 1790, with the year in which the members were respectively elected: 1772-75, Samuel Hunter; 1776, Thomas Hewitt, Samuel Dale, Jacob FoUmer, Eobert Fruit, David Eobb, Samuel Wallis; 1777, Samuel Dale, Eobert Fruit, James Murray, William Irwin, Simon Hemrod, Eobert Fleming; 1778, Samuel Dale, Simon Hemrod, James McKnight, Eobert Mar- tin, Eobert Fruit, James Crawford; 1779, Eobert Martin, Samuel Dale, Will- iam Montgomery; 1780, William Montgomery, David McKinney, John Kelly; 1781-82, William Montgomery, William Maclay, William Cooke; 1783, James McClenachan, WiUiam Cooke, William Maclay; 1784, Frederick Antes, Daniel Montgomery, Samuel Dale; 1785, Frederick Antes, Samuel Dale, William Maclay; 1786, Frederick Antes, Samuel Dale; 1787-89, Samuel Maclay, John White. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 191 Member of the Committee of Safety. — Samuel Hunter, June 30, 1775, to July 22, 1776. Members of the Council of Safety. — John Weitzel, July 24, 1776, to March 13, 1777; John Hambright, October 17, 1777, to December 4, 1777. Members of Supreme Executive Council. — Under the constitution of 1776, the general executive functions of the government devolved upon the president and Supreme Executive Council. This body was composed of one member from the city of Philadelphia and each of the counties of the State, i elected for the term of three years. The first members from Northumberland, Bedford, Northampton, and Westmoreland, hov?ever, served but one year, in order that a certain proportion of new members might be received each year thereafter. The representation of this county, with the year in which each member was elected, was as follows: 1776, John Lowdon; 1777, John Ham- . bright; 1780, James Potter; 1783, John Boyd; 1786, William Maclay; 1789, William Wilson. State Representatives. — The following is a list of members of the lower house of the legislature since the adoption of the constitution of 1790, with the year in which each member was elected: 1790-91, Samuel Maclay, John White; 1792, Samuel Dale, John White; 1793, Josiah Haines, James David- son; 1794, Flavel Eoan, George Hughes, Jacob FoUmer; 1795, Flavel Eoan, Hugh White, Eobert Martin; 1796, John White, Hugh White, Thomas Grant; 1797, Simon Snyder, Samuel Maclay; 1798-1800, Simon Snyder, Jacob Follmer; 1801, Simon Snyder, Jacob FoUmer, Jesse Moore, Samuel Dale; 1802, Jesse Moore, Jacob Folhner, Daniel Montgomery, Simon Sny- der; 1803, Simon Snyder, Eobert GifEen, Leonard Eupert, John Bull; 1804, Simon Snyder, Leonard Eupert, John Bull, Abraham McKinney; 1805, Eobert Smith, Leonard Eupert, John Bull, Abraham McKinney; 1806, Simon Snyder, Leonard Eupert, Abraham McKinney, Eobert Smith; 1807, Simon Snyder, Leonard Eupert, Abraham McKinney, John Murray; 1808, John Murray, Leonard Rupert, Frederick Evans, Andrew Albright; 1809, John Murray, Leonard Rupert, Abraham McKinney, Frederick Evans ; 1810, John Murray, Jared Irwin, Leonard Rupert, Frederick Evans; 1811, Samuel Bond, Jared Irwin, Andrew McClenachan, Frederick Evans; 1812, Samuel Bond, Andrew McClenachan, Leonard Eupert, George Kremer; 1813, Samuel Bond, Leonard Eupert, Thomas Murray, Jr., George Kremer — district: Northumberland, Union, and Columbia; 1814, David E. Owen, Eobert Wil- lett, Joseph Hutehinson, Henry Shaffer — district: Northumberland, Union, and Columbia; 1815, Henry Shaffer, Joseph Hutchinson — district: North- umberland; 1816, Lewis Dewart, Abraham McKinney; 1817, Lewis Dewart, Joseph Hutchinson; 1818, Lewis Dewart, John Miller; 1819-20, Lewis Dewart, John Haas; 1821, Daniel Scudder, Andrew Albright; 1822-23, Thomas Painter; 1824-27, Daniel Scudder; 1828-30, Henry Frick; 1831, E. Greenough; 1832, Peter Martz; 1833, Albe C. Barrett; 1834-37, Lewis 192 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Dewart; 1838-39, Charles W. Hegins; 1840, Jesse C. Horton; 1841, David B. Montgomery; 1842, Jacob Gearhart; 1843-45, Edward Y. Bright; 1846, Samuel Hunter; 1847-48, George A. Frick; 1849-50, John B. Packer; 1851, William FoUmer; 1852, Samuel A. Bergstresser; 1853, David B. Mont- gomery; 1854, G. M. Yorks; 1855-56, Jeremiah H. Zimmerman; 1857, Joseph C. Ehoads; 1858, Charles Hottenstein; 1859-60, Amos T. Beisel; 1861-62, J. Woods Brown; 1863-64, Truman H. Purdy; 1865-66, C. W. Tharp; 1867-68, WilUam H. Kase; 1869-70, Kobert Montgomery; 1871, J. B. Newbaker, Dennis Bright — district: Northumberland and Montour; 1872-73, A. T. De Witt, Jesse Ammerman; 1874, Jesse J. John, WiUiam P. Withington — district: Northumberland; 1876, Jeremiah Snyder, Daniel L. Sherwood; 1878, Daniel L. Sherwood, J. W. Scanlan; 1880, J. W. Scanlan, WiUiam Elliott; 1882, E. C. Mc Williams, James Eiland; 1884, James Eiland, WiUiam Gable; 1886, WiUiam A. Dean, H. T. Eckert; 1888, Jacob M. FoU- . mer, Daniel F. Gallagher; 1890, Peter J. Criste, Isaiah J. Eenn, present Eepresentatives. State Senators. — The State Senate was created by the constitution of 1790, succeeding to some of the functions of the Supreme Executive Coun- cil. The following table exhibits the representation of Northumberland county, with the district from which each member was elected and year in which elected. (Where the counties composing the district are not indicated, it is understood that its boundaries were the same as in the preceding year) : 1790, William Montgomery — district: Northumberland, Luzerne, and Hunt- ingdon; 1794, William Hepburn, elected January 8th, vice Montgomery, who resigned; 1794, George Wilson, William Hepburn — district: Northum- berland, Luzerne, and Mifflin; 1795, Samuel Dale, vdce Hepburn, who resigned, April 20, 1795; 1796, Samuel Dale — district: Northumber- land, Lujzerne, Lycoming, and Mifflin; 1798, Samuel Maelay; 1800, James Harris; 1802, Samuel Maelay — district: Northumberland; 1803, Jacob FoU- mer, vice Maelay, who resigned, September 2, 1803; 1806, James Laird; 1808, Nathan Palmer — district: Northumberland and Luzerne; 1810, James Laird; 1812, WiUiam Eoss; 1814, Thomas Murray, Jr. — district: Northum- berland, Union, Columbia, Susquehanna, and Luzerne; 1816, Charles Fraser; 1818, Simon Snyder; 1820, Eedmond Conyngham; 1822, Andrew Albright — district: Northumberland and Union; 1823, Lewis Dewart, vice Albright, deceased; 1826, John Eay; 1830, Samuel J. Packer; 1S34, Isaac Slenker; 1839, Eobert Fleming — district: Northumberland, Lycoming, and Centre; 1842, Jesse C. Horton; 1845, Benjamin Jordan — district: Northumberland and Dauphin; 1848, Eobert M. Frick; 1851, John C. Kunkel; 1854, David Taggart; 1857, Charles E. Buckalew — district: Northumberland, Snyder, Montour, and Columbia; 1858, Eeuben Keller, vice Buckalew, resigned; 1860, Prank Bound; 1863, David B. Montgomery; 1866, George D. Jackson- district: Northumberland, Montour, Columbia, and Sullivan; 1869, Charles ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 193 E. Buckalew; 1872, Andrew H. Dill — district: Northumberland, Union, Sny- der, and Perry, 1876, Andrew H. Dill — district: Northumberland, Union, and Snyder; 1878, Simon P. Wolverton, vice Dill, resigned; 1880-84, Simon P. Wolverton; 1888, S. D. Bates, present Senator. EARLY TOWNSHIP OFFICEBS. The administration of township affairs is usually intrusted to men of some prominence and influence in their respective neighborhoods, and a list of township of&cers includes, therefore, the names of many citizens whose con- nection with public life would otherwise be forgotten, and whose services, although purely local in their nature, are none the less essential to the com- munity at large. The following is a list, as complete as existing records permit, of township officers during the first twenty years after the organiza- tion of the county, when, owing to the extensiveness of the county and its subdivisions, a relatively greater degree of importance attached to the offices than at present. A list of justices commissioned under the provincial regime (1772-76) is given iu the chapter on the Bench and Bar. The following were commis- sioned from 1777 to 1785, some of whom resided beyond the present limits of the county: Andrew Culbertson, Mordecai McKinney, January 8, 1777; Samuel Hunter, Thomas Hewitt, Eobert Crawford, John Weitzel, Eobert Martin, Michael Troy, John Livingston, Samuel Allen, John Aurand, June 10, 1777; Benjamin Weiser, January 21, 1778; Thomond BaU, David Mc- Kinney, Wilton Atkinson, July 8, 1778; Frederick Antes, July 13, 1779; John Heckert, May 9, 1780; John Buyers, Christian Gettig, September '28, 1780; Alexander Patterson, John Seely, David Mead, John Martin, Septem- ber 10, 1783; Henry Shoemaker, February 7, 1784. The following were commissioned from 1785 to 1792 for districts situated wholly or in part within the present limits of the county: William Maclay, January 24, 1785 — Sunbury and Augusta; William Shaw, January 24, 1785 — Turbut; William Cooke, October 3, 1786 — Point; Samuel Weiser, October 29, 1787 — Mahanoy; Christian Gettig, October 29, 1787 — Sunbury; Joseph Jacob WaUis, October 29, 1787 — Sunbury; George Hughes, February 28, 1788 — Catawissa; John Weitzel, June 20, 1789 — Augusta; Eobert Smith, September 1, 1791 — Turbut and Derry; John Buyers, September 1, 1791 — Sunbury and Augusta; George Hughes, September 1, 1791 — Shamokin and Catawissa; Samuel Weiser, September 1, 1791 — Mahanoy; John Weitzel, September 1, 1791 — Sunbury and Augusta; William Cooke, October 26, 1791 — ^Northumberland; David Hammond, October 26, 1791 — Chillisquaque and Turbut; Alexander Dixon, June 20, 1792 — Turbut and Derry; John Simpson, July 5, 1792 — Point and Northumberland. 1772. Augusta. — Constable, Alexander Grant. 194 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Turbut. — Constable, "William McMeen; supervisors: John Clark, Jr., James Murray. 1773. Augusta. — Constable, Adam Haverling; supervisors: Alexander Grant, John Tucker; overseers: Arthur Auchmuty, John Harrison. Turbut. — Constable, John Blair; supervisors: WiUiam Piper, Hugh Mc- Williams; overseers: James Murray, Adam Marr. 1774. Augusta. — Constables: William Boyle, John Tucker; supervisors: David Fowler, Eobert Durkee; overseers: John Weitzel, Jacob Haverling. Turbut. — Constable, John Blair; supervisors: John Simpson, Eichard Malone; overseers: James Murray, Adam Marr. 1775. Augusta. — Constables: Robert McBride, Stephen Sutton, Michael Brad- ley; supervisors: David McKinney, William Clark; overseers: Thomond Ball, Wilton Atkinson. Mahanoy. — Constable, Sebastian Brosius; supervisors:- John Shaffer, Peter Almang; overseers: Samuel Weiser, John Fisher. Turbut. — Constable, John Blair; supervisors: Marcus Hulings, Jr., Ben- jamin Jones; overseers: John Cheney, William McKnight. 1776. Augusta. — Constables: Joseph Lorentz, Zachariah Robins; supervisors: Stophel Gettig, Samuel Lewis; overseers: John Maclay, John Buyers. Mahanoy. — Constable, Abraham Schreyer; supervisors: Peter Smith, George Yagey; overseers: Samuel Weiser, John Fisher. Turbut. — Constable, William Johnson ; supervisors: John Dixon, Bartho- lomew Haines ; overseers : Samuel MoKee, Paul Geddis. 1777. Augusta. — Constables: William Dewart, Henry Richards; overseers: John Maclay, John Buyers. Mahanoy. — Constable, Nicholas Brosius. Turbut. — Constable, Henry Vanderslice. 1778. Augusta. — Constable, William Dewart; supervisors: James McLees, Frederick Dunkelberger ; overseers: George Cliver, Elias Yoimgman. Mahanoy. — Constable, Martin Kerstetter; supervisors: Christian Whit- more, Jacob Zai-tman; overseers: Martin Thomas, Daniel KaubeL Turbut. — Constable, George Frederick. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTBATION. 195 1779. Augusta. — Constables: William Robins, John Harrison; supervisors: John Black, John Buyers; overseers: John Behm, George Dougherty. Mahanoy. — Constable, Maximilian Haines; supervisors: Abram Schnei- der, Gottlieb Lefler; overseers: Henry Krebs, Michael Lenker. 1780. Augusta. — Constable, Michael Eousher; supervisors: Henry Sterritt, Christian Gettig; overseers: Henry Richards, Conrad ShafEer, Zachariah Robins. Mahanoy. — Constable, Gottlieb Lefler. 1781. Augusta. — Constables: George Keyser, Joseph Lorentz; supervisors: Henry Sterritt, Ludvyig Gass; overseers: William Sims, Abram De Witt; fence viewers: Henry Sterritt, Philip 0pp. Mahanoy. — Constable, John Herter; supervisors: Peter Ferster, Nicholas Groninger; overseers: Peter Albert, George Kline. Turbut. — Constable, Simon Hemrod; supervisors: James Stedman, John Gamble; overseers: John Yost, George Teeples. 1782. Augusta. — Constables: Henry Sterritt, George Cliver; supervisors: Will- iam Sims, Joseph Lorentz; overseers: John Harrison, Bernard Eyregood; fence viewers: Nicholas RoUsher, Daniel Cruger. Mahanoy. — Constable, John Fisher; supervisors: William Ferster, Francis Shaffer; overseers: Valentine Rebuck, John Tobbs. Turbut. — Constable, James Stedman; supervisors: Jacob Links, John McHenry; overseers: Richard Malone, James Harrison. 1783. Augusta. — Constable, Jacob Gass; supervisors: Peter Hall, Frederick Weiss; overseers: Martin Epley, John Black; fence viewers: Paul Baldy Robert McBride. Mahanoy. — Constable, Daniel Kobel. Turbut. — Constable, Paul Geddis. 1785. AM.7Msta.— Constables: Henry Lebo, Adam Gilger; supervisors: John Harrison, Christian Shissler; overseers: John Black, Peter Smith; fence viewers: Joseph Lorentz, William Dewart; auditors: John Snider, Martin Withington. Mahanoy. — Constable, Andrew Reitz; supervisors: John White, Yost Schockingast; overseers: John Herter, Peter Smith. 196 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Turbut. — Constable, John Nelson; supervisors: John Montgomery, David Ireland; overseers: Matthew Smith, James Harrison ; fence viewers : William McKnight, William Murray. 1786. Augusta. — Constables: John Tombe, Martin Epley; supervisors: John Weitzel, John Harrison; overseers: Ludwig Gass, Nicholas Eousher; fence viewers: Joseph Wallace, Paul Baldy; auditors: David Mead, Christian Gettig, Charles Gobin, Martin Withington. Point. — Constable, Joseph Torbett; supervisors: James Hepburn, James Jenkins; overseers: Laughlin McCartney, Bernard Hubley; fence viewers: Daniel Eeese, Daniel Kelly Turbut. — Supervisors: William Cook, Eobert Taggart; overseers: James Biggars, Robert Smith; fence viewers: Martin Keiser, John Dickson. 1787. Augusta. — Supervisors: John Clingman, Jacob Martz, Jr.; overseers: Jacob Conrad, Adam Eenn; fence viewers: Charles Gobin, William McAdams ; auditors: William Gray, David Mead, Martin Withington, Joseph Wallace. Chillisquaque. — Constable, John Cheney; supervisors: Thomas Straw- bridge, James Stedman; overseers: John Murray, John Gillespie; fence viewers, James Murray, Joseph Wilson; auditors: Thomas Hewitt, James McMahan, John Alexander, William Fisher. Mahanoy. — Constable, William Forster; supervisors: Peter Both, Ludwig Schreyer. Point. — Constable, Matthew Crozier; supervisors: Christian Dering, James Lemon; fence viewers: James Hepburn, Thomas Pollock. Turbut. — Constable, Philip Davis; supervisors: David Hammond, James Harrison; overseers: John Hood, Andrew Eussell; fence viewers : John Mont- gomery, Jacob FoUmer; auditors: William Shaw, Frederick Taylor, John Lytle, Matthew Smith. 1789. Augusta. — Constables: Paul Baldy, Zachariah Eobins; supervisors: Casper Snyder, Joseph Lorentz; overseers: Daniel Witmer, Charles Gobin; fence viewers: Jacob Yoner, Martin Epley. Chillisquaque. — Constable, James Carscaddon, Jr.; supervisors: William Fisher, Paul Geddis; overseers: Thomas Strawbridge, WiUiam Murray. Mahanoy. — Constable, Nicholas Schneider; supervisors; Valentine Ee- buck, Michael Emerick; overseers: George PfeifEer, Christopher Whitmore. Powi.— Constable, John Allen; supervisors: Eobert Martin, John Boyd; overseers: William Wilson, Josiah Haines; fence viewers: William Sims Samuel Drake. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. 197 RaVpho. — Constable, John Miller; supervisors: Abraham Brewer, John Kelley; overseers: John Clark, Obadiah Campbell; fence viewers: Samuel Eeeder, John McKenzie. Turbut. — Constable, Henry Lebo; supervisors: Daniel Vincent, Eobert Hood; overseers: Joseph Hutchison, David Ireland; fence viewers: Michael Follmer, Andrew Kussell. 1790. Augusta. — Constables: Daniel Hurley, Benjamin Patterson; supervisors: Martin Kendig, Zachariah Bobins; overseers: Alexander Hunter, William McAdams; fence viewers: Peter Smith, John Lyon. Chillisquaque. — Constable, John Donaldson; supervisors: Thomas Palmer, Joseph Wilson; overseers: John Wilson, Francis Eustis; fence viewers: James Stadden, Thomas Hewitt. Mahanoy. — Constable, Michael Shaffer; supervisors: William Dobson, George BoreU; overseers: John Latsha, Sebastian Stonebraker; fence view- ers: Henry Zartman, Christian Heckendon. Point. — Supervisors: Daniel Montgomery, John McFarren; overseers: James Davidson, WiUiam Adams; fence viewers: John Maclay, Aaron Levy. Shamokin. — Constable, Casper Reed; supervisors: Samuel Reeder, Richard Robinson; overseers: John Kerr, Jacob Reed; fence viewers: John Williamson, William Becker. Turbut. — Constable, William McCormick; supervisors: David McGuire, Robert Montgomery; overseers: James McClung, David Ireland; fence viewers: James Harrison, William McKnight. 1791. Augusta. — Constables: Zachariah Robins, Peter Smith; supervisors: Daniel Witmer, Henry Bucher; overseers: William Gray, Nicholas Miller; fence viewers: Martin Epley; Jacob Haver ling. Chillisquaque. — Constable, James McMahan; supervisors: James Latti- more, Thomas Hewitt; overseers: Paul Geddis, Alexander Miller; fence viewers: William Reed, WiUiam Fisher. Mahanoy. — Constable, Michael Lenhart; supervisors: Casper Gabel, An- drew Reitz; fence viewers: Daniel Brosius, Nicholas Hettrick; overseers: Henry Zartman, Jacob Oxreiter. Point. — Constable, William Mackey; supervisors: Robert Martin, Daniel Montgomery; overseers: James Davidson, William Bonham; fence viewers: John Bachenstozs, Robert Lyon. Shamokin. — Constable, WiUiam Clark; supervisors: WiUiam Schrach, John Carr; overseers: John Moore, George Daugherty; fence viewers: George Dibber, John Irwin. Turbut. — Constable, Garret Sickles; supervisors: William McCormick, 198 HISTORY OP NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Eobert Miles; overseers: Fleming Wilson, James McClimg; fence viewers: William Miles, John Vandyke. 1792. Augusta. — Constables: Zachariah Robins, Henry Boughner, Wendel Lo- rentz; supervisors: Martin Epley, John Arthur; overseers: Joseph Wallis, William Dewart, Martin Withington; fence viewers: Christian Gettig, Will- iam McAdams; auditors: John Weitzel, John Buyers, John Kidd, Plavel Roan. Chillisquaque. — Constable, John Gillespie; supervisors: William Reed, John Alexander; overseers: Robert McNeal, Hugh McBride; fence viewers: Robert Finney, John Donaldson. Mahanoy. — Constable, Michael Lenhart; supervisors; John Heckert, John Fisher; overseers: Philip Lefler, George Haines; fence viewers : Michael Neigh, Nicholas Popp. Point. — Constable, James Hepburn; supervisors: Josiah Haines, John Pollock; overseers: John Mackey, John Painter; fence viewers: John Cow- den, JohnMcJanan; auditors: Frederick Antes, Stephen Dering, John Mont- gomery, John Frick. Shamokin. — Constable, John Kan; supervisors: Michael Moore, Jacob Kanhart; overseers: Richard Robinson, Samuel Reeder; fence viewers: Rob- ert Kennedy, Samuel Moore; auditors: George Daugherty, John Kelly, Abram Brewer, Casper Reed. Turbut. — Constable, Garret Sickles ; supervisors: John McCormick, Will- iam Miles; overseers: Fleming Wilson, William Shaw; fence viewers: John Vandyke, William Miles; auditors: James McClung, Robert Hood, Joshua McGuire, John Itsworth. THE BENCH AND BAR. 201 CHAPTER V. THE BENCH AND BAE. First Coukts ahd Cases — The Quartek Sessions — Early Administration of Penai, Justice — The Orphans' Court — The Common Pleas — Rules of Court — The Bench — Roster op Justices — Biographical Sketches of President Judges — Associate Jltjges — The Bar op the Past and Present — The Sutreme Court. THE provincial judiciary act of March 22, 1722, the general provisions of which v?ere in force at the time Northumberland county was organized, established in each county a court styled the general quarter sessions of the peace and gaol delivery and a county court of common pleas, for each of which the Governor was authorized to commission a competent number of justices, three of whom should constitute a quorum. The orphans' court, as consti- tuted in 1772, was established in 1713. The constitution of 1776 provided for courts of sessions, common pleas, and orphans' courts, the organization and functions of which remained substantially as under the provincial regime. By the constitution of 1790 the judicial power of the Commonwealth was vested in a Supreme court, in a court of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery, common pleas, quarter sessions, orphans' court, and register's court for each county, and in justices of the peace. The judges of the Supreme court were, ex officio, justices of oyer and terminer and general jail delivery in fhe several coxmties. Provision was made for the division of the State into judicial circuits; the Governor was authorized to appoint a president of the courts for each circuit and not less than three nor more than four judges for each county, for whom a life tenure was established subject to the good behavior of the incumbent, who was removable by the Governor upon the address of two thirds of each branch of the legislature. The president and judges, any two of whom should constitute a quorum, were to compose the court of common pleas. They were also justices of ojrer and terminer and general jail delivery, any two of their number, the president being one, to constitute a quorum; but no session of this court was to be held in any county when the Supreme court should be sitting therein. The court of quarter sessions and the orphans' court were also to be composed of the judges of the common pleas, who, with the register of wills, were to constitute the regis- ter's court. The latter was abolished by the constitution of 1873. 12 202 HISTORY OF NOBTHOMBEELAND COUNTY. FIRST COUETS AND CASES. The act erecting Northumberland county passed the Assembly on the 21st of March, 1772; this action of the legislative body was certified to Council three days later, when it received favorable consideration, and justices for the new county were forthwith appointed. The seat of government for the Prov- ince was at Philadelphia, and communication with the frontier was attended with difficulty and delay; it is not probable, therefore, that much time elapsed after the commissions of the justices reached Fort Augusta before the judicial machinery was placed in motion. The first court, a private ses- sions of the peace, was held on the 9th of April, 1772. The following is a transcript of the minutes: — At a court of private sessions of the peace held at Port Augusta for the county of ■ ISTorthumberland on the 9th day of April in the twelfth year of the reign of our Sover- eign Lord George the Third, hy the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc., and in the year of our Lord God 1772, before "Will- iam Plunket, Esquire, and his associates, justices assigned, etc., etc., within the said county of Northumberland, viz.: — An act of [the] General Assembly of Pennsylvania entitled " An act for erecting a part of the coiinties of Lancaster, Cumberland, Berks, Northampton, and Bedford into a separate county," was published in court. A commission from his Honor the Governor, bearing date the 34th day of March, anno Domini 1773, appointing William Plunket, Turbutt Francis, Samuel Hunter, James Potter, William Maclay, Caleb Graydon, Benjamin Allison, Robert Moodie, John Lowdon, Thomas Lemon, Ellis Hughes, and Benjamin Weiser, Esquires, justices of the court of general quarter sessions of the peace and gaol delivery for the said county of Northumberland, was published in court. On motion made, the said county of Northumberland, or as much of the extent of the same as is now purchased from the Indians, is divided into the following to-mi- ships, to be hereafter called and known by the names of Penn's township, Augusta township, Turbut township, Buflalo township. Bald Eagle township, Muncy township, and Wyoming township. Then follows a description of the boundaries of each township, as given in the preceding chapter. Officers were also appointed for the respeclive townships at this session. The first court of general quarter sessions of the peace for Northumber- land county was held at Fort Augusta on Tuesday, the 26th of May, 1772, before William Plunket and his associates. As at the previous session, an exemplified copy of the act erecting the county " certified under the hand of William Parr, Esquire, master of the rolls for the Province," was "published in open court." The commissions of the justices were again read, and also "a deputation from Andrew Allen, Esquire, attorney general for the Province of Pennsylvania, to Edward Burd, for the prosecution of the pleas of the crown within the said county of Northumberland." As the first recorded proceedings it is stated that, — Upon petitions to the court, George Wolf, Martin Traester, William Wilson, Rich- ard Malone, Peter Hosterman, Henry Dougherty, Robert Martin, Casper Reed, and THE BENCH AND BAR. 203 Prancis Yamall are recommended to his Honor the Governor for his license to sell spirituous liquors by small measure, and keep houses of public entertainment in the townships and places where they now respectively dwell in this county, for the ensu- ing year. Wolf, Traester, Hosterman, and Eeed resided in Penn's township; Malone, Dougherty, and Martin, in Tnrbut; Wilson and Yamall, in Augusta. Marcus Hulings and John Alexander, of Turbut; Adam Haverling, of Sunbury; Martin Kost, of Buffalo, and James Weiser, of Augusta, were added to this number before the close of the year. The first road petition considered was that of " sundry the inhabitants of the West Branch of Susquehanna and places adjacent," setting forth the great inconvenience they labor under for want of public highways, etc., and praying that proper persons should be appointed " to view and lay out a road from the end of the road lately opened from the head of Schuylkill to Fort Augusta, across the North Branch of the river Susquehanna to the main point opposite Fort Augusta, thence up the easterly side of the West Branch of said river to the line of the late Indian purchase at Lycoming." Richard Malone, Marcus Hulings, Jr., John Kobb, Alexander Stephens, Daniel Lay- ton, and Amariah Sutton were appointed to lay out the proposed road agree- ably to the terms of the petition if their judgment should so determine. " Sundry inhabitants of the North Branch of Susquehanna and of the "waters of Mahoning creek " also presented a petition " setting forth the great •conveniency of a public highway from Fort Augusta to the narrows of Ma- honing," and praying for the appointment of "suitable persons to view the ground. . . .in order to discover the nighest and best road;" to this service Thomas Hewitt, Robert McCulley, John Black, Hugh Mc Williams, Robert McBride, and John Clark, Jr., were appointed. Hitherto the entire attention of the court had been directed to the exercise of its administrative functions. Actions begun in the county prior to its erec- tion, criminal as well as civil, had been continued in the courts at Reading, Lancaster, or Carlisle, respectively, and, although the deputy attorney gener- al's commission was read at May sessions, 1772, no case requiring the atten- tion of that officer was tried imtil the following term. Until the first election of county officers should occur the sheriff of Berks county was authorized to perform the duties pertaining to that office; and on the fourth Tuesday in August, 1772, the first grand jury was impaneled, as shown by the following minute: — George Nagel, Esquire, high sheriff for the county aforesaid, returned the writ of mnire to him directed, with the panel annexed, which being called over after procla- mation made, the following persons appeared, who were accordingly sworn on the ^rand inquest for our Sovereign Lord the King for the body of the county: John Brady, foreman, George Overmeier, John Rhorrick, Leonard Peter, Garret Free- land, John Yost, William Gray, Ludwig Derr, George Rau, Andreas Heffer, Hawkins 3oone, George Wolf, William Cooke, John Kelly, James Poke, John Walker. 204 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COtfNTY. The iCing No. 1. vs. John Willaims alias Thomas Adams. The record of the first case is as follows: — Bur indictment, felony; true hill. The defendant helng arraigned, plead non cul. et de hoc ponit, se etc., etc.; pro Rege, similiter, etc., etc. And now, a jury being called, come, to wit : William Piper, Isaac Miller, Robert Testes pro Rege .-1 Fruit, James Morrow, Thomas Hewitt, Richard Irvine, Robert Clark, William Scull, I Benjamin Fulton, Andrew Gibson, John Morrow, Francis Irvine, Samuel Hunter, [and Henry Dougherty, who on their oaths respectively do say, that Thomas Lemon. J the defendant is guilty in manner and form as is in the said Indict- ment set forth. Whereupon it is adjudged by the court that the said John Williams aZias Thomas Adams do make restitution of the goods stolen; and pay a fine of five pounds to his Honor the Governor for support of government; and receive on his bare back at the common whipping post on the 3d of October next twenty-one lashes, and stand com- mitted until this sentence is executed. At the same term of court Williams alias Adams was also convicted upon a second and third indictment for felony. Upon the second indictment he was fined five pounds, seven shillings, six pence, and sentenced to receive twenty-one lashes on the 30th of September; upon the third the fine was three pounds, five shillings, and he was sentenced to receive twenty-one lashes on the 1st of October. These three indictments were the only cases tried at this term of court, and constitute the first recorded proceedings in the crim- inal annals of the county. In each instance conviction followed arraignment, and the amount of the cumulative sentence — a fine aggregating more than thirteen pounds, a relatively large sum of money at that period, and the infliction of twenty-one lashes upon three consecutive days — was certainly equal to the requirements of justice. In the punishment of penal ofEenses the whipping-post, stocks, and pil- lory were frequently brought into requisition. The whipping-post, which stood in the public square in front of the old jail building at the corner of Market street and Center alley, was a stout piece of timber firmly planted in the ground, with a horizontal crosspiece above the head; to this the hands of the culprit were tied, while the sheriff administered the flagellation on his bare back. The pillory was erected under a walaut tree on the river bank ia front of the Maclay house, where a slight depression in the ground still marks the site; this consisted of an upright frame with openings through which the head and hands of the offender protruded, and a low platform upon which he stood. Custom, and also the common law, permitted every passer-by to throw one stone at the culprit's head. In the stocks the offender sat upon a platform with his hands and feet projecting through a framework in front. No regular facilities of this nature having been provided, the stocks were improvised by thrusting the legs of the culprit between the rails of a fence above the Maclay house. This seems to have served the purpose under Plunket's administration. The first instance in which these instrumentahties were resorted to in the THE BENCH AND BAB. 205 administration of penal justice occurred at August sessions 1772, in the case of Williams alias Adams. At May sessions, 1776, Daniel Pettit was convicted of altering a five-dollar bill and sentenced to " stand in the public pillory in the town of Sunbury on the 31st of May instant from eight until nine o'clock in the forenoon, and be imprisoned for one month, and stand committed until this judgment be complied with." In November, 1778, Esar Curtis was con- victed of larceny; his sentence was, to "pay a fine of forty pounds to his Excellency the Governor for the support of government, forty pounds by way of restitution for the horse stolen, and receive seventeen lashes well laid on, and stand committed until fine, fees, etc., are paid." This seems to have been the first conviction for horse-stealing. Alexander Craig was also con- victed of larceny at the same term of court; he was amerced in the sum of eighty pounds, and sentenced to receive " twenty-seven lashes on his bare back well laid on." In February, 1779, Elijah Higgins was arraigned upon an indictment for larceny, and found guilty; it was adjudged that he " return the hog or the value of the same, pay a fine of three pounds, and be whipped next Saturday with twenty lashes." The lash seems to have been used without regard to color or sex. In February, 1781, Negro Ann, convicted of larceny, was sentenced to " be publicly whipped at the public whipping post at Sunbury on Saturday, the 10th day of March, with twenty lashes on her bare back well laid on, at ten o'clock of that day; restore the goods or the value thereof to the owner, Eleanor Green, and pay a fine equal to the value of the things stolen; pay the costs of prosecution, and stand committed till the above sentence be complied with." The goods purloined amounted in value to three pounds, three shillings. State currency. In February, 1785, Patrick Quinn was found guilty of stealing a " tow linen shirt to the value of ten shillings;" it was directed that he should restore the same or an equivalent in money, pay a fine equal to the value thereof, and " receive on his bare back at the common whipping post on Friday, the 25th day of February instant, at nine o'clock in the morning, twenty-one lashes." For the theft of eighty- three shilhngs, four pence, John Miller, was found guilty of felony in Novem- ber, 1785; it was ordered that he should make restitution, pay a fine equal to the amount stolen, " and on Friday, the 25th instant, receive on his bare back twenty-one lashes well laid on." The maximum of physical punishment inflicted by judicial process in the early history of the county was probably the sentence imposed upon Joseph Disberry at August sessions, 1784, upon conviction of felony. It reads as f oUows : — Judgment: that the said Joseph Disberry receive thirty-nine lashes between the hours of eigh); and nine o'clock to-morrow; stand in the pillory one hour; have his ears cut off and nailed to the post; return the property stolen, or the value thereof; remain in prison three months; pay a fine of thirty pounds to the Honorable the President of -this State for the support of government, and stand committed imtil fines, fees, etc., are paid. 206 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. But Disberry's moral delinquencies were not rendered less frequent in occurence or reprehensible in character by the radical measures just described, and he continued to the end of his career a troublesome member of society. Even at this late date the number and variety of his exploits, his versatile and ingenious manner of evading arrest, and the air of perfect nonchalance with which he asserted his innocence when confronted with the most incon- trovertible evidence of guilt, retain a place in the traditions of this part of the State. In August, 1 798, he was arraigned on three indictments for bur- glary, to each of which, with characteristic sang froid, he plead not guilty. A longer period of immunity than usual had made him more than ordinarily bold; he had entered the houses of Philip Bower, Peter Jones, and Isaiah Willits, taking scarcely any precautions whatever to avoid detection, and the result of the trial was conviction on the three indictments. It was the sen- tence of the court "that the defendant forfeit all and singular his goods and chattels, lands and tenements, to and for the use of the Commonwealth; and be conveyed to the gaol and penitentiary house of the city of Phila- delphia, there to undergo the servitude aforesaid for the term of twenty-one years," of which term two years were to be spent in solitary confinement. Tradition asserts that he survived this long incarceration, and died a violent death. The first case of fornication and bastardy as shown by existing records was tried at November sessions, 1774. The defendant was Peter Weiser, and it was adjudged that he should pay " a fine of ten pounds to the Gov- ernor, and pay to Margaret Kessler the sum of seven pounds, ten shillings, for her lying-in expenses and maintaining the child to this time, and give bond with sufficient security for the maintaining of the child and securing or indemnifying Penn's township against any charges by reason or means of the said child." Cases of this nature are of frequent occurrence in the early records. It is worthy of remark, however, that they were principally brought against indentured servants. The man was usually required to contribute to the support of the child, while the woman was obliged to serve a year or longer beyond the time when her term of service would regularly have expired. The first cases of assault and battery were tried at May sessions, 1773, resulting in conviction in each instance. The fine imposed was two shillings, six pence, and the offender was required to give his recognizance for future good behavior. Cases of this nature contributed largely to the, business of the quarter sessions. There is reason to think that ignorance of the law, if not an excuse for its infraction, was at least a palliation in the eyes of the early justices. A case in point occurred at November sessions, 1778. Joseph Sprague plead guilty to an indictment for keeping a tippling house; he was sentenced to pay the costs, but the fine was remitted, "the crime appearing to be the effects of ignorance." THE BENCH AND BAB. 207 It was the duty of the constables to attend the sessions of the court, where their presence assisted in sustaining the majesty of the law and the dignity of the bench. The attendance of all the constables of the county was required until August sessions, 1789, when the following regulation was established: — It is agreed by the court that after the constables appear at each term and make their returns tiat they will be all dismissed but those who are reserved to attend the business of the court agreeable to the following distribution; and those of them who make default may rely on it that the court will strictly exact the fine. Division of the constables to serve in rotation, viz.: — First Class. — The constables of Augusta, Bald Eagle, Beaver Dam, Buffalo, Cata- wissa, to serve at November sessions. Second Class. — The constables of Nippenose, Penn's, Pine Creek, Point, Potter's, Turbut, at February Tcssions. Third Class. — The constables of Derry, Loyalsock, Lycoming, Mahoning, Maha- noy, Muncy, at May sessions. Fourth Class. — The constables of Chillisquaque, Washington, White Deer, Fish- ing Creek, Shamokin, at August sessions. The Orphans' Court was organized on the 9th of April, 1772. The min- utes of the first session are as follows: — At an orphans' court held at Fort Augusta the 9th day of April, in the twelfth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc., and in the year of our Lord God 1772, before William Plunket, Samuel Hunter, Caleb Gra3'don, Robert Moodie, and Thomas Lemon, Esquires, justices of the same court, etc., for the coimty of Northumberland; Came into court William Maclay, Esquire, and produced a commission from his Honor the Governor, bearing date the 24th day of March last past, appointing him, the said William Maclay, clerk or register of this court; and likewise a deputation from Benjamin Chew, Esquire, register general for the probates of wills and granting letters of administration for the Province of Pennsylvania, constituting and appointing him, the said William Maclay, deputy register for the probate of wills and granting- letters of administration for the county of Northumberland, both which were read and published in court, and the said William Maclay took the oath for the faithful dis- charge of the said oflBces, respectively. The first proceedings are recorded under date of August 13, 1773, Jus- tices William Maclay, Samuel Hunter, and Michael Troy, presiding. Alex- ander McKee, administrator of the estate of Thomas McKee, deceased, of Augusta township, presented a statement of the indebtedness, etc. of said decedent, and was authorized to sell a tract of land called " New Provi- dence," situated in Augusta township, formerly Upper Paxtang township, Lancaster county. The proceedings in this case were begun at Lancaster. Among the cases that appeared for consideration at January term, 1779, was one that affords a melancholy illustration of the hardships of those troublous times. In the preceding summer a number of refugees from Muncy, driven from that locality by the Indians, had been cared for by the people of Augusta township. Albert and Catharine Polhemus were among 208 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. these unfortunates; both died and were buried at the public expense, leaving seven children, whose support was temporarily assumed by the overseers of the poor. It became necessary to levy an extra tax for their maintenance, and at January sessions, 1779, the overseers were authorized to indenture them, the conditions prescribed being similar to the following: — To Elias Youngman, Magdalena Polhemus, until she be eighteen years of age, he accommodating her according to the custom of the country during her servitude; to teach or cause her to be taught to read and write English; bring her up in the Presby- terian religion; and at the expiration [of her servitude give her decent freedoms, with twenty pounds lawful money of Pennsylvania. The sequel would seem to show that those to whom unfortunate and des- titute children were indentured were not always faithful to the obligations thus assumed. At November sessions, 1786, of the court of quarter sessions, Magdalena Polhemus presented a petition to the court setting forth that she had " faithfully and honestly " served Elias Youngman the full term of seven years for which she had been indentured; but that he had not "performed the covenants in the said indenture mentioned by furnishing her with her freedom dues at the expiration of her servitude." At the following term of court it was adjudged that she should be paid eight pounds, in default of which an attachment should issue to compel payment. In this summary manner did the court enforce just treatment for its wards. At August sessions, 1779, " a certain Sarah Silverthorn, aged seven years," was indentured to William Huburn; as part of the obligation assumed he agreed " to teach or cause her to be taught to read and write English, bring her up in the Presbyterian reUgion, and at the expiration of her servitude give her the usual freedoms, with a good spinning wheel." The question may arise whether Presbyterianism sustained to the county administration the re- lation of an established chirrch. It is probable, however, that the only object of the court was to insure for its wards proper religious training, and that in designating a particular church the religious preferences of the child's parents were considered. Orphans' courts were held very irregularly for some years after the organ- ization of the cotmty. That this might be remedied the following action was taken by the justices at May term, 1783: — Whekeas, Hitherto there has been no stated or fixed time for holding orphans' courts in said county; It is therefore unanimously agreed and determined by the said justices [Frederick Antes and his associates] at this present sessions that from and after this present ses- sions that orphans' courts in or for this county shall be held at Sunbury the fourth Tuesday in June, the fourth Tuesday in September, the fourth Tuesday in December, •and the fourth Tuesday in March, statedly and forever thereafter. The first will recorded is that of Joseph Rotten, of Buffalo township, which was certified to the deputy register„August 24, 1774. It was drawn on the 16th of May previously, in the presence of William Moore, James THE BENCH ANB BAE. 209 McCoy, and Samuel Mather. The testator bequeathed "to Mary, my dearly beloved wife, my best bed and furniture, also a black cow, as also one full third part of all my personal estate, either in cash, goods, or chattels ;" the remainder was devised in equal portions to his three children, Thomas, Eoger, and Elizabeth. In June, 1779, James Jenkins and Morgan Jenkins, executors of the nimcupative will of Thomond Ball, transacted certain business with the court under its provisions. Among the personality mentioned is a gold watch, which the court directed should be " sold by public vendue in the city of Philadelphia or town of Lancaster." Ball had been a justice of the court and served for a time as its deputy clerk. This is the first nuncupative wiU mentioned in the records of the court, and one of the very few instruments of that character that have received the consideration of the judiciary in this county. It is presumed that the decedent was too much occupied with busi- ness relating to other people's wills to find time to write his own. The Court of Common Pleas. — The first session of this court began on the fourth Tuesday in May, 1772. The proceedings are thus set forth in the minutes: — Northumberland County, ss. At a county court of common pleas held at Port Augusta for Northumberland county the fourth Tuesday in May in the twelfth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Third, by the grace of God King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc., annoque Domini MDCCLXXII, and continued by adjournments; Present — ^William Plunket, Samuel Hunter, Caleb Graydon, Thomas Lemon, Robert Moodie, and Benjamin Weiser, Esquires, justices of the county court of com- mon pleas for the said county of Northumberland, viz.: — An exemplified copy of the act of General Assembly of the Province of Pennsyl- vania, entitled " An act for erecting a part of the counties of Lancaster, Cumberland, Berks, Northampton, and Bedford into a separate county," certified under the hand of William Parr, Esquire, master of the rolls for the said Province, and seal of his office, was read and published in open court. A commission from his Honor the Governor, dated the 24th day of March, 1773, was read and published in open court, appointing William Plimket, Turbutt Francis, Samuel Hunter, James Potter, William Maclay, Caleb Graydon, Benjamin Allison, Robert Moodie, John Lowdon, Thomas Lemon, Ellis Hughes, and Benjamin Weiser justices of the county court of common pleas for Northumberland county. A commission from his Honor the Governor, dated the 24th day of March, 1772, appointing William Maclay, Esquire, prothonotary of the county court of common pleas for Northumberland county, was read and published in open court, whereupon he took an oath for the faithful discharge of his office. On motion made, the following gentlemen were admitted and sworn attorneys of this court, viz.: James Wilson, Robert Magaw, Edward Burd, George North, and Chris- tism Huck. On motion, Mr. James Potts, after examination, was admitted and sworn an attor- ney of this court. On motion, Mr. Andrew Robison was admitted and sworn an attorney of this court, after having been duly examined. 210 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. On motion, Mr. Charles Stedman, after being examined, was admitted and sworn an attorney of this court. The record of the first cases is as follows: — John Simpson ■) Debt sans breoe. Defendant in this action confesses judg-. 1. TO. [ ment to the plaintiif for the sum of sixteen pounds, Burd. Hawkins Boone. ) sixteen shillings. \ Debt and interest £^ 13b. 6d. Acknowledged the 36th day / J^^^, ^^^ ^^^^^ j^gg 3 ij g of May, 1772, before me, ) Wm. Maclay. £10 4 August 33d, rece'd by Wm. Maclay. Eece'd principal and interest of the debt in this action £1 13s. 6d. and my fee 1 10 £9 3 6 Edward Burd. Robert Sample ^ Debt sans hrme. Defendant in this action confesses judg- 3. m. \ ment to the plaintifE for the sum of twenty-five pounds Wils[on] William McCall. ) and three shillings. Acknowledged the 27th day of May, 1773, before me, Wm. Maclay. Jasper Scull -s Debt sans breve. The defendant in this action, (by Ed- 3. vs. i ward Burd, his att'y,) confesses judgment to the plaintiff Burd. Daniel Rees. ) for the sum of forty-three pounds, fourteen shillings. Acknowledged this 13th day of July, anno Dom. 1773, before Wm. Maclay. The second term opened on the fourth Tuesday in August, Justices Plunket, Hunter, Lemon, Moodie, and Potter, presiding. The first entry on the docket is the case of James Patton vs. James Gaily, Magaw for plaintifE, Wilson and North for defendant. The second case is an action for eject- ment brought by the lessee of Samuel McCroskey against Robert King, Wilson for plaintifE and Burd for defendant. The first application of the arbitration system occurs in the case of Michael Eega vs. William Blyth, Huck for plaintiff and Wilson for defendant, in which aU matters at variance were referred to John Brady, Samuel Maclay, and George Wolf, who found for the plaintifE a balance of five pounds, eleven shillings, eleven pence half- penny. The causes entered upon the docket at this term are nitmbered to thirty-three, but it does not appear that many of them came to trial. In several instances no proceedings whatever are recorded, and a majority of the causes were continued to the following term. The names of Magaw, Wilson, Burd, Huck, North, Hartley, Weitzel, Robison, and Stedman appear as attorneys in connection with the caiises entered at this term. Thomas Hartley, Casper Weitzel, Andrew Ross, and James Whitehead were admitted to the bar. The minutes are entered in a book; those of the preceding term were recorded on detached sheets of papef, and never transcribed to a more THE BENCH AND BAE. 211 permanent receptacle. The minutes appear to have been somwhat neglected during the following years, but the appearance and continuance dockets are practically complete from the organization of the county. But meager information is afforded regarding the early procedure of the common pleas court. Although the judges were not learned in the law, they were doubtless familiar with the practice in England and in the older coun- ties, while the presence of a respectable number of attorneys supplied what- ever deficiency of legal erudition may have been apparent in the bench. The prothonotary was evidently well qualified for the duties of his position, to which a relatively greater degree of importance attached at that early date than at a later period. It is not probable that the business of the court required any special rules for some years after the organization of the county; if any such were formulated it is not mentioned in the records. At May term, 1789, in order to remedy the " manifest delays " and " great injustice done to suitors by reason of the uncertainty of levies made upon writs oi fieri facias," it was made a standing rule that in making return of an execution the sheriff should annex thereto a schedule of the property levied upon. At August term, 1789, " for the better regulating the practice of the court of common pleas in the county of Northumberland," the following rules were adopted: — It is ordered by the court that for the future upon all judgments entered up, when the defendant shall not come forward at the return day of the writ of execution to complain of any irregularity in the judgment and execution, or to suggest any defense he may have, such judgment shall remain, and not be thereafter stirred. And in all cases where there has been an appearance, and judgment has been entered by consent of defendant's attorney, or in cases of judgment by default, and such judgments have remained four terms, no motion shall be received in order to open such judgment. And in order that the defendants may not be surprised, the sheriff, in all cases of a levy by virtue of any writ of fieri facias shall give notice to the defendant, or if ab- sent, leave notice at the last usual place of his residence, with a schedule of the iDrop- erty levied under penalty of an attachment. The court further order and direct that an issue list be formed of the causes in- tended to be tried of a precedent term to the trial, and that the causes so put down for trial shall have a preference of all other causes, and shall not be put off but for some legal reason; and that the issue list so made shall be affixed in some public place in the prothonotary's office for the inspection of the parties concerned, in order to prevent a surprise; and that the causes so marked for trial in the issue list shall be considered in the same point of view as a cause ordered up by &'sirmg'c»8 at rejsj'prms, and be subject to the same rules and regulations, except as to serving written notice on the attorney; and in order to prevent any unnecessary expense in attending suits, the party, plaintiff or defendant, who so puts down his cause for trial, shall, if he does not bring on his cause for trial, pay all costs of the term. Provision for an argument court was first made at November term, 1799, when the prothonotary was directed to prepare an argument list as well as a trial list, and Saturday of each court week was set apart " for hearing and determining arguments." 212 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTy. The earliest printed code of rules applying to the courts of this county that has come to the knowledge of the writer was published at Philadelphia in 1801 by William Young. The rules of the Supreme court, circuit courts, and courts of common pleas are published in the same volume; the "rules and orders for regulating the practice of the courts of common pleas " were established by the presidents of the several districts, but by what means this concert of action was secured is not stated. The various subdivisions relate to attorneys, s'ecurity for costs, bail, certiorari, jury, judgm.ent, declaration — plea, trial, witnesses, and arguments. Judge Rush was then president of the Third district, in which this county was embraced, and this code was proba- bly in force throughout his administration and that of his successor. Judge Cooper. Judge Chapman instituted several changes immediately after his acces- sion. Perhaps the most important was that relating to the preparation of the trial list. The following minute occurs under date of August 31, 1811: — On consultation with, the bar, the following regulations are established respecting the trial of causes, viz.: — First. — That the remnants of the trial list, together with the additional causes or- dered for trial, be placed upon the list hereafter according to their seniority, subject, however, to the second regulation; Second. — That fifteen causes be selected by the gentlemen of the bar, which fifteen are to be ready for trial on the Thursday of the first week. A new code of rules, the first relating specially to the Eighth district, was compiled under Judge Chapman's supervision and printed by Andrew Kennedy & Son at Northumberland prior to April, '1814. This is a small pamphlet of twenty-six pages, and elaborates somewhat upon its predecessor of 1801. A considerable period elapsed before the rules of court were again com- piled and published. On the 16th of April, 1836, upon petition from the bar of Northumberland county, Messrs. Bellas, Jordan, and McDonald were appointed a committee to revise and collate the rules of court for the Eighth district. "Whether they acted in conjunction with similar committees from the other counties of the district or performed the work independently can not be satisfactorily ascertained, but in the following year a new edition of the rules was pubHshed at Williamsport by Eck & Eldred. This was done under Judge Lewis's auspices, and, with subsequent emendations and additions, this compilation was the authoritative manual of practice during his incum- bency and that of his successors, Judges Donnel, Anthony, and Pollock. A new code was formulated upon the accession of Judge Jordan; it was pub- lished in 1852. A revised edition, embodying the modifications and additions of the intervening period, -Was printed in 1867. The present "Eules of prac- tice in the several courts of Northumberland county," compiled by Charles M. Clement under the direction of the court, were adopted, January 21, 1878, six years after Judge Eockefeller's elevation to the bench. THE BENCH AND BAK. 213 THE BENCH. Justices from 1772 to 1790.— The following justices were commissioned for NortJnimberland county under the provincial regime: — William Plunket, March 24, 1772. Turbutt Francis, March 24, 1772. Samuel Hunter, March 24, 1772. James Potter, March 24, 1772. William Maclay, March 24, 1772. Caleb Graydon, March 24, 1772. Benjamin Alhson, March 24, 1772. Eobert Moodie, March 24, 1772. John Lowdon, March 24, 1772. Thomas Lemon, March 24, 1772. Benjamin Weiser, March 24, 1772. William Patterson, 1773. Michael Troy, 1773. John Fleming, 1773. Samuel Maclay, July 29, 1775. John Simpson, July 29, 1775. Eobert Eobb, July 29, 1775. Evan Owen, July 29, 1775. John Weitzel, July 29, 1775. Henry Antes, July 29, 1775. Ellis Hughes, March 24, 1772. The following justices were appointed by the Provincial Convention of 1776, which exercised the function of a provisional State government; (as there is a hiatus in the minutes of the court from May, 1776, to November, 1777,* it can not be positively stated that they transacted any legal busi- ness) : — Samuel Hunter, September 3, 1776. James Potter, September 3, 1776. WiUiam Maclay, September 3, 1776. Eobert Moodi«, September 3, 1776. John Lowdon, September 3, 1776. Under the constitution of 1776 the following justices were commissioned for the term of seven years: — Benjamin Weiser, September 3, 1776. John Fleming, September 3, 1776. Henry Antes, September 3, 1776. John Simpson, September 3, 1776. Thomas Hewitt (President), June 9, 1777. Samuel Hunter, June 9, 1777. Eobert Crawford, June 9, 1777. John Weitzel, June 9, 1777. Eobert Martin, June 9, 1777. Michael Troy, June 9, 1777. Samuel Allen, June 9, 1777. John Aurand, Jime 9, 1777. William Shaw, June 9, 1777. John Livingston, June 9, 1777. William Maclay, June 11, 1777. David Harris, September 14, 1777. Frederick Antes (President), Novem- ber 18, 1780. Laurence Keene, January 19, 1784. Alexander Patterson, May 24, 1784. WiUiam Maclay, January 24, 1785. WiUiam Shaw, January 24, 1785. William Irwin, January 27, 1785. *0n the 2Bth of Aiigust, 1778, the justices addressed a memorial to the Supreme Executive Council, representing "That this being the second court at which no State's attorney appeared, many persons liave been admitted to bail who ought to have been tried ; that the long suspension of justice in this county from February, 1776, to November, 1777, had rendered the people licentious enough, and a further delay of executing the laws must lead them to lengths perhaps too difficult to be recalled; that even tippling houses, the notorious promoters of vice and immorality and audacious opponents to law and order, remain unpunished," etc.— Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. VII. pp. 72-73. 214 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Simon Snyder, January 27, 1785. John Simpson, March 10, 1787. Samuel Wallis, March 1, 1785. Samuel Weiser, October 30, 1787. Eobert Fleming, March 1, 1785. Christian Gettig, November 2, 1787. William Montgomery (President), Joseph Jacob WaUis, November 2, April 7, 1785. 1787. John Kelly, August 2, 1785. George Hughes, February 26, 1788. Abraham Piatt, January 21, 1786. John Weitzel, June 19, 1789. Eli Mead, July 14, 1786. William Hepburn, July 2, 1789. William Cooke, October 3, 1786. Jasper Ewing, July 29, 1789. The foregoing list is based principally upon that given in Volume Illd of the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series. It is not entirely complete, how- ever, as the local records show that David McKinney and Matthew Smith officiated as justices in 1780 and John Buyers in 1783-86; the latter fre- quently presided in the quarter sessions. President Judges. — During the colonial period the presiding justice was chosen by his colleagues, and does not appear to have enjoyed any particular distinguishing title. Section Vlth of a law passed on the 28th of January, 1777, for the organization of the courts under the constitution of 1776, pro- vided " That the president and Council shall appoint one of the justices in each respective county to preside in the respective courts, and in his absence the justices who shall attend the court shall choose one of themselves president for the time being." The title of " president of the courts " appears in the constitution of 1790; it was superseded in popular usage by that of "president judge" within a comparatively brief period, and the latter occurs in the constitution of 1873. Under these various titles the succession in Northumberland county has been as follows: — William Plunket, 1772-76. Ellis Lewis, 1833-43. Thomas Hewitt, 1777-80. Charles G. Donnel, 1843-44. Frederick Antes, 1780-85. Joseph B. Anthony, 1844-51. William Montgomery, 1785-91. James Pollock, 1851. Jacob Rush, 1791-1806. Alexander Jordan, 1851-71. Thomas Cooper, 1806-11. WiUiam M. Eockefeller, 1871, present Seth Chapman, 1811-33. incumbent. Though not required to be learned in the law, the presiding justice during the colonial period and under the constitution of 1776 was usually a man of larger intelligence than his colleagues, and was expected to be present at every session of the court, while attendance on their part was largely optional. In the transactions of the early courts of this county there was little oppor- tunity for the exercise of legal acumen or the application of forensic erudi- tion, and a bench of this kind, composed entirely of laymen, was well adapted to the people and the times. Deliberative judgment, fairness of purpose, and integrity of action were sufficient qualifications in the members of the court THE BENCH AND BAB. 215 at the period -vvhen local litigation did not yet embrace the perplexing ques- tions relating to land tenure, corporations, and kindred matters that engage the attention of the courts so largely at the present day. William Plunket presided over the county courts under the colonial regime. He was a physician by education and profession, and a biograph- ical sketch occurs in the chapter on the Medical Profession in this work. Of the twelve justices commissioned on the 24th of March, 1772, he was proba- bly the only one who had personal knowledge of the methods of procedure in the English courts, and on that account was probably chosen to preside. In administering the criminal law, his sentences were characterized by great severity. He presided over the courts for the last time at May sessions, 1776. Thomas Hewitt, the first president of the courts under the constitution of 1776, resided in ChiUisquaque township, where a tract of three hundred eight acres was surveyed to him in pursuance of warrant dated June 12, 1773. It is probable that he continued to reside there for some years; in 1789 he was assessed with three hundred acres of land and a grist and saw miU, and was, with a single exception, the largest tax-payer in the township. In 1772 he was one of the first county commissioners, and held that ofiice several years; in 1776 he was elected to the Assembly; on the 8th of July in that year he was one of the judges at an election held at George McCand- lish's for members of the Constitutional Convention; he was a member of the Committee of Safety in 1776-77; and on the 9th of June, 1777, he was appointed a justice of the courts, over which he presided from November in that year until 1780. Frederick Antes was from Philadelphia county, which he represented in the Provincial Conferences of June, 1775, and June, 1776. The date and circumstances of his settlement in Northumberland county are not known, but on the 18th of November, 1780, he was commissioned as president of the courts, and it is fair to presume that he had resided in the county for some time prior to that date. In the same year he was appointed commissioner to receive forage and suppHes at Sunbury and Wyoming. In February, 1782, he became treasurer of the county, which ofiice he filled almost contin- uously until 1801. He was elected to the Assembly in 1784, 1785, and 1786. His residence was at Northumberland; Priestley mentions him in his "Mem- oirs," referring especially to his mechanical ingenuity in assisting him to devise apparatus for his chemical experiments. He died at Lancaster, Penn- sylvania, September 20, 1801.* * The following obituary appeared in Kennedy's Gazette -. " Died at Lancaster on Sunday, the 20th of September, in the seventy-third year of his age, Fredericli Antes, treasurer of this county, and on Monday his remains were interred in the Presbyterian biu-ial ground of that place. In hira his wife has lost a good liusband, his children an indulgent parent, and the public a very useful member of society. Previous to his decease he was one of the two persons who had undertaken to clear the river Susquehanna." On the 12th of June, 1796, as ascertained from the same paper. Miss Catherine, daughter of Colo- nel Fredeiick Antes, married Simon Snyder, of Seliusgrove, who was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1808 to 1817. 216 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. William Montgomery was one of the most prominent citizens of old Northumberland county, whether his military, political, or business career be considered. Born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1736, he entered public life as a delegate to the Provincial Conventions of January and June, 177-"3, serving also in the Conference of June, 1776. He was col- onel of the Fourth battalion of Chester county militia, which he commanded at the battle of Long Island in 1770 and during the march across New Jer- sey, after which it became part of the "flying camp." In 1774 he purchased a tract of land at the mouth of Mahoning creek, embracing the site of Danville, Montour county, Pennsylvania, and removed thereto in 1777. He was elected to the Assembly in 1779, 1780, 1781, and 1782, and became a member of the Council of Censors in 1783. In 1784 the Assembly elected him to Congress, but he resigned in the following year, and on the 7th of April, 1785, was commissioned as president of the courts of Northumberland county, retiring from this office in 1791. September 27, 1785, he was appointed one of two commissioners to lay off part of the purchase of 1784 into districts; June 24, 1785, member of a commission for the improvement of the Susquehanna; April 18, 1785, deputy surveyor; July 23, 1787, mem- ber of a commission for adjusting the claims of Connecticut settlers in Penn- sylvania, and, July 18, 1801, associate judge of Northumberland county, serving until the erection of Columbia in 1813. In 1790 he was elected to the first Senate of Pennsylvania. He was a pioneer in the establishment of miUs and factories and the opening of roads, and was identified with nearly every project of his day for the development of central Pennsylvania. He died at DanviUe, May 1, 1816, and is buried in the cemetery at that place. Jacob Rush was the first judge for Northumberland county, " learned in the law." He was bom in Byberry township, Philadelphia county, Penn- sylvania, in 1746, and was a descendant of John Rush, a captain in Crom- well's army, who immigrated to America in 1683. The death of his father in 1753 left him an orphan at the age of seven years, but a moderate inheritance enabled him to obta;in a hberal education; in 1765 he graduated at Princeton, where he was a classmate of the Rev. James WaddeU, the blind clergyman to whose eloquence Attorney General Wirt renders such a flattering tribute in his " British Spy." He was in active service in several campaigns of the Revolutionary war. In September, 1777, he was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia, where he rose rapidly in his profession and early reached the favorable notice of leading men of the day through the influ- ence of his brother. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence. He was a member of the Provincial Convention held at Phila- delphia in January, 1775, and represented Philadelphia county in the Assem- bly in 1770-80. On the 26th of February, 17S4, he was commissioned a justice of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania; he also served as a member of the high court of errors and appeals prior to the adoption of the consti- THE BENCH AND BAR. 219 tution of 1790. In 1791 he was appointed president of the courts of the Third judicial district (composed of the counties of Northumberland, Northampton, Berks, and Luzerne as erected by the act of April 13, 1791), and presided over the quarter sessions at Sunbury for the first time, November 21, 1791. To this position he brought a judicial experience probably unequaled by that of any of his successors upon their accession to the bench. He continued to perform the duties of his extensive district (which, in 1801, embraced Lycoming and Wayne counties in addition to those mentioned) until January 1, 1806, when he was commissioned president judge of the court of common pleas for Philadelphia county. In this position he remained until his death, January 5, 1820. David Paul Brown, a practicing attorney of Philadelphia county forty years and author of " The Forum," gives his estimate of Judge Eush in the following language: — He was a man of great ability, and great firmness and decision of character. He was also an eloquent man. Perhaps there are few specimens of judicial eloquence more impressive than those which he delivered during his occupation of the bench. An accurate idea of his style may readily be formed from an extract from his charge to the grand jury in 1808, and his sentence pronounced upon Richard Smith for the murder of Corson in 1816. We refer as much to the high moral tone of his productions as to their literary and intellectual power Some of his early literary essays were ascribed to Franklin, and for their terseness and clearness were worthy of him. Judge Rush's charges to the jury generally and his legal decisions were marked by soundness of principle and closeness of reason. Having been a judge of the Supreme court and of the high court of errors and appeals, he never appeared to be satisfied with his position in the common pleas; yet, his uprightness of conduct and unquestionable abilities always secured to him the respect and confidence, if not the attachment, of his associates, the members of the bar, and the entire community. He was one of the gentlemen of the old school, plain in his attire, unobtrusive in his de- portment, but, while observant of his duties toward others, never forgetful of the re- spect to which be himself was justly entitled. As an author his works include: "Resolves in Comiriittee Chamber, De- cember 6, 1774 " (Philadelphia, 1774); "Charges on Moral and Eeligious Subjects" (1803); "Character of Christ" (1806); and " Christian Baptism " (1819). In Reed and Dickinson's controversy regarding the character of Benedict Arnold, he espoused the cause of the latter. A novel, " Kelroy," was written by his daughter, Rebecca (Philadelphia, 1812). His name is perpetuated in local geographical nomenclature as the designation of one of the most important townships of Northumberland county. Thomas Cooper was commissioned president judge of the Eighth district (to which Northumberland, Luzerne, and Lycoming counties were assigned by the act of February 24, 1806), March 1, 1806. He was a native of Eng- land, born at London in 1759 and educated at the University of Oxford. He also studied medicine and law, and, as evidenced by his after pursuits, made chemistry a subject of special attention. In this his investigations doubtless 220 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. derived inspiration from his acquaintance with Doctor Priestley. Cooper was a resident of Manchester, England, in 1789, when, according to Binns's " Eecollections," he went to Paris as the colleague of Watts, the inventor of the steam engine, to represent the Manchester Philosophical Society in the Prench Convention. His reply to Burke's " Reflections on the French Revo- lution" brought him into collision with the authorities; considerations of personal safety led him to seek a residence in America, and, with others sim- ilarly circumstanced, among whom was the son of Doctor Priestley, he planned " a large settlement for the friends of liberty in general near the head of the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania."* In 1793 he removed to the United States;f although the proposed settlement was abandoned, the project brought him to Northumberland, and there he resided during his subsequent connection with affairs in this county. At November sessions, 1795, on motion of Daniel Smith, he was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county. Stewart Pearoe says that he was a man of learning, and " in advance of the age in his knowledge of minerals and geology. He carried with him a hammer and acids, breaking rocks and testing their mineral qualities, and was supposed by some ignorant persons to be, on that account, impaired in intellect. He was the firm friend of freedom, and his bold pen caused his imprisonment under the Alien and Sedition laws. After his liberation Governor McKean appointed him one of the commissioners to carry into effect the Compromising law of 1799 and its supplements. To his energetic action were due the quiet and harmony that speedily ensued in this long troubled and unhappy coun- try. "J His personal appearance and professional characteristics were thus described by Charles Miner in 1800: " Short, rotund figure, stooping for- -ward; has a florid, high, English countenance and complexion. His forte is, to seize two or three strong points and present them forcibly to the court and jury. He never wearies by long speeches; never uses a word, or an illustra- tion, or an argument that is not to the purpose; a man of extraordinary en- dowments and of most distinguished genius. "§ On the 16th of July, 1803, he was commissioned deputy attorney general for Northumberland county, and took the oath of office on the following 22d of August. Less than three years later, a change in the boundaries of the district having resulted in the transfer of Judge Rush to Philadelphia, he was elevated to the bench, and presided at Sunbury for the first time at April sessions, 1806. Although ultra-democratic in his views and thoroughly in sympathy with the institutions of this country, he had been accustomed to the severe formahty of the English courts, and, unfortunately for himself, * Vide Priestley's " Memoirs," quoted In the history of Northumberland in this work. tTliomas Cooper was naturalized as an American citizen before Judge Rush at Sunbury In No- bember, 1795, when he stated under oath that he had resided in the United States two years and in the State of Pennsylvania one year. Vide Appearance docket of Northumberland county, No. 84 November sessions, 1705, and No. 1 July sessions, 1818. ifAnnals of Luzerne County, p. 248. ILlnn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 324. THE BENCH AND BAE. 221 attempted to introduce and enforce regulations of which the public senti- ment of that day did not approve. Doubtless there were ample grounds for a movement in the direction of better order in the court room. Judge Eush is represented as a man of mild disposition, naturally disposed to regard dis- orderly conduct as the result of ignorance rather than the expression of willful contumacy, moreover he suffered from an affection which, on one occasion, prevented him from occupying the bench for some months, and afterward affected his hearing, so that he was not cognizant of much of the disorder that may have occurred in the court room. Judge Cooper inaugurated his administration by requiring a better observance of order during the sessions of the court, and a more prompt performance of duty on the part of its serv- ants. In this he encountered opposition which it was not the part of a man of his temperament to allay; the feeling thus engendered found expression in a number of memorials to the legislature, charging him with official mis- conduct and praying for an investigation. Ten memorials of this character were presented in the House of Eepresentatives on the 21st of February, 1811, by Samuel Satterlee, the member from Lycoming, and a score or more by the members from Northumberland and Luzerne within the following m^onth. They were referred to a committee of nine members, among whom were Messrs. Satterlee, of Lycoming; Irwin, of Northumberland, and Gibson, of Cumberland, afterward chief justice of the State. B. Greenough, of Sun- bury, appeared as counsel for the petitioners, and Thomas Duncan, of Carlisle, afterward a justice of the Supreme court, represented Judge Cooper. Thir- teen days were required in taking testimony; a large number of witnesses were examined, among whom were many leading citizens and prominent attor- neys for the Commonwealth; Judge Cooper's three associates in Northumber- land county — Montgomery, Macpherson, and Wilson — appeared in his behalf, and uniformly testified to his efficiency and impartiality. The committee sub- mitted the following report on the 23d of March, 1811 : — Fully impressed with the importance of the duty assigned them, they have dili- gently attended to the evidence adduced in support of the accusations and in vindica- tion of the accused, keeping at once in view the propriety of aifording no countenance to unfounded suggestions and the solemn obligation of the legislature as the constitu- tional guardian of the rights and liberties of the people to repel every invasion of those rights; keeping in view the necessity of protecting those who faithfully discharge the trust confided to them in the exercise of just and legal authority, and of defending the citizens from those approaches toward arbitrary power which the ofRcial situation of president judge of a court of justice affords such facility in making, your committee have deduced from the evidence the following conclusions, to wit: — ^irst.—Tha,t he fined and imprisoned John Hannah for wearing his hat in the court house of Northumberland county — ^the said Hannah then standing outside of the bar and jury box and making no disturbance— and this without any inquiry into Hannah's conscientious objections. Second.— Th&t he fined and imprisoned three respectable citizens, viz. : William Hartman, Matthias Heller, and John Brown, hastily, arbitrarily, without any inquiry, and without sufficient cause. 222 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Third.— That lie fined Jolin Dreisbach unjustly and arbitrarily. FourtJi.— That he fined Nehemiali Hutton, hastily, without sufficient cause or hearing. Fifth. — That he arbitrarily and precipitately fined and imprisoned Stephen HoUis- ter for a mere whisper, and in an insulting and overbearing manner refused to hear his defense. Sixth. — That he improperly exercised the powers of a justice of the peace under the law respecting roads and bridges, and fined Anderson Dana, a supervisor of the highways, fifteen dollars in an arbitrary and passionate manner, after which he ordered the fine to be deposited in the hands of a third person, with orders to restore the same on certain conditions. Seventh. — That he sentenced a boy between fourteen and seventeen years of age to one year's imprisonment for horse stealing, and afterward added two years to the term of his imprisonment without any evidence, on the suggestion and pretense of teaching the boy a trade. Eighth. — Your committee also report, that it appears that prior to the 17th of November, 1807, he entered into an agreement with the then prothonotary and other officers of the court of common pleas of Northumberland county and with George Langs to purchase at sheriff's sale a tract of land called Limestone Lick, the property of Josiah Galbraith, levied upon by an execution issued out of the said court; and that the said tract was accordingly purchased on the day last mentioned by the said George Langs for their joint benefit, part of which tract is now held by the said Thomas Cooper under that sale. This conduct your committee do not assert to be a violation of any positive statute; but they do consider, that if the president of a court be suffered to make himself interested in a matter depending before him, he must either deprive the public of those services which he is bound to render, or adjudicate in his own cause, and the danger to the pure and impartial administration of justice is immediate and alarming. Your committee from the premises are of opinion, that the official conduct of the said president judge has been arbitrary, unjust, and precipitate, contrary to sound pol- ity, and dangerous to the pure administration of justice. They therefore submit the following resolution : — Resolmd, That a committee be appointed to draft an address to the Governor for the removal of Thomas Cooper, Esquire, from the office of president judge of the courts in the Eighth judicial district of Pennsylvania. The Judge and his counsel appeared before the House during the consid eration of the report, March 26, 1811; on the following day the question was put to a vote, when the resolution accompanying the report was carried by a majority of fifty-three in a total vote of ninety-three. The four mem- bers from Northumberland: John Murray, Jared Irwin, Frederick Evans, and Leonard Eupert, with John Forster and Samuel Satterlee of Lycoming, voted in the affirmative; Thomas Graham and Benjamin Dorrance, from Luzerne, the remaining county in the district, voted in the negative. An address to the Governer was reported on the same day (March 27, 1811); it states that the Judge had " in several instances arbitrarily, precipitately, and unjustly fined and imprisoned individuals for causes trivial and insufficient, without affording them an opportunity of being heard, and has committed many other acts of official misconduct and abuse of authority." The following significant utterance reflects the judgment of the legislature upon the whole THE BENCH AND BAR. 223 matter: "Although charity forbids us to declare that the acts aforesaid have been committed from motives or intention willfully corrupt and criminal, yet, such has been his official conduct as to destroy public confidence in his decis- ions, and by v?hich his usefulness is (if not totally) very much diminished in the district in vyhich he presides, and affords sufficient cause of his removal." On the 28th of March, 1811, the address to the Governor was transmitted to the Senate for concurrence. Cooper wrote a letter to the Speaker, strongly protesting against its consideration. He took the ground that the offenses charged were either "capable of being explained or justified, where the facts are admitted, or of being contradicted by testimony where the facts are denied." Such charges might, he averred, furnish ground for impeachment under the constitution, but not for removal by address, being of a class "per- fectly distinguishable from those reasonable causes of removal contemplated by the constitution which are not impeachable because they imply no mis- conduct." It does not appear that any action whatever was taken on this letter, and on the 30th of March, 1811, the Speaker signed the address. It was at once presented to the Governor, who, on the 2d of April, 1811, informed the Senate that he had issued a supersedeas deposing the Judge from his office. He subsequently wrote a pamphlet in vindication of his cause, but no copy has come to the knowledge of the writer; the defense made before the legislative committee is given in Linn's Annals of Buffalo VaUey, pp. 393-396. It does not appear that Mr. Cooper continued to reside in Northumber- land county any length of time after this. Within a brief period he accepted the professorship of chemistry in Dickinson CoUege, Carlisle, Pennsylvania; in 1816 was elected to a similar position in the University of Pennsylvania and took up his residence at Philadelphia, of which Binns speaks at some length in his "EecoUections." His next position was that of professor of chemistry in the College of South Carolina, at Columbia, of which institution he became president. After his retirement he collated and revised the stat- ute laws of the State under the auspices of the legislature; he was also the author of a translation of Justinian's "Institutes." His talents and the im- portant position he occupied commanded considerable influence at the South, and he is generally credited with having originated and encouraged some of the political dogmas which entered into the doctrine of secession. His death occurred in May, 1840. Seth Chapman, the next president judge of the courts of Northumberland county, filled that position longer than any other of its incumbents. He was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, January 23, 1771, a descendant of John Chapman, who emigrated from Yorkshire, England, in 1684, and built the first house in Wrightstown township, then the northern limit of the lands purchased by Markham from the Indians. Nothing is known of his educa- tion or legal preparation. He was admitted to the bar of Bucks county in 224 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 1791, and was therefore a lawyer of twenty years' experience at the time of his elevation to the bench. On the 11th of July, 1811, he was commissioned president judge of the Eighth judicial district, then composed of the counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, and Lycoming, and on the 25th of the same month took the affirmation necessary to a due performance of his duties. As the law required a judge to reside within the limits of his district, he re- moved to Northumberland and made that place his residence the remainder of his Hfe. The house he occupied was originally erected by Dr. Joseph Priestley and still stands on North Way, one of the most interesting land- marks of the county. In temperament Judge Chapman was the antipodes of his predecessor; and, if the authoritative manner of the latter was the source of his unpopu- larity, the individual who succeeded him ought to have been one of the most popular jurists in Pennsylvania. For a time there is reason to believe that he was popular. Cautious and deliberate in speech and action, deferential and courteous in intercourse with his lay associates, and evidently desirous of obtaining the good will of his constituents, he gave attorneys and litigants the widest latitude in the presentation of causes, a policy which coincided well with his disposition and seems to have commanded general approbation at first. Although his abilities were not of the highest order,* his legal qualifications were sufficient for the requirements of the position at that period, and had he adopted a more energetic policy in the discharge of his duties his retirement from the bench might have occurred under circrun- stances more creditable to his reputation than the event ultimately proved. A large number of cases awaiting trial accumulated on the dockets of the several counties and increase in population resulted in a corresponding addi- tion to the volume of legal business, notwithstanding which, the Judge became even more dilatory with advancing years, and at length popular discontent culminated in his impeachment by the Hoiase of Eepresentatives at the ses- sion of 1826. The charges specified in the articles of impeachment were, that he had directed Jacob Farrow to be arrested and imprisoned without any complaint against him and without lawful cause, at Sunbury, in August, 1824; that, con- trary to the express provisions of the law, he had reversed a judgment of Chris- tian Miller, a justice of the peace, and set aside an execution issued thereon al- though the required period, twenty days, had expired; that, in a case tried in Northumberland coimty at June term, 1813, he had filed in writing his opinion and charge to the jury, which differed from that orally delivered; and that he had manifested an undue partiality and favoritism to suitors. In answer to these allegations the respondent replied, that Farrow had made ♦Stewart Pearce (Annals of Luzerne county, p. 249) says of lilm: " He could not be reckoned a talented man, and was a judge ot interior abilities." By a change In the composition of the dis- tricts, Chapman was succeeded on the bench of Luzerne county by John Bannister Gibson In 1813. Possibly his abilities were under-estimated by comparison with those of his distinguished successor. THE BENCH AND BAR. 225 an assault upon the prothonotary, which was both breach of the peace and contempt of court, and was accordingly committed; that in the reversal of Justice Miller's decision the defendant was a minor, and hence the judgment was not valid in the first instance ; that the written charge and opinion in the case specified harmonized with the notes of his verbal charge; while the charge of impartiality was met with a general denial, and a voluminous ex- planation of the instances cited. The trial before the Senate began on the 7th of February, 1826, the Judge being represented by Samuel Douglas and George Fisher as counsel. Many witnesses were examined, and after eleven days' proceedings the respondent was acquitted, February 18, 1826, on all the articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of Eepre- sentatives. He continued upon the bench seven years after this. Unfortunately, his administration was still distinguished by vacillation and delay, and in 1833 petitions from various parts of the district were presented to the Senate, praying for his removal or the appointment of an additional law judge. These were referred to a committee composed of Messrs. Hopkins, of Columbia; Packer, of Northumberland; Petrikin, of Lycoming; Livingston, and Miller. An investigation was instituted, the Judge being represented by James Merrill and Alexander Jordan and the Commonwealth by E. Greenough and James Armstrong. The complaints, in the language of the committee, "may be comprehended in a general allegation of want of sufficient energy and capacity to discharge his duties with reasonable dispatch, promptitude, and accuracy." Regarding the character of the Judge, the report states that "no evidence was given in any manner to impeach his character for integrity, either as a man or judge; but, on the contrary, many witnesses concurred in expressing their opinions that he is an honest man. His character, therefore, in this point of view, appears unexceptionable." Their conclusion, however, was, that "for some years past age and bodily infimities, and as a natural consequence the failure in some degree of his mental powers, have rendered him unable to discharge his official duties with reasonable facility, accuracy, and promptitude." At this stage in the investigation the committee deemed proper to intimate their conclusions to the Judge, which elicited the follow- ing communication: — Harrisburg, March 11, 1833. Gentlemen: I have for some time past had an intention to resign my office as soon as I could make such pecuniary arrangements as would be necessary to enable me to do justice to my family; these arrangements can not conveniently be made before October next. I now inform the committee that I have fulfilled that intention, and have deposited my resignation with the Governor, to take effect from the 10th day of October next. This course might have been taken sooner; but it could not be thought of while it was believed any charge of want of integrity could be brought against me. SeTH ClIAPMAKt. To tlie Honorable The Committee of the Senate. 226 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The investigation was forthwith suspended, and the Judge retired to pri- vate life. He continued to reside at Northumberland until his death, Decem- ber 4, 1835, and is buried in the cemetery at that place. Ellis Lewis was commissioned president judge of the counties of North- umberland, Lycoming, Union, and Columbia, which then composed the Eighth judicial district, October 14, 1833, and took the oath of office on the following 4th of November. He was bom at Lewisberry, a borough of New- berry township, York county, Pennsylvania, situated near the center of Eed- land vaUey and about ten miles south of Harrisburg. This locality was early settled by Welsh Friends from Chester county, among whom were the Lewis . family, a descendant of which, Major Eli Lewis, founded the borough that bears his name in 1798. He was a man of enterprise and consequence; in 1783 he owned nearly a thousand acres in Eedland valley, and in 1791 he estab- lished the first newspaper at the present State capitol, the Harrisburg Adver- tiser. Ellis Lewis was his son, and was born, May 16, 1798. His father died in 1807, and the son seems to have been left with but limited means. He was apprenticed to John Wyeth, publisher of the Oracle of Dauphin and Harrisburg Advertiser (successor to the paper founded by his father), but found his position so unpleasant that he ran away and was advertised by Wyeth, in the usual manner. His further . acquisition of the printing trade was pursued at New York and Baltimore; and, having completed his appren- ticeship, he published the Lycoming Gazette at Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in 1819-20 in partnership with I. K. Torbert. There he read law with Espy Vanhorn, and in September, 1822, was admitted to the bar. Two years later he was admitted at Harrisburg, but the extent of his professional work at that place can not be accurately stated. About this time he held the office of district attorney in Tioga county, residing at Wellsboro. Thence he removed to Towanda, Bradford coiuity, from which he was elected to the legislature in 1832. In this position his ability and talents attracted the attention of Governor Wolf, by whom he was commissioned attorney general of the State, January 29, 1833. In the autumn of the same year he succeeded Judge Chapman as president of the Eighth judicial district, continuing in this office until 1843, when he was appointed to a similar position in the Second dis- trict (Lancaster county). In October, 1851, he was elected judge of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania, and in November, 1854, became chief justice. In 1857 he declined the unanimous nomination of the Democratic party for re-election to the Supreme bench, and retired to private life. He was ap- pointed a member of the commission for the revision of the criminal code of Pennsylvania in the following- year. In the interim of his employment as a printer at New York and Baltimore he had studied medicine at Lewisberry, and the knowledge of medical jurisprudence thus derived secured for him the honorary degree of M. D. from the Philadelphia College of Medicine. He also received the degree of LL. D. from Transylvania University, Lexington, THE BENCH AND BAR. 227 Kentucky, and Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was the author of an " Abridgment of the Criminal Law of the United States," and a frequent contributor to the periodical literature of the day. His death occurred at Philadelphia, March 19, 1871. Judge Lewis's long judicial career of twenty-four years was begun in the courts of the Eighth district. He came to the bench at an earlier age than any other president judge of Northumberland county; and, while this placed him in sympathy with the younger members of the bar, his character and bearing as a lawyer were such as to command the respect of all. A close student and a profound logician, he was not influenced much by mere oratory ; he was quick to detect the introduction of irrelevant testimony, and equally resolute in requiring promptness and brevity on the part of witnesses and attorneys. As a judge his manner was firm, decisive, courteous, and dignified. His temperament was ambitious and aspiring, and this led him to seek the highest measure of success in everything he undertook; but his abihty was equal to his ambition, and in every position to which he attained his services were alike honorable to himself and valuable to the public. Charles G. Donnel was commissioned president judge of the Eighth dis- trict (then composed of the counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, and Columbia), January 14, 1843, and took the oath of office two days later. He was bom, March 14, 1801 , at WiUiamsport, Pennsylvania, son of Henry and Margaret (Gobin) Donnel; his education was obtained at the Northum- berland Academy, then under the principalship of Robert Cooper Grier, subsequently a justice of the United States Supreme court, after which he read law with Ebenezer Greenough, and was admitted to the bar of North- umberland county at April sessions, 1822. He became deputy attorney general in 1829, serving four years, and in this position, as well as in his general practice as an attorney, gave evidence of legal knowledge and abili- ties of a high order. His judicial incumbency was terminated but little more than a year after his appointment by his death, March 16, 1844. He resided at Sunbury, and his widow is now living in that borough at an advanced age. Joseph B. Anthony was born at Philadelphia, June 19, 1795, and edu- cated at Princeton, New Jersey. While engaged in teaching in the academy at Milton, he read law with Samuel Hepburn and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, November 26, 1817. After spending a year in Ohio he located at WiUiamsport, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to practice in 1818 and resided until his death. He was elected to the State Senate in 1830, and four years later to Congress, to which he was re-elected in 1836 by a large majority. In 1843 he was appointed one of the judges of the court for the adjustment of the Nicholson land claims in Pennsylvania, and in the following year succeeded Judge Donnel as president judge of the Eighth district, performing the judicial functions with general acceptability until his death, January 10, 1851. He was a man of fine mental endow- 228 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ments, not the least of which was a remarkable mathematical faculty. His perceptive faculties, no less than his reasoning powers, were also of a high order, and enabled him to grasp the difficulties of a complicated question and present it lucidly and succinctly. In social intercourse his conversation was enlivened by brilliant flashes of wit and a profusion of humorous anec- dotes and observations, which made him a general favorite among those with whom he came in contact. These qualities also entered into his professional work as an attorney, and after he became judge a witty or humorous remark from the bench frequently relieved the tedium of the session. His judicial opinions and decisions were generally regarded as sound and impartial. James Pollock, who probably reached higher political position than any other native of Northumberland county, was the last judge to preside over her courts by appointment of the Governor. He was born at Milton, Sep ■ tember 11, 1810, son of William and Sarah (Wilson) Pollock, natives of Chester county, Pennsylvania, and of Irish extraction. His education was begun at the common schools of Milton with Joseph B. Anthony as his first teacher, and continued at the academy of the Rev. David Kirkpatrick, where he prepared for the Junior year at Princeton, from which he graduated in 1831 with the highest honors of his class. He then began the study of law under Samuel Hepburn, of Milton, and was admitted to the bar of North- umberland county on the 5th of November, 1833. He opened an office at Milton in April, 1834; two years later he was appointed deputy attorney general for the county, serving in this position until 1839. In 1844 he was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Pennsylvania district as the Whig candidate; he was twice re-elected, serving in the XXVIIIth Congress on the committee on claims, in the XXIXth on the committee on territories, and in the XXXth as a member of the ways and means committee. On the 23d of Jime, 1848, he introduced a resolution for the appointment of a committee to report upon the advisability and feasibility of building a trans-continental railway, and, as chairman of the committee so appointed, made the first favorable official report on this subject. On the 16th of January, 1851, within a brief period after the conclusion of his third congressional term, he was commissioned as president judge of the Eighth judicial district (then composed of the counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, Columbia, Sullivan, and Montour), his judicial incumbency expiring, by the terms of his commis- sion, on the 1st of December, 1851, after which he resumed the practice of law. In 1854 he was the candidate of the Whig and " Know-Nothing " parties for Governor, and was elected by a majority of thirty-seven thousand over his principal competitor, William Bigler, the Democratic candidate. He was inducted into office in January, 1855, and served the term of three years; among the measures of importance during his administration were the inaugu- ration of a policy of retenchment in the fiscal affairs of the Commonwealth, the sale of the main line of the public works, the passage of laws designed to THE BENCH AND BAK. 229 promote the efficiency of the public school system, and the adoption of meas- ures by which the suspension of specie payments by banks chartered in the State was legalized during the crisis of 1857. In 1861 he was a member of the Peace Conference which assembled at Washington and presented the Crittenden compromise measures to the consideration of Congress; and in May of that year he was appointed by President Lincoln director of the United States mint at Philadelphia. He retired from this office in 1866, but was reinstated by President Grant in 1869, and in 1873 became superintend- ent of that institution. The legend, " In God we trust," was originally sug- gested by him for the national currency. In 1879 he was appointed naval officer at Philadelphia, and held that office four years; his last official posi- tion was that of Federal chief supervisor of elections, to which he was ap- pointed in 1886. He died at Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1890, and his remains were interrpd in the Milton cemetery. In personal appearance Governor Pollock was of commanding figure and somewhat above the average height, with dark eyes and hair, smooth-shaven face, and a countenance expressive of intelligence and benignity. In relig- ious affiliation he was a Presbyterian, and was for some years president of the board of trustees of the College of New Jersey at Princeton, by which the honorary degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him in 1855. As an attorney he was a better advocate than counselor; he was in regular practice in the courts of Northumberland county from 1833 until 1844, and at intervals in his official career after that date. "While his judicial incum- bency was the shortest in the history of the county, it was long enough to secure for his abilities in this position an ample recognition. He was an eloquent speaker, graceful, persuasive, and convincing, and possessed remarkable tact in gaining the sympathy and approval of his hearers. Strong conscientiousness was a prominent element in his character, and, while his official acts were at times subjected to violent criticism, the honesty of his intentions was conceded even by his most determined opponents. Alexander Jordan was elected in October, 1851, as president judge in the counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, Centre, and Clinton, then corapos- ing the Eighth judicial district. Judge Jordan was born at Jaysburg, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania (now a part of the city of Williamsport), May 19, 1798, son of Samuel and Eosanna (McClester) Jordan. His father was a boatman and pilot by occupation, and is mentioned by Tunison Cor- yell as one of the first to introduce sails in the navigation of the Susque- hanna. About the year 1802 the family removed to Milton, where the future judge was brought up and enjoyed such educational advantages as the local schools afforded. During the war of 1812 he accompanied the militia in their march across the State to Meadville, Crawford county, as deputy com- missary, and was absent several weeks. After a clerkship of several years in a store at Milton, he entered the employ of Hugh Bellas, prothonotary of 230 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the coimty, as deputy clerk. During this connection he began the study of law under Mr. Bellas, but, having a natural inclination for mechanical pur- suits and but limited time to devote to his studies, they were continued rather irregularly for some time. He served as deputy prothonotary under George W. Brown and Andrew Albright, Mr. Bellas's successors, and was at length admitted to the bar, April 19, 1820, after an examination by Messrs. Hepburn, Hall, and Bradford. He immediately opened an office at Sunbury, and rose rapidly in his profession, for which his preparation had been excep- tionally thorough. He was a dilligent student, and much of his success was due to the careful manner in which his cases were invariably prepared. When addressing the court or jury his language was concise and to the point, and, while not ornate in style, his arguments were often eloquent. In 1826 he was commissioned prothonotary of the Supreme court for the Middle district, a position which brought him into contact with the leading jurists of the State and doubtless had a strong influence in determining his future career. When the judiciary became elective in Pennsylvania and the choice of judges was transferred from the executive to the people, his high professional stand- ing and recognized qualifications for the bench, no less than the fact that he was nominated by the dominant political party (the Democratic) in the dis- trict secured his election by a large popular majority. He took the oath of office on the 28th of November, 1851 ; at the expiration of his first term he was re-elected,* and served mitil 1871, a period of twenty years. Many complicated questions affecting large personal and property inter- ests, and involving principles not theretofore considered, arose during Judge Jordan's incumbency; in these important cases his decisions have stood the severest scrutiny and will be an enduring evidence of his ability as a jurist. He was endowed in a remarkable degree with the logical faculty, while his analytical powers — keen, incisive, and accurate — grasped at once the essential points in an argument, dismembered of all irrelevant matter. To him the law was an intricate science, and its study was quite as much a source of intellectual gratification as a professional duty. His intercourse with members of the bar was characterized by uniform courtesy, and his ruhngs were so given as to leave no Tinpleasant feelings ; to the younger members his man- ner and words were kind, considerate, and encouraging. " A professor of the Christian religion, seeking to regulate his public and private conduct in strict conformity with the Christian faith, and to exemplify, by justice and diligence, the harmony of religious principles and professions with the diversified, important, and dignified duties of a citizen, a lawyer, and a judge," he was for many years an elder in the Presbyterian church of Sunbury and superintendent of its Sunday school. Judge Jordan was twice married — in 1820 to Mary, daughter of Daniel Hurley, and after her death to Hannah Eittenhouse, formerly of Philadelphia, now residing in Sunbury at *Tlie counties of Northumberland, Moutour, and Lycoming constituted the district In 1861. THE BENCH AND BAR. 231 an advanced age. He died on the 5th of October, 1878, and is buried in the Snnbury cemetery. William M. Rockefeller, who succeeded Judge Jordan in 1871, was born at Sunbury, August 18, 1830. His great-grandfather, Godfrey Eockefeller, emigrated from New Jersey to the site of Snydertown in this county in 1789; his father, David Eockefeller, a native of Eush township and a surveyor by profession, was engaged in the active duties of that occupation throughout Northumberland and adjoining counties for a period of nearly half a century. The Judge was brought up in his native county, attended the public schools and the academy at Sunbury, and before attaining his majority was succes- sively employed at school teaching, surveying, and clerking. His professional preparation was begun in the office of John B. Packer and continued under Alexander Jordan when Mr. Packer's election to the legislature rendered his transfer to another preceptor necessary. On the 6th of August, 1850, twelve days in advance of his twentieth birthday, he was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county; he began the practice of his profession at Miners- ville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, whence he returned to Sunbury within a brief period, and has since resided at that borough. On the 9th of Sep- tember, 1871, he was nominated for thue judgeship by conferrees from the two counties composing the Eighth judicial district, John B. Packer and William C. Lawson representing Northumberland and Joshua W. Comly and Isaac X. Grier, Montour. He was elected m the following October by a decisive popular majority, and took the oath of office on the 4th of December, 1871. In 1881 he was re-elected from the Eighth district (composed of the county of Northumberland individually), and his second term is now (1891) approaching its termination. As a lawyer. Judge Eockefeller was painstaking and laborious; in the presentation of a case to the court or jury his style was closely logical and argumentative, evidencing thorough research and earnest investigation. The judgeship was, therefore, a position for which he was abundantly qualified by natural endowments and unremitting application to the duties of his profession. Eor a score of years he had been actively engaged in the prac- tice of law, and was thoroughly familiar with the class of litigation peculiar to the courts of Northumberland county, particularly the trial of actions of ejectment brought for the settlement and location of the disputed boundaries of conflicting surveys, and in a large number of the cases of this kind adjudicated in the county he had been professionally concerned. Thoroughly familiar with the fundamental principles of jurisprudence, his legal learning and personal integrity commanded the confidence no less than the respect of his colleagues at the bar and his constituents throughout the district, and he came to the bench with the disposition as well as the ability to "hold the scales of justice with an even hand." Of the manner in which the people of the county have regarded his administration, his re-election is sufficient indication. 232 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. In the criminal calendar the most important cases tried by Judge Eocke- feller have been the homicides committed during the MoUie Maguire con- spiracy. In the civil list ejectment cases resulting from disputed land titles have been the most important. As a member of the commission by which the Metzger-Bentley contest for the judgeship in Lycoming county was recently decided, the Judge has also been concerned in the solution of intri- cate legal questions outside the ordinary field of judicial cognizance. Associate Judges. — Article Vth of the constitution of 1790 provided for the appointment by the Governor of "not fewer than three nor more than four judges" in each county, who, during their continuance in office, should reside therein. An act was passed by the legislature, April 13, 1791, to carry this article into effect and organize the judiciary under its require- ments; by the terms of this act, the new system went into operation on the 31st of August, 1791. The first legislation affecting the number of associate judges was the act of April 1, 1803, which provided that in any county thereafter organized and in case of vacancy in any existing county, "the number of the judges in the said county where such vacancy shall happen shall be reduced, and there shall be no more than three associate judges in the said county, and the office so become vacant shall hereafter be abolished." The number was still further reduced by the act of February 24, 1806, providing that " if any vacancy should hereafter happen in any county at present organized, the Governor shall not supply the same, unless the number of associates be thereby reduced to less than two." There were four associate judges in Northumberland county from 1792 to 1804,. three from 1804 to 1813, and two after the latter date. They were appointed for life under the constitution of 1790; the amendments of 1838 reduced the term of office to five years, and made the concurrence of the Senate necessary to the nomination of the Governor; in 1850 amendments were adopted by which the judiciary became elective; and the constitution of 1873 declares that, "the office of associate judge, not learned in the law, is abolished in counties forming separate districts; but the several associate judges in office when this constitution shall be adopted shall serve for their unexpired terms." The following is a list of associate judges*: — John Macpherson, 1791-1813. Andrew Albright, 1813-18. Thomas Strawbridge, 1791-98. Jacob Gearhart, 1814-39. William Wilson, 1792-1818. Henry Shaffer, 1818-33. Samuel Maclay, 1792-95. Peter Martz, 1833-34. William Cooke, 1796-1804. George Weiser, 1834-42. James Strawbridge, 1799. John Montgomery, 1839-50. William Montgomery, 1801-13. George C. Welker, 1842-51. *Willlam Montgomery and Joseph WalUs were commissioned as associate judges, August 17, 1701 ; Ijut as botli resigned witliout entering upon tlie duties of tlie ofBce (so far as sliown by tlie court minutes), it lias not been deemed proper to Include their names in this hst. THE BENCH AND BAR. , 233 John P. Dentler, 1851-56. Abraham Shipman, 1861-71. George Wgiser, 1851-56. Isaac Beidelspach, 1866-69. WiUiam Turner, 1856-66. George 0. Welker, 1871-74. Casper SchoU, 1856-61. Joseph Nicely, 1869-75. John Macpherson resided in that part of the original territory of North- ximberland county now embraced in Union township. Union county. Noth- ing is known concerning his early life and education. He served in the American navy during the early years of the Revolution as a midshipman on the frigate Randolph, commanded by Captain Nicholas Biddle, and was wounded in action with the True Briton, a twenty-gun ship, which was captured and taken into Charleston harbor. On the 10th of September, 1777, Captain Biddle granted him a permit to leave the Randolph, on account of incapacity for further service, and he joined the Northampton Privateer, ultimately returning to Northumberland county, where he purchased property at Win- field, Union county. In consideration of his services he was granted a monthly pension of seventeen shillings, six pence, from the date of his discharge, by the orphans' court at Jime sessions, 1786. In 1785 he filled the position of clerk to the county commissioners. He was commissioned as associate judge, August 17, 1791, and served in that capacity until the erection of Union coimty in 1813 placed him beyond the limits of Northumberland. The rec- ords show that he attended the sessions of the court with almost undeviating regularity, and, with other associates, frequently conducted the sessions in the absence of the president judge. His death occurred on the 2d of August, 1827. Thomas Strawbridge was a native of Chester county, Pennsylvania, where he was reared and learned the trade of tanner. He entered public life in 1776 as a delegate from Chester county to the convention which framed the first constitution of the State. His military career began in May of that year, when the Committee of Safety for his native county appointed him captain. He received a commission as sub-lieutenant, October 16, 1777, sub- sequently rising to the rank of colonel, and was detailed to superintend the manufacture of arms during the closing years of the war. He married Mar- garet Montgomery, a sister of General "William Montgomery, and, doubtless through the influence of the latter, removed to that part of the original area of Chillisquaque township, Northumberland coimty, now embraced in Liberty township, Montour county, about the year 1784. There he established a tan- nery, one of the first north of Harrisburg, and engaged extensively in farm- ing; for some years he was the largest tax-payer in Chillisquaque township. On the 17th of August, 1791, he was commissioned as associate judge for Northumberland county, serving continuously until his retirement in 1798. He died at the age of eighty-two, September 18, 1818. The name of James Strawbridge appears as an associate judge at several terms in the year 1799, but nothing definite concerning his appointment or personal history has been learned. 234 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. William Wilson was a native of the North of Ireland and immigrated to Northumberland county at an early period in her history. When the Revo- lutionary struggle became imminent, it was resolved by Congress to enlist six companies of riflemen in Pennsylvania for one year's service; in one of these companies, Captain John Lowdon's, which formed part of Colonel William Thompson's Rifle Battalion, William Wilson enlisted as third lieutenant, and was promoted to second Heutenant, January 4, 1776. He re-enlisted in Cap- tain James Parr's company of the First regiment (commanded by Colonel Edward Hand); of this company he was second lieutenant imtil September 25, 1776, when he became first lieutenant; on the 2d of March, 1777, he was promoted to captain, and was in active service with his command until 1783. At the battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, he captured the colors of the Royal Grenadiers and the sword of Colonel Monckton; the former was fre- quently brought into requisition in patriotic demonstrations in Northumber- land county in subsequent years; the sword was presented by Captain Wil- son to General Wayne and by the latter to the Marquis Lafayette, by whom it was borne through the French Revolution and his imprisonment at Olmutz, and, on the occasion of his visit to the United States in 1824, returned to a son of Judge Wilson through Captain Hunter.* At the close of the war he engaged in business at Northumberland in partnership with Captain John Boyd; they also erected Chillisquaque mills, to which reference is made in the history of the township of that name. On the 20th of May, 1784, he was commissioned as county lieutenant; in 1787 he was chosen as a delegate from Northumberland county in the convention by which Pennsylvania ratified the Federal constitution; in 1789 he represented the county in the Supreme Executive Council of the State; and on the 13th of January, 1792, he was commissioned as associate judge, serving, in that capacity imtil his death in 1813. A Federalist in politics and an ardent supporter of the ijational ad- ministration during the Whiskey insurrection, he did not, perhaps, enjoy the popularity to which his public services justly entitled him, but posterity will honor him none the less because his convictions did not harmonize with the general trend of public sentiment in this locality at that time. Samuel Maclay was born in Lurgan township, Franklin county, Pennsyl- vania, June 17, 1741, son of Charles Maclay, a native of County Antrim, Ireland, and descendant of Charles Maclay, Baron Fingal. His first active work in life was performed in 1767-68 as assistant deputy surveyor to his brother, William Maclay, whom he also assisted in 1769 in surveying the lands iji Buffalo valley appropriated to the officers in the French and Indian war. He also did considerable surveying in Mifflin county. As a result of his experience on the frontier he became an expert marksman, and on one occasion demonstrated his superior skill in rifle practice in a contest with Logan, the Mingo. He made his residence in Buffalo valley as early as *Llnn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, pp. 161-162. ^^^7^^7<^^7rz^^^,^^^ THE BENCH AND BAR. 237 1775, when his name appears upon the assessment list as the owner of twenty-iive acres of land, two horses, two cows, one slave, and one servant, and in that year he was com missioned a justice of the peace for Northumber- land cotmty. As lieutenant colonel of a battallion of associators he attended the Lancaster convention, July 4, 1776, and participated in the organization of the State militia. He was commissioned as associate judge, February 23, 1792, and served until his resignation, December 17, 1795. His legislative services began in 1787, when he was elected member of Assembly from Northumberland county; he was re-elected in 1788 and 1789, and also returned to the House of Eepresentatives in 1790, 1791, and 1797. In 1798 he was elected to the State Senate, and re-elected in 1802 upon the expira- tion of his term ; he was Speaker of that body from December 2, 1801, to March 16, 1803, and resigned his seat on the 2d of September, 1803, hav- ing been elected United States Senator from Pennsylvania, December 14, 1802- He continued in the latter position until January 4, 1809, when he resigned. In 1795-96 he was a member of the national House of Representatives. A man of large intelligence, sound judgment, and fine social qualities, he en- joyed unbounded personal popularity, and received the almost unanimous endorsement of his fellow citizens whenever he ■ appeared as a candidate for office. He filled important public positions continuously during a period of nearly a quarter of a century, and is justly regarded as one of the most important characters in the political history of the county. He died on the 5th of October, 1811, and is buried in BufEalo valley. William Cooke was bom in Donegal township, Lancaster county, Penn- sylvania. He was among the pioneers of Northumberland county, of which he was the first elected sheriff, serving in that ofi&ce from 1772 to 1775. He represented Mahoning towpship in the Committee of Safety which organized at the house of Richard Malone on the 8th of February, 1776. On the pre- ceding day, at a meeting of the officers and committee-men of the lower division of the county, he had been elected lieutenant colonel of the battalion, and thus early in the Revolutionary struggle was called upon to assume the responsibilities of military leadership. He was a delegate to the Provincial Conferences of June, 1775, and June, 1776, and to the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1776. On the 2d of October, 1776, he was commissioned colonel of the Twelfth Pennsylvania regiment of the Continental Line, which was so reduced in numbers at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown that its officers and men were assigned to other commands or mustered out of the service. In 1781, 1782, and 1783 Colonel Cooke was elected to the Assembly; on the 3d of October, 1786, he was commissioned a justice of the courts of Northumberland county, and on the 19th of January, 1796, he became asso- ciate judge, serving in that office until his death in April, 1804. Howell's map of 1792 locates his residence in Point township near the North Branch above Northumberland. 238 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Andrew Albright was born on the 28th of February, 1770; in 1798 he engaged in hotel keeping at Lewisburg, Union county, Pennsylvania (then Northumberland), where he at once became popular and entered into politics. He was sheriff of the county, 1803-06; member of the House of Eepresenta- tives, 1809-10; county treasurer, 1812-13; associate judge (commissioned, September 7, 1813; qualified, October 12, 1813), 1813-18; prothonotary, 1819-21 ; he was elected to the State, Senate from the district composed of Northumberland and Union counties in 1822, and died on the 26th of No- vember in that year. After his election as sheriff he resided at Sunbury the remainder of his life. Jacob Gearhart was of German origin, a son of Jacob Gearhart, who emi- grated from New Jersey in 1790 and purchased large tracts of land in Eush township, Northumberland county; part of this land is now the residence of Mrs. I. H. Torrence, granddaughter of Judge Gearhart. The Judge was a farmer by occupation, but possessed intelligence and education far above the average in that calling. In politics he was a Jacksonian Democrat; a meet- ing was once held at his house by Simon Cameron, whom Jackson had requested to secure the Pennsylvania influence in favor of the nomination of Martin Van Buren. He was a pioneer Methodist, and frequently entertained Eev. Francis Asbury, the first bishop of that church in the United States. He was commissioned as associate judge, January 10, 1814, as successor to Judge Montgomery, and served until 1839, when he resigned, his official incumbency having continued longer than that of any other associate judge in this county. He died, August 2, 1841, and is buried in Mount Vernon cemetery. Gearhart township is so named in honor of this family. Henry Shaffer succeeded Andrew Albright; he was commissioned, March 25, 1818, qualified, April 3, 1818, and served until his death, March 1, 1833. He was for many years proprietor of a hotel that occupied the site of the Neff House in Stmbury. His son, Solomon Shaffer, was register and recorder of the county, 1830-36. Peter Martz succeeded Judge Shaffer. He was commissioned, April 12, 1833, qualified on the following day, and served a little more than a year. George Weiser was born at Tulpehooken, Berks county, Pennsylvania; he was reared in Union county, whither his parents removed in his childhood, and learned the trade of tanner, which he pursued for many years at Sunbujy. He was county treasurer several terms; July 8, 1834, he was commissioned as associate judge, succeeding Peter Martz, and served until 1842 ; he died on the 2d of July, 1857. John Montgomery succeeded Judge Gearhart. He was first commis- sioned, July 19, 1839, and took the oath of ofEce, August 5, 1839; on the 20th of March, 1840, he was recommissioned, and served until the office became elective under the amendment of 1850. He was a member of the well known Montgomery family of Paradise, born on the 26th of July, 1792, and died, March 17, 1866. THE BENCH AND BAE. 239 George C. Welker was twice associate judge; he was first commissioned, March 5, 1842, and again in 1847, serving until 1851; in 1871 he was elected, succeeding Judge Shipman, and served until his death, March 18, 1874. Judge Welker was a merchant tailor at Sunbury for many years, and in the latter part of his life general agent for the Lycoming Insurance Company. He was the only one of the later associate judges who presided in the absence of the president judge. John F. Dentler was elected in 1851 as successor to Judge Montgomery, and served one term (five years). He was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, came to the northern part of Northumberland county when a young man, and engaged in farming, but later in life entered mercantile pursuits at Mc- Ewensville, where he died, January 5, 1859, at the age of fifty-four. George Weiser was born at Fisher's Ferry, Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, in 1792, great-grandson of Conrad Weiser, a prom- inent character in the early history of this county. He was elected in 1851, succeeding Judge Welker, and served five years. He also held the ofiice of county treasurer and was justice of the peace at Sunbury many years. Dur- ing the war of 1812 he was a private in Captain Snyder's company, and later in life became colonel of militia. He died in 1877. William Turner was elected in 1856, re-elected in 1861, and served ten years. He was a farmer of Lewis township in the extreme northeastern part ■of the county. • Casper Scholl was a resident of Shamokin, where he died, November 8, 1874, at the age of sixty-five. He was elected in 1856 and served one term. Abraham Shipman was born in Lower Augusta township, March 6, 1810, and was successively employed as lumberman, surveyor, farmer, and miller. He also held the positions of justice of the peace, county auditor, county surveyor, and associate judge; to the last named he was elected in 1861, re- elected in 1866, and served ten years. He died on the 8th of August, 1878. Isaac Beidelspach was bom at Mohringen, Wurtemberg, Germany,October 21, 1822, and came to America in 1832. He was a farmer, and resided in Point township. In 1866 he was elected associate judge, serving until his death, July 15, 1869. Joseph Nicely, the last associate judge of Northumberland coimty, was commissioned, August 4, 1869, to the vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Beidelspach, and appeared upon the bench for the first time on the 9th of the same month. He was recommissioned, December 15, 1869, to serve until the first Monday in December, 1870; having been elected he was again com- missioned, November 9, 1870, and continued in office until the 30th of November, 1875. He was a farmer, residing in Delaware township, where he ■died, December 11, 1877, at the age of seventy. 240 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. THE BAK. The judiciary act of 1722 provided that " a competent number of persons of an honest disposition and learned in the law " should be admitted by the justices of the respective counties to practice as attorneys. It does not appear that any special regulations were formulated in Northumberland county until May sessions, 1783, when the following " Rules for the Admis- sion of Attorneys in this Court" were adopted: — That no person be hereafter admitted to practice as an attorney or counselor in this court unless he shall have served a regular clerkship to some practicing attorney or counselor of known abilities for the term of three years, and be of full age at the time of his admission; nor even then, unless he be certified by two gentlemen of the bar, to be appointed by the court for that purpose, that on a full and impartial exam- ination such person appears to be well grounded in the principles of the law and acquainted with the practice; and if he has regularly studied as aforesaid in any other county in this State, he shall not be admittted to practice in this court as an attorney or counselor unless he be first admitted in such county where he so studied, [and] produces to the court a certificate under the seal of the said court of his admission, or certified by some attorney who was present at Ms admission. Provided always, that in case of a person applying to be admitted who shall not have engaged in the study of the law till after his coming to the age of twenty-one years, if it shall appear that such person has applied himself closely to his studies under the direction of some gentleman of the bar for the term of two years, and is a person of fair character, and certified to be well qualified as aforesaid, he may be admitted. It is further ruled that no person now residing and inhabiting within the United States of America shall be admitted an attorney of .this court who has not taken the oath or aflirmation of allegiance and fidelity to some one of the said States within the time and in the manner prescribed by the laws of the said States respectively, and that no person coming into this State from and after the first day of March next (except attorneys originally admitted and sworn in one of the United States of America, having resided there for two years after such admission and examination here) shall be admitted to practice as an attorney or counselor within this court until he shall have taken the oath or affirmation of allegiance and fidelity to this Commonwealth, and produced an authentic certificate of his having been admitted as such in the country from whence he came, and undergone a regular examination here as aforesaid, and also resided two years within this State next before his application for admission. The requirements for admission have changed materially from those pre- scribed in 1783; the applicant is now subjected to a preliminary and a final examination under a regularly constituted board of examiners, and admission here usually insures the successful candidate creditable standing in any other county of the State. The practice of the law was attended with many disadvantages in the interior counties of Pennsylvania for some years after the organization of Northumberland county. The country was sparsely settled, the people were poor, and fees correspondingly small, so that lawyers were almost compelled to practice in a number of counties in order to derive a livelihood from the profession. A number of attorneys usually rode together from one county seat to another, carrying their legal papers and a few necessary law books in a THE BENCH AND BAB. 241 sack across the saddle. Q-eorge A. Snyder thus describes this itineracy and the nature of the early litigation: — Each lawyer kept his saddle horse. The Lancaster, York, and Carlisle lawyers met at Harrisburg; when that court terminated, they came to Sunhury; then to Williamsport and Wilkesharre. As their numbers were recruited at each county town, they formed a considerable troop of cavalry on entering the two last places. The nature and character of the law business were then different from what they are at present. Almost all the important actions were ejectments upon disputed original titles. The number of witnesses was very great, the means of traveling scanty, the district large, so that much allowance had to be made for failure of attend- ance. The causes were, therefore, frequently continued, so that they usually stood upon the trial list several years before they could be acted upon; this, added to the dilatory habits always prevalent in frontier settlements, produced that leisurely, time- wasting habit of doing business, which, until lately, characterized our county courts.* The following attorneys were admitted to the bar of Northumberland county from its organization in 1772 to the year 1800: James Wilson, May, 1772; Kobert Magaw, May, 1772; Edward Burd, May, 1772; George North, May, 1772; Christian Huck, May, 1772; James Potts, May, 1772; Andrew Jiobison,' May, 1772; Charles Stedman, May, 1772; Thomas Hartley, August, 1772; Casper Weitzel, August, 1772; Andrew Eoss, August, 1772; James "Whitehead, August, 1772 ; James A. Wilson, November, 1773 ; Francis Johnson, May, 1774; David Grier, May, 1774; William Prince Gibbs, May, 1776; WiUiam Lawrence Blair, 1776; Stephen Chambers, August, 1778; Collinson Bead, November, 1778; John Vannost, November, 1778;, John Hubley, November, 1780; James Hamilton, May, 1781; Thomas Duncan, May, 1783; Jasper Yeates, August, 1784; John Clark, 1785; John W. Kittera, 1785; John Eeily, 1785; John Andre Hanna, February, 1786; Charles Smith, February, 1786; John Joseph Henry, May, 1786; Jacob Hubley, May, 1786; William Eichardson Atlee, November, 1786; George Eckert, February, 1787: WiUiam Graydon, May, 1787; James Scull, May, 1787; Galbreath Patterson, August, 1787; David M. Keechan, November, 1789; Marks John Biddle, November, 1789; Jonathan Walker, May, 1790; David Watts, November, 1790; Samuel Young, Jr., February, 1791; Eobert Duncan, May, 1791; Daniel Levy, May, 1791; Charles Hall, May, 1791; John Kidd, August, 1791; Thomas B. Dick, August, 1795; Putnam Catlin, August, 1795; Eobert Whitehill, August, 1795; John Price, August, 1795; Thomas Cooper, November, 1795; Jesse Moore, August, 1796; Charles Hart- ley, November, 1796; James Gilchrist, January, 1797; John W. Hunter, January, 1798; E. W. Hale, April, 1798; Eobert Irwin, August, 1798; Enoch Smith, August, 1798; John Wallis, August, 1798; Frederick Smith, Novem- ber, 1798; William Wilson Laird, August, 1799. Of the itinerant lawyers who practiced at Sunbury during the early years of the county's history the most distinguished was James Wilson, whose name appears first among the attorneys admitted at May term, 1772. ♦Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, pp. 363-364. 242 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. He was a member of the Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, one of the first justices of the United States Supreme court, and the incumbent of various other positions of honor and responsi- bility. Robert Magaw, whose name appears second, was colonel of the Sixth Pennsylvania regiment during the JRevolution. Edward Burd appeared as deputy attorney general, and probably acted in that capacity until the close of the colonial period. He was subsequently prothonotary to the Supreme court. Of George North no personal data have been obtained. Christian Huck was tJbe Tory Captain Huck mentioned in the memoirs of Alexander Graydon and Eichard Henry Lee. The three other attorneys present at the first court of common pleas — James Potts, Andrew Bobison, and Charles Stedman — were admitted after examination. Casper Weitzel was the first resident practicing attorney of Northum- berland county. Born at Lancaster in 1748, he was admitted to the bar of that county in 1769, and in August, 1772, at Sunbury, where the early rec- ords show that he received a large share of the legal business. His talents and patriotism were early recognized: he was a member of the Provincial Convention of January, 1775, from Northumberland county; on the 7th of February, 1776, he was elected first major of the battalion of the lower division of the county; on the 9th of March, 1776, he was appointed captain of a company recruited by himself at Sunbury, which was attached to Colonel Samuel Miles's regiment and suffered serious loss at the battle of Long Island in August, 1776. He died at Sunbury in 1782. Stephen Chambers is mentioned by Pithian in his journal of July 20, 1775, as " a lawyer — serious, civil, and sociable." His name appears on the continuance docket of the common pleas as early as February, 1774, but no record of his formal admission at that date has been discovered. He was admit- ted at August sessions, 1778, but this was not necessarily the first time, as attorneys who had been admitted under the colonial dispensation were usually required to take the oath necessary to the performance of profes- sional duties under the State government. Chambers was born in the North of Ireland and came to Pennsylvania at an early age. As he was admitted to the bar in Lancaster, Philadelphia, York, and Carlisle later than at Sun- bury, it is reasonable to presume that his professional career was begun at the latter place and that it was also his residence. If this inference is cor- rect, he was one of the first resident attorneys in the county. He was the first Worshipful Master of Lodge No. 22, F. & A. M., of Sunbury, at its institution in 1779. It is probable that he removed to Lancaster shortly after this, as he was elected a member of the Council of Censors from that county in 1783. He was also a delegate to the Pennsylvania convention by which the Federal constitution was ratified. He died at Lancaster on the 16th of May, 17.sy, from wounds received in a duel with Dr. Jacob Rieger on Mon- day, the 11th of that month. In the early years of the Revolution he was THE BENCH AND BAE. 243 captain in the Twelfth Pennsylyania regiment of the Continental Line, pro- moted from first lieutenant in 1777. Charles Smith, well known to the legal fraternity of Pennsylvania as the compiler of "Smith's Laws," was born at Philadelphia, March 4, 1765, son of the Eev. William Smith, D. D., founder and provost of Washington Col- lege, Charleston, Maryland, from which the son received the degree of A. B. at its first commencement, March 14, 1783. He studied law with his brother, William M. Smith, at Easton, Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county at February sessions, 1786, on motion of Thomas Duncan and after examination by him and Stephen Chambers. He forthwith opened an office at Sunbury, where his industry and talents at once gained him a place in the confidence of the public. As the colleague of Simon Snyder he represented Northumberland county in the convention by which the constitution of 1790 was prepared. As was customary in those days, he accompanied the president judges of central and western Pennsyl- vania on their circuits, and, as cases involving the principles of land tenure constituted the most important class of litigation at that time, his opportuni- ties for the study of this important subject were exceptional. That his knowledge was comprehensive and accurate is evident from the note which comprises several hundred pages of one of the volumes of his " Laws " — virtually a treatise on the land laws of the State — while similarly exhaust- ive annotations on the subject of criminal law, etc. show that his proficiency was not confined to any particular department of legal knowledge. He mar- ried a daughter of Jasper Yeates, associate justice of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania; shortly after this event he removed from Sunbury to Lancas- ter, and was elected to both branches of the legislature from that county. In 1819 he was appointed president judge of the Cumberland-Franklin- Adams district, from which he resigned in the following year to accept the president judgeship in the Lancaster district court. In 1824 he removed to Philadelphia, where he died in 1840. Thomas Duncan and David Watts — the former admitted at Sunbury at May sessions, 1783, the latter at November sessions, 1790 — were from Car- lisle. " Mr. Watts was of rough exterior, careless of his dress, and by no means choice in his language. He seemed generally to be not at all reluct- ant to say what he thought, without regard to the feelings of the objects of his remarks. Mr. Duncan, on the contrary, was a man of polished manner, neat and careful in dress, and never rude or wantonly disrespectful to others. They were the rival practitioners at Carlisle. I have heard of an anecdote which somewhat illustrates their respective characters. On one occasion in court, when Mr. Watts was annoyed by a remark of Mr. Duncan, he said: 'You little (using some Offensive expression), I could put you in my pocket.' 'Then,' said Mr. Duncan, 'you would have more law in your pocket than ever you had in your head.' "* Justice Hugh Henry Bracken- George W. Harris's Eemlniscences of the Dauphin County Bar. 244 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ridge says of Watts that he " was possessed of a powerful mind, and was the most vehement speaker I ever heard. He seized his subject with an Herculean grasp, at the same time throwing his Herculean body and limbs into attitudes which would have delighted a painter or sculptor. He was a singular instance of the union of great strength of mind with bodily powers equally wonderful." He describes DuAcan as "a very small man, with a large but well formed head," who "perused Coke upon Littleton as a recreation, and read more books of reports than a young lady reads new novels." "Mr. Duncan reasoned with admirable clearness and method on all legal subjects, and at the same time displayed great knowledge of human nature in examination of witnesses and in his addresses to the jury. Mr. Watts selected merely the strong points of his case, and labored them with an earnestness and zeal approaching to fury; and perhaps his forcible man- ner soinetimes produced a more certain effect than that of the subtle and wily advocate opposed to him." There was scarcely a case of importance at Sunbury during the period that these gentlemen "rode the circuit" upon which they were not retained upon opposite sides, either independently or in connection with members of the local bar, and the collision of such anti- thetical characters produced a mass of curious incidents, some of which are still preserved, and circulate at the bar in the hours of forensic leisure. Mr. Duncan was appointed a justice of the Supreme court in 1817; Mr. Watts was the father of Frederick Watts, president judge in Cumberland county from 1848 to 1851. Jonathan Hoge Walker, probably the earliest resident attorney of North- umberland, was born in East Pennsboro township, Cumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1756. He was of English descent; William Walker, his grandfa- ther, was a captain under the Duke of Marlborough in the wars of Queen Anne, and John Hoge, his mother's father, was the founder of Hogestown, Cumber- land county. Graduating at Dickinson College, Carlisle, in the class of 1787 (which also numbered David Watts and the Eev. John Bryson among its members), he studied law under Stephen Duncan, and at May sessions, 1790, was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county. Here he was one of the few resident attorneys, and within a few years secured a fairly lucrative practice. He was appointed president judge of the Fourth judicial district in April, 1806, and removed to Belief onte, Centre county; his judicial admin- istration was such as to command the confidence and approval of the public generally, and when, in 1806, Governor Snyder suggested his transfer to the Eighth district, the people protested en masse and induced him to remain. In 1818 he was appointed by President Monroe as judge of the United States court for the Western district of Pennsylvania, created by act of Congress in May of that year, and occupied this position until his death in 1824. His distinguished soii, Eobert J. Walker, United States Senator from Mississippi, elected in 1835, and Secretary of the Treasury under President Polk, was born THE BENCH AND BAE. 245 at Northumberland in 1801, and probably rose to as high political position as any other native of Northumberland county. Daniel Levy was admitted at May term, 1791. He v?as a son of Aaron Levy, founder of Aaronsburg, Centre county, Pennsylvania, and a great land speculator. It is probable that the care of his father's estate received a large share of his professional attention. George A. Snyder says that he "outlived all the old lawyers, as they were popularly called, except Mr. Bellas. He was a conceited man, active as a cat, an insatiable dancer, and a hard fighter. He had considerable science as a boxer, and, although not large or strong, his skill, joined to his prodigious activity, made him quite formidable. His vanity and fondness for dress made him a capital butt and subject of jokes for his fellow members of the bar."* He was prothonotary of Northumberland county from 1800 to 1809. After a residence of more than half a century at Sunbury and a connection with the bar of the county extending over a simi- lar period, he died on the 12th of May, 1844. Charles HaU was born in 1767 and read law with Thomas Hartley at York, Pennsylvania; he was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county at May sessions, 1791. " He was rather above the common height, stout in person, of ruddy complexion, smooth, handsome face, of gentlemanly appear- ance and manners, of a highly reputable character, and of considerable abili- ty in his profession, "f He married Elizabeth Coleman, daughter of the wealthy iron manufacturer of Cornwall, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, who presented her with extensive and valuable lands at Muncy, Lycoming county, still knov?n as " Hall's Farms." Mr. Hall erected the large and substantial brick building at the northeast corner of Market and Front streets, Sunbury, the most imposing private residence of that borough at the time it was built. He died at Philadelphia in January, 1821, at the age of fifty-three. Evan Rice Evans was a practicing attorney at Sunbury prior to 1800, but the date of his admission has not been ascertained. Charles Miner describes him as " a heavy, stout gentleman, with a large head and florid complexion. His delivery, rapid; his words crowd upon each other as sometimes to choke utterance. He talks good sense — why should he not ? His head has more law in it than half a modern library. He is a powerful advocate, with a good fee and an intricate case."| His death occurred in 1811. Jesse Moore was admitted at August sessions, 1796. He was a native of Montgomery county; while practicing law at Sunbury he was appointed president judge of the Sixth judicial district, composed of a group of counties in the northwestern part of the State, and performed the duties of that posi- tion until his death, December 21, 1824, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. He is described as a well educated man, a diligent student, and a good law- yer, discreet, upright, and impartial in his judicial opinions and decisions. *Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 385. tGeorge W. Harris's Keminiscences of the Dauphin County Rar. t Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, pp. 323-324. 246 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. He was elected to the legislature from Northumberland county in 1801 and re-elected in the following year. Daniel Smith, a native of New Jersey and a graduate of Princeton in the class of 1787, studied law in that State and began the practice of his profession in Northumberland county about the year 1795. He resided upon a fine farm on the southern limits of Milton, and may properly be regarded as the pioneer lawyer of that borough. It is the uniform testimony of those who have written about him that he was an eloquent speaker. George A. Snyder pronounced him " the only lawyer of the district who could be called eloquent in a high sense."* Charles Miner describes him as " a tall, deli- cate looking gentleman, always elegantly dressed. He turns pale and actually trembles as he rises to speak. You are interested by such exceeding^ modesty, and half fear he will not be able to go on. His voice breaks sweetly on the ear, and words of persuasive wisdom begin to flow, and now pour along in a rapid torrent. "f Tunison Coryell says that "he was eminent as a lawyer, was considered one of the most eloquent speakers at the bar, and was engaged in all important cases then in the counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, and Luzerne. "J Coryell states that Smith delivered the address in the old German church at Sunbury in 1799 on the occasion of the memor- ial exercises in honor of President Washington, when the entire audience was moved to tears by the power of his eloquence. His death occurred at Mil- ton on the 6th of April, 1810; he was then in the forty-fifth year of his age and the full vigor of his powers. Enoch Smith was a brother to Daniel, though not his equal in profes- sional ability. He was admitted to the bar at August sessions, 1798, and practiced at Sunbury until his death, February 9, 1817. Samuel Roberts, who qualified as deputy attorney general for Northum- berland county, July 16, 1800, resided at Sunbury, and practiced in the courts to some extent prior to that date, was born in Philadelphia, Septem- ber 8, 1763, and admitted to the bar of that city in 1793. On the 30th of April, 1803, he was commissioned president judge of the Fifth district, composed of the counties of Allegheny, Westmoreland, Fayette, and Wash- ington, and held the office until his death in 1820. Samuel Hepburn was a son of James Hepbui-n, an early and prominent merchant of Northumberland. After obtaining a classical education at Princeton College and graduating from that institution he studied law under Jonathan Hoge Walker at Northumberland, and was admitted to the bar about 1800. He then located at Milton, where he was the second resident lawyer; in 1856 he removed to Lock Haven, where he died at the advanced age of eighty-four, October 10, 1865. He was a man of small stature and spare physique, pleasant and genial in society, and highly esteemed where- * Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p. 365. t Ihid. p. 323. t Keminiscences of Early Times and Events, pp. 32-33. THE BENCH AND BAE. 247 ever known. He was a close student, and prepared his cases thoroughly. As a public speaker his manner was agreeable, and in addressing the court or jury he could state a case with such clearness as to carry conviction without the acid of rhetorical embellishment. Hugh Bellas was born near Belfast, Ireland, April 26, 1780, and came to America at the age of nine years with his father, George Bellas, who settled in Fishing Creek township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. There he grew to manhood, and, as the family was in straitened circumstances, enjoyed but meager educational advantages. At the age of sixteen, having evinced a disposition to engage in other pursuits than farming, he entered the store of his uncle at Philadelphia. On the 12th of September, 1796, he was indentured to Eobert Irwin, merchant, of Northumberland, with whom he was employed until he attained his majority. During this period he formed the acquaintance of the Eev. Joseph Priestley, whose writings he transcribed for the press, receiving in return for his services the loan of books for a prescribed course of reading. As a clerk he so far enjoyed the confi- dence of his employer as to be placed in charge of a branch store at Dan- ville ; and at the close of his apprenticeship he engaged in merchandising at Northumberland several years. His legal studies were begun under Jona- than Walker, and continued in the intervals of his employment as clerk and merchant. About the year 1803 he appHed at Bellefonte for admission to the bar, but encountered the most determined opposition from the lawyers of the district, who were almost unanimously Federalists while the young appli- cant was an active Democrat. They based their objection upon the fact that he had not actually studied in the office of Mr. Walker, but in a store; by the advice of his preceptor, Mr. Bellas renewed his application at Sunbury, retaining Daniel Smith in his interest. The examination was of the most rigid character, but he passed the ordeal Successfully and was duly admitted. Simon Snyder was present on this occasion, and the bearing of the young lawyer, as well as his evident ability, impressed him most favorably.* Thus embarked upon his professional career, he brought to his work the same unflagging energy and indomitable spirit that characterized his early struggles. He was appointed prothonotary of Northumberland county in 1809, and served until 1818. In the course of his long career at the bar he was connected with some of the most protracted litigation in this part of the State. Governor Snyder retained him in the famous Isle of Que cases, begun at Sunbury in 1804 and ended at New Berlin in 1824; the case of Mann vs. Wilson, in which proceedings were first instituted at May term, 1814, and which was not finally adjudicated by the Supreme Court until 1850, was also continued during this long period by his persistence and tact. Although the active participant in many an acrimonious legal and political contest he enjoyed in his old age the universal esteem and respect of his colleagues at *Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, pp. 365-367. 248 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the bar, and died at Sunbury, October 26, 1863, one of the last survivors of the bar of Northumberland county in the first decade of the present century. E. G. Bradford, "from all accounts, a lawyer of very considerable abihty," v^as "a tall, heavy, portly man of a commanding appearance," as described by John F. Wolfinger.* He was prosecuting attorney for Northumberland county from April, 1809, to'January, 1821, from January to April, 1824, and probably also from 1806 to 1809, from which it is evident that his profes- sional career in this county began early in the present century. He resided at Sunbury in the substantial brick building on Market street that is now the residence of Samuel J. Packer, 2d. After leaving this county he re- moved to York, Pennsylvania, and died of apoplexy at Pottsville, May 17, 1836, in the sixty-second year of his age. Ebenezer Greenough was born in Massachusetts, December 11, 1783. He graduated from Harvard University in 1804, and came to Pennsylvania within a short time thereafter; immediately upon his arrival at Wilkesbarre he accepted the principalship of the academy at that place, and during his connection with this institution began the study of law with Ebenezer Bow- man. In the latter part of 1806 he came to Sunbury, completed his profes- sional preparation under Charles Hall, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, January 19, 1808. Endowed with intellectual qualities of a high order, his educational advantages had been superior to those of the generality of lawyers at that day, and his ability in the profession placed him within a few years at the head of the local bar, a position which was successfully maintained until his death, December 25, 1847. Thoroughly familiar with the land laws of Pennsylvania, he particularly excelled in the trial of ejectment cases for the determination of titles under conflicting sur- veys; and, while he was concerned in nearly every important case of this nature in Northumberland and the adjoining counties of Pennsylvania dur- ing the period of his professional career, he did not confine himself to this particular class of litigation, but was as frequently employed and equally successful in civil and criminal cases of a general character. In argument he was clear, logical, and forcible, and in the later years of his life frequently assisted attorneys from other counties in the Northern district in the presen- tation of their cases before the Supreme court. His self-possession was remarkable; in the most exciting controversy he remained calm and collected, and never permitted his attention to be distracted from what he reo-arded as the essential principles involved in a cause. He possessed great skill in cross examination, and seldom failed to elicit the testimony desired from the most obstinate and recalcitrant witnesses. In addressing a jury he invariably appealed to the judgment rather then the feelings, and so simple, plain, and methodical was his manner of presenting a case that his position c6uld scarcely be misapprehe nded. He was a Whig in politics, and was elected to ♦Northumberland County Legal News, Volume I. No. 3. THE BENCH AND BAR. 249 the legislature in 1831 ; with this exception he never occupied official position, but devoted his entire attention to the duties of his profession, in which he attained conspicuous and deserved success. Daniel Scudder was a native of New Jersey; in 1815 he came to Milton, read law with Samuel Hepburn at the same time as Joseph B. Anthony, and was admitted to the bar at Sunbury on the 26th of November, 1817. He married the daughter of Daniel Smith, who inherited the fine farm of her father just below Milton, and there they resided some years. In 1821 he was elected to the legislature; in 1824-27 inclusive he was again returned, and was active in advocating the construction of canals in central Pennsylvania. He assumed office as deputy attorney general for Northumberland county at August sessions, 1828, and filled that position until his death in January of the following year. James Hepburn was a son of one]^of the early merchants of Northumber- land and brother to Samuel Hepburn, of Milton. He was admitted to the bar at Sunbury on the 19th of August, 1819, and began the practice of law at Northumberland, where he was president of the bank and bridge company and otherwise prominent in business affairs. Thence he removed success- ively to Baltimore and Philadelphia; at the former city he was president of the Tidewater Canal Company, and during his residence at the latter he seems to have given more attention to his profession than at any time during his previous career. Governor Pollock appointed him State reporter, and the first one hundred eighty -two pages of I Casey (Pennsylvania State Ee- ports, Volume XXV) were compiled by him, with the exception of three cases. Not long after his appointment to this position he died at Philadel- phia, December 25, 1855. Samuel J. Packer was born in Howard township. Centre county, Penn- sylvania, March 23, 1799. He received his education at a local school of the Society of Friends, under the superintendence of his father, and learned the trade of printer at Belief onte. Subsequently he was engaged in a journalistic capacity at Harrisburg, where he reported the proceedings of the legislature and formed the acquaintance of Simon Cameron, between whom and himself a warm friendship always thereafter existed. In 1820 he came to Sunbury and established the Publick Inquirer, which advocated the re-election of Gov- ernor Findlay and was continued several years. During this period he en- gaged in the study of the law under Hugh Bellas, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 23d of August, 1823. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession at Sunbury, and by assiduous attention to its duties early attained a leading position among the members of the bar. Thoroughness and care in the preparation of his causes and a closely argumentative style uniformly characterized his work. As a public speaker, particularly upon political occasions, he attained considerable dis- tinction, and possessed in large measure the faculty of converting others to his views. 250 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. From the time he came to Northumberland county until his death, Mr. Packer was a prominent figure in her political history. On the 27th of Janu- ary, 1824, he was commissioned as prothonotary, holding that office until 1821), and on the 20th of April in the latter year he was inducted into office as deputy attorney general, serving until the following November. In 1830 he was elected to the State Senate for the term of four years, and, although one of the youngest members of that body, he took a leading part in the dis- cussion of many of the public measures which received its consideration. His legislative incumbency was marked by great activity, especially in supporting enterprises designed to promote the development of the material resources of the State, of which the Danville and Pottsville railroad was the most impor- tant in the district he represented. Its construction from Sunbury to the Shamokin coal field was the direct result of measures introduced by him in the Senate and passed by the legislature through his influence. As chair- man of a special committee on the coal fields of Pennsylvania, he prepared the first legislative report ever promulgated upon that subject. This report is able and exhaustive, and relates to both the anthracite and bituminous regions. It treats of the origin and development of the mining industry and its vital relation to manufacturing and commercial interests in general, the location and extent of the different coal fields, the facilities of transportation enjoyed by each, and the limitations and restrictions which the legislature might with propriety irapose upon the corporate powers and privileges of railroad, mining, and navigation companies. The report possesses great value, not only as a compilation of facts relating to the history and condition of the coal trade and of the inexhaustible mineral resources of the State, but also as an expression of conclusions and convictions derived from a thorough study of the great legal and economic questions involved. In 1834 Mr. Packer was the Whig candidate for Congress from the dis- trict embracing Northumberland county, but died on the 20th of October in that year at the early age of thirty-five. Joshua Wright Comly, who was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 17th of November, 1830, and has survived all the officers of the court and attorneys of this bar at that date, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, November 16, 1810, son of Charles and Sarah (Wright) Comly, and a descendant of Henry Comly, an English Friend, who immigrated to Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1682. He was reared in the Quaker faith, attended the local schools and the College of New Jersey at Princeton and in 1827 began the study of law at Milton under Samuel Hepbtim. After his admission to the bar he located at Orwigsburg, Schuylkill county, but subsequently removed to Danville, where he has since resided, although his practice for some years embraced many of the most important cases in North- umberland county. In 1851 he was the Whig candidate for judge of the Supreme court. THE BENCH AND BAE. 251 James Pleasants, born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 11, 1809, received his education principally under the Rev. David Kirkpatrick at Milton, read law with Hugh Bellas, and was admitted to the bar of North- umberland county, April 21, 1831. He located at Catawissa, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, within a short time thereafter, but was frequently concerned in important cases in Northumberland county, either individually or as assistant to his brother, Charles Pleasants; about the year 1850 he located at Sunbury, but removed to Radnor, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, some six years later, and there he died, September 5, 1874. In Mr. Wolfinger's " Reminiscences," he is described as " a tall, slim man, of a very pleasant countenance and social disposition," who " spoke and argued his cases before the court and jury with considerable ability."* Defective hearing interfered greatly with the discharge of his professional duties. Charles Pleasants, brother to James, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, March 31, 1807; he also attended Kirkpatrick's academy at Milton, but read law under James Hepburn, of Northumberland, and was admitted to the bar at Sunbury on the 16th of April, 1832. He married a daughter of Hugh Bellas, with whom he was frequently associated in professional work. On the 2d of February, 1836, he was commissioned as prothonotary of the Supreme court for the Northern district, then composed of the coun- ties of Northumberland, Luzerne, Lycoming, Bradford, McKean, Potter, Tioga, Susquehanna, Columbia, and Union, and held that position until his resignation twenty-nine years later. He died at Radnor, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, May 24, 1865. John F. Wolfinger was born at Frosty Valley, Montour county, Pennsyl- vania, and educated under the Rev. David Kirkpatrick at Milton. He studied law at Williamsport, Pennsylvania, with Joseph B. Anthony as his preceptor, and was admitted to the bar of Lycoming county, August 31, 1830. In April 1832, he opened an office at Milton, and on the 20th of August in that year was admitted to practice in the several courts of Northumberland county, on motion of Samuel Hepburn. In 1833 he was appointed prosecuting at- torney for this county by George M. Dallas, attorney general of the State, and at the expiration of his term the court continued him in that office until his successor was regularly appointed. With the exception of the criminal cases in which he was concerned as deputy attorney general, Mr. Wolfinger confined his attention exclusively to civil actions, collections, and orphans' court business, in which he enjoyed a fairly lucrative practice until the out- break of the civil war; at that time he virtually retired from the active duties of the profession, devoting his time to local historical research and literary pursuits. His contributions to the Miltonian on various subjects connected with local history, and his " Recollections of the Bar of the Counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, Union, and Columbia," published in the North- *Northumberlancl County Legal News, Vol. I. No. 6. 252 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. umberland County Legal News, are among the more important of his pro- ductions. He died at Milton, January 13, 1891. Henry B. Masser was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, November 5, 1833, and is the oldest resident lawyer of Sunbury. He was born at that place, August 17, 1809, educated at the local schools, and studied law with Alexander Jordan. In 1839 he was appointed deputy at- torney general for the county, and served in that office six years with credit and ability. In September, 1840, he established the Sunbury American, and as editor and publisher of this paper he was prominently identified -^rith the public affairs of the county during a period of twenty- nine years. Mr. Masser has also been interested in various business enterprises; he now lives in re- tirement at Sunbury at an advanced age. Charles W. Hegins was born at Sunbury, August 15, 1812. He received his education at the Northumberland Academy, studied law under Charles G. Donnel, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, Novem- ber 5, 1833. At that date and for some time previously he had been em- ployed in the office of the prothonotary at Sunbury; there he opened an office and continued in successful practice until 1851, when he was elected president judge of Schuylkill county. He was re-elected at the expiration of his first term, and served until his death, July 2, 1862. A man of fine discriminating mind and judicial temperament, he was an excellent lawyer and an able judge. In 1838 he was elected to the legislature from Northumberland county and re-elected in the following year. William I. Greenough was bom at Sunbury, May 27, 1821, son of Eben- ezer Greenough. After attending the academy of his native town and similar institutions at Danville and Wilkesbarre he entered Princeton Col- lege, graduating in 1839; his father was his law preceptor, and on the 2d of August, 1842, he was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county. Mr. Greenough has been concerned in the trial of many of the most important cases at this bar. In presenting a cause to the court he follows closely in the footsteps of his father ; his arguments are terse and logical, confined entirely to the matter at issue, and calculated to convince rather than persuade. He is, however, a better counselor than advocate; for some years past he has been selected as master in chancery in many of the leading cases of this county, a recognition of his judicial qualifications no less than a compliment to his sound deliberative judgment. Charles J. Bruner was educated at Lancaster, Penn^lvania, studied law under Alexander Jordan, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, January 3, 1843. He at once opened an office at Sunbury, where he was associated with William L. Dewart for a time. As captain of Company F, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, he led the first detachment of troops from Northumberland county at the outbreak of the civil war. Subsequently he was appointed internal revenue collector for the Fourteenth Pennsylvania ^nf^hyXeEemcciiTN' •y^-^^i^^ -^P^^ THE BENCH AND BAK. 255 district by President Grant, and retained that office fourteen years. Captain Bruner was born at Sunbury, November 17, 1820, and died on the loth of March, 1885. WiUiam L. Dewart was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, January 3, 1843 ; his law preceptor was Charles G. Donnel. He was born at Sunbury, June 21, 1820, educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, and the College of New Jersey at Princeton, graduating from the latter in 1839. He was a prominent figure in political affairs, and was sev- eral times a member of Democratic national conventions; in 1856 he was elected to Congress. His death occurred on the 19th of April, 1888. Charles W. Tharp was born at Milton, December 25, 1818, son of James and Phebe (Vincent) Tharp. He was educated at the schools of his native town and at Lewisburg, read law at Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, with Curtin & Blanchard, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, Novem- ber 7, 1843. He resides at Milton. He was the last deputy attorney general appointed for Northumberland county, serving in that office from 1848 to 1850; in 1853 he was elected district attorney and served until 1856. He was elected to the legislature in 1865 and 1866. David Taggart read law with Ebenezer Greenough and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, November 7, 1843. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, and served as Speaker of that body; he was also president of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society at one time. Dur- ing the civil war he entered the service of the war department of the national government as paymaster, and was stationed in this capacity at different points throughout the country for some years thereafter. He possessed rare gifts as a public speaker, and was frequently called upon to deliver addresses on the occasion of patriotic or anniversary celebrations. He was born. May 28, 1822, and died on the 30th of June, 1888. William C. Lawson was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, December 3, 1817. He was educated under the Rev. David Kirkpatrick at Milton and at Delaware College, Newark, Delaware, graduating from the latter institu- tion in 1838, after which he began the study of law under J. P. Linn at Lewisburg, Union county, completing his professional preparation with Judge John Reed, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840. He began the practice of his profession in Greenville, Mercer county, Pennsylvania, but removed to Milton in 1843 and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, April 1, 1844. He has since resided at Milton, and was in active practice until 1880. Mr. Lawson has been president of the Milton National Bank and of the institution from which it evolved since July 1860. John B. Packer was born at Sunbury, March 21, 1824, a son of Samuel J. Packer. His education was obtained principally at the Sunbury Academy, then recently established and under the charge of Cale Pelton and Frederick 15 256 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Lebrun, both classical scholars of thorough culture and great ability as teachers. Prom 1839 to 1842 he was a member of a corps of engineers em- ployed by the State in the survey and construction of her public improve- ments. In 1842 he entered upon the sttidy of the law with Ebenezer Green- ough, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 6th of August, 1844. In the following year he was appointed deputy attorney general, serving in that of&ce three years, and from the commencement of his professional career he has occupied a prominent position at the bar, not only of his native county, but elsewhere throughout the State and before the Supreme court. In addressing the court or jury his style is lucid, logical, and argumentative, and as a public speaker he is forcible and eloquent. In the litigation resulting from contested land titles and in railroad and other causes there has scarcely been a case of any importance in this county with which he has not been professionally connected. In 1851 he was one of the organizers of the Susquehanna Railroad Company (since merged into the Northern Central), and has ever since been counsel for that corporation; for some ye^s past he has acted in a similar capacity for the Philadelphia and Erie, Pennsylvania, Lackawanna and Bloomsburg, and other railroad com- panies, and has also been concerned as counsel in the sale and reorganization of the Zerbe Valley, Shamokin Valley and Pottsville, and other railroad properties. Mr. Packer was elected to the legislature in 1849, re-elected in 1850, and served upon important committees in both sessions. He was a tariff Demo- crat at that time, but has been actively identified with the Republican party since 1856. In 1868 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Penn- sylvania district (in which Northumberland county was embraced), and served by re-election from 1869 to 1877, having been returned on each occa- sion by a majority largely in excess of his party vote in the several coimties composing the district. In the XLIst Congress he was a member of the committee on banking and currency; in the XLIId, chairman of the com- mittee on railways and canals; in the XLIIId, chairman of the committee on postoffices and post-roads, and in the XLIVth, member of the committee on foreign affairs. As president of the Bank of Northumberland from 1857 until it was merged into the First National Bank of Sunbury, and of the latter institu- tion since its organization, Mr. Packer has sustained an important relation to local financial affairs ; this connection has not, however, been permitted to withdraw his attention from the practice of his profession, and it is upon his services in public life, his eminent legal attainments, and marked success as a lawyer that his reputation is principally founded. • George Hill was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, January 1, 1849, and has been a resident practicing attorney of Sunbury since 1858. He was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1821, and THE BElSrCH AND BAR. 257 received an academic education at a classical academy taught by the Eev. Samuel S. Shedden. His professional preparation was begun at Milton under James Pollock and completed in Union county, Pennsylvania, under Absa- lom Swinef ord. He was admitted to the bar at New Berlin, then the county seat of Union county, in August, 1848, and was in active practice at Selins- grove, Pennsylvania, from 1849 to 1858, when he removed to Sunbury.- Mr. HiU has enjoyed an extensive and lucrative practice. Andrew J. Guffy was born near Turbutville in this county. May 31, 1823, son of Andrew and Eleanor (Armstrong) Guffy, and grandson of Alexander GufEy, who settled upon the site of McEwensville at an early date in the histpry of this county and died, July 15, 1816, the father of seven children, of whom Andrew was bom on the 13th of August, 1792, and died on the 28th of June, 1879. Mr. Guffy studied law with James Pollock of Milton and attended the law school of Washington McCartney at Easton, Pennsyl- vania, where he was the classmate of Henry Green, a justice of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, August 6, 1849, and has since resided at McEwensville and Watson- town. He is a proficient surveyor and is probably better known as such than as a lawyer. The foregoing biographical sketches relate to members of the bar of North- umberland county who were admitted prior to 1850. The following is a list of resident attorneys in that year, with residences and dates of admission in this county: Samuel Hepburn, Milton; Hugh Bellas, Sunbury, 1803; James Pleasants, Sunbury, April 21, 1831; Charles Pleasants, Sunbury, April 16, 1832; John F. Wolfinger, Milton, August 20, 1832; James Pollock, Milton, November 5, 1833; Henry B. Masser, Sunbury, November 5, 1833; John Porter, Milton, April 9, 1840; William I. Greenough, Sunbury, August 2, 1842; Charles J. Bruner, Srm^bury, January 3, 1843; William L. Dewart, Sunbury, January 3, 1843; Charles W. Tharp, Milton, November 7, 1843; David Taggart, Northumberland, November 7, 1843; William C. Lawson, Milton, April 1, 1844; John B. Packer, Sunbury, August 6, 1844; Henry Donnel, Sunbury, January 4, 1848 ; Andrew J. Guffy, McEwensville, August 6, 1849; Charles Augustus Kutz, Milton; William M. Eockefeller, Sunbury, August 6, 1850; M. L. Shindel, Sunbury, August 6, 1850. The present number of resident attorneys is seventy-three. In the follow- ing list the date given is that of admission to the local bar: — Sunbury. — Henry B. Masser, November 5, 1833 ; William I. Greenough, August 2, 1842; John B. Packer, August 6, 1844; George HiU, January 1, 1849; Solomon B. Boyer, August 5, 1858; Samuel J. Packer, 2d, April 4, 1860 i Simon P. Wolverton, April 8, 1862; Lloyd T. Eohrbach, March 10, 1863; George W. Zeigler, January 5, 1864; J. W. Cake, January 3, 1866; Truman H. Purdy, 1866; William A. Sober, August, 1867; Andrew N. Brice, January, 1870; J. A. Cake, 1870; James H. McDevitt, August 5, 1873; Lewis 258 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Dewart, August 11, 1874; John J. Keimensnyder, March 14, 1876; Clinton K. Savidge, January 15, 1877; George B. Eeimensnyder, August 6, 1877 E. W. Greenough, March 11, 1878; Charles M. Clement, March 11, 1878 J. Nevin Hill, March 11, 1878; Martin L. Snyder, September 17, 1880 Harold M. McClure, June 28, 1881; George H. Neff, June 28, 1881; Charles W. Eockefeller, May 15, 1884; William P. Hilbush, October 6, 1884; Walter Shipman, December 4, 1884; Charles B. Witmer, February 19, 1887; J. Howard Eockefeller, June 27, 1887; James C. Packer, September 5, 1887; William C. Parnsworth, September 5, 1887; Charles D. Gibson, September 2, 1889; J. E. KaufEman, Jr., September 2, 1889; William J. Sanders, Sep- tember 3, 1890. Milton. — Charles W. Tharp, November 7, 1843; William C. Lawson, April 1, 1844; Frank Bound, 1853; P. L. Hackenberg, 1861; John McCleery, January 5, 1864; Edmund Davis; Thomas Swenk, Jr., March 14, 1876; William C. Miller, March 14, 1876; O. B. Nagle, March 13, 1877; Clarence G. Voris, October 3, 1877; Frank Chamberlin, December 15, 1880; W. H. Hackenberg, February 9, 1881 ; A. S. Hottenstein, June 28, 1881 ; Samuel T. Swartz, September 6, 1881. Shamokin.— U. F. John, August 4, 1863 ; W. H. M. Oram, August 7, 1865 ; Addison G. Marr, August, 1867; George W. Eyon, March 26, 1869; Samuel Heckert, March 11, 1874; Peter A. Mahon; August 10, 1874; William W. Eyon, March 11, 1878; John P. Helfenstein, July 14, 1883; J. W. Gillespie, July 12, 1886; J. Q. Adams, November 27, 1886; W. E. Zimmerman, No- vember 27, 1886; Clarence P. Huth, November 27, 1886; D. W. Shipman, April 14, 1890; W. H. Unger, September 2, 1890. Watsontown. — Andrev? J. Guffy, August 6, 1849; W. Field Shay, August 3, 1875; Lorenzo Everett. Mt. Carmel. — W. B. Faust, June 8, 1877; Voris Auten, September 6, 1881; L. S. Walter, September 2, 1889. Turbutville. — George W. Hower. Montandon. — Eobert M. Cummings, August 3, 1859. Eiverside. — H. M. Hinckley, August 4, 1875. Northumberland. — J. H. Vincent. Biographies of many of the present resident attorneys of the county are given in the biographical department of this work. In addition to those mentioned, the following attorneys have also resided in Northumberland county prior to their death or removal therefrom: John Barker, mentioned in Fithian's journal as a resident of Northumberland in 1775; John W. Hunter, Sunbury, admitted, January, 1798; Charles Maus, Sunbury, April, 1800; Owen Foulk, Sunbury; William G. Forrest, Sunbury, November 25, 1801; Alem Marr, Milton, November 23, 1809; William Irwin, Sunbury, November 29, 1810; John S. Haines, Northumberland, August 29, 1815; Eobert C. Hall, Sunbury, August 25, 1820; Charles A. Bradford, THE BENCH AND BAE. 259 Sunbury, June 15, 1824; John B. Boyd, Northumberland, April 20, 1825; George W. Lathey, Northumberland, August 17, 1831; Eobert McGuigan, Mil- ton, November 10, 1837 ; Hopewell Cox, Northumberland, August 7, 1838 ; Will- iam J. Martin, Sunbury, August 3, 1841 ; George A. Prick, Northumberland, January 2, 1844; J. Woods Brown, Milton, April 7, 1851; James Cameron, Milton, August 4, 1851; James W. NaiUe, Sunbury, August 4, 1851; John Youngman, Sunbury, August 0, 1851; Horatio J. Wolverton, Sunbury, Jan- uary 6, 1852; Spencer M. Kase, Shamokin, January 2, 1854; William L. Scott, Shamokin; John Kay Clement, Sunbury; Paul Cornyn, Sunbury; A. Jordan Rockefeller, Sunbury, November 3, 1857; S. P. Malick, Sunbury, February 23, 1858; Harris Painter, Sunbury, April 4, 1860; LefEert H. Kase, Sunbury, March 7, 1865 ; Cornelius A. Reimensnyder, Sunbury, March 19, 1867; James K. Davis, Jr., Sunbury, August 6, 1867; Thomas H. B. Kase, Sunbury, June 12, 1871; William C. Packer, Stmbury, November 5, 1872; Jefferson M. John, Mt. Carmel, January 6, 1874; William P. With- ington, Shamokin, August 4, 1874; Marks B. Priestley, Northumberland, Jan- uary 2, 1877; E. H. Painter, Turbutville, December 4, 1882; E. Sherman Follmer, Watsontown, September 6, 1886. THE SUPEEME COUKT. In 1806, " for the more convenient establishment of the Supreme court," the State was divided into two districts, the Eastern and the Western, North- umberland county being included in the former. The Middle district, com- posed of the counties of York, Adams, Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Northumberland, Luzerne, Lycoming, Centre, Clear- field, McKean, Potter, and Tioga as originally constituted, was erected by the act of April 10, 1807. By the terms of this act, the justices were required to hold one term annually at Sunbury for the Middle district, com- mencing on the first Monday in July and continuing two weeks if necessary; and it was made the duty of the prothonotaries of the Eastern and Western districts to make out a docket of causes entered from the territory embraced in the new district, such causes pending and undetermined after the 1st of May, 1808, to be removed thereto and continued in the same manner as if they had originated therein. The first session of the Supreme court for the Middle district of Pennsylvania was accordingly held at the court house on the public square in Sunbuiy on the first Monday in July, 1808, Chief Justice Tilghman presiding. The Northern district, to which the counties of Northumberland, Luzerne, Lycoming, Bradford, McKean, Potter, Tioga, Susquehanna, Columbia, and Union were originally assigned, was erected by the act of April 14, 1834. Sunbury continued to be the place at which the sessions of the court were held, but the composition of the district frequently changed, at first by the addition of new territory but latterly by the transfer of one coimty after 260 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. another to other districts, until only Northumberland, Montour, and Colum- bia remained in the Northern. The justices were strongly in favor of hold- ing the sessions of the court at Philadelphia for the whole State, but meas- ures with that object in view, although frequently introduced in the legislature, were invariably defeated by the combined opposition of the western and middle counties. The influence of the justices was not entirely unavailing, however, as is shown by the gradual dismemberment of the Northern district and the acquiescence with which attorneys and litigants usually permitted an adjournment of their causes to Philadelphia or Harris- burg at the suggestion of the court. Finally, at the term for 1863, all the causes were adjourned to other points, with the concurrence of counsel; and, while it is not probable that this was deliberately planned by the justices as a final adjournment of the court for the Northern district, such it ultimately proved. This action of the court received legislative confirmation in the act of May 5, 1871, providing that " causes from said Northern district shall be heard at such time and place as the judges of the Supreme court may assign." Under this arrangement the district continued to sustain a nominal existence for some years. By a subsequent extension of its discretionary powers, the court was authorized to designate the district from which writs should issue for the different counties, and by virtue of this power the counties of the Northern district were transferred to the Eastern, thus abolishing the former in every essential respect. The chief justices who presided over the sessions of the Supreme court at Sunbury were William Tilghman, John Bannister Gibson, Jeremiah S. Black, Ellis Lewis, and Walter H. Lowrie. Among the prothonotaries were George A. Prick, commissioned, October 6, 1812; John L. Finney, commis- sioned, January 11, 1813; Alexander Jordan, commissioned, December 22, 1826, January 25, 1830, and January 21, 1833; Charles Pleasants, who was commissioned on the 2d of February, 1836, and held the office many years, and J. A. J. Cummings, the last incumbent, who was appointed in 1865. Many cases involving important legal principles were here tried and deter- mined; distinguished lawyers from all parts of the State attended the sessions, which thus became occasions of far more than local interest and importance. THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 261 CHAPTER VI. THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. List of Stjnbuey Physicians, by De. R. H. Aavl— Biogh-4phical Sketches op Physi- cians Throughout the County— Medical Societibs — Roster op the Medicai. PRO-^Esr:ox. THE following is a list of Simbury physicians, furnished by Dr. E. H. Awl and arranged as nearly as possible in the order in which they began to practice in this community: WiUiam Plunket, Francis Allison, James Davidson, Solompn Markley, Joseph Thomson, Peter Kraut, William West- hoven, John Philip Jacob Becker, C. H. Bailey, Isaac Cushman, George Slough, John Y. Kennedy, Peter Grahl, "William T. Morris, John B. Price, William A. Eobins, Joseph Eobins, Edmund O'Neill, Bonham E. Gearhart, James Teas, Doctor Eobinson, M. A. Eodrigue, John W. Peale, Doctor John- son, David T. Trites, Landis Price, Eobert H. Awl, Jacob B. Masser, D. W. Shindel, George B. Weiser, Charles Weiser, Doctor Hughes, Doctor Dodge, Doctor Arthur, Doctor Sechler, Doctor Cameron, Hiram Long, John G. Markle, Joseph Eyster, John S. Angle, John Updegraff, John F. Caslow, A. C. Wheat, H. M. Essick, William P. Smith, F. L. Haupt, A. C. Clark, H. H. Malick, A. K. Savidge, W. W. Moody, Charles M. Martin, G. W. Furey, F. B. Masser, Albert S. Cummings, P. H. Eenn, D. E. Lenker, F. B. Eichtstine, F. E. Drum heller, Elijah Orser, and Doctor Walters. Much of the informa- tion embodied in the following sketches of Sunbury physicians has also been obtained, directly or indirectly, through Doctor Awl. WiUiam Plunket, the first resident doctor of Northumberland county,* was a native of Ireland. In personal appearance he is described as a man of large stature, great muscular development, and powerful strength, while an imperious disposition was among his distinguishing mental traits. This is attested by several occurrences in his career which yet retain a place in the traditions of this locality. On one occasion, with several boon compan- ions, he was engaged in some hilarious proceedings at an Irish inn; the adjoining room was occupied by an English nobleman, who had a curious and valuable watch, which he sent to Plunket with a wager that he could not tell the time by it; that gentleman coolly put it in his pocket, and sent a * This statement Is, perhaps, susceptible of some modllicatlon. as Doctors John Morgan, John Bond, and Thomas Wiggins were successively stationed at Fort Augusta as surgeons to the garrison. Plunket was an officer in the Augusta regiment and prohahly arrived at Shamokin as early as Doctor Morgan, although it does not appear that he was employed in a professional capacity. 262 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTS. message to the Englishman to the effect that he should call upon him in person if he wished to know the time. This he never did, evidently out of respect to Plunket's well known physicial prowess, and the latter, it is said, retained the watch to the end of his life. At a later date he became involved in an assault upon an English officer, in which the latter sustained severe bodily injuries; although disguised, Plunket was recognized by his stature, and, in imminent danger of arrest, was smuggled on board a vessel in a bar- rel or hogshead. Thus he came to America, and located at Carlisle, Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, then the western limit of civilization. There he resided during the French and Indian war, in which he served as lieuten- ant and surgeon, receiving for his services a grant of several hundred acres on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, to which he gave the name of " Soldier's Ketreat;" it was situated along the river above Chillisquaque creek; he was residing thereon as early as 1772, as evidenced by the fact that his improvements are mentioned in the return of a road in that year. He was commissioned a justice for Northumberland county on the 24th of March, 1772, and officiated as presiding justice throughout the colonial period. In January, 1775, he was a representative from Northumberland county in the Provincial Convention at Philadelphia, and in December of that year he led an expedition to Wyoming. During the struggle for American independ- ence he remained neutral (through fear of forfeiting his title to Irish estates, it is said), and does not thereafter appear in the public affairs of the coimty. While a resident of Carlisle Doctor Plunket married Esther, daughter of John Harris, of Harris's Ferry, father of John Harris, the founder of Harris- burg. They were the parents of four daughters, of whom Elizabeth, bom in 1755, married Samuel Maclay, associate judge of Northumberland cougity and United States Senator; Isabella, born in 1760, married William Bell, of Elizabeth town. New Jersey; Margaret, who became the wife of Isaac Rich- ardson, removed to Wayne county, New York; and Esther, who married Colonel Robert Baxter, a British officer, died about a year after marriage. The Doctor resided for some years in the Maclay house at Sunbury, where, after the death of his wife, Betty Wiley was his housekeeper. His office, subsequently occupied by E. Greenough and David Rockefeller, occupied the site of E. W. Greenough's residence on Front street, Sunbury. He became totally blind in the later years of his life, when a rope was stretched from his residence to his office so that he could still go back and forth without aid. As shown by his will, which is dated, January 3, 1791, and proved, May 25, 1791, he died in the spring of that year, and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Sunbury cemetery. Dr. R. H. Awl is in possession of one of his med- ical works, " Synopsis Medicinae, or a Summary View of the whole Practice of Physick," by John Allen, M. D., F. E. S,, printed at London in 1749. Solomon Markloy was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he obtained a limited literary education and read medicine with Doctor Luther. His THE MEDICAL PEOFESSION. 263 further professional studies were pursued at Philadelphia, and his practice was begun at Sunbury, where he resided at the brick house on Front street now occupied by Miss Kate Black; as early as 1795 he started a drug store in the hallway of this building. In 1801 he was appointed county commissioner to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Abraham MoKinney; he was elected to this office in 180'2, and served'three years. He remained at Sun- buiy until his death, January 1, 1813, in the forty-third year of his age, and is buried in the old Northumberland cemetery. Doctor Markley married Margaret Hinderliter, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and they were the parents of six children. John Philip Jacob Becker was born at Bornich, (Eheinfels), Germany. By the financial assistance of his oldest brother he was enabled to obtain a thorough medical education, and after completing his professional prepara- tion he entered the German army as field surgeon under General Munchau- sen, from whom he received an honorable discharge at the expiration of seven years and six months' continuous service. Subsequently he sailed for America, landing at Brooklyn, New York, in 1783. He practiced at Allen- town, Lehigh county, and Kutztown, Berks county, Pennsylvania, until May, 1807, when he removed to Upper Augusta township, Northumberland coun- ty, and located on the farm now (1890) occupied by Alfred Beckley, two miles east of Sunbury. Here he resumed the practice of his profession, and is remembered as a successful physician, widely known and well liked. He died on the 80th of April, 1813, at the age of sixty-four years, and was buried with Masonic honors in the old Sunbury cemetery. He married Elizabeth Dimmick of the vicinity of Philadelphia in 1795 and they were the parents of eight children, three sons and five daughters; two of the latter stiU survive: Mrs. Harriet Martin, one of the oldest residents of Sunbury, and Miss Louisa Becker, of Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania. 0. H. Bailey was a Virginian by birth, highly educated and considered a first-class physician. He located at Sunbury early in his professional career, but the length of his stay is not known. Thence he removed succes- sively to Troy, Lincoln coimty, Missouri, and Smithland, Kentucky, after which he entered the United States Army as surgeon, and was stationed at Pensacola, Florida, in 1852 ; nothing is known regarding his personal his- tory after that date. John Kennedy was bom at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, and practiced at Sunbury until 1828, when he removed to Shelbyville, Shelby county, Indiana, where he resided the remainder of his life. William Thomas Morris practiced at Sunbury many years. He had previously served as surgeon in the United States Navy, and was a physi- cian of experience and ability. Doctor Morris was born at Frederick, Mary- land, January 8, 1783, and died at that place in December, 1834. He mar- ried Mary, daughter of Thomas and Deborah Grant, of Sunbury; she died 264 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. on the 2d of April, 1842, leaving two children: Ann C, who was born at Sunbury, January 14, 1810, married Albert G. Bradford, of Elmira, New York, and died at Philadelphia, September 24, 1886; and Dr. Thomas G., who was born on the 11th of January, 1818, practiced medicine at Liver- pool, Perry county, Pennsylvania, many years, and died at that place, March 28, 1887. As Doctor Morris's marriage occurred at Sunbury on the 27th of November, 1807, it is evident that his practice began at that place early in the present century. John Beatty Price was born in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1801, and died in 1843. He was educated at Princeton College, read medicine with Doctor Johnston at Whitehouse, New Jersey, and began practice at Pepack, a small village in his native county, having attended a course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania and obtained a diploma from the New Jersey board of medical examiners. In 1824 he removed to Sunbury, where he was in active practice until his death. Doctor Price married Re- becca, daughter of Reuben Guild, who was murdered near Bellefonte, Penn- sylvania, and was the father of five children, one of whom is Nathan Leander Price, M. D., of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania. William Robins was born at Sunbury in 1804, eldest son of Aaron and Rebecca (Richardson) Robins, and received an academic education at North- umberland under Robert Cooper Grier. At the age of eighteen years he began the study of medicine with Dr. John Kennedy, and subsequently attended the University of Pennsylvania. He began practice at Sunbury shortly after attaining his majority, and continued in successful practice at that place eighteen years. The remainder of his life was passed at Miners- ville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he died in December, 1863. Doctor Robins was three times married, and was the father of seven children. Bonham R. Gearhart was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 18, 1811, son of George and Achsah (Runyan) Gearhart. He was educated at an academy at Danville, read medicine with Dr. Harmon Gearhart, of Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, graduated from Jeffer- son Medical College in 1834, and began practice at Sunbury immediately thereafter, remaining two years. After this he was successively located at several points in Montour and Columbia counties, and was at Turbutville, Northumberland county, from 1839 to 1844, when he removed to Danville; there he was a leading physician until his death. May 9, 1855. His widow and six sons survive him and reside at Danville. David Tranor Trites was born in Ridley township, Delaware county, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1812. In his early manhood he taught school at Sunbury, where he began the study of medicine with Dr. J. W. Peale in 1839, graduating from Jefferson Medical College in 1842. He returned to Sunbury and began the practice of his profession, but remained only a few years. Subsequently he was located at Georgetown, Northumberland county, THE MEDICAL PBOFESSION. 265 Pennsylvania, Chesapeake City, Cecil county, Maryland, Surrey county, Vir- ginia, Philadelphia, and Manayunk, Pennsylvania, dying at the latter place in 1887. Two children survived him, one of whom was the late W. B. Trites, M. D., of Manayunk. Eobert Harris Awl was born in Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1819, son of Samuel and Mary (Maclay) Awl. He was educated at the common schools, read medicine with Dr. J. W. Peale, graduated from Pennsylvania Medical College in 1842, and imme- diately entered upon the practice of his profession. He was located at Gratz- town and Halifax, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, until 1845, when he re- moved to Columbus, Ohio; there he was soon afterward appointed assistant physician to the State lunatic asylum and retained that position three years, resigning on account of ill health. He located at Sunbury in 1849, and con- tinued in the steady enjoyment of a lucrative practice until his retirement from the active duties of the profession. Between 1855 and 1888 inclusive he was for fourteen years the regular physician to the Northumberland county prison. Jacob B. Masser was born at Sunbury, July 17, 1820, son of Henry Mas- ser. He obtained his literary education under private tuition, graduated from Jefferson Medical CoUege in 1841, and at once began practice at Sun- bury, where he was one of its most prominent and worthy physicians until his death, September 10, 1876. George B. Weiser was bom at Sunbury in 1820, a son of Judge George Weiser and a descendant of Conrad Weiser, the famous Indian agent and interpreter. He read medicine with Dr. William H. Magill, of Danville, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1842 with high honors. He practiced at Spring Mills, Georgetown, Selinsgrove, Sunbury, and Millers- burg, Pennsylvania, successively, and died at Millersburg on the 7th of Octo- ber, 1887. Several doctors are mentioned in Fithian's journal of 1775. At Warrior run was " Doctor Sprigg, a gentleman in the practice who is settling in this neighborhood," and at Northumberland he met Doctors Kearsley and Fran- cis Allison. The latter was subsequently surgeon to the Twelfth Pennsylva- nia regiment. Benjamin F. Young was one of the first physicians at Northumberland after the Eevolution. He resided there as early as 1794, and died on the 23d of March, 1803, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. "In life universally beloved — in death universally lamented. The suavity of his teinper, the urbanity of his manners, the perfection of his professional skill, and the liber- ality of his professional assistance have insured to him (what few can aspire to) the lasting regret of aU who knew him." — Kennedy's Gazette. Dr. William Kent Lathey probably succeeded Young, or may have been contemporaneous with him. He died on the 28th of July, 1809, and is bur- 266 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ied in the old Presbyterian cemetery; the inscription on his tombstone states that he was born at Exeter, England, January 29, 1772. Samuel Jackson and M. Aristide Eodrigue were among the leading phy- sicians at a later date. Doctor Jackson built the brick house at the north- west corner of Market square now owned by Henry L. Cake; he afterward removed to Philadelphia, where he became prominent in the profession. Doctor Rodrigue resided in a brick house on North Way between Queen and Market; on the 4th of February, 1835, he married Ann Caroline, daughter of Hugh Bellas, and afterward located for a time at Sunbury. Joseph Priestley was born in Point township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1819; he was a great-grandson of the Rev. Joseph Priestley, the eminent philosopher and theologian. After receiving suitable preparatory education under the Rev. David Kirkpatrick at Milton, he read medicine with Dr. James Dougal of that place and entered the med- ical department of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from that institution in March, 1844. He imanediately located at Northumberland, where he continued in active practice until his death, March 10, 1883. He served as president of the county medical society, and was a member of the State and national medical associations. In politics he was an ardent Republican from the organization of that party until his death. In the community where his professional work of nearly forty years was done he was universally respected and beloved. James Teas was a son of Samuel Teas, a prominent resident of Milton. He married Jane, daughter of Ellis Walton, the second prothonotary of Lyco- ming county; she was a niece of Justice Charles Huston, of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania. Doctor Teas was in active practice at Northumberland at the time of his death. William S. Bright was born at Sunbury in 1812, son of Jacob Bright, and read medicine with Doctor Rush, of Philadelphia, graduating from Jefferson Medical College in 1842. He began the practice of medicine at Northumber- land, where he remained until 1849; he was then successively located at Phila- delphia, at Jackson, Mississippi, at New Orleans, and at Galveston, Texas, where he died, August 2, 1890. James Faulkner, the first resident physician at Milton, was from New Jer- sey. He began his practice at Milton in 1794, and, it is. said, afterward removed to Erie, Pennsylvania. James Dougal, the first physician who located permanently at Milton, was born at Londonderry, Ireland, June 4, 1769. He first came to America to look after the landed interests of his father in Pennsylvania, but his ship was wrecked on the coast of New Jersey, and after spending some time as tutor in a private family, he returned to Ireland. His literary and professional educa- tion was obtained at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland; he began the practice of medicine at Coxtown, Ireland, but became prominent in the patriotic THE MEDICAL PKOPESSION. 267 uprising of 1798 under Robert Emmet, the leader of the United Irishmen, and again came to America, locating at Milton, where he built the substantial stone residence at the corner of Front and Mahoning streets in 1803. His practice extended over a large part of the territory now embraced in Northumberland, Montour, Columbia, Lycoming, Union, and Clinton counties. He died on the 18th of July, 1818, from injuries sustained by a fall from his horse. James S. Dougal was born at Coxtown, Ireland, October 7, 1794, son of James Dougal. He was educated at the schools of Milton and under the private tuition of the Rev. Thomas Hood, read medicine with his father, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1817. He at once located at Milton, where he succeeded to the extensive practice of his father, and continued in the active discharge of professional duties until his death. May 23, 1878. Two sons, James S. and Charles H, also became doctors; the former died at Milton, February 20, 1847, and the latter is now a lead- ing physician of that borough. William McCleery was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, July 31, 1803. He was educated at Washington CoUege, Washington, Pennsylvania, and at Jefferson Medical CoUege, Philadelphia, graduating from the latter in 1827. His preceptor was Dr. James S. Dougal, of Milton, with whom he was associated several years after graduation. He continued in active and successful practice until his retirement in 1857, and died on the 4th of December, 1867. His son. Dr. J. P. McCleery, is one of the leading physi- cians of Milton. John Meekly was bom in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, March 16, 1807. He received the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania, and about the year 1835 located at Milton, where he was in continuous practice until his death, April 3, 1871. Da^ad Waldron was bom in Turbut . township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1820. He ranked high in his profession and enjoyed a large practice, although somewhat erratic. He was a Democrat in politics, and served as sheriff from 1860 to 1863. He resided at Milton from the commencement of his practice until within a few years of his death, and died in Turbut township, April 22, 1885. U. Q. Davis was bom at Limestoneville, Montour county, Pennsylvania, July 16, 1821, read medicine with Doctor .Ludwig of that place, and grad- uated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1848. His practice was begun at Lewisburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, whence, in 1856, he removed to Milton, where he resided until his death, October 5, 1887. During the civil war he served as surgeon to the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers. His son, Sidney Davis, has succeeded to the practice of his father. Tobias Piper was born near Philadelphia and located in Lewis township in 1820. He resided at Turbutville and upon a farm in the vicinity until 268 < HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1856, when lie located at McBwensville, and continued the practice of his profession until his retirement in 1867. His death occurred on the 20th of February, 1873. Joseph C. Eobins, the first physician to locate permanently at Elysburg, was born at Sunbury, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1806. He attended the common schools of his native town and the academy at Northumberland, then in charge of Eobert C. Grier, read medicine with his brother, Dr. William Eobins, of Sunbury, and completed his professional studies at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1828 he began the practice of medicine at Sunbury, whence he removed to Elysburg in the following year, and was actively engaged in professional work at that place forty-two years. His practice extended over the entire eastern part of Northumberland county and into the adjoining portions of Montour, Columbia, and Schuylkill Three of his sons became physicians: Galen S., who practiced at Elysburg one year and at Shamokin four years, dying in 1856 at the age of twenty-six; Edwin S., who read medicine with his father, graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1854, and has been in continuous practice at Shamokin longer than any other of its present physicians; and Lorenzo D., who began practice with his father at Elysburg, served as surgeon during the civil war, returned to Elys- burg at its close, and resided there until his death in 1875. The senior Doc- tor Eobins is still living at an advanced age, and is the last survivor of the profession in Northumberland comity at the time his practice began. Eobert Phillips was the first doctor at Shamokin. He resided " at the Gap " about the time the town was laid out, but was employed in a business rather than a professional capacity. Nothing has been learned regarding his personal history. John K. Eobins, the first resident physician at Shamokin after that place had assumed the proportions of a village, was born at Sunbury, Pennsyl- vania, April 14, 1820. At the age of twenty years he began the study of medicine, graduating from Jefferson Medical College in 1842, and in April of the same year began his professional career at Shamokin; there he re- mained nearly four years, removing to Catawissa, Columbia county, Penn- sylvania, in January, 1846. There he has since resided, and is one of the oldest physicians of his adopted county. Galen S. Eobins was born on the 4th of October, 1830, son of Dr. Joseph C. Eobins. He read medicine with his father, attended the Pennsyl- vania College of Medicine and graduated from that institution, practiced at Elysburg one year, and located at Shamokin in 1852. Here he was in active and successful practice until his death, October 9, 1856. Dr. J. J. John was associated with him in practice for a time, and afterward Dr. E. S. Eob- ins, his brother, who is now the senior member of the profession at Shamokin. THE MEDICAL PKOFESSION. 269 MEDICAL SOCIETIES. Pursuant to a call, a number of the physicians of Northumberland county, met in Sunbury, July 10, 1869, for the purpose of forming a medical association. A temporary organization was effected by the election of Dr. Joseph Priestley, of Northumberland, president, and Dr. John S. Angle, of Sunbury, secretary. After the object of the meeting had been fully stated and discussed. Dr. D. W. Shindel, of Sunbury, moved the appointment of a committee for the purpose of drafting a constitution and by-laws, which reso- lution was ixnanimously adopted. The committee was constituted as follows : Dr. D. W. Shindel, chairman; Dr. J. B. Newbaker, of Trevorton; Dr. J. P. McCleery, of Milton; Doctor McCay, of Northumberland; Doctors Eobins and Weaver, of Shamokin; Doctor Hunter, of Watsontown; Dr. W. W. Eob- ins, of Hickory Corners; Doctors Haupt and Angle, of Sunbury; and on ■ motion Doctor Priestley was added to this number. The committee was re- quested to meet at Sunbury on the first Monday in August, and to appoint a time for the next meeting of the association. After an interchange of pro- fessional views and experiences, formal and informal, the meeting adjourned. How long this association existed has not been ascertained. The Northumberland County Medical Society was organized at North- umberland, April 18, 1876, with Joseph Priestley, president; U. Q. Davis and Jacob Ehoads, vice-presidents ; J. J. Leiser, recording secretary; E. H. Horner, corresponding secretary; F. L. Haupt, treasurer, and a board of censors composed of Doctors Eobins, Newbaker, Priestley, Miles, and Life. The society sustained an intermittent existence of about five years. It was reorganized at Milton, July 12, 1886, with A. S. Cummings, president; J. Hun- ter Miles, secretary; Hiram Long and E. H. Horner, vice-presidents; P. L. Haupt, J. W. Sheetz, and G. W. Purey, censors, but again disbanded after some two years of active existence. The Sunbury Medical Association was organized, October 18, 1888, with Hiram Long, president, P. H. Eenn, secretary, and A. 0. Clark, treas- urer. Doctors at Sunbury and Northumberland are included in its member- ship. The Northumberland County Medical Society was organized at the court house in Sunbury on the 2d of December, 1890, with the following officers : President, C. W. Weaver, of Shamokin; vice-president, Charles M. Martin, of Sunbury; recording secretary, G. W. Purey, of Sunbury; corresponding secretary, J. M. Maurer, of Shamokin; treasurer, E. H. Horner, of Turbut- ville; censors: Hiram Long, of Sunbury, P. L. Haupt, of Sunbury, and E. A. Kennedy, of Shamokin, elected for one, two, and three years, respectively. BOSTEE or THE MEDICAL PKOFESSION. The following is a list of physicians who registered in the ofiice of the prothonotary of Northumberland county in compliance with the law from 270 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. June, 1881, to February, 1891 (the names are given in the order of registra- tation) : George W. Furey, William P. Smith, Joseph Eyster, John H. Har- ley, Alfred C. Clark, Elijah F. Orser, Jacob Eitter, Frederick L. Haupt, John F. McClure, Henry Life, Joseph Priestley, Edwin S. Eobins, Charles W. Weaver, Robert A. Kennedy, Hiram Long, Frank B. Masser, Frank A. Clark, Oscar M. Robins, William W. Moody, Samuel G. Mengle, Henry M. Emerick, Charles M. Martin, Philip H. Renn, Rufus Thayer, Jacob S. Hol- lenback, Albert S. Cummings, Frank B. Richtstine, Albert D. Thomas, Will- iam B. Stoner, Walter Van Fleet, Richard L. Wright, Marcus H. Harpel, George W. Winterstein, Shepherd L. Van Valzah, Robert H. Awl, Ralph W. Montelius, Edmund W. Samuel, William J. Haas, Daniel W. Shindel, John F. Bigler, Howard M. Essiok, John W. Bealor, David S. HoUenback, John B. Newbaker, Joseph Hunter, Benjamin L. Kerchner, Nathaniel C. Purdy, Abraham T. Dewitt, Charles Schneider, Reuben H. Muth, Henry M. Raker, . John H. Heinsling, Uriah Q. Davis, Joseph Haas, George Treon, Nathaniel C. Giddings, John A. Elliott, Charles H. Dougal, James P. McCleery, James A. Osborn, John Walsh, Sanderson Lazarus, Thomas J. Ritter, J. Hunter Miles, Hiram H. Malick, Horace W. Burg, Thomas R. Hull, David P. Engle, William T. Williams, Richard R. Breisch, Andrew Tenbrook, Edward H. Horner, Edwin M. Emerick, Samuel F. Gilbert, William G. Marsh, Jacob Rhoads, James A. Hoffman, John S. Folhner, Horatio T. Seas- holtz, David G. Schive, Isaac Huff, Henry B. Woodside, James F. Adams, Rufus Thayer, Frederick D. Raker, Jeremiah K. Bowers, John W. Fritz, Daniel H. Dornsife, Joel Whary, Irvin Seitz, Henry P. Lorman, William H. Follmer, Nelson M. Smith, David J. Reese, Daniel McDonnell, John R. Duffield, Joseph E. Robins, Frank W. Johnson, Albert RusseU, Annis H. Crawford, Lewis Wolverton, B. P. Backus, Samuel L. Schreiber, Henry J. Smith, William M. Robins, James L. Lowrie, Michael B. Garman, John W. Sheets, Monroe D. Lehr, Evan J. Longshore, Joel G. Ressler, Charles H. Lane, Wladyslauw Dangielawicz, Fuller S. Derr, Kimber C. Mc Williams, Sherman E. Ayars, Jacob S. Krebs, Jacob K. Bricker, James M. Peebles, Robert G. Van Valzah, Peter N. K. Schwenk, Simon Hub- ler, Joseph L. Bauer, William J. McDowell, Peter S. Wykoff, David T. Krebs, Philip E. Palm, Frederick M. Strouse, William Darman, Edwin Heiser, Oscar L. Mufifiy, Francis E. Drumheller, Joseph B. Morris, Tobias Campbell, E. H. S. Hutchinson, Hugh G. Turley, George W. Dreher, Lewis W. Hensyl, Robert H. Blakslee, Mary A. McCay, Benjamin F. Bartho, Henry R. Hummel, James M. Maurer, Samuel A. Gibson, Robert A. Simpson, Abraham K. Ackerman, William H. Purman, George W. McNamara, Joseph G. Church, Charles M. Blakeslee, Augustus A. Bancroft, Marks P. Hine William S. Ruch, George W. Harpel, John S. Mengel, Charles D. Shum- way, Calvin L. Johnstonbaugh, Sidney Davis, Tolbert W. Blakeslee, Martin L. Emrick, Wilson S. Groninger, Alfred G. Shissler, David D. Davis, Will- ^^J(..^^^<^9^.jr~ THE PRESS. 273 iam H. Lewis, Henry S. George, David H. Coover, John N. Lenker, John J. Keller, Emanuel A. Alleman, William D. Karterman, J. 0. Eeifsnyder. In this chapter biographical mention has been appropriately made of those physicians only whom death, retirement, or other circumstance has removed from the active duties of the profession. Sketches of many of the present doctors of the county appear in the biographical department of this work. CHAPTEE VII. THE PEESS. Journalism at Noethu>ibbkland — Sunbukt Papers — The Press op Milton — Shamokin Newspapers — Journals op Mt. Carmel — McEwbnsville and Locust Gap Papers. THE newspapers of Philadelphia were the first to circulate in central Pennsylvania; and, although a score of years elapsed after the organ- ization of Northumberland county before a paper was published within its limits, this first journalistic effort was one of the earliest in the interior of the State. Nearly a century has since passed away, and during this period the public press has been an important agency in the social, political, and material development of the county. journalism at noethumbeeland. The Sunbury and Northumberland Gazette, the pioneer newspaper of Northumberland county, was established in 1792 by Andrew Kennedy. The earliest issue examined by the writer is that of Wednesday, October 9, 1793, (Volume II, No. 71). This number is a three-column folio, eighteen inches long and eleven inches wide ; the contents consist principally of foreign news, including advices from London, Brussels, Turin, Florence, and Metz, and intelligence from New England and the South. Editorials and local matter are confined to a column, the only item of special interest being an accoiuit of a " fiery ball " which appeared in the heavens to the west of Northumber- land on the night of September 22, 1792. The publisher of the Gazette in 1801 was John Schusler; at that date it was a four-column paper, several inches longer and wider than in 1793, and was printed " at the moderate price of two dollars per annum." Andrew Kennedy resumed control of the establishment on the 20th of June, 1801, and about that time the title became "Kennedy's Sunbury and Northumberland Gazette." The publishers in 1805 were Andrew and James Kennedy; James was the nephew of Andrew, 274 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. but the length of time they continued in partnership is not known. In 1813 the paper, of which the full title was " The Sunbury and Northumberland Gazette and Republican Advertiser" was published by Andrew Kennedy and G. Sweney, as evidenced by the issue of Tuesday, February 9, 1813 (Volume XXI, No. 30), a folio seventeen and one half inches long and eleven inches wide. The office of publication in 1793 is described as " opposite Messrs. Hepburn & Cowden's store, Northumberland-Town;" in the issue of June 26, 1802, it is given for the first time as " Franklin's Head, Queen street," but whether this implies a change in the location can not be definitely ascer- tained. Local tradition asserts that Kennedy resided at a frame house still standing on Duke street near its intersection with Front in the borough of Northumberland, and that the Gazette was conducted at the comer of Front and Queen in the building now occupied by Wenck's pharmacy. A notice in the issue of April 30, 1794, requesting delinquent subscribers to make pay- ment, states that the second year of the Gazette would close on the 28th of May, 1794, from which it is evident that the paper was established, May 28, 1792. The date of its final discontinuance can not be so satisfactorily deter- mined. Kennedy was an ardent Federalist, and was obliged to suspend temporarily during the war of 1812; but he was engaged in the printing business at Northumberland as late as 1816, when Simon Cameron was in- dentured to him as an apprentice. The original article is in the possession of John B. Packer, of Sunbury, and reads as follows: — This indenture witnesseth that Simon Cameron, the son of Charles Cameron, de- ceased, of Pennsylvania, (by and with the advice and consent of his guardian, Colin Cameron, testified by his signing as a witness hereto,) hath bound and put himself, and by these presents doth bind and put himself, apprentice to Andrew Kennedy, printer, of the town of Northumberland, after the manner of an apprentice, to dwell with and serve the said Andrew Kennedy, his executors, administrators, and assigns, from the day of the date hereof, for and during and until the full end and term of three years and ten months thence next ensuing, and fully to be complete and ended; during all which term the said apprentice his said master faithfully shall serve, and that honestly and obediently in all things, as a dutiful apprentice ought to do : and the said Andrew Kennedy, his executors, administrators, or assigns, shall teach, or cause to be tavight and instructed, the said apprentice in the art, trade, and mystery of a printer; and shall find and provide for the said apprentice sufficient meat, drink, washing, and lodging during the said term; and at the expiration of every year shall and will give his said apprentice twenty dollars to provide said apprentice witli clothing. Si.MON Cameron, Seal. Colin Camekon, Andrew Kennedy, Seal. Bound before me, one of the justices for the county of Korthum.{)erland. May 14, 1816. Jkq. LBiGnou. THE PEESS. 275 Republican Argus was the title of the second paper at Northumberland. It was founded by. John Binns, who was born at Dublin, Ireland, December 22, 1772, and, after experiencing confinement in the Tower of London, came to America to escape further undesirable consequences of his connection with political disturbances. In his autobiography (pp. 176-177) he gives the following interesting account of the inception of the Argus: — On the 4th of July, 1802, a number of the inhabitants of Northumberland agreed to dine together in the large room over the market house. At the request of a com- mittee of that company I agreed to deliver, and did deliver, an oration. That was the first time I addressed a public meeting in the United States. The room was crowded, and I had the gratification to hear the discourse favorably spoken of by many whose good opinion was valued and valuable. The only newspaper at that time published in the county of Northumberland was called the Northumberland Gazette; of that paper Mr. Andrew Kennedy was the proprietor and publisher. At his request I wrote occa- sional articles for it. Political parties were then and long after known as Republicans and Federalists. The politics of the Gazette were those of the Federal party, of which party there were many bitter partisans in the towns of Sunbury and Northumberland and throughout the country. He (Mr. ICennedy) called on me, and said that if I would occasionally write for his paper my contributions should be published without any alteration. I did as he requested; and on this same 4th of July, 1803, a long and what I thought an appropriate address for the birthday of Independence was written by me and published in the Gazette. In the next week's Gazette were published some angry animadversions on my article, to which, in the next Gazette, I made answer. This controversy continued for some weeks, when the editor of the Gazette told me that what I had written had given offense to his political friends, and that he could not publish any more of my writings on politics. I thought this unfair and unjust, and soon after issued proposals to print in Northumberland a weekly paper under the title of the Sepublican Argus with the motto, "Equal and exact justice to all men of what- ever sect or persuasion, religious or political." The proposals were circulated and the establishment of the paper advocated by the most influential Republicans in the county. The subscription and general patronage extended to the Argus were beyond my expectation. I soon got types and printing material, and issued the first number of the paper early in 1803.* In a short time I acquired the confidence of the Repub- lican party, not only of Northumberland, but of the neighboring counties. Binns also states in his autobiography that the paper upon which the Argus was printed was obtained at Beaver Dam, Pennsylvania, and in order- ing his supplies he was obliged to make a journey of sixty miles. In 1807 he removed to Philadelphia, and on the 27th of March in that year estab- lished The Democratic Press, for many years the leading organ of its party in the city and State. The word "Democratic" as applied to a political party first appeared in the title of this paper, and it has been claimed with some plausibility that one of the great political organizations of the nation received its name in this manner. In 1822 Binns was appointed an alderman of Phil- adelphia by Governor Hiester, and was the incumbent of this position some years. He wrote a book popularly known as "Binn's Justice," widely used ♦This date Is not strictly accurate, as the first Issue of the Argus appeared on the IBth of Deoem- her, 1802. This part of Blnns's autobiography was evidently based entirely upon his recollection, ■which was doubtless correct as to the general current of events. 276 HISTORY OF NORTHDMBERLAND COUNTY. by justices of the peace throughout the State at one time, and was perhaps as well known as the author of this work as from his connection with journal- ism. He died in Philadelphia at an advanced age. Matthew Huston became proprietor of the Argus in 1807 and published it until his death, August 10, 1809. The paper was continued after that date by his son, Andrew C. Huston, and when it was finally discontinued is not known; but, as Republican Advertiser appears as part of the caption of the Gazette, it is highly probable that the Republican Argus was ultimately merged into Kennedy's paper, although such a conclusion is only matter of inference. The issue of Wednesday, April 24, 1811, the latest copy exam- ined by the writer, is a four-column folio, seventeen inches long and eleven inches wide, and bears intrinsic evidence of having been "printed and pub- lished by Andrew C. Huston at the book and stationery store in Queen street opposite Mr. Taggart's inn." Andrew C. Huston was bom in Woolwich township, Gloucester county. New Jersey, March 27, 1787, and died at North- umberland on the 10th of January, 1876, one of the oldest printers in Penn- sylvania at the time of his death. The Columbia Gazette was published by George Sweney, a former part- ner of Andrew Kennedy, and supported the national administration in the war of 1812. The first number was issued on the 2d of November, 1813, but the length of time it continued is not known. The Religious Museum, edited by Rev. Robert F. N. Smith, of North- umberland, and devoted to general missionary and religious intelligence, was published in 1818. The writer has examined the issue of August 5, 1818 (Volume I, No. 4), a three-column folio ten by thirteen inches in dimensions; the only contents of local interest is a notice of the Susquehanna Bible Society. The Northumberland Union was published by Alexander Hughes about five years, beginning, it is supposed, in 1832. It was a Democratic organ. The proprietor married Miss M. E. Burkenbine, daughter of Frederick Bur- kenbine, of Northumberland, October 22, 1833. Public Press, a seven-column folio, was established in 1872 by 0. W. Gutelius and W. E. Taylor; the latter subsequently retired, and Mr. Gutelius has since conducted the paper individually. SDNBUBY PAPERS. Der Freiheitsvogel was the first newspaper published at Sunbuiy. From a comparison of the best evidence it is believed that it was established in 1800 and continued several years. Jacob D. Breyvogel was proprietor, editor, and publisher; nothing is known regarding his personal history beyond the fact that he married Miss Susanna, daughter of Colonel Christopher Baldy, of Buffalo valley (Union county), Pennsylvania, on Sunday, September 27, 1801. The ceremony was performed by William Irwin, justice of the peace. In the THE PEESS. 277 notice of this occurrence in Kennedy's Gazette, Breyvogel is referred to as the " printer at Sunbury." As indicated by the title, Der Freiheitsvogel was a German paper. The Times was established in 1812 by William F. Buyers, and was the second paper at Sunbury. Mr. Buyers was born at that town, January 12, 1782, son of John Buyers, a prominent merchant and early resident of the county seat. He learned the printing business with Breyrogel; in Ken- nedy's Gazette of October 26, 1801, the statement is made that " William Buyers has now established a printing office at Williamsport," from which it is evident that he entered upon his career as a newspaper publisher immedi- ately after completing his apprenticeship. This was the Williamsport Ga- zette, the pioneer journal of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania; he published it, under many difficulties and often irregularly, until 1808. Returning to Sunbury, which had been without a local paper since the suspension of Der Freiheitsvogel, he began the publication of the Times in the summer of 1812. The statement has been made that he retired at the expiration of three years, but this seems improbable, as the paper was certainly published by him in 1816 and 1817. He commanded a company in the Seventy-seventh regiment of Peimsylvania militia in the war of 1812; on the 13th of December, 1815, he married Miss Martha, daughter of Alexander Hunter, of Sunbury; in 1815-18 he served as commissioner of Northumberland county; and on the 27th of June, 1821, he died at the age of thirty-nine. In 1816 he was a Federal Republican candidate for Congress, but was defeated. The issue of the Times for September 26, 1816 (Volume V, No. 13), is a four-column folio, eighteen inches long and eleven inches wide; the congressional election occurred in the following month, and this number is correspondingly replete with political articles. It is probable that Captain Buyers published the Times throughout its continuance under that name. His printing office was in the second story of the " state house," which occupied the site of the present court house, and at a small frame building on the west side of Second street at the corner of Barberry alley, where the Neff House stable now stands. Puhlick Inquirer was the caption of a paper started in January, 1820, by Samuel J. Packer. He acquired his knowledge of the " art preservative " at Bellefonte, whence he came to Sunbury and purchased the plant of the Times, of which the Inquirer was virtually a continuation. It was estab- lished with the immediate object of advocating the re-election of Governor Findlay, and the issue of October 5, 1820 (Volume I, No. 39), a four-column folio perhaps twenty inches in length and the only one that has been exam- ined by the writer, is devoted almost entirely to reports from various parts of the State regarding the progress and prospects of the campaign. Among the apprentices in the office was William F. Packer, a kinsman of the proprietor, then in his thirteenth year and subsequently member of the board of canal 278 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. commissioners and of both branches of the legislature, auditor general, and Governor of Pennsylvania, 1858-61. During Mr. Packer's ownership the Inquirer was published at a two-story frame building which formerly stood at the southeast corner of Chestnut street and Center alley. It is supposed that it was subsequently published by Jacob W. Seitzinger, a Mr. Vander- slice, and Francis P. Schwartz, all of whom are known to have been con- nected with newspapers at Sunbury. Seitzinger was a man of much native ability but little education; he subsequently removed to SchuylkiU county and became wealthy through fortunate investments in coal lands. Vander- slice was a member of the family of that name which was prominent at Sun- bury at the beginning of this century. Schwartz had been employed in one of the departments at Washington when a young man; in the war of 1812 he served as ensign in Captain Jacob Hummel's company from Northumber- land county; he taught school at Sunbury and in the vicinity, and served as town clerk at an early date in the history of the borough. He was the father of John J. W. Schwartz, of the Shamokin Herald, ex-treasurer of Northum- berland county. Of Samuel J. Packer, the founder of the Inquirer, extended mention is made in this work in the chapter on the Bench and Bar. The Gazetteer was the third and last paper in the line of direct succes- sion from the Times. The earliest number examined by the writer is the issue of March 24, 1825 (Volume I, No. 21), a five-column folio. It contains a notice from Peter Martz, dated February 24, 1825, stating that he had " sold the establishment of the Gazetteer to James E. Shannon;" it is quite evi- dent, therefore, that the paper was established by Martz. He was a mill- wright by occupation, but attained some prominence in local political affairs as member of Assembly and associate judge. It is thought that William Shannon also published the Gazetteer; he kept a hotel in the old jail build- ing at the southeast corner of Market street and Center alley, and the Gazetteer was printed in a large room on the second floor in the rear end of this building. His son, James E. Shannon, was the publisher in 1832, and the issue of Saturday, February 25th of that year (Volume II, No. 28, New Series), is the latest that has been examined by the writer. This number is a five-column folio, twenty-one inches long and fourteen inches wide, printed on quite heavy paper. The only matter of local interest it contains is an account of a celebration at Sunbuiy on the 22d of February, 1832, in honor of the centennial anniversary of the birth of Washington. The day was ushered in with the firing of guns and ringing of bells, and, after a parade, the Sunbury Grays and many leading citizens sat down to a sumptuous re- past at one of the leading hotels. Peter Lazarus was chosen chairman and H. B. Masser, secretary; thirteen regular and many volunteer toasts were responded to. The town was illuminated in the evening and a large con- course of people moved in procession through the streets, preceded by a splendid transparency of Washington. As a whole it was not, the paper THE PUESS. 279 states, surpassed by any similar demonstration since the celebration of the peace in 1815. It is not probable that the publication of the Gazetteer weis continued more than a year after this date. William Shannon was sheriff of Northumberland county, 1818-21, and James E. Shannon, 1821-24. Der Northumberland Republikaner was issued for the first time on the 12th of August, 1812, and was the third paper at Sunbury. It was foimded by John G. Youngman, and, as indicated by the name, was a German paper. Mr. Youngman was born near Hummelstown, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, January 6, 1786, and was descended from a Moravian family that emigrated from Lusatia, Prussia, to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1740. His father, Jacob Youngman, was a blacksmith and farmer, and his grandfather. Rev. John George Youngman, who died at Bethlehem in 1808 at the age of eighty-eight, was a Moravian missionary to the Indians. At the age of eight years he was adopted by his uncle, Gottlieb Youngman, a soldier of the Eevolution, who established the first German paper in Berks county, Pennsylvania, " The im- partial Eeading Newspaper," on the 18th of February, 1789, continued its publication until 1816, and died at Louisville, Kentucky, June 10, 1833, at the age of seventy- six. Under his tuition he acquired a thorough knowledge of the printing business. In 1802 he left his uncle on account of some misunder- standing, walked to Somerset county, and was employed at his trade by a Mr. Ogle. Pour years later he secured employment on the Hornet at Frederick, Maryland; in 1807 he was connected with the Times, one of the first daily papers of Baltimore, and from that city he went to Hagerstown, Maryland, where he secured a situation under John Gruber, the well known almanac pub- lisher. In 1812 he returned to Eeading, procured the necessary materials from his uncle, and forthwith established the Amerikaner at Sunbury. The files of this paper are still extant for 1815-18, beginning with the issue of August 11th of the former year and ending with January of the latter. It is a three-column folio, fourteen inches long and nine inches wide, and credit- able in typography and composition. In 1818 the name was changed to Nordivestliche Post, which espoused the cause of Findlay in the gubernatorial contest of 1820, thereby alienating the large body of the German population among whom it circulated, who were almost a unit in support of Hiester. In consequence of this disaffection among his subscribers Mr. Youngman sus- pended the publication of the paper (subsequent to July, 1827, however), and for several years devoted his attention to the printing of books and pamphlets. Shamokin Canalboot was the caption of Mr. Youngman's next venture. A great popular agitation in favor of internal improvements was in progress throughout the State, and it was with the idea of promoting local enterprises of this nature that the paper was established and supported. The only copy examined by the writer is the issue of Saturday, March 5, 1831 (No. 162) ; this is a folio fifteen and one half inches long and eleven inches wide, embel- 280 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. lished with the representation of a canal boat on the head-line of the first page. The paper was published under this name until 1833. The Workingmen' s Advocate, a four-column folio eleven by sixteen inches in dimensions, was first issued by John G. Youngman on Monday, April 29, 1833 ; it was the first English paper published by him, and was the immediate chronological successor of the Canalboot. In his salutatory the editor stated that his paper would be Democratic in politics, reserving to himself, however, the right of differing from party conventions as to what platforms or candidates were really Democratic should occasion require. The Advocate was continued with success and profit until 1838, and the popularity of the editor is shown by the fact that several rival papers at Sunbury and Northumberland suspended during that period. The Sunbury Gazette was established in 1838. The earliest issue exam- ined by the writer is that of Saturday, January 7, 1843 (Volume V — No. 240), which is a five-column folio twenty-one and one half by thirteen inches ; the full title at that time was "The Sunbury Gazette and Miners' Eegister." The publishers were John G. Youngman & Son. The senior m.ember of this firm was actively connected with the press of Sunbury almost continuously from the time he established the Amerikaner in 1812 until his retirement from the Gazette in 1867, a period of fifty-five years. He was also prominent in the public affairs of the county, and was the incumbent of several important pub- lic offices. In 1814 he served as county treasurer, and in 1818—21 as county commissioner; on the 5th of February, 1839, he was commissioned as register and recorder, and in the autumn of that year he was elected to those offices, to which he was thus the last person appointed and the first person elected in this county. He took great delight in type-setting, arid worked at this in the com- posing room of the Gazette until within a few months of his death, which occurred on the 13th of September, 1871. The Gazette was published by John G. Youngman & Son from its in- ception in 1838 until 1867. George B. Youngman was the junior member of this firm from 1838 until 1855. He learned the printing trade with his father, and it was principally through his influence that the Gazette was started. In 1850-51 he served as treasurer of Northumberland county. After his retirement from the paper he engaged in fruit and grape culture on a farm several miles east of Sunbury, and continued this business success- fully until his death, April 9, 1880, at the age of sixty-six years. He was succeeded as junior member of the firm in 1855 by his brother, Andrew A. Youngman, upon whom much of the responsibility in connection with the paper devolved until the retirement of his father in 1868. The style of the firm then became A. A. & John Youngman, by whom the paper was contin- ued until the 11th of April, 1S79, when it was consolidated with the Ameri- can under the name of the Gazette-American. A year later the publication of the Gazette individually was resumed by A. A. & John Youngman and THE PRESS. 281 continued until March 16, 1883, when it was issued for the last time after forty-five years' continuous publication. The last number gives a review of the political policy of the paper, in which it is stated that the Gazette was one of the four Democratic organs in Pennsylvania " that came oiit boldly in favor of the national administration as against the rebel cause " in 1861, and although it was constrained " to protest against certain tendencies and meth- ods in the management of the Eepublican party " on several occasions, it could not be said " that the Gazette ever went back on the principles of that great political organization." Andrew A. Youngman still resides at Sunbury, at the former residence of his father on the southwest corner of Third and Arch streets. John Youngman, who was editor of the Gazette from 1855 until its final suspension, now fills a similar position upon the staff of the Belle- fonte (Pennsylvania) Watchman. The Amerikaner was originally established at a small frame building on the north side of Market street at the present site of Kippel's photograph gallery. When the elder Youngman purchased the property at Third and Arch he removed the printing office to a frame structure adjoining his resi- dence and fronting Arch street. The next location was a wooden building at the site of the Dewart block, corner of Market and Third, occupied in 1847- 50, when the office was removed to the north side of Market street nearly op- posite the City Hotel; the Gazette was published there at the time of its sus- pension in 1883, but had occupied several different places in the meantime, the principal of which was the second story of the Geyer block, northeast corner of Market square, to which it was removed in 1868. Susquehanna Emporium was the caption of a paper established at Sun- bury by Ezra Grossman, a native of New Berlin, Pennsylvania, who married Eleanor M., daughter of Samuel Awl and sister to Dr. E. H. Awl, of Sunbury. He published the paper about a year and a half and then disposed of it to Hamlet A. Kerr; the only copy examined by the writer is the issue of Mon- day, August 10, 18'29 (New Series, Volume I, No. 10— Whole No. 88), a five- column folio about as large as its contemporary, the Gazetteer. If published without interruption, it is evident that the paper first appeared in December, 1827. It was first published at a small frame building which occupied the site of P. P. Smith's store on the south side of Market street between Front and Second; after his marriage Grossman resided at a house that stood upon the present site of Dr. E. H. Awl's, and printed his paper in an adjoining building at the quarters subsequently occupied by the Youngmans. He was afterward engaged in the publishing business at New York on an extensive scale. 'Mr. Kerr continued the Emporium a few years, and afterward estab- lished a paper at Milton. Der General Staats Zeitung was originally established at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. The discontinuance of the Canalboot in 1833 left Sunbury without a German newspaper, and the favorable opening thus presented was 282 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. embraced by the proprietors of the Zeitung ; the materials of their establish- ment arrived at Sunbury on the 17th of February, 1835, and the office was opened on Market street next door to the Jackson Inn. On the 13th of April following Bartholomew Hauck retired from the Zeitung, which thus became the property of his former partner, Henry Zuppinger. The paper supported Van Buren for President and Muhlenberg for Governor, but it is not known how long it was continued. The Sunbury American was established by Henry B. Masser in 1840, and has now been continuously published longer than any other paper at Sunbury. Its inception was, however, the outgrowth of unexpected political developments rather than the result of deliberate purpose. At that time Northumberland county was overwhelmingly Democratic, and a nomination by the dominant party was virtually equivalent to an election ; it was in the nominating convention, therefore, that the principal battles of the local cam- paign were fought. In 1888 and 1889 Charles W. Hegins was elected to the legislature from this county, but when he appeared for renomination in 1840 the candidate from the northern part of the county, Jesse C. Horton, defeated him; the methods employed by Horton' s supporters were regarded as irreg- ular by the friends of Hegins, who thereupon withdrew in a body and organ- ized another convention, which placed Hegins in nomination. The Democratic papers in the county at that time were the Sunbury Gazette and Milton Ledger; the latter naturally supported Horton, but when the Gazette also recognized him as the regular Democratic candidate it was a great surprise to the friends of Hegins, whose cause was thus left without an organ. In this emergency Henry B. Masser, Charles G. Donnel, and others resolved upon the establishment of a new paper; the execution of the project was intrusted to Mr. Masser, and within ten days after the convention the first number of the American was printed at Sunbury, September 12, 1840. Its publication was begun without a subscription list, but large editions were distributed gratuitously, notwithstanding which Horton was elected by a small popular majority. Although the immediate purpose of its inception was thus defeated, the American early became one of the most influential journals in central Pennsylvania. In politics it was Democratic, although its support was not infrequently given to the opposition candidates, and under Mr. Masser's editorship it was particularly active in its advocacy of a pro- tective tariff and the internal development of the State. Early in Buchanan's administration it became identified with the "free soil" movement in the Democratic party ; its support was transferred to President Lincoln shortly after his election in 1860, and from that time it has been a stanch Eepublican paper. The American was published by Masser & Eisely from September, 1840, until April, 1 848, when Joseph Eisely, who had had charge of the mechanical department but no proprietary interest, retired. Henry B. Masser then con- THE PRESS. 283 ducted the paper individually until September 19, 1864, when Emanuel Wil- vert secured an interest. N. S. Engle became a member of the firm on the 1st of April, 1866, but his interest was acquired on the 1st of January, 1869, by Mr. Wilvert, who became sole proprietor on the 28th of April in the same year by the retirement of Mr. Masser. Wilvert continued the publication individually until April 11, 1879, when the Gazette &n6. American were merged into the Oazette- American, in which the former proprietors of both were jointly interested. One year later this connection was dissolved, and the American reappeared on the 9th of April, 1880, with Emanuel Wilvert & Son as publishers. Austin Wilvert, the junior member, retired several months later, after which Emanuel Wilvert was individual proprietor until August 15, 1887. Hudson Withington and Thomas J. Silvius next published the paper xuider the firm name of Withington & Silvius; the former with- drew on the 5th of December, 1889, and the present (189D) editor and pub- lisher is Thomas J. Silvius. The American was originally a six-column folio twenty-two inches long and sixteen inches wide ; it is now an eight-column folio. Der Deutsche Amerikaner was published from 1843 to 1864, and was identical in ownership and management with the Sunbury American, of which it was virtually the German edition. It was a five-column folio, four- teen by twenty-one inches, and circulated extensively in the southern part of the county. The Daily American was established by Emanuel Wilvert on the 30th of November, 1877, and continued thirteen months. It wasi a five-column folio, seventeen inches long and eleven inches wide, and appeared as an evening paper. Der Deutsche Demokrat was first issued on the 1st of January, 1856, by Cyrus O. Bachman. In 1861 it became an adjunct of the Northumberland County Democrat, and was discontinued several years later. Th§ Northumberland County Democrat was established in 1861. The first movement in this direction was made in 1859, when a coterie of local party leaders, prominent among whom were Dr. E. H. Awl, William H. Kase, Dr. David Waldron (then sheriff of the county). Colonel Wright, and others, jointly raised a fund for the purpose of enlarging the plant of the Milton Democrat and removing it to Sunbury; although the idea was never consummated under these auspices. Doctor Awl subsequently purchased the materials of the Democrat at sheriff's sale, removed them to Sunbury, and permitted Cyrus O. Bachman to use the press, type, etc. in the publication of his German paper gratis, thereby materially strengthening that journal. Theretofore both the Gazette and American had been Democratic, but both adopted the principles of the Eepublican party after the election of Lincoln in 1860, thus leaving the Deutsche Demokrat the only organ of its party in this county. It soon became apparent that an English paper was necessary 284 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. for the support of party interests, and, upon the representations of promi- nent Democratic leaders, Truman H. Purdy, formerly editor of the Argus at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, agreed to take charge of the journal it was pro- posed to establish, if preliminary support to the extent of eight hundred subsoTibers should be obtained. Measures were accordingly inaugurated to meet this requirement, principally through the efforts of Dr. E. H. Awl and Jesse Simpson, who made a thorough canvass of the county, and with the assurance of sufficient support Mr. Purdy was induced to begin; in addition to the materials that then constituted the Demokrat office he purchased new type, press, etc., and on the 8th of March, 1861, the first number of "The Northumberland County Democrat" was issued by Truman H. Purdy and Cyrus O. Baohman. For some time the publication of the paper was attended with may difficulties, owing to the violent partisan feeling which pervaded political discussion at that period. An extreme instance of the hostility with which it was regarded occurred on the night of January 18, 1864, when the office (which then occupied the third story of a brick build- ing on the south side of Market street between Third and Center alley) was mobbed by the Ninth New York Volunteers while passing through Sunbury en route to their homes. An outrage such as this strengthened the paper with its party in this coimty, however, and within a few years the Democrat became an influential and lucrative journal. ' The partnership of Messrs. Purdy and Bachman was dissolved several years later; after its dissolution Mr. Purdy continued the paper individually until January 1, 1867, when the establishment was leased by J. E. Eichholtz and John J. Auten. The latter retired several months later, and on the 1st of July, 1868, the paper was purchased by J. E. Eichholtz and Alvin E. Day. In June, 1871, Mr. Eichholtz bought Mr. Day's interest, and thus acquired indi- vidual ownership. D. L. SoUenberger secured a proprietary interest, July 1, 1877, when the style of the firm became Eichholtz & Company. Mr. Eichholtz again conducted the paper individually in 1879; on the 1st of January, 1880, W. L. Dewart and George C. Frysinger acquired proprietary interests, and since that date the style of the firm has been Eichholtz & Com- pany. Mr. Frysinger retired on the 1st of January, 1881, and from that time to the present Messr^. Eichholtz and Dewart have constituted the firm. The Sunbury Daily was first issued on the 7th of December, 1872, by J. E. Eichholtz. The original size was a four-column folio ten by fourteen inches in dimensions. From the autumn of 1875 until the latter part of March, 1876, the paper was published by Walsmith & Silvius. It was afterward discontinued for some time; the publication was resumed in 1879, and since that date the paper has been under the same ownership and man- agement as the Democrat. The Sunbury Independent was established by John J. Auten, February 27, 1868. In the following December it was purchased by Cornelius A. THE PEESS. 285 Eeimensnyder, who changed the name to Democratic Guard. After experi- encing various vicissitudes the paper was finally discontinued some two years later. A German edition was also published for a time. The Sunbury Enterprise was first issued on the 25th of May, 1870, by J. K. Keefer, and probably published until the following year. The Weekly Independent, J. A. Cake and Thomas J. Silvius, proprie- tors, Thomas J. Silvius, editor, made its debut, April 26, 1875, and was pub- lished about four months. It was a six-column folio. Mr. Cake also pub- lished the Morning Express. The Sunbury Weekly News was established on the ].7th of June, 1881, by A. N. Brice, at the west side of Third street between Market and Chest- nut. It was originally a five-column folio, and has been successively enlarged to a five-column quarto, a nine-column folio twenty-nine by forty-two inches, and a nine-column folio thirty-one by forty-four inches, the present size. The Sunbury Gazette was absorbed in 1883. The present office of publica- tion, a three-story brick building on Chestnut street, was first occupied in 1888. The News is a stanch Republican pa^er, one of the largest in size and circulation in the county. The Evening News was started on the 1st of April, 1890, and is published by A. N. Brice & Son, with Max Kauffman as reporter. Prior to the removal of the establishment to its present quarters the Daily News was published on Third street about six months. The Northumberland County Legal News, " a weekly publication devoted to legal doings in county and State," was first issued on the 25th of August, 1888, by A. N. Brice & Sons. The late John F. Wolfinger's " EecoUections of the Bar of the Counties of Northumberland, Lycoming, Union, and Columbia," reports of cases, and opinions and decisions of the court in North- umberland and the surrounding counties constitute the principal features of this pubhcation. THE PBESS OP MILTON. The Miltonian has been continuously published longer than any other newspaper of Northumberland county. It was the first newspaper at Milton, and its founder, Henry Frick, was one of the first natives of the county to engage in the printing business within its limits. His honorable connection with the press, and the high positions in public life to which he subsequently attained, entitle Mr. Frick to a more than passing notice. Henry Frick was born at Northumberland, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1795, son of John Frick, a prominent figure in the political his- tory of the county at that period. As evidenced by the original indenture, now in the possession of his son, E. M. Frick, cashier of the Milton National Bank, he was apprenticed to John Binns on the 27th of January, 1806, for the term of ten years, one month, and — days. The following were among the stipulations of this indenture: — 286 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. He [Henry Frick] shall not play at cards, dice, or any other unlawful game where- by his said master may have damage; with his own goods or the goods of others with- out license from his said master he shall neither buy nor sell; he shall not absent him- self day nor night from his said master's service without leave; he shall regularly at- tend every Sunday at some place of divine worship; he shall not haunt ale houses or taverns, but in all things behave himself as a faithful and diligent apprentice ought to do during the said term. And the said John Binns, his heirs, executors, or administrators, shall teach or cause to be instructed the said apprentice in the art, trade, or mystery of a printer, and shall, during the said term, give to the said apprentice two quarters' night schooling (one quarter's day schooling to count and be equal to two quarters' night schooling), and shall find and provide for the said apprentice sufficient meat, drink, apparel, washing, and lodging during the said term, and at the expiration thereof shall and will give his said apprentice the sum of fifty dollars, good and lawful money of the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania. The apprenticeship was accordingly begun at Northumberland, but within a few years Binns removed to Philadelphia ; his young assistant accompanied him and completed the period of his indenture in that city. The "art, trade, or mystery of a printer" was thoroughly mastered by him, and in after years he sustained in his own office a high reputation for rapid and accurate composition. While yet in his minority he joined a company at Philadel- phia for service in the war of 1812, participating in the movements about Marcus Hook. His apprenticeship expired, March 18, 1816; returning to Northumberland county, he was attracted to the growing town of Milton, and issued the first number of The Miltonian on Saturday, the 21st of Septem- ber, 1816. For more than ten years he conducted the paper individually, and then for thirteen years he continued its publication in partnership with others. In 1828 he was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature, and re-elected in 1829 and 1830. After his retirement from the Miltonian he acted as justice of the peace, and at the time of his death, March 1, 1844, he was a member of Congress from the Thirteenth Pennsylvania district. Eloquent eulogies'were delivered, in the Senate by James Buchanan, and in the House by J. E. IngersoU. In the language of Mr. Buchanan: "It is the history of a man (forttmately so common in this country), who, from a humble beginning, has, by industry, ability, and perseverance, gradually surmounted every intervening obstacle, and at last attained the high distinction of a seat in Congress, under circumstances which clearly evince that he enjoyed uncommon personal popularity among those who knew him best." Henry Frick published the Miltonian individually from September 21, 1816, to April 21, 1827; it was continued by Henry Frick and Montgomery Sweney from April 21, 1827, to April 16, 1831; by Henry Frick, Eobert Bennett, and John W. Correy, from April 16, 1831, to April 20, 1833; by Henry Frick and Eobert Bennett, from April 20, 1833, to October 18, 1834; by Henry Frick, individually, from October 18, 1834, to June 3, 1837; by Henry Frick and John H. Brown, from June 3, 1837, to June 3, 1840; by THE PRESS. 287 John H. Brown, individually, from June 3, 1840, to January 1, 1842; by John Frick and Edward B. Hunter, from January 1, 1842, to May 5, 1843; by John Frick, individually, from May 12, 1843, to July 14, 1843; by John and Kobert M. Frick, from July 14, 1843, to December 31, 1852; by Eobert M. and Henry Frick, Jr., from January 7, 1858, to August 26, 1853; by Henry Prick, Jr., individually, from September 2, 1853, to January 1, 1854; by John Eobins, from January 1, 1854, to January 1, 1857; by L. H. Funk, from 1858 to 1863; by L. H. Funk and Lee M. Morton, from 1863 to 1867; by Lee M. Morton and Frank Bound, from 1867 to 1869; by Lee M. Morton and WiUiam M. Mervine, in 1869; by Lee M. Morton, William M. Mervine, and D. C. John, from 1870 to 1875; by P. L. Hackenberg, indi- vidually, in 1875; by Lee M. Morton, individually, from 1875 to 1877; by Lee M. Morton and L. V. Housel, from the spring of 1877 to the autumn of 1878 ; by L. V. Housel, individually, from the autumn of 1878 to October, 1880; by Thomas Strine and Joe A. Logan, from October, 1880, to August, 1883, and from that time by Joe A. Logan, individually. The paper is a stanch Republican organ, and is justly regarded as one of the leading jour- nals of that party in the county. A daily edition, the first in the borough, was started, October 26, 1877, and has since been published on several occasions for a brief period. The office files of the weekly edition, unfortunately for the interests of local historical research, were entirely destroyed in the fire of May 14, 1880. The States Advocate, the second newspaper published at Milton, first appeared, February 26, 1826. From that date until August 13, 1829, the proprietors were William Tweed and Elim H. Kincaid, followed by William Tweed, individually, until August 15, 1833; William Tweed and Jonas Kelchner, from August 15, 1833, to November 13, 1834, and Jonas Kelchner, individually, from November 13, 1834, to November, 1838, when he removed the plant to Lewisburg. This paper advocated the principles and policy of the Whig party. The West Branch Farmer and True Democrat was established, September 3, 1834, by Montgomery Sweney. At that time the Miltonian was also avowedly Democratic, but not sufficiently active in the party interest to meet the approval of Mr. Sweney, hence the emphatic adjective in the caption of his paper, which was meant to distinguish the Democracy it sup- ported from that advocated by its contemporary. The venture was not a success, however, and in 1837 the editor removed to the Spoon river, Hlinois, when he engaged in farming and passed the remainder of his life. The Northumbrian first appeared on the 20th of November, 1837, under the proprietorship of Hamlet A. Kerr, a man of fine intellectual capacity and an exceptionally competent printer. In its typographical, appearance it was superior to any paper theretofore published at Milton, while the character of its contents and the style of its editorials also evinced ability and discrimina- 288 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. tion. It expired within a few years; Mr. Kerr continued to reside at Milton until his death. The Milton Ledger was established in 1838 by John McGee and Stephen Wilson; it was successively published by McGee & Collins, Henry L. Dief- fenbach, John Porter, Brewer & Armstrong, and L. P. Prank, and finally suspended in 1844 from lack of patronage. It was strongly Democratic in its editorial utterances. The Advocate and Day-Spring, a temperance paper, first appeared in December, 1844. The publisher and editor was Rev. W. H. T. Barnes, a young clergyman of fine oratorical ability, but not specially adapted to the work of conducting a country newspaper. He also engaged in merchandis- ing, but his enterprises were not successful, and the plant of the Advocate was seized by his creditors. Barnes enlisted for service in the Mexican war, and was killed in the operations against Vera Cruz. The Milton Democrat made its debut, April 17, 1852, with John E. Eck as editor and publisher. He was a good practical printer, a man of fine social qualities, and possessed more talent as a writer than is ordinarily bestowed upon a country newspaper. In 1859 the paper shared in the wan- ing fortimes of its party in this State, and after disposing of the plant Eck went to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He died in that city, July 30, 1880, in the seventieth year of his age. The Northumberland County Herald, a temperance paper, was started in 1868 by Rev. E. W. Kirby and J. W. Speddy. Their partnership terminated in the following year, when Speddy removed the outfit to Mifilintown, Juniata county, Pennsylvania. The Herald was neutral in politics. The Milton Record was first published under its present name, March 23, 1889, and is the result of a consolidation of the Argus and Economist. In 1872 W. H. Smith established the Independent Weekly at Benton, Colum- bia county, Pennsylvania; it was removed to Milton in 1876, became the Argus, and was first issued under that name, September 15, 1878. In 1880 the office was entirely destroyed by fire, and with no part of the former out- fit except the subscription list, publication was resumed. May 21, 1880, i:. two box-cars at the corner of Broadway and Filbert streets. These quarteu were occupied four months. The establishment was then removed to Buoy's block on Broadway, the first brick building completed after the fire, where; it remained until the spring of 1883, when a frame building at the site of .he present publishing office was occupied. In 1884 the Economist was st ied by Schuyler & Keister; its successive proprietors were Schuyler Brothers, A. S. Hottenstein, The Economist Publishing Company, and W. P. Hastings. Like the Argus, it was Democratic in politics. On the 23d of March. 1889, both papers were transferred to The Record Publishing Company, of which J. Woods Brown is president and W. H. Smith, treasurer and general man- ager. Ground was broken for the present three-stoiy brick publishing house THE PBESS. 291 on Broadway, September 3, 1889. With the exception of four months in 1881-82, Mr. Smith has been the editor of the Argus and the Record since their first inception; he continues to fill that position, and the present pros- perity of the paper is principally due to his individual efforts. The Record IS Democratic in politics, and is a valuable adjunct to the party organization in Northumberland county. A flourishing daily was published in connection with the weekly Argus at the time of the fire. It has since been twice resuscitated, but without per- manent results on either occasion. The Standard was started, February 7, 1890, by W. P. Hastings. Two months later it became a tri-weekly, and is so continued. It is a Prohibition organ. SHAMOKIN HEWSPAPEBS. The first effort to establish a paper at Shamokin was made in 1853. At that period the town received an impetus from railroad improvement, and it was thought by the more enterprising members of the community that a local journal could be supported with profit to the publisher and advantage to the place. The movement was without direct results, however. To John Robins belongs the honor of starting the first paper at Shamo- kin. He gave to the new venture the name of Shamokin Journal and Farmers' and Miners' Advocate, the first number of which appeared on Sat- urday, May 1, 1858. It was a six-column folio, with a variety of miscella- neous matter, several columns of local news, and an elaborate prospectus, in which the projector expressed his intention to pubHsh a paper independent in politics, moral in sentiment, and devoted to the interests of its constituency. The office of publication was " the red house," a landmark of the town, the site of which is now occupied by the Reading railroad. But the venture was premature; the business of the place was in the midst of a period of finan- cial stringency, and the Journal expired from lack of pecuniary support be- fore the completion of its first volume. The materials of the Journal office were purchased by Samuel John, but for more than a year the town was without a local paper. On the 8th of March, 1860, the Shamokin Register made its debut under Mr. John's pro- prietorship and editorial management. He announced that the paper would be independent in politics, but favorable to a protective tariff, and promised an agricultural department " of vast interest to every one who cultivates the soil, from a garden patch to a five-hundred-acre farm, as the editor has been for thirty years a practical and scientific farmer." Beginning as a six-col- umn page, the Register was enlarged with the nineteenth number, July 19, 1860, and in the following campaign entered vigorously into the support of the Republican party. On the 28th of March, 1861, Mr. John published a valedictory, having had " glory enough for one campaign," but two weeks later, not having been successful in finding a competent person to whom he 17 292 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. might intrust the paper, he resumed the publication, which was again dis- continued after the appearance of a single number. The paper next ap- peared on the 6th of June, 1861, with Daniel Bower as editor. Mr. Bower had previously been connected with the Williamsport Times ; he brought to the enterprise considerable experience and ability, but for some reason the paper did not prosper, and on the 29th of April, 1862, it was finally discon- tinued. The plant reverted to Mr. John; it was subsequently removed to Sunbury and used in the publication of the Democratic Guard at that place. After severing his connection with the Register, Mr. Bower proceeded to enlist the efforts and means of various citizens in the establishment of a new paper, which made its first appearance, June 10, 1862, under the name of the Shamokin Herald, edited by Daniel Bower and Dr. J. J. John. Twelve numbers were issued under this regime, when Mr. Bower entered the military service as recruiting of&cer at Camp Curtin. Subsequently he became lieu- tenant in a company of volunteers, and died from wounds received at Chan- cellorsville. The first number of a new series of the Herald was issued on Thursday, December 25, 1862, by J. Stewart McEwen, who continued the paper until July 2d of the following year. The foreman of the ofiice, Samuel B. Sisty, then took charge, and published one number, when his administration was peremptorily suspended by the stockholders. During McEwen's incimibency, while professedly independent in politics, the editorial utterances of the paper had been uniformly favorable to the Eepubliean national and State authorities; the one number issued by Mr. Sisty was Democratic in a corres- ponding degree, which at once aroused the opposition of the stockholders, and hence his untimely withdrawal. Hitherto the efforts made to establish a paper at Shamokin had not been crovm.ed with the most gratifying success. While this was largely attribut- able to lack of encouragement, it was also doubtless due to the absence of those qualities of patience, persistence, and energy so necessary in the pro- jectors of journalistic ventures. But with the next change of proprietorship the Herald passed into the hands of Owen M. Fowler, and he took charge of it with the determination and the ability to make it a success. Born at Brier Creek, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, July 18, 1842, he obtained his educa- tion at the common schools, and, having indicated a preference for the print- ing business at an early age, was apprenticed to his uncle, Levi L. Tate, editor of a Bloomsburg paper. After completing his trade he went to Phila- delphia in 1861 and secured employment upon the Ladies' Monthly Magazine. There he enlisted in a three months' regiment, and after a brief military experience came to Shamokin with the object of starting a paper. Failing to make satisfactory arrangements he again enlisted, in Company C One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, holding the rank of sergeant. For valorous conduct at Fredericksburg and ChancellorsviUe he THE PRESS. 293 was promoted to the second lieutenancy of his company. Returning to Shamokin at the expiration of his term of enlistment, he took charge of the Herald on the 23d of July, 1863. With this journal he was connected with- out intermission until his death, excepting a few months (March to July, 1865,) when he was again in the service as second lieutenant of a company in the One Hundred and Third regiment. Others had failed, but he assumed control of the Herald with the firm purpose and undaunted resolution that overcome all difficulties, and in the course of a few years it had become one of the leading papers of the county, an established institution at Shamokin, and a potent influence in promoting the growth of that borough. A depart- ment of the paper was devoted especially to intelligence relating to the coal trade; this was under the able management of Dr. J. J. John, and consti- tuted an interesting and valuable feature. The paper was Republican in politics, but confined its attention more particularly to local afPairs. Mr. Fowler's journalistic career, honorable to himself and valuable to the com- munity, was terminated by his death. May 9, 1874 Prom the latter date until July 1, 1874, the Herald was conducted by Dr. J. J. John; it was then purchased by Heifelfinger & Coder. Both of the constituent members of this firm had previously been in Mr. Fowler's employ, and they were therefore well qualified by an acquaintance with the . com- munity to continue the paper in its former usefulness. Its appearance was improved, its circulation extended, and from the fullness and reliability of its coal reports it became the recognized organ of the coal trade in Northum- berland county. After a time Mr. Coder retired, and Mr. HefEelfinger con- tinued the pubhcation individually until February 9, 1889, when the paper was transferred to the present proprietors, John J. W. Schwartz and R. F. Howard. The Daily Herald was started by Elmer HefEelfinger, October 22, 1888, and passed to Schwartz & Howdrd at the same time as the weekly. It was originally a six-column page, but was enlarged in November, 1889, when the name was changed to its present style by the substitution of " Daily " for " Evening " in the caption. The Shamokin Times had its inception in the Advertiser, a folio of diminutive proportions published in January, 1872, by J. A. Gilger, and dis- tributed gratuitously. It was gradually enlarged, and on the 13th of July, 1872, became a regular newspaper under the name of the Times with J. L. Gilger & Son, proprietors, and J. A. Gilger, local editor. J. L. Gilger with- drew in 1874, and for several months in that year the paper was published by Gilger & Fagely. Upon the retirement of Mr. Fagely the Shamokin Times Company was formed, and from the 1st of January, 1875, the paper was edited by D. D. Domer. In November, 1879, D. L. Sollenberger & Company succeeded the Shamokin Times Company, and have since been the proprietors of the Times. D. D. Domer was associated in the publication 29i HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEULAND COUNTY. until April, 1881 ; R. F. Howard and W. S. Guiterman became members of the company in 1886, and the latter continues to retain a proprietary- interest. The Daily Times, the first daily paper in the Northumberland county coal regions, was first issued, October 17, 1883. It was at first printed on a hand press, but this having been foimd too tedious and laborious, the publi- cation was suspended for several weeks until better facilities could be pro- vided. The active existence of the paper was then resumed, but it was finally discontinued on the 14th of October, 1884j. The Daily Dispatch was first issued, November 21, 1886, and from a comparatively modest beginning it has become one of the leading journals in this part of the anthracite coal region. This is under the same proprietor- ship and editorial m.anagement as the Times. The National Greenback was started in May, 1877, by John J. Auten, who was succeeded in the following October by Samuel Martin. The publi- cation was finally discontinued in 1878. The Shamokin Sentinel made its first appearance on the 6th of May, 1882, under the proprietorship of 0. L. Gilger & Company. It was pub- lished for advertising purposes and distributed gratuitously for a time, but eventually developed into a regular weekly newspaper with C. L. Gilger and W. S. Guiterman as editors and publishers. Mr. Gilger was succeeded by A. D. B. McKenzie and Mr. Guiterman retired; the paper was finally absorbed by the Herald. Talk of the Day, H. M. Kurtz & Brother, publishers, J. C. J. Kurtz, editor, was established in 1878 and published several years. Local news and advertising were the principal features. NEWSPAPERS or MT. CAEMEL. The Mt. Carmel Progress, the pioneer newspaper of that borough, was established in December, 1877, by Owen Fowler. It was printed on a Co- lumbia lever press, and was in form a folio an eighth-sheet in size, making its appearance semi-monthly. In March, 1878, the name became Home News, and the paper was published weekly. In 1879 M. K. Watkins became pro- prietor; he changed the name to Mt. Carmel News, and enlarged the dimen- sions of the sheet. E. E. White became editor in 1881, when the size was further increased. In the following year the entire outfit of the Gloucester City Tribune was removed from Gloucester, New Jersey, by Mr. "Watldns, thus increasing the facilities of the office to an appreciable extent. Mr. White acquired a proprietary interest in 1883, and during the following four years the paper was published by the firm of Watkins & White. In April, 1887, Mr. Watkins retired in favor of E. J. Wilson, and the paper was published by White & Wilson until February 1, 1891, when Professor White disposed of his interest to Mr. Wilson, who has since continued the publication indi- THE PBESS. 295 vidually. The News is now an eight-column folio, and has been published semi-weekly since August, 1889. It is Republican in politics. The Weekly Itein, an advertising medium for gratuitous distribution, was first issued on the 7th of January, 1888, by L. W. Gheen, who was succeeded on the 7th of December, 1889, by Will B. Wilson, the present proprietor. It is a five-column folio, and is published weekly. The ML Carmel American made its first appearance on the 30th of August, 1890, as a five-column folio for gratuitous distribution. On the 1st of January, 1891, "Mt. Carmel" was substituted for "Weekly" in the caption, the paper was enlarged to its present size (a seven-column folio), and brought to a subscription basis. Burke & Sterner established the paper, but Sterner withdrew after the issue of the second number; Thomas N. Burke then con- tinued the paper individually until January 1, 1891, when William J. Thomas became associated with him, and the present publishers are Burke & Thomas. The American is independent in politics with Democratic proclivities. The Tri-Weekly American, first issued on the 2d of January, 1891, by Curtis Sterner, suspended three weeks later. PAPEBS AT WATSONTOWN. The Watsontown Record was founded in 1870 by a local company known as the Watsontown Printing Association, of which A. J. Gruffy, Joseph Hollo- peter, and Oscar Foust were the leading members. The par value of the shares was ten dollars and a sufiicient amount was realized from their sale and by subscriptions from public spirited citizens to secure a printing outfit. P. H. Coup, now a clergyman, was the first editor and manager. In this po- sition he evinced considerable ability, but, like many other enterprises in the incipient stage, the paper was not a financial success. The plant was sold at judicial foreclosure and purchased by John J. Auten, under whose adminis- tration a fair degree of prosperity was attained. April 1, 1877, he was suc- ceeded by D. L. Sollenberger, now of the Shamokin Dispatch. On the 1st of February, 1878, he disposed of the plant to the Eecord Publishing Com- pany, of which G. W. Hess was president, with Oscar Foust and S. M. Miller as constituent members. The editorial and business management was in- trusted to L. C. Fosnot, who had been an attache of the office since Mr. Sol- lenberger took charge. In 1881 J. A. Everitt succeeded the Record Pub- lishing Company; during the following three years the publication was suc- cessively conducted by no less than thirteen different individuals or firms, each change resulting in a less degree of prosperity, and the paper was finally consolidated with the Star, in January, 1884. The West Branch Star made its debut, April 1, 1882, as a five-column quarto, under the proprietorship of L. C. Fosnot and W. W. Fisher. The latter retired in October, 1883, in favor of Theodore Burr, whose interest was acquired by Mr. Fosnot in March, 1890. In January, 1884, a consolidation 296 HISTORY OF NOETHDMBEKLAND COUNTY. was efEected imder the name of the Record and Star, when the page was en- larged to six columns. The present form, that of a seven-column quarto, was adopted in April, 1888. The Star was originally Democratic in politics, but the paper is now independent. Mr. Fosnot is the editor and publisher. The Agricultural Epitomist was established as a semi-monthly in 1882 by J. A. Everitt, an extensive seedsman, and the paper was a useful adver- tising adjunct to his business, although considerable attention was also de- voted to general agricultural topics. John A. Woodward was editor until 1884, when the paper became a monthly, and since that date it has been edited by J. A. Everitt, who was succeeded in 1889 by the Epitomist Pub- lishing Company. The size of the sheet is twenty-four by thirty-four inches, folded to sixteen pages. The highest circulation of any single number was two hundred thousand copies; the present average circulation is seventy -five thousand copies. In 1886 the Epitomist was removed to Indianapolis, In- diana. It has a larger circulation than any other paper published in that State, and, according to Rowell's Directory, is one of twenty-four papers in the United States that regularly issue over fifty thousand copies. The Blade was established by J. Ward Diehl, May 13, 1889, and is one of the most recent as well as one of the most sprightly journals started in the county. It is a six-column quarto, and is independent in politics. MCEWENSVILLE AND LOCUST GAP PAPERS. " About 1849 or 1850 a paper called the West Branch Intelligencer was started in McEwensville by a gentleman named Case. It lived about eighteen months, and then expired." — History of the West Branch Valley. The Locust Gap Local, the initial journalistic venture at that point, is a five-column folio, independent in politics, and was established on the 6th of December, 1890, by Frederick W. Magrady, the present editor and proprie- tor. -^^^^ INTEKNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 297 CHAPTER VIII. INTEENAL IMPEOVEMENTS. Relation or Highways of Teavel to Civilization — Public Boads — The Tdlpe- HOCKEN Road — The old Reading Road — Early County Roads — Tuknpikbs— RiTEii Navigation — Canals — Railkoads — Pennsylvania — Danville and Pottsvili.e — Phii,adelphia and Erie — Northern Central — Sunbury-, Hazel- ton AND WiLKBSBAREB — SuNBURY AND LeWISTOWN — LeWISBURG AND TYRONE — Philadelphia .and Reading — Mine Hill and Schuykill Haven — Mahanoy AND SlIAMOKIN — ENTERPRISE — ShAMOKIN AND TREVORTON — TrEVORTON, Ma- HANOY AND SUSQUEHANNA — CaTAWISSA — ShAMOKIN, SuNBURY AND LeWISBUEG — Delaware, Lackawanna and "Western — Lehigh Valley — Wilkesbarre and Western. THE relation that highways of travel sustain to material and intellectual progress has been frequently discussed in learned dissertations upon the philosophy of civilization. It has been shown that maritime nations were the first to advance in the arts ; that every great river is a highway by which civilizing influences penetrate to the interior of continents, and that national insulation, as illustrated in the case of certain Oriental peoples, results in a condition of utter stagnation. The various agencies by which intercommuni- cation is usually facilitated in an inland community — public roads, navigable rivers, canals, and railroads — the result as well as the cause of internal development and progress, are properly comprehended under the generaliza- tion which appears at the head of this chapter. PUBLIC ROADS. Two well defined routes of travel lead from the frontier settlements to the Indian town at the forks of Susquehanna. That pursued by the Indian traders and early explorers followed the course of the river; the other, which may with some degree of propriety be called the overland route, began at the settlements on the Tulpehocken, crossed the various mountains and streams in a northwesterly direction, and probably intersected the river some distance below Shamokin. Internal improvements in Northumberland county first received attention during the construction of Fort Augusta. The following entry appears in Major Burd's diary of January 15,1757: "This day I went with Captain Shippen and a party and laid out a straight road round Shamokin Hill for the benefit of transporting our provisions hither, finding it impracticable to pass over the mountain." On the 17th he went himself with a party and began 298 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. to open the road. On the 20th instant he wrote: " This day I sent Captain Shippen and the adjutant with a small party to extend the road from the larst rise over the gut to the forks of the road on the top of the moimtain, with orders to blaze it. Captain Shippen returns and reports he had found a very good road with an easy ascent over the mountain that ■could be traveled at all times, and had blazed it well. This day the party clearing the road to the first rise and making the bridge over the gut reports the same finished." This was the first road regularly laid out in the county.* While a regularly opened highway would doubtless have greatly facili- tated military operations, the first effort to open a road through the present territory of the county resulted principally from commercial considerations. At a meeting of the provincial Council on the 30th of January, 1768,f a petition was presented from " a very considerable number of the inhabitants of Berks county," setting forth that if a road were opened from Reading to Fort Augusta " it would greatly tend to advance the trade and commerce with the Indians who are settled at the heads of the Susquehaima river, and to preserve the friendship and peace with them, and would also save great charge and expense in transporting skins and furs from thence, as the dis- tance from that fort to Philadelphia by way of Reading is much shorter than any other." Upon taking the matter into consideration the board coincided with the petitioners regarding the public utility of the road, but, as part of the country through which it would pass to Fort Augusta had not yet been relinquished by the Indians, it was not deemed advisable to open it beyond the line of the purchase of 1749. An order was forthwith issued directing Jonas Seely, John Patton, Henry Christ, James Scull, Frederick Weiser, Benjamin Spycker, Mark Bird, Christian Laur, and Thomas Jones, Jr. to lay out a road by the most direct course from Reading toward Fort Augusta as far as the line of the purchase of 1749 or to some point on the Susque- hanna river between the mouth of Mahanoy creek and Mahanoy mountain. The road was accordingly laid out and a return thereof made to Council. + Beginning at Reading it extended in a general northwesterly course — fourteen miles ninety-one perches, to the Tulpehocken; thence eight miles ninety- four perches, to the Swatara; thence twenty-eight miles two hundred forty perches, to the Spread Eagle in the forks of Mahantango; thence four miles two hundred fifty-seven perches, to Sohwaben creek; thence five miles one hundred sixty-four perches, " to a white-oak on the bank of Susquehanna river and south side of the Mahanoy mountain" — a total length of sixty-one miles two hundred six perches. As thus returned the road was confirmed by Council on the 19th of January, 1769, and an order forthwith issued that *Pennsylvania Arcliives (Second Series), \'ol. II. pp. 754-' tColoalal Kecortls, Xo\. TX. p. 440. tColonlal Records, Vol. IX. pp. 660-561. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 299 it shoald be opened and cleared, ''and rendered commodious for public serv- ice." Its course had evidently been a traveled route before, as mention is made of "the lower end of the dug road," "the old feeding place," "the old path to Lykens' valley," "a noted spring by the old path," etc. This was the old Tulpehooken road, the first public highway legally opened in North- umberland county. On the 16th of January, 1770, a petition* was prepared, setting forth the advantages to be derived from the opening of a road "from Port Augusta to Ellis Hughes's saw mill, on the navigable part of Schuylkill about thirty miles above Reading." It was considered by Council on the 9th of February, when George Webb, Jonathan Lodge, Henry Miller, Henry Shoemaker, John Webb, Isaac WiUits, and Job Hughes were appointed to lay out the road, in which service all of them participated except Henry Miller. The report was returned to Council under date of April 14, 1770; it received the consid- eration of that body on the 23d of the same month, when an order was issued confirming the road as laid out and directing that it should be "opened and rendered commodious for public service." It was declared to be a "King's highway." From a point on the Schuylkill three fourths of a mile below Hughes's saw mill to "the bank of the river Susquehanna by the northwest comer of Fort Augusta " the length was " thirty-nine miles and one quarter and nineteen perches." The general course coincided with that of the Centre turnpike, crossing Broad mountain, Mahanoy creek and mountain, and Shamokin creek. This highway has been popularly known in Northumber- land county as the old Reading road,f and, with the Tulpehocken road, con- stituted the facilities of overland communication in this part of the State at the organization of the county. Public roads became a subject of judicial consideration in May, 1772, at the first court of quarter sessions after the formation of the county, when "sundry the inhabitants of the West Branch of Susquehanna and parts adjacent" petitioned for the opening of a public road from Fort Augusta up the east side of the West Branch to Lycoming. Richard Malone, Marcus Hulings, Jr., John Robb, Alexander Stephens, Daniel Layton, and Amariah Sutton, to whom the petition was referred, submitted their report at August sessions, 1772; it was forthwith confirmed and an order of court issued declaring the road " a public highway of the breadth of thirty-three feet, to be cleared, maintained, and remain free and open for the public or persons using the same agreeably to the laws of this Province forever." As thus laid out it crossed the North Branch half a mile above Fort Augusta "to a marked hickory near the bank in the main point," thence passing the houses of John Alexander, William Plunket (above Chillisquaque), John Dougherty, and Marcus Hulings between the North Branch and the gap in Muncy Hill. * Pennsylvania, Archives, Vol. IV. pp. 362-363. t Colonial Records, Vol. IX. pp. 651-666. 300 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Although this road was thus nominally established, it does not appear that the order of court requiring it to be opened was fully complied with, as sub- sequent proceedings abundantly testify. " The petition of sundry inhabitants of the North Branch of Susquehanna and of the waters of Mahoning creek in Turbut township" was also consid- ered at May sessions, 1772. They asked the "worshipful justices" to take measures for the opening of a road from Fort Augusta to the narrows of Mahoning, urging as reasons for immediate action that "the earlier such a road is laid out and opened, the fewer inconveniences will arise to the inhabitants, as they will then know better how to regulate their fences and carry on their improvements." Thomas Hewitt, Eobert McCuUey, John Black, Hugh Mc- Williams, Eobert McBride, and John Clark, Jr., were appointed as viewers; their report was returned and confirmed at May sessions, 1773. The road thus laid out crossed the North Branch a half-mile above Fort Augusta, co- incided with Water street in Northumberland, crossed McCulley's run, Miller's run at the forks, and continued, at no great distance from the river, to Mahoning creek. It was the first public road in the valley of the North Branch. The first road down the Susquehanna was confirmed in May, 1773. The petition was presented at August sessions, 1772, and referred to William Patterson, Samuel Hunter, Sr., George Wolf, Peter Hosterman, Casper Eeed, and Sebastian Kerstetter. They laid out a road "beginning at the end of Market street in the town of Sunbury, thence down the Broadway and along the bank of the river south twenty -five degrees west ninety-four perches and nine feet, thence across the river," following the bank on the western side "to a stone in the middle of Mahantango creek," where the road to Carlisle was intersected. A road from Mahantango to Sunbury on the east side of the Susque- hanna was petitioned for at August sessions, 1774. John Clark, Peter Al- maug, Leonard Kerstetter, Jonas Yocum, Michael Shaver, and John Shaver were appointed viewers. Their report was confirmed at the corresponding term of court in the following year; it provided for a bridle road twenty-one feet wide, "beginning at John Heckert's on Manhantango creek," thence passing in order Peter Yocum, Casper Snively, Fiddler's run, Anthony Fid- dler, Peter Weiser, Samuel Weiser, Mahanoy creek, Hugh McKinley, Will- iam Biles at Biles's creek, Auchmuty's, Adam Christ, Christian Ferst, Hol- lowing run, and Shamokin creek, "to William Baker's house on the road already laid out and confirmed from Sunbury to Eeading." This was the first road leading from Sunbury to the southern part of the county. It was twenty miles one hundred thirty -nine perches in length, and 'did not deviate from the bank of the river to any extent in any part of its course. At February sessions, 1774, a petition was presented for a road "from the town of Sunbury, betwixt the East Branch of Susquehanna and INTERNAL IMPBOVEMENTS. 301 Shamokin creek, to where it may fall on said branch a little above the mouth of Mahoning creek, where a ferry will be erected." It was represented that such a road would be of great advantage, not only to the inhabitants of Au- gusta township, but also to those of Wyoming and Fishing creek; and that "from the heads of Chillisquaque and Mahoning a level road can be had through Montour's hiU down Mahoning creek the best and nearest way to the proposed ferry, and about two miles nearer from the said ferry to the town of Sunbury than any other way can be found." As viewers David Mc- Kinney, William Clark, David Fowler, Robert McBride, Samuel Crooks, and John Teitsworth were appointed. At November sessions, 1 774, they reported having laid out a road "beginning at a black oak on the bank of theEastBranch of Susquehanna opposite to John Simpson's," thence by various courses to "the Sunbury road at the bridge east of the said town." It was forthwith confirmed, and was the first road opened south of the North Branch from Sunbury to the site of Danville. The course was evidently quite direct, as the distance between the termini was reported as ten miles one hundred fifty- one perches. An unsuccessful effort was made to have this road extended to Catawissa in 1778, but this was not accomplished until 1784. How tardy was the development of the country at this period is shown by the fact that at the latter date, ten years after this road from Sunbury to Danville had been laid out, it was opened but five miles from Sunbury. The first proceedings for the opening of a road from Simbury up Sha- mokin creek were instituted at February sessions, 1775. Geiger's mill was the only one in the valley at that date; and the petitioners state that "to come to the only mill in their neighborhood, as well as to the town of Sun- bury" they were obliged to pass through "low or level lands" upon which "a number of people" were "daily making improvements and fencing in the level lands." They therefore prayed the court to have a road laid out "from William Winter's land the most convenient way to Geiger's mill and from thence to the town of Sunbury." Aaron Wilkerson, Eobert Fitzrandolph, WiUiam Baker, Thomas Runyon, Valentine Geiger, and Anthony Hinkle were appointed as viewers; at May sessions they reported having laid out a road "beginning at a white-oak marked N. B. on William Winter's land," thence by Geiger's mill to Sunbury, which was ordered to be opened the breadth of fifty feet. As the usual breadth was thirty-three feet, this was evidently regarded as an important highway. As previously stated, a road from Sunbury to Lycoming was ordered laid out at the second court of general quarter sessions after the organization of the county. A considerable period elapsed before the order of court was carried into execution, however. Under date of May 29, 1776, Samuel Wal- lis, an early settler at Muncy and one of the most prominent and influential citizens of the West Branch valley, informed the court that "the inhabitants 302 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of this county in general have for a long time past labored imder great incon- veniences by having the common way frequently stopped up at the will and pleasure of those who are settled along it;" and at February sessions, 1778, a petition was read, stating that "by accidents and other delays no road has yet been opened, to the manifest and great inconvenience of the inhabit- ants." Joseph Wallis, George Silverthom, Andrew EusseU, James Harri- son, John Scott, and James McMahan were appointed as viewers, but there is no record of their proceedings. The "Great Eunaway" and the harassing experiences of the following years obviated any necessity for pubhc highways in the West Branch valley for some time afterward. At August sessions, 1785, a petition numerously signed was submitted to the court, praying that a road might be laid out from SamueJ WaUis's by Henry Shoemaker's mills to Northumberland; it was referred to James McMahan, James Carscaddon, William Mc Williams, Jacob FoUmer, Jacob HiU, and John Eobb, who reported at February sessions, 1786, that "notwithstanding the many advan- tages the said road would be to the inhabitants in the forks, yet the same was retarded at the first by the order not being issued until the November court following, since which time the inclemency of the weather and other incumbrances disabled us to fully comply with the said order." There was evidently some lack of harmony (perhaps this was one of the "incum- brances"), and Henry Billeigh and John Alexander were substituted for John Eobb and James McMahan, respectively. But this did not entirely obviate disagreements; their order was continued and they proceeded there- on "unanimously from the place of beginning to Mr. James Harrison's, but disputes there arising which was the nearest and best way to proceed, and much time being spent in determining the same without coming to any con- clusion, the viewers declined proceeding to finish the business." A new board, composed of William Fisher, Daniel Montgomery, Eichard Martin, Eobert Eeynolds, William Eeed, and James McClung, was thereupon appointed. Under date of August 19, 1786, they presented a report, show- ing the courses and distances from Wolf's run near WaUis's to Northumber- land, a distance of twenty-two and three fourths miles. That part between Wolf's run and James Harrison's and from Chillisquaque meeting house to Northumberland was forthwith confirmed; for the remainder a review was ordered, but not acted upon, and the whole was confirmed at November ses- sions, 1788. In course of time the northern end of this highway acquired the name of "Harrison's road," and its southern end that of " Strawbridge's road."* • John Smitli, John Allen, John Fruit, Samuel Eussell, iind Thomas Pollock, appointed by the court to lay out a road from the county line to Chillisquaque through Harrison's gap (virtually a review of "Harrison's road"), made report at August sessions, 1S12, "That the old road from the county line to the house of James I.ogau will answer, and thence running from the house of said Logan south forty-nine degrees east forty perches to a small branch of Chillisquaque creek through lands of said Logan; thence south twenty-nine degrees east twenty perches through lands of said Logan and to the line of the Widow Watts's land; thence south three degrees east fifty-two perches INTERNAL IMPKOTEMENTS. 303 A propensity to obstruct the highways was not confined to the West Branch, as is evident from a petition from Mahanoy township considered at March sessions, 1779. In the informal manner with which the necessities of public conveniences were provided, a road had been opened from Stone- braker's mill to the Gap church, which, the petition recites, " John Chob hath fenced up, so that the neighbors can not go to the mills or to the church, which is no advantage to him but a great disadvantage to many of the neigh- bors." Martin Kerstetter, Dietrick Eough, Michael Lenker, John Wolf, Martin Thomas, and Michael Shaffer were appointed to lay out a road for public use, " upon condition that the petitioners open, fence, clear, survey, and support said road at their own expense." Under date of April 6, 1779, they reported having laid out a road from the mouth of Mahantango to Stonebraker's mill, which was confirmed, June 21, 1779. This was the first road in the valley of that creek on the Northumberland county side. As opened in 1769, the Tulpehocken road extended to the Susquehanna at Samuel Weiser's near the mouth of Mahanoy creek. No effort appears to have been made to continue it to Sunbury until 1782; in a petition pre- sented to the court at February sessions in that year the following interesting paragraph occurs : — TVe are informed by good authority that Eobert Martin, of Northumberland-Town, and Ennion Williams, of the city of Philadelphia, have lately set on foot subscriptions in said city and other places in order to raise a sum of money to be applied toward opening said road; which subscriptions have met the approbation of a great number of gentlemen, who have generously subscribed thereto to the amount of two hundred pounds. Among those who indorsed this petition were Matthew Smith, prothono- tary of the county; Stephen Chambers and John Vannost, attorneys; Samuel Himter, William Cooke, Daniel Montgomery, Robert Martin, Joseph Lorentz, William Gray, George Wolf, and Abraham Dewitt. They suggested a high- way to intersect the Tulpehocken road four or five miles above its terminus on the Susquehanna and continue thence to Mahantango creek. As viewers were appointed John Eckert, Peter Ferst, Henry Crips, George Wolf, Peter Hall, Jacob Conrad, and Matthew Smith, with Jonathan Lodge as surveyor. Their report, dated March 14, 1782, was confirmed at May sessions following, so far as the road from Sunbury to the Tulpehocken road was concerned; against that part between the Tulpehocken road and Mahantango creek the inhabitants of Mahanoy township remonstrated, and it was not confirmed until May sessions, 1785. The road thus opened became the principal route of travel between Sunbury and the southern part of the county, Lancaster, and through lands of the said Widow Watts to her house ; thence due south one hundred perches to the hue of Widow Harrison's land through the lands of Widow Watts; from thence the old road to Chil- lisquaque creek." The court approved the report, and on the 28th of January, 1813, issued an order to open the road. This road throughout a large part of its course became the eastern boxmdary of the county by the act of January 22, 1816, the particulars of which are given in the chapter on Organi- zation and Administration iu this work. 304 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Harrisburg. The name of the old Tulpehocken road was gradually transferred to it, and at the present day it almost monopolizes that designation. The road originally laid out from Sunbury to the mouth of Mahantango was merely a bridle road, and little more than a legalized path. At Feb- ruary sessions, 1782, the court was petitioned to open a public highway of the regular width, and viewers were accordingly appointed. Nothing what- ever was done under this order, and at February term, 1785, John White, Casper Snider, Adam Miller, Sebastian Brosius, Samuel Moodie, and Samuel Weiser were substituted for the persons originally selected, and Samuel Auohmuty seems to have officiated in place of Moodie. Their report was confirmed at May sessions, 1785, and the road ordered opened thirty-three feet wide. At a later date this road was widened at various places at con- siderable expense, and was a much traveled route until the construction of the railroad. The road opened in 1786-88 from Northumberland to Wolf's run was too far distant from the river to confer much substantial benefit upon the inhab- itants in the immediate vicinity of the West Branch. This was early antici- pated, and at February sessions, 1786, three petitions were presented for a road from Sunbury to Lycoming, in which the citizens of Turbut, Mahoning, and Muncy appear to have given a general concurrence. A view was ordered, but no proceedings under it are known to have occurred. A year later the case was reopened; John Boyd, Abraham Scott, Thomas Palmer, Samuel Harris, Henry Shoemaker, and William Hepburn, viewers appointed, made return at May term, 1787, which was confirmed and the road ordered to be " maintained, deemed, and taken thenceforth for an open highway of the breadth of fifty feet forever." As thus described the road began " at a post on the westerly side of the East Branch of Susquehanna river in the middle of Market street in the town of Northumberland " continuing at no great dis- tance from the channel of the West Branch to " a post in the end of Amariah Sutton's lane and on the easterly bank of Lycoming creek." A road crossing diagonally from Muncy creek to the mouth of Mahoning creek and thence in a southeasterly direction to the Reading and Sunbury road was projected at an early, period in the history of the county, and prob- ably originated with the Montgomerys, the enterprising founders of Danville. That part from the West Branch of Susquehanna to the North Branch was confirmed at August term, 1785. At February sessions, 1786, the court was petitioned to continue it to the Reading road, but the persons appointed to that service " through hurry of business " neglected to attend to it, and the petition was again presented at May term. John Irwin, William McLees John Teitsworth, Michael Weaver, Alexander Ewing, and Richard Robinson were appointed as viewers; they reported at August term following the courses and distances from the Reading road to the top of Shamokin Hill near Robert Randolph's plantation, a distance of five miles, which was con- INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 305 firmed; regarding the remaining distance they were not fully agreed, and evidently failed to agree, for at the same term of court a different set of viewers was constituted. In August, 1790, another effort was made to have this road opened, from the top of Shamokin Hill to the North Branch, but, owing to irregularities in the proceedings of the viewers, their report was set aside. The object desired was finally attained at November sessions, 1791, when the report of James Finney, John Bogart, Isaac Coldron, Thomas Wil- lits, Nehemiah Hutton, and Jacob Faust, Jr., providing for a road from Gen- eral Montgomery's house at the site of Danville to " a pine tree in the end of the old road on the top of Shamokin Hill" received confirmation at the hands of the court. This was the most important road opeined in the eastern part of the county at an early date. The first public road in the valley of Little Shamokin creek was petitioned for at August term, 1787. The projectors represented " that a number of people who have settled, and others who are wanting to settle, in Little Shamokin creek valley labor under many inconveniences for want of a road to begin at the Reading road at Lewis's run and to extend up said run through Lightfoot's and Starr's land, [in] the said valley, Jacob Miller's land, and to meet the Reading road at John Miller's tavern," and, with com- mendable public spirit, expressed their willingness to "open and maintain such a road at their own expense, providing the court will empower them to do so." As viewers the court appointed Jacob Conrad, Adam Miller, William Gray, Thomas Reece, John Weitzel, and John Miller, who made report at the following term. A legally authorized highway was first opened through the valley of Greenbrier or Schwaben creek in 1788. It was laid out by Andrew Reitz, John Nicholas Hettrick, John Nicholas Snyder, George Pfeiffer, Michael Roth, and Frederick Kobel, and extended from the Sunbury and Paxtang (Tulpehocken) road ten miles in a general easterly direction. The viewers were appointed at November sessions, 1787, and their report was confirmed at May term, 1788. TUENPIKES. In 1799 Jacob D. Breyvogel collected certain sums of money aggregat- ing two hundred sixty-seven dollars, forty-nine cents, for the improve- ment of the Reading road between John Teitsworth's and Jeremiah Reed's. Thomas Grant was treasurer of the fund, and Colonel John Bull superin- tended its expenditure. The labor bestowed upon the road was entirely in- adequate, however, and it presented a favorable opportunity for improvement under corporate auspices. The Centre Turnpike Company was incorporated by act of the legis- lature, March 25, 1805, the corporators being Joseph Priestley and John Cowden, of Northumberland; Charles Hall, of Sunbury; Dr. James Dougal, 306 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of Milton; Daniel Montgomery, of Danville; Jacob Toppel, of Hamburg; Joseph Heister and James May, of Reading; Samuel Morris, Thomas Leiper, William Tilghman, and James Gibson, of Philadelphia, and William Hep- burn, of Lycoming county, who were authorized to construct a road by the nearest and best way from Sunbury to Reading, the road to be opened sixty feet wide and the width of the part artificially constructed to be eighteen feet. Milestones were to be erected, and bridges were authorized wherever the company should deem neocessary or expedient. As with the majority of internal improvements in progress at that date, the work of construction did not advance rapidly. A supplement to the act of incorporation was secured on the 17th of March, 1806, by which John Dorsey, Samuel Meeker, Thomas Fitzsimmons, and Peter Robison were added to the corporators, and the company was granted the privilege of con- structing a section thirty miles in length beginning at Teitsworth's tavern, thirteen miles east of Sunbury. By the act of March 21, 1808, the Governor was authorized to subscribe for six hundred shares of stock in the company, which amount was increased to nine himdred in 1812. Under this appropri- ation the road was at length completed; but the company had secured advances from the Bank of Pennsylvania, the adjudication of which involved protracted and expensive litigation, and in 1821 an appropriation of thirty thousand dollars was made by the legislature to be applied by the managers towards paying the judgment obtained at the suit of the bank against the former managers, Daniel De B. Keim, John Adams, and others. The aggre- gate capitalization was one hundred forty thousand dollars; the road was seventy-six miles in length, extending from Sunbury in a general easterly direction to Bear Gap, on the extreme eastern limit of the county, and thence southeast across the mountains to Reading. It was never a paying property; on the other hand, it proved to be a drain upon the treasury of the State, which ultimately sold its interest at much less than the par value. It was purchased principally by the Messrs. Taggart and Priestley, of Northumber- land, and their families had a controlling interest in the property for many years. That part of the road between Sunbury and Pottsville was very unprofitable to the stockholders ; consequently it received but little improve- ment, and public sentiment at length compelled its abandonment. The section between Pottsville and Reading was operated until a few years since; when the Pennsylvania Schuylkill Valley railroad was constructed it became necessary to use the road bed of the pike as the line of that railroad, and a controlling interest was accordingly purchased by J. C. Bright, of Pottsville, for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The turnpike thus ceased to be a Northumberland county institution in proprietary control, as it had ceased to be in fact some years previously. Originally projected by resi- dents of this county principally, the turnpike was an enterprise in every way creditable to local financiering. Aside from business considerations, its man- INTEKNAL IMPKOVEMENTS. 309 agement was distinguished by certain social features well worthy of mention. Semi-annual banquets were regularly held, usually at Pottsville or Beading, but sometimes in Philadelphia or elsewhere. These were attended by the officers and managers, many of the stockholders, and invited guests, among whom were ex-Governors Curtin and Pollock on one occasion, with other prominent public men. These will be remembered when the turnpike itself — the difSculties of its early history, the perplexities of its management, and the circumstances of its final abandonment — have passed out of the tradi- tions of the community. The Danville Turnpike Road Company was incorporated by act of the legislature, January 21, 1813, with the following corporators: Lewis Eeese and James May, of Reading; Daniel Montgomery, Jr., and William Mont- gomery, Jr., of Danville; Jacob Gearhart and John Jones, of Shamokin township; Bethuel Vincent and Seth Iredell, of Milton*, John Funston and John Pruit, of Derry; Jacob Shoemaker and George Webb, of Pennsborough ; and Joseph Eves and Richard Demott, of Fishing Creek. The course of the road ]ed from Danville to Bear Gap by way of Elysburg. It was in- tended by tl is to render the trade of Danville tributary to the Centre turn- pike, as well as to deflect a share of the travel over that thoroughfare to Danville, and both objects were subserved to an equal extent. But it does not appear that a great amount of money was ever expended on the improve- ment of the road, while the tolls, which were the same as those charged on the Centre turnpike, were deemed excessive and exorbitant in proportion to the benefits conferred. This at length resulted in the forfeiture of the char- ter, which was repealed by act of the legislature, April 8, 1848. The road thus reverted to the townships through which it passes, and has since re"ceived only the amount of attention usually bestowed upon public roads. BIVEB NAVIGATION CANALS. The Susquehanna river was declared a public highway by act of Assem- bly, March 9, 1771, and James Wright, George Ross, Thomas Minshall, John Lowdon, Alexander Lowry, William Maclay, Samuel Hunter, Jr., Will- iam Patterson, Robert Callender, Charles Steward, Reuben Haines, Thomas Holt, and William Richardson were appointed commissioners to expend any moneys that might be subscribed or appropriated for the improvement of that river or of the Juniata, Conestoga, Bald Eagle, Mahanoy, Penn's creek, the Swatara, Conodoguinet, and Kiskiminetas. It is not probable that the duties of the commission were onerous, although their labors were doubtless attended with beneficial results. While the varieties of river craft used in the transportation of the products of the upper Susquehanna valley included rafts, arks, flat-boats, etc., the Durham boat was most widely and generally known. This craft derived its name from Durham, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, not far below 310 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Easton, where it was first made, and used by the proprietors of the furnace at that place in shipping their product to Philadelphia. Sixty feet in length, eight feet wide, and two feet deep, a Durham boat drew twenty inches of water under fifteen tons burthen, and was therefore peculiarly adapted to the navigation of shallow streams. It floated with the current on the down- ward voyage; when a swift riffle was reached, a light cable attached to a windlass in the stern or prow was made fast to a tree or rock on shore, thus assisting in steadying the boat and restraining its progress. When manned by four men with " setting " poles, the boat progressed at the rate of two miles an hour against the current; this method of locomotion was called "poling" or " cordelling, " and was extremely laborious. It frequently occurred, however, that the boat was sold with its cargo when the destina- tion was reached, in which case the boatmen returned on foot. The introduction of sails occurred in 1805-06, when the first experiments in utilizing the force of the winds in river navigation were made by Captains Jordan and Blair; the irm^ovation was at once received with favor, and gener- ally adopted. A further improvement was the introduction of horse-power in ascending the stream in a calm. The horse was hitched to the boat by a light tow line, and was usually driven near the bank by a boy; when not needed the animal was taken on board. Steamboat navigation on the Susqueharma was first attempted in 1826. Largely through the instrumentality of Peter A. Karthaus, who owned a large body of land on the headwaters of the West Branch, and Tunison CoryeU, of WiUiamsport, two steamboats, the Codorus and Susquehanna, were built, the former under Baltimore and the latter under Philadelphia auspices. The Codorus was commanded by Captain Elger, who experienced great difii- culty in ascending the river, but WiUiamsport and Parrandsville were at length reached, after which the boat returned to Northumberland and as- cended the North Branch as far as Wilkesbarre and Binghampton. The Susquehanna was a boat of larger dimensions than the Codorus, and in at- tempting to pass the Nescopec rapids in the North Branch on the 3d of May, 1826, the boiler exploded, resulting in the complete wreck of the boat and injury or death to many of the passengers and crew. This disaster conclu- sively demonstrated the impracticability of navigating the river by steam. After the construction of the Shamokin dam at Sunbury a sufficient depth of water was created to permit the use of small steamers between Shamokin Dam, Sunbury, Northumberland, and adjacent points. The construction of canals was at once agitated as the only feasible means of transporting the increasing products of the interior of the State to the seaboard. On the 24th of March, 1828, an act was passed by the legislature by which the board of canal commissioners was " authorized and required, on behalf of this Commonwealth, as speedily as may be, to locate and contract for making canals, locks, and other works necessary thereto," from North- INTERNAL IMPKOVEMENTS. 311 Timberland to Bald Eagle on the West Branch, and from Northumberland to the State line on the North Branch. A survey and exploration by an engi- neer was directed to be made on the west side of the West Branch, and, after taking into consideration " the relative advantages, facility, cost of construc- tion, and interests of the Commonwealth," the board was to decide which side of the river was the more eligible. Contracts were to be let in that year for the construction of not more than twenty-five nor less than twenty miles on the West Branch, and of not more than forty-five nor less than fifteen on the North Branch. It i? needless to state that the eastern side of the West Branch was selected by the commissioners; and, if the injunction of the legislature was fully carried out, nearly the entire length of both canals in this county was placed under construction in 1828. Delays occurred to interfere with the progress of the work, however, and it was not imtil 1830 that the North and West Branch canals were opened a sufficient distance to secure an ap- preciable amount of traf&c. The construction of the Lewisburg cross-cut was authorized by act of May 27, 1830. Two packet boats, the George Denison and Gertrude, were launched by MiUer Horton and A. O. Gaboon, respectively, in 1835, for the transportation of passengers between Northumberland and Wilkesbarre. Similar facilities were provided on the West Branch, and also on the division between North- umberland and Harrisburg, and during the season of navigation they were a great public convenience, partially taking the place of the stage coach. Dur- ing the prosperous days of the canal, Northumberland was an important point upon this system of internal communication. Here the outlet lock of both the North and West Branch divisions was located; several hundred thousand dollars were collected annually from tolls, and the amount of traffic was considerable. But the public works of the State were never remunera- tive; a heavy indebtedness was incurred in their construction, and when a comparison of receipts with operating expenses revealed an annual deficit to increase the original indebtedness, with the prospect of decreasing revenue as the result of railway competition, popular sentiment and public policy alike demanded such a disposition of the property as would relieve the State from further expense in connection with it. The "main line," between Philadel- phia and Pittsburgh, was sold to the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company in 1857 ; the West Branch division is now the property of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company, but has been abandoned above Muncy dam and is used to a very limited extent between that point and Northumberland ; the North Branch division is owned by the Pennsylvania Canal Company, and is principally used in the transportation of coal from the Wyoming basin. EAILEOADS. While canals or slackwater navigation entered almost exclusively into the system of internal improvements designed by the State, and the discussion 312 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of projects for the construction of artificial waterways received a large share of public attention, there were also those who regarded railroads as most likely to confer permanent advantages and result in benefits commensurate with their cost. This was attributable in some measure to the natural feat- ures of the State. It had not yet been demonstrated that canal construction was feasible except in immediate proximity to a river or other source of water supply, and hence railroads received consideration as a means of communi- cation between the valleys of the Schuylkill and Susquehanna. Legislative provision was made for the incorporation of three companies in 1826, one of which was the Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company. As ultimately constructed, the line of this road is located entirely in Northumberland county, of which it was for some years the only railroad. It is now a part of the Pennsylvania railroad system, a brief history of which may properly precede that of its lines in this county. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company was chartered, April 13, 1846; the original line of its road extended from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, a dis- tance of two hundred forty-eight miles, and was opened throughout its en- tire length on the 15th of February, 1854. The line from Harrisburg to Philadelphia is made up of the old Philadelphia and Columbia railroad, originally a State work, and the Harrisburg, Portsmouth, Mt. Joy and Lancaster railroad, chartered in 1832, opened in 1838, and leased in 1849. The Pennsylvania Eailroad Company has a large if not a controlling inter- est in the Northern Central railway, and is the lessee of the Philadelphia and Erie, the Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre, the Sunbury and Lewis- town, and the Lewisburg and Tyrone railroads, all of which are partly sit- uated in Northumberland county. The Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company was authorized by act of the legislature approved on the 8th of April, 1826, by which the follow- ing persons were appointed as commissioners for its organization: Daniel Montgomery and George A. Frick, of Danville; Andrew McEeynolds, of Columbia county; John C. Boyd, of Northumberland county; Benjamin Potts, Francis B. Nichols, George Taylor, and John C. OfEerman, of Schuyl- kill county; Daniel GraefE and Edward B. Hubley, of Berks county, and George W. Smith and Mark Eichards, of ^Philadelphia. A capital of one hundred thousand dollars was authorized, in shares of fifty dollars each. The route of the proposed road was described as follows: "Beginning at or near the ferry house on the south side of the Susquehanna, opposite the town of Danville, in the township of Eush in Northumberland county, and extending to the Schuylkill canal at Pottsville." Over this line a railroad was to be constructed, with a grade not to exceed an inch to the foot. Causeways were to be erected over the railway where- ever it was intersected by a public road or turnpike, and also for the con- venience of private owners through whose lands it passed. It was declared INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 313 to be a public highway upon completion of any section five miles in length; persons using it were required to provide such vehicles as should be pre- scribed by the company, and in the transportation of commodities the fol- lowing rates of toll were established: coal, salt, gypsum, and lime, one and one half cents per ton per mile; lumber, squared or round, two cents per mile per hundred feet solid; boards, plank, scantling, or other sawed stuff reduced to inch stuff, two cents per mile per thousand feet; staves and head- ings for pipes and hogsheads, two cents per thousand per mile; all other articles not enumerated, four cents per ton per mile; and twenty per cent. additional for single and detached articles weighing less than a ton. The character of these provisions is sufficient evidence that the railroad industry was in its incipiency. The erection of causeways at every intersection with a public road indicates an exaggerated idea of the danger of a railroad crossing to public travel ; the articles enumerated — coal and lumber — show from what sources the revenue was expected to be derived; and the railroad was popularly regarded as differing from the turnpike principally in construction and motive power, individuals furnishing their own vehicles for transportation on one as well as the other. It was not imtil 1831 that the company was authorized "to purchase, with the funds of the said com- pany, and place on the railroad constructed by them under this act, all ma- chines, wagons, vehicles, carriages, and teams, of any kind whatsoever that they may deem necessary or proper for the purposes of transportation," the rates charged to be twice as great as those originally provided for, and the goods to be transported in the order of receipt at the depot. This marks an important advance in the ideas of railroad management at that period. It does not appear that any definite progress was made under the original act of incorporation. A supplement, which received executive sanction on the 14th of April, 1828, authorized an increase of the capital stock to one million dollars and the construction of branches to Catawissa and Sunbury; the number of commissioners was increased, among the additional names being those of Joseph R. Priestley, William A. Lloyd, and John Taggart, of North- umberland, and Hugh Bellas, Ebenezer Greenough, Martin Weaver, and Alexander Jordan, of Sunbury, with others from Catawissa, Philadelphia, and Pottsville. New vitality was infused into the enterprise; it obtained the active support of Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia, and Burd Patterson, of Pottsville, while General Daniel Montgomery, of Danville, had been an active promoter from its first inception. A survey was made, the route was deter- mined upon, and twelve miles of the eastern division had been completed, when the death of Girard deprived the project of its principal financial sup- porter. In this emergency recourse was had to the State legislature, and on the 8th of April, 1834, an act, pledging the faith of the State to the payment annually of five per cent, interest for twenty-seven years upon the bonds of 314 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the company to any individuals or corporations that should advance the sum of three hundred thousand dollars or any part of it to the Danville and Potts- ville Railroad Company, became a law. Bonds were sold at auction in Phila- delphia, and the entire amount authorized by the bill was placed without difficulty. In July, 1834, construction was begun on the section between Sunbury and Shamokin, the grading of which for a distance of twenty miles was completed in the summer of 1835. The formal opening to Stambach's tavern (Paxinos), a point thirteen and one half miles from Sunbury, occurred on Thursday, the 26th of November, 1835; the Sunbury Workingmen' s Advo- cate gives the following account of this event: — The two elegant and commodious passenger cars lately built at Pottsville [the "Shamokin" and "Mahanoy"], large enough to convey, inside and outside, about thirty persons each, having been placed on the road upon the bank of the Susquehanna, the ringing of bells at twelve o'clock and the joyful cheers of the traveling party and spectators announced their departure for the engineers' quarters at the eastern end of this completed division. Two of Mr. Weaver's mail-coach horses drew each car, if drawing it can be called, when drawing there was none. The party in the cars were met by other citizens at the eastern end, where a dinner had been prepared in such profusion and excellence as showed that various modes of internal improvement were perfectly understood. The oldest citizen of Sunbury, and oldest member of the bar attending, Daniel Levy, was appointed president of the fes- tivity, Lewis Dewart and Charles G. Donnel, vice-presidents, Peter Lazarus and Daniel Brautigam, secretaries, and Hugh Bellas was requested to deliver an address. Toasts were proposed and drank, to the memory of Girard and Mont- gomery, "the founders of the railroad," and in honor of its president and managers, Moncure Robinson, chief engineer, William S. Campbell and G. M. Totten, first assistant engineers, and their corps of assistants, Hugh Bellas, the orator of the occasion, Mr. and Mrs. Day, the host and hostess, etc. Many interesting circumstances in the history of the enterprise up to that time are embraced in the following extracts from Mr. Bellas's address: — The origin and honor of the project of connecting the Susquehanna and Schuyl- kill by railway are due to General Daniel Montgomery. During the summer of 1838, General Montgomery, then a canal commissioner, obtained the services of , Moncure Robinson in running various experimental lines and exploring the woods and waters between Danville and Sunbury, and Pottsville, to ascertain whether it were practicable to connect the rivers by railroad; Together they traversed the woods and climbed the hills, and searched the valleys for favorable routes. With great labor and exposure, and with greater ardor and resolution, they persevered, until finally satisfied that a superior road to that at first contemplated ought to be constructed; and that a location could be made, saving a rise and fall of three hundred fifty-four feet from the first proposed route in passing the Broad mountain, beside shortening the road and dispens- ing with three inclined planes. These important facts were stated in Mr. Robinson's report in October, 1831, with an estimate of the cost at six hundred seventy-five thou- sand dollars. This was predicated upon grading the road from Sunbury to Pottsville for a double track, with a single track and the necessary turn-outs laid down, until increasing business should render the second track necessary. This report was adopted and sanctioned by the company; but the great loss sustained in the falling of the two main pillars of the structure, Girard and Montgomery, chilled the ardent hopes of our INTERNAL IMPE0VEMENT8. 315 friends. It is well known that the sudden illness and death of Mr. Grirard prevented his appropriation of three hundred thousand dollars to the completion of this work, besides his original subscription of two hundred thousand dollars. In the summer of 1832 the road .formation of the eastern division of the road was commenced, in conformity to the desire of Mr. Grirard and to the decision of a general meeting of the stockholders, and more than half was done before the close of the year. In his desire to prosecute the work vigorously, he ordered at once from England the iron to plate the rails for the whole road. More fully to enjoy its advantages, he effected arrangements and compromises with those who held conflicting claims to his large estate in the Mahanoy coal field. This portion of the road, extending from the Mount Carbon road, north of Pottsville, to Girardville, was completed about the close of the j'ear 1833, with all its superstructure, machinery, planes, fixtures, and tunnel of eight hundred feet, at the estimated expense of one hundred ninety thousand dollars, forming a railway from Gtirardville to Mount Carbon of about twelve miles. The formation of the road has been extended westward from Girardville two miles and a half. In 1834 the formation of this western portion was commenced, and finished early last summer; in August last, contracts were made for laying down the superstructure of thirteen miles and three eighths from the margin of the river at Sunbury to this place; and now, at the end of three months, it is finished and traveled, and well finished. Eastward of this point, running into the coal field some distance, six and a half miles of road are formed and ready for the superstructure. The sills and rails are all on the spot, and will be laid whenever the coal harbor is completed at Sunbury, with its lock to pass the coal boats into the great basin of the Pennsylvania canal. The proceeds arising from the sale of the bonds appear to have been ex- hausted with the finishing of the road to Paxinos. No facilities had yet been completed at Sunbury for trans-shipment to the canal, and Mr. Robinson, the engineer, suggested a cessation of active construction until connection should be established with the Susquehanna river and Pennsylvania canal. This was duly granted; and in the general appropriation for internal improve- ments in 1838, the Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company received fifty thousand dollars, to be expended in making the necessary improvements upon the western section and in extending it to a point twenty and one half miles east of Sunbury. It was the evident purpose of this latter provision to in- sure the completion of the western section in order that it might prove a feeder to the canal, a State work, and also place the road in a position to yield a revenue for the payment of the interest upon its bonded debt. In Au- gust, 1838, the road was opened to Shamokin. This event was duly cele- brated by a dinner at Kram's Hotel, at which Burd Patterson, Hugh Bel- las, John C. Boyd, and others were present and delivered addresses. On this occasion the locomotive was first introduced; it was the " North Star," built by Eastwick & Harrison, of Philadelphia, transported thence by canal to Sunbury, and engineered by Mr. Eastwick himself. The first passenger train from Shamokin to Sunbury consisted of the " North Star," the " Shamokin " and " Mahanoy " — the cars previously mentioned — and a few other cars. The road was now regularly opened for traffic and travel between Sunbury and Shamokin. A second engine, the "Mountaineer," was added shortly 316 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. afterward; Charles Gill and Lewis Garretson were the first engineers of the "North Star" and "Mountaineer," respectively, but retained their positions only about five months, when the former was succeeded by Benjamin Kater- man and the latter by George Shipe. Two trips were regularly made each day during the season of navigation on the canal, the trains consisting of forty loaded coal cars containing two and one half tons, while the empty cars constituted the train on the return trip from Sunbury. But the opera- tion of the road was attended with many difiiculties and discouragements. The track consisted of wooden cross-ties laid upon the ground at intervals of several feet; on these oak stringers were fastened with wooden wedges, and the stringers, or rails, were covered with bar iron two and one half inches vride and one half of an inch thick. The weight of the engines was dispropor- tionate to the strength of this structure, and as a consequence the train was frequently off the track, and the track was frequently off the rail, causing vexations and expensive delays and ultimately resulting in the substitution of horse-power for the locomotives. Then the revenue from the road was insuffi- cient to enable the company to meet the interest on its obligations, and after several years of unprofitable operation the property was placed in the hands of Samuel R. Wood as sequestrator. Mr. Wood was the second superin- tendent; he was preceded by Thomas Sharpe, with whom were associated Patrick Reilly as master mechanic and Messrs. Robinson, Totten, and Cleaver, civil engineers. Mr. Wood had charge of the property as seques- trator for some years. The rolling stock was sold at sheriff's sale. The road was leased to William and Reuben Fagely in 1842, and during the ten years following they used it for the transportation of coal to Sunbury by horse- power. For this purpose one hundred horses were required; the round trip to Sunbury was made in two days, four or five horses hauling a train of ten cars. During all this time, the annual interest on three hundred thousand dol- lars at five per cent, was regularly paid by appropriations from the State treasury; and, as the company seemed to have abandoned all hope of improv- ing the earning power of their road, strenuous efforts were made in the legislature to secure some disposition of the property that would obviate the payment of the annual interest, or at least reduce it in amount. Overtures were several times made to the holders of the bonds, but without arriving at any basis of adjustment; at length, on the 2d of April, 1850, an act was passed, the preamble of which defined the position of the State in the follow- ing language: — Whereas, By an act of Assembly passed the 8th day of March, 1834, the faith of the State was pledged for the payment of the interest at the rate of five per cent, per annum for twenty-seven years upon a loan of three hundred thousand dollars to the Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company; tind the said railroad, with other prop- erty of the said company, was mortgaged for the re-payment of the said loan; and the said company, having constructed a portion of their road extending ten miles from the INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 317 eastern terminus, and another portion, twenty miles in length, extending from Sunbury into the Shamokin coal fields, have permitted the former to go to ruin, and have prac- tically abandoned all care of the latter portion; and the said company are insolvent, and there is no reasonable prospect that they will ever complete the said railroad, and relieve the State from the annual drain of fifteen thousand dollars from her treasury; and Whebeas, The State has already paid the sum of two hundred twenty-five thou- sand dollars and will be called upon to pay the further sum of one hundred eighty thousand dollars interest to the holders of the said loan during the next twelve years; and the said railroad is yearly decreasing in value, and will in a year or two become useless for all purposes of transportation; and it is manifest that the holders of the said loan will realize a much greater sum towards the repayment thereof by an imme- diate sale of the said railroad, and the State will be relieved from the payment of the interest on the sum thus realized by the sale thereof. The auditor general was thereupon instructed to obtain, if possible, the assent of the holders of the loan to a sale of the property under the provisions of the acts of April 21, 1846, and March 16, 1847, the proceeds to be applied to extinguishing the loan, any part thereof remaining unpaid to bear interest until the termination of the period of twenty-seven years originally specified. This consent was accordingly obtained, and, agreeably to the wishes of the legislature, the property of the company, its franchises, appurten- ances, etc. were sold at sheriff's sale on the 16th of January, 1851, and purchased on behalf of the holders of the loan for the sum of one hundred thirty thousand and fifty dollars — fifty dollars more than the minimum amount required by the legislature. Deducting the fees of the sheriff, amounting to four hundred dollars, there remained the sum of one hundred seventy thousand three hundred fifty dollars for the interest upon which the State was stiU liable under the act of 1834. The new purchasers proceeded to reorganize the company, electing Nathaniel Chauncey president, and at a meeting held on the fourth Monday of April, 1851, at the Franklin House, Philadelphia, the name was changed to the Philadelphia and Sunbury Eailroad Company. The rehabilitation of the property was an immediate and imperative necessity. In 1853 the track be- tween Sunbury and Shamokin was relaid with iron rails; new locomotives, known, respectively, as the " David Longenecker," " A. R. Fiske," " Green Eidge," " Carbon Run," " Thomas Baumgardner," and " Lancaster," were procured; and on the 25th of August, 1853, the formal reopening occurred. In the following year the road was extended to Mt. Carmel, and under the superintendency of A. R. Fiske the company's prospects improved. But in 1858, the line of the road from Sunbury to its intersection with the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad having been sold under foreclosure, a second reorganization occurred under the name of the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Railroad Company, which was invested with all the franchises of the former companies by an act of the legislature approved, March 25, 1858. The road was operated by the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company and 318 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. independently until the 27th of February, 1863, when it was leased for nine hundred ninety-nine years to the Northern Central Kailway Company; it may thus be regarded as a part of the great Pennsylvania system, and, after having experienced many of the vicissitudes incident to railroad construction in the experimental stage, this line has been, since its lease to the Northern Central, a valuable and productive property. The Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company was chartered as the Sunbury and Erie Eailroad Company on the 3d of April, 1837, and received its present name by act of Assembly, March 7, 1861. Among the original corporators were Henry Eeader, David Watson, Montgomery Sweney, E. H. Hammond, Samuel Hepburn, Henry Frick, James Hepburn, Joseph E. Priestley, Hugh Bellas, Charles G. Donnel, Alexander Jordan, E. Greenough, Edward Gobin, John C. Boyd, Daniel Levy, Henry Yoxtheimer, Henry Mas- ser, William Forsyth, James Dougal, and Frederick Lazarus, of Northumber- land county. The period allotted for its completion was extended from time to time, and finally, on the 12th of February, 1846, the company was allowed until the 1st of June, 1851, to begin construction. The road was opened be- tween Williamsport and Milton, December 18, 1854, and between Milton and Northumberland, September 24, 1855. It was at first operated by the Cata- wissa Eailroad Company, which ran its rolling stock over the line for some time, paying to the Sunbury and Erie Eailroad Company a percentage of the net receipts as rental for the use of the roadway. The railway bridges over the North Branch at Northumberland were completed in December, 1855, and on the 7th of January, 1856, the road was opened to Sunbury, its eastern terminus. The length of the line, extending from this point to Erie, is two hundred eighty-seven and fifty-six hundredths miles, and it was opened the entire distance, October 17, 1864, having been previously leased to the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company for nine hundred ninety-nine years from the 1st of January, 1862. The line in Northumberland county begins at the northeast corner of Market square and Third street in Sunbury, crosses the North Branch to Northumberland, and continues on the east bank of the West Branch through the townships of Point, Chillisquaque, Turbut, and Delaware, with stations at Sunbury, Northumberland, Kapp's, Montandon, Milton, Watsontown, and Dewart. The Northern Central Railway Company was formed on the 9th of December, 1854, by the consolidation of the Baltimore and Susquehanna Eailroad Company, the York and Maryland Line Eailroad Company, the York and Cumberland Eailroad Company, and the Susquehanna Eailroad Company. The main line extends from ^Baltimore, Maryland, to Sunbury, Pennsylvania, a distance of one hundred thirty-six and eighty-two hun- dredths miles. The line through this county formed part of the Susque- hanna Eailroad Company's authorized route prior to the consolidation. A railroad from Harrisburg to Sunbury was first projected in 1837, and INTEENAL IMPROVEMENTS. 31.9 on the 3d of April in that year an act was passed by the legislature provid- ing for the incorporation of the Harrisburg and Sunbury Eailroad Company, the line to extend from the terminus of the Harrisburg, Portsmouth,' Mt. Joy, and Lancaster railroad at Harrisburg to the terminus of the Danville and Pottsville railroad at Sunbury. Among the commissioners were Alex-^ ander Jordan, Charles G. Donnel, E. Greenough, Hugh Bellas, Edward Gobin, John C. Boyd, Mr. Backhouse, Peter Lazarus, George Brosius, and James Hepburn, of Northumberland county. Ten years' time was granted for the completion of the road, in default of which the charter was forfeited. The Susquehanna Railroad Company was incorporated on the 14th of April, ] 851, with power to construct a railroad connecting with the York and Cumberland, or with the Pennsylvania railroad on either side of the Susque- hanna or on the Juniata, thence extending through Halifax and Millersburg to Sunbury, with the privilege of continuing the line to Williamsport. John B. Packer, Charles W. Hegins, Alexander Jordan, H. B. Masser, George B. Youngman, William L. Dewart, Edward Y. Bright, Joseph R. Priestley, "William Forsyth, Amos E. Kapp, James Pollock, Robert M. Prick, and Reuben Fagely, of Northumberland county, were among the projectors. On the 24th of November, 1852, a contract for the grading and masonry of the entire line between Sunbury and Bridgeport was awarded to Dougherty & Lauman; under this contract construction was begun, but not completed until after the formation of the Northern Central Railway Company. The formal opening of a part of the line occurred on the 24th of July, 1857, when the first passenger train from Harrisburg arrived at Trevorton bridge, proceeding thence to Trevorton, where the company partook of a sumptuous banquet at the hotel of Henry B. Weaver, Mr. Beebe, of New York, presi- dent of the Trevorton Coal and Railroad Company, presiding; addresses were made by President Barnum, of the Northern Central, J. Pinckney Whyte, a prominent member of the Baltimore bar, David Taggart, of North- umberland, John B. Packer, of Sunbury, and others. Oh the 26th of August, 1857, Messrs. Paries and Morrison and Warford and Wright, chief engineer and assistant of the Sunbury and Erie and North- ern Central railroads, respectively, were engaged in making a preliminary sur- vey for the purpose of establishing the connection of their respective roads in Sunbury. The council of that borough, at a meeting on the following day, authorized the Northern Central to locate its road "in or through any street, lane, or alley in said borough the said company may deem expedient," which action was unanimously ratified at a public meeting held in the court house on the 2d of September. Third street was accordingly selected, and on the 8th of February, 1858, the work of grading through the borough was begun. The formal opening of the road to Sunbury occurred on the 28th of June, 1858. At nine a. m. a train left Sunbury for Harrisburg, and among the passengers was Governor William F. Packer, one of the earliest and 320 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. most persistent promoters of the enterprise. The first train north arrived at half past three in the afternoon, bringing Mr. Barnnm, the president of the company, Mr. Magraw, one of the directors, A. B. Warford, chief engineer, and other prominent railroad magnates. The Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre Railroad extends from Sun- bury to Tomhicken, Pennsylvania, a distance of forty-three and forty-four hundredths miles. The company was originally chartered as the Wilkesbarre and Pittston, April 15, 1859, for the construction of a railroad along the Susquehanna river from Pittston to Danville or Sunbury. April 10, 1867, the name was changed to the Danville, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre Eaikoad Company. The survey of the route was begun by F. C. Arms on the 22d of April, 1867. On the 10th of October following the contract for its construc- tion was awarded J. V. Creswell and W. M. Wiley, and the grading of three miles between Sunbury and Danville was finished in the same year. The progress of construction was attended with protracted interruptions, and it was not until March, 1869, that the laying of the track was begun. The line was formally opened from Sunbury to Danville on Thursday, November 4, 1869. A train left Sunbury for Danville in the morning, returning with a numerous company, who joined those already assembled for the occasion at that point. The officers at that date were as follows : president, Thomas Woods, of Philadelphia ; vice-president and superintendent, Simon P. Kase, of Dan- ville; treasurer, S. P. Wolverton, of Sunbury; secretary, George Hill, of Sunbury; directors: Robert B. Sterling, S. P. Wolverton, George Hill, Ben- jamin Hendricks, Simon P. Kase, A. P. Russell, and H. W. McReynolds. The road was sold under foreclosure, March 20, 1878, and the company reorganized under its present title. May 1, 1878 ; it was leased by the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company for fifty years from the latter date, and has since been operated as a branch of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. The line in this county passes through Upper Augusta, Gearhart, and Rush townships, with stations at Sunbury, Klinesgrove, Wolverton, Kipp's Run, Riverside, and Boyd. The Sunbury and Lewistown Railway has its eastern terminus at Selinsgrove Jimction, upon the east bank of the Susquehanna river in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, where it forms a connection with the Northern Central railway; thence it crosses the Susquehanna river to Selinsgrove, and extends through Snyder and Mifflin counties to Lewistovm, upon the Juniata river, where it forms a connection with the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad. The line is forty-three and fifty-seven hundredths miles in length. It was opened in 1871, sold under foreclosure in 1874, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The Lemsburg and Tyrone Railroad was originally chartered, April 12, 1853, as the Lewisburg, Centre and Spence Creek, and reorganized under existing title, December 31, 1879. It has its eastern terminus at Montan- INTEENAL IMPEOVEMENTS. 321 don, on the east bank of the West Branch in Chillisquaque township, North- umberland county, where it forms a connection with the Philadelphia alid Erie railroad; thence the line crosses the West Branch to Lewisburg and extends to Tyrone, upon the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad. It was opened in 1872, and is operated as a branch of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad under lease to the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company was chartered, April 4, 1833, and the first through trains between Philadelphia and PottsviUe were run in January, 1842. The chief business of the company is the trans- portation of coal from the first and second anthracite coal fields of Pennsyl- vania to Port Richmond, Philadelphia; it owns all the stock in the Philadel- phia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, and thus controls the production as well as the transportation of coal from the properties with which the rail- road is connected, of which several of considerable importance are located in Northumberland county. The Reading lines in this county are the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven, Mahanoy and Shamokin, Catawissa, and Shamo- kin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroads. The Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Railroad was chartered, March 24, 1828, and opened on the 8th of October, 1831, but not extended to Locust Gap until some years later. The main line extends from Schuylkill Haven to Locust Gap. On the 18th of October, 1860, an excursion train of six coaches formally opened a through route from Philadelphia to Sunbury by way of the Mine HiU and Schuylkill Haven road. It was confidently expected that the Phila- delphia and Erie would bring to Philadelphia an immense and valuable lake trade, to accomodate which two routes were in operation — the Philadelphia and Reading railroad to Port Clinton, and the Catawissa railroad thence to WiUiamsport; and the Northern Central to Harrisburg, with the Pennsyl- vania railroad thence to Philadelphia. A favorable opportunity for the opening of a third route was presented when the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad was constructed to a point within four miles of the terminus of the Shamokin Valley and PottsviUe railroad. In the autumn of 1860 this link was supplied, thus placing the Shamokin coal region in direct rail communication with Philadelphia. The excursion by which this route was formally opened was arranged by J. Dutton Steele and G. A. NichoUs, vice- president and superintendent, respectively, of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad. At the junction with the Shamokin Valley railroad the train was taken in charge by A. R. Fiske, superintendent of that hue. Sunbury was reached in the evening; a band of music escorted the party to the Central Hotel, where a banquet was held and addresses were delivered by Frederick Frailey, president of the Schuylkill Navigation Company,. ex-Chief Justice Ellis Lewis, Philip F. Price, a director in the Sunbury and Erie Railroad Company, and others. Among the four hundred members of the party was 322 HISTORY OP NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. A. M. Eastwick, of Philadelphia, a member of the firm that built the first locomotive used on the Danville and Pottsville railroad twenty-two years previously. This excursion gave rise to a variety of newspaper discussion, in which the possibility of a through line to Erie via Sunbury, composed of the Philadelphia and Eeading, Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven, Shamokin Yalley and Pottsville, and Sunbury and Erie, was regarded as a highly prob- able consummation. The Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad was leased by the Eeading on the 12th of May, 1864, for a period of nine hun- dred ninety-nine years, but beyond this the apparent indications of railroad consolidation in 1860 have not been realized. The Mahanoy and Shamokin Railroad, formed by the merger and consoli- dation of the Mahanoy and Broad Mountain, the Mahanoy Valley, the Enter- prise, the Shamokin and Trevorton, and the Zerbe VaUey railroads, was merged into the Philadelphia and Eeading system on the 25th of March, 1871, in pursuance of an act of Assembly passed on the 18th of February previously. Of these various roads the Enterprise, the Shamokin and Tre- vorton, and Zerbe Valley are in this county. The Enterprise Railroad Company was incorporated, March 21, 1865, for the construction of a road not to exceed nine miles in length, with its termini equal distances east and west of the lands of the Fulton Coal Com- pany, intersecting with the Locust Gap, or the Mahanoy and Broad Mountain, or any other railroad on the east, and the Carbon Eun railroad on the west. The corporators were Thomas Baumgardner, John B. Douty, John W. Hub- ley, Henry Baumgardner, David M. Lebkichler, Benjamin F. Shenk, and William H. Douty. Construction was begun in 1866; on the 3d of August, 1868, the road was opened for passenger travel from Locust Gap Junction to Greenback colliery, and thence to Shamokin later in the same year. It is now operated as part of the Williamsport division of the Eeading system, with stations at Locust Gap, Alaska, Enterprise, Excelsior, Greenback, and Shamokin, and a branch from Alaska to Mt. Carmel. The Shamokin and Trevorton Railroad, extending from Shamokin to Trevorton, a distance of eight miles, was opened to travel on the 2d of Au- gust, 1869, when the running of through trains from Shamokin to Herndon was inaugurated. It is now operated as part of the Herndon branch of the Williamsport division, with stations at Shamokin, Water Station, Kulp's, and Trevorton. The Trevorton, Mahanoy, and Susquehanna Railroad Company was in- corporated on the 22d of March, 1850, by act of Assembly, for the construc- tion of a railroad from the mouth of Zerbe' s run, in Northumberland county, to the Susquehanna river at the mouth of Mahanoy creek. The corporators were Felix Lerch, William Deppen, Jacob Eaker, D. M. Boyd, Alexander Jordan, Joseph W. Cake, Eobert M. Ludlow, John P. Hobart, Henry Donnel, Bertram H. Howell, Charles W. Hegins, Simon Cameron, William L. Helf- INTERNAL IMPEOVEMENTS. 323 enstein, and Kimber Cleaver. On the 80th of April, 1850, Christian Albert, Peter Bixler, Edward Y. Bright, Alexander Jordan, Jacob Eaker, D. M. Boyd, William H. Marshall, William L. Dewart, John B. Trevor, William L. Helfenstein, and Bertram H. Hovcell were authorized to organize the Sus- quehanna and Union Bridge Company, with a capital of two hundred thou- sand dollars, for the erection of a bridge across the Susquehanna river at any point within five miles below the mouth of Mahanoy creek These two com- panies — the Trevorton, Mahanoy, and Susquehanna Railroad Company and the Susquehanna and Union Bridge Company — were consolidated under the name of the Trevorton and Susquehanna Railroad Company on the 25th of April, 1854. A railroad fourteen and one half miles in length was con- structed from Trevorton to the Susquehanna river; a wooden bridge thirty- six hundred feet in length, with approaches fourteen hundred feet in length, connected the terminus of the railroad with the Pennsylvania canal on the opposite side of the river, where extensive wharves, a basin sufficient to ac- commodate the canal boats used in transportation to distant points, and other necessary appliances and facilities were provided. This was the nucleus of a village of some proportions, to which the name of Port Trevorton was applied. An affiliated corporation, the Mahanoy and Shamokin Improvement Com- pany, was incorporated on the 25th of February, 1850; the original con- stituent members were Kimber Cleaver, D. M. Boyd, David Thompson, WiUiam L. Helfenstein, and William H. Marshall. This company and the Trevorton and Susquehanna Railroad Company were consolidated in pursu- ance of an act of the legislature which became a law on the 24th of March, 1856, and the resulting corporation received the name of the Trevorton Coal and Railroad Company. For several years its affairs were prosperous, and the development of the Trevorton coal region effected through its agency was justly regarded as most beneficial to the county. But like many other enter- prises of this character it had been floated principally on credit, and on the 8th of December, 1860, the property was sold under foreclosure of mortgage at sheriff's sale. Litigation enters largely into the history of the railroad from this time until it became part of the Reading system. The purchasers in 1860 were Hezron A. Johnson, Matthew Morgan, and James I. Day, who were consti- tuted the Trevorton Coal Company by act of the legislature approved on the 28th of March, 1860. May 7, 1861, a mortgage for nine hundred thousand doUars was executed by the company in favor of William C. Pickersgill, an Englishman. Suit was brought by Robert Q. Reiman in 1867 on unpaid coupons of bonds secured by this mortgage under an act of Assembly then in force; judgment was obtained, and on the 3d of August, 1867, the railroad, coal lands, and other property of the company were sold at sheriff's sale to John B. Packer and W. I. Greenough for one thousand dollars. A con- 324 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. test was had in the Supreme court over the validity of this sale, ultimately- resulting in a compromise. Messrs. Packer and Greenough conveyed to Robert G. Reiman, John W. Hall, and Henry Thomas; they conveyed to the Zerbe Valley Railroad Company, the organization of which was con- firmed by the legislature, April 13, 1868. It was at this time that the Phila- delphia and Reading Railroad Company acquired control, and began its administration by the erection of new bridges along the entire line. It was the original idea of the Reading management to construct a line from Port Trevortofi through Snyder county to the bituminous coal regions of Clear- field county, and had this project materialized the Trevorton railroad would have become a link in a through line from that locality to Philadelphia. It was relinquished, however, and the importance of the line is principally of a local character. The Zerbe Valley Railroad Company was merged into the Mahanoy and Shamokin Railroad Company, September 7, 1870, and, with the latter company, was formally consolidated with the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, March 25, 1871. "What was originally the Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna railroad thus became an integral part of the great Reading system, and forms part of the Herndon branch, with its western terminus at Herndon, on the line of the Northern . Central rail- way, and stations at Trevorton, Zerbe, Dunkelberger's, Hunter, Domsife, Otto, Kneass, and Herndon. The river bridge, which was adapted to wagon traffic as weU as railway uses, became unsafe for travel through decay and was removed about ten years ago. The Cataivissa Railroad Company was originally incorporated on the 21st of March, 1831, under the name of the Little Schuylkill and Susque- hanna Railroad Company, with authority to construct a road from the termina- tion of the Little SchuylkiU Navigation Railroad and Coal Company's rail- road to the North Branch of the Susquehanna at Catawissa. Portions of the road were constructed within a few years thereafter, but financial embarrassments ensued and operations were abandoned. The project was at length revived, however, and on the 20th of March, 1849, legislative authority having been granted for an extension to Williamsport, the name was changed to the Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie railroad. It was opened to Milton in 1834. The company having defaulted in the payment of interest on its bonds, its property was sold at judicial sale, and the pur- chasers reorganized with 'the name of the Catawissa Railroad Company under legislative authority secured on the 21st of March, 1860. The line enters Chillisquaque township a short distance east of Pottsgrove and passes through the county to Milton, where the West Branch is crossed; thence the route continues through Union and Lycoming counties to Williamsport, to which it was opened in 1871. This road has been operated by the Phila- delphia and Reading Railroad Company since the 1st of November, 1872. The Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg Railroad Company was INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 327 chartered, February 16, 1882; the corporators were S. P. Wolverton, H. E. Davis, Ira T. Clement, John Haas, Levi Eook, A. H. Dill, and John Smith, of whom S. P. Wolverton was the first president and has filled that position continuously from the organization of the company. On the 4th of Febru- ary, 1882, an agreement was entered into between the New York Central and Hudson Eiver Eailroad Company, the Fall Brook Coal Company, the Jersey Shore, Pine Creek and Buffalo Eailroad Company, and other com- panies, on the one part, and the Philadelphia and Beading Eailroad Com- pany on the other, to build a railroad from Shamokin to some point on the Catawissa railroad at or near Danville. April 1, 1882, through the influence of S. P. Wolverton, a supplemental contract ,was made by the companies at interest, by which West Milton, on the line of the Catawissa railroad, was substituted for Danville as the northern or western terminus. The route was surveyed in the spring of 1882, construction was immediately begun, and in July, 1883, the line was opened. Its course coincides in general with that of Shamokin creek from Shamokin to Sunbury; at the latter point the Susquehanna is crossed by a substantial iron bridge, and from its western terminus to West Milton the west bank of the Susquehanna through Union and Snyder counties is followed, Lewisburg being the principal intermediate point. The entire length is thirty-one and one tenth miles, of which dis- tance nearly two thirds are in Northumberland county, with stations at Arter's, Snydertown, Deibler's, Vastine, Eeed, Paxinos and Weigh Scales between Sunbury and Shamokin. The road was leased to the Philadelphia and Eeading Eailroad Company for nine hundred ninety-nine years from July 2, 1883, and is operated by that company as part of its Williamsport division, which extends from Newberry Junction to Port Clinton, the Cata- wissa railroad forming its western section, from West Milton to Newberry, and the Mine HiU and Schuylkill Haven and Mahanoy and Shamokin the eastern section, from Shamokin to Port Clinton. It is thus apparent that the construction of the Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroad supplies an important link in the Eeading system, placing the mines and railroads of that company in the Mahanoy and Shamokin regions in direct communication with its northern and western connections. It also forms part of the Bead- ing's line to the bituminous coal regions of Clearfield county, through its connection with the Beech Creek road. This branch of the Eeading gives to a large part of Northumberland county the advantage of a competing line to the seaboard, and has therefore been productive of great local benefit. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad was formed, De- cember 10, 1853, by the consolidation of the Lackawanna and Western (char- tered, March 14, 1849) and the Delaware and Cobb's Gap (chartered, De- cember 22, 1850), and has since, by lease and consolidation, become one of the great trunk lines of the country. What is known as the Bloomsburg branch extends from Scranton to Northumberland, Pennsylvania, a distance 328 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. of eighty miles, and was originally chartered as the Lackawanna and Bloonis- burg railroad, April 5, 1852. It was the design of the projectors to estab- lish a line from the Wyoming and Lackawanna coal fields to Philadelphia by connecting this road with the Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie, and this object was satisfactorily accomplished by its construction from Scranton to Eupert. March 3, 1853, the company was authorized to extend its road to a connection with the Sunbury and Erie or Northern Central, with a wide latitude in the choice of routes. The north bank of the North Branch was finally selected, and on the 31st of May, 1860, the formal opening of the road to passenger travel from Danville to Northumberland occurred. The consolidation of thp Delaware, Lackawanna and Western and Lackawanna and Bloomsburg railroad companies was efllected in 1873. The line in this county passes through Point township a distance of about nine miles. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company was chartered as the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susquehanna Eailroad Company, September 20, 1847, and under existing title, January 7, 1853. The main line in Pennsyl- vania was completed in October, 1855. The Mahanoy branch, extending from Black Creek Junction to Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania, and originally known as the Lehigh and Mahanoy railroad, was acquired in Jim.e, 1866. Under traffic agreement with the Northern Central Railway Com.pany, the passenger trains of the Lehigh Valley enter Shamokin over the tracks of the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville railroad. The Wilkesbarre and Western Railway Company was chartered, Jan- uary 22, 1886 ; the Milton and North Mountain Eailroad Company, chartered in November, 1885, and the MiUville and North Mountain Eailroad Com- pany, chartered in January, 1886, were m.erged into this company, Decem- ber 25, 1886. The projected road extends from Watsontown to Shick- shinny, Pennsylvania, a distance of forty-six miles. The main line is con- structed as far as Eyer's Grove, a distance of twenty-one and one tenth miles, and from that point a branch extends to MiUville, one and one tenth miles. Twenty-two miles of this road were opened to travel, December 13, 1886; the MiUville extension was opened, April 7, 1887. Seven and six tenths miles are in this county, with stations at Watsontovm, McEwensviUe, Warrior Eun, and Turbutville. The road passes through a rich agricultural region in the northern part of Northumberland, Montour, and Columbia counties. AGRICULTURE. 329 CHAPTER IX. AGEICULTUEE. Pkepaeation of Soils the Restot of Remote Rather than Immediate Agency- Geological Structube— Anticlinals and Synclinals— Subdivisions of the Paleozoic System— Location and Characteristics of Each Stratum— De- velopment OF the Farming Industry- Condition of the Farming Interests in 1845 — Agricultural Societies. ALTHOUGH agriculture is pre-eminently a calling in which results rep- resent the labor of hand and brain, the preparation and fertihzation of the soil, and therefore the success with which this avocation is attended, are dependent far more upon remote than immediate agency. No amount of care and skill in tilling the soil can compensate entirely for lack of natural fertihty and adaptiveness ; the fair presentation of a county's agricultural resources involves, therefore, the consideration of its GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.* The external relief of the greater part of the country is caused by the erosive action of the elements and the slow chemical influence of the atmos- phere upon a series of vast parallel undulations in the strata that form the earth's outer crust. In geological nomenclature, these strata are defined as anticlinal, synclinal, and monoclinal — anticlinal, when the strata are bent convexly upward; synclinal, when the strata are bent concavely upward; and monoclinal, when the strata dip in one direction only. Many interesting examples occur in Northumberland county, where the rocks are thrown so high as to expose the Medina sandstone, the base of the Upper Silurian sys- tem, and into troughs deep enough to preserve nearly the highest coal meas- ures. In passing across the county from north to south, the following anti- clinals and synclinals succeed each other: — The White Deer (Watsontown) anticlinal has its origin in the mountains of western Union and Snyder counties; it crosses the West Branch in the Ticinity of Watsontown and passes through the southern part of Delaware and Lewis townships. The Milton anticlinal, another of the great Buffalo mountain anticlinals of Union and Clinton counties, crosses the West Branch at the town of Mil- ton and passes eastward through Washingtonville, Montour county, just west *The facts presented in the treatment of this topic have heen derived from Report G' of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, by I. C. White. 330 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of which if elevates the Oriskany sandstone and Lower Helderberg limestone into the long, regular elevation known as Limestone ridge, which begins at Chillisquaqne creek in Montour county and extends through Northumber- land to the West Branch below Milton. The Lackawanna synclinal, which, at its maximum development' in the vicinity of Wilkesbarre, retains the entire coal measure series, changes in extent and geological character to the westward, and, about the center of Liberty township, Montour county, the Hamilton beds appear, occupying the trough from that point westward through Pottsgrove to the West Branch about one mile above Montandon. The westward ascent of this syncHnal axis may be appreciated when it is stated that a shaft in the vicinity of Wilkesbarre would have to be sunk ten thousand feet to reach the Lower Hamilton rocks exposed at Montandon. The Berwick (Montour) anticlinal, virtually a prolongation eastward of that of Jack's mountain in Mifflin and Huntingdon counties, follows closely the northern line of Point township through Northumberland county under the local name of Montour ridge. The axis crosses the North Branch about midway between Big and Little Wapwallopen creeks; Fishing creek, one half mile above Bloomsburg; Mahoning, just north of DanviUe, and the West Branch, at the mouth of Chillisquaque creek. Its structure is very nearly symmetrical. Bordered on either side by materials which yield read- ily to attrition, the low valleys thus formed increase the height of the ridge by contrast. Between Mahoning creek and the West Branch it reaches an altitude of one thousand feet above tide. The Northumberland synclinal is one of the most remarkable basins which traverse Pennsylvania; it extends from Bedford county through Hunt- ingdon, Juniata, Snyder, Northumberland, Columbia, and Luzerne counties nearly to the Lehigh river, a total length of one hundred fifty miles. Part of this distance it forms the valley of the Juniata; Middleburg is on its southern border and New Berlin on the northern. As it approaches the Sus- quehanna from the west it begins to widen and deepen gradually. Crossing at the confluence of the North and West Branches, the general center line of the trough through Northumberland county may be said to run near Klines - grove and Rushtown. The Shade Mountain (Selinsgrove) anticlinal crosses the Susquehanna two miles below Selinsgrove, one hundred fifty yards south from the one hundred thirty-fifth mile post of the Northern Central railway. Traced east- ward, the main arch enters Shamokin township, continuing about a mile south of Shamokin creek; it crosses that stream about half-way between Reed's and Paxinos stations and passes through Ralpho under the village of Elys- burg. Several subordinate folds occur on its northern slope and one on the southern. The Shamokin synclinal reaches its fullest development in the great AGEICULTUEE. 331 Shamokin coal basin. The center of this trough crosses the Susquehanna two miles above Herndon, five miles in an air line from the crest of the main Selinsgrove anticlinal. The basal members of the Pocono beds make the sum- mit of the mountain which is formed by the united rims of that formation, and, from an abrupt beginning at the river, continue eastward as the Little and Line mountains. The Tuscarora Mountain (Georgetown) anticlinal has a double crest, there being a sharp, narrow, synclinal fold running along the center of the main arch from Georgetown eastward to the western line of Jordan township, where it flattens out. A subordinate fold of considerable extent, crossing the measures two miles and a half below Georgetown, completes the succes- 'sion of anticlinals and synclinals in Northumberland county. The Paleozoic system and its three general subdivisions — the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous — embrace the various strata of this region. Pennsylvania geologists recognize thirteen distinct formations in this system, numbered from I to XIII in order from the lowest. Nos. I, II, and III are included in the Lower Silurian. The lowest bed exposed in this county is the Medina sandstone (No. IV), which occurs in the Upper Silurian, of which the remaining portions open to observation are the Clinton Shales (No. V); Lower Helderberg limestone (No. VI), and Oriskany sandstone (No. VII). Above these in order occur the rocks of the Devonian system — the Hamilton and Chemung slates (No. VIII), and the Catskill group (No. IX) ; and the basal formations of the Carboniferous system — the Pocono sandstone (No. X) and Mauch Chunk red shale (No. XI). As this chapter relates only to the agricultural portion of the county, the rocks of the Car- boniferous system are here treated only incidentally. The Medina sandstone (No. IV) is exposed to view but once in North- umberland county. This occurs in the extreme eastern part of Point town- ship, about two miles below Danville, where the North Branch, veering northward, cuts a great hole from the southern face of Montour ridge, expos- ing a massive sandstone, greenish-gray and red in color, and filled with small quartz pebbles. The Clinton shales (No. V) make a single belt across the county, being thrown into a great arch along the line of the Berwick anticlinal (Montour ridge). The Lower Helderberg limestone (No. VI), though not among the geolog- ical factors of greatest prominence in the county, occurs at various points and almost invariably denotes exceptional fertility. This formation is ele- vated in Delaware township by the Watsontown anticlinal; the line of its basal outcrop is just north from the east and west road which runs from the mouth of Delaware run to the Warrior Run Presbyterian church at the east- ern line of the township. Southward from Delaware run it is obscured by boulders and surface debris, and passes into the air unobserved. Its course 332 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. through Lewis is somewhat irregular, the line of outcrop passing just south of TurbutviUe and crossing the eastern boundary of the county near the southeastern corner of the township. Quarries show their streaks of calcite, probably representing the Bossardville beds. The dark shales of the Storm- ville beds also occur. Limestone ridge, the boundary of Turbut and Chillisquaque, begins at Chillisquaque creek, just west of Washingtonville, Montour county, and extends westward to the West Branch. This elevation is produced by the Milton anticlinal. The Loiver Helderberg, which forms the summit of the ridge, reaches , an altitude of six hundred fifty or seven hundred feet above tide. It is the massive upper portion or Stormville limestone that makes the crest of the ridge, while the Bossardville limestone makes the steep northern slope in Turbut. The latter has been quarried and burned at several localities. Limestone appears at two other localities in that part of Northumberland county above the North Branch. Lower Helderberg crops out in ChiUisqua- que township along the east and west road leading through Montandon and Sodom ; it has been quarried to some extent, and presents many characteris- tics of the Bossardville beds. A Stromatopora bed (so called from the nature of its fossils), is exposed in the vicinity of this outcrop. The other outcrop of Lower Helderberg referred to crosses Point township from east to west at the base of Montour ridge. Both the Bossardville and Bastard varieties are here represented. Limestone valley, on the Susquehanna river in Upper Augusta township, derives its name from the predominating feature of its geological composi- tion, the Lower Helderberg strata of the Selinsgrove anticlinal. These incline at an angle of forty degrees on the northern slope and twenty degrees on the southern. What is here denominated Selinsgrove hmestone is a light gray rock, with dull, irregular fracture, interstratified with much shale. The corresponding shales are represented in this section by a series of light gray beds. The Stormville shale contains some impure, cherty limestone. The Lower Helderberg begins with a bed of bluish-gray, impure limestone. The Bossardville is most valuable for commercial purposes. The Georgetown anticlinal brings the Lower Helderberg to the surface in Lower Mahanoy and Jordan townships; it has a double crest, of which the northern only elevates the limestone within the limits of Jordan. The rock is quarried and burned extensively for agricultural uses. The pure limestones of the Bossardville group are everywhere abruptly terminated below by a succession of buffi.sh-gray, pale green, magnesian, and otherwise impure limestones which have generally been considered as part of the Lower Helderberg series, but which,' from the fact that they are immedi- ately succeeded by other beds which characterize the Salina series in New York, have been classified under that name by Pennsylvania geologists. AGRIOULTUEE. 333 Three groups are recognized: the Upper Salina, consisting of the pale green limestones and limy shales which invariably appear at the base of the Bos- sardville beds; the Middle Salina, which consists of alternating red and greenish shales, limestones, etc. ; and the Loiver Salina, a thick mass of red rocks, usually rather sandy, and often found in steep bluffs, especially where it is cut by streams. The latter variety is very fully represented in the bluffs of Fishing creek at Bloomsburg, and from this circumstance is known as Bloomsburg red shale. In Northumberland county the Salina beds bor- der upon Montour ridge, making a continuous valley on either side, that on the north in Chillisquaque township and that on the south in Point; the variety in both instances is the Lower Salina, or Bloomsburg red shale. The Upper Salina is brought to the surface in Upper Augusta township by the Selinsgrove anticlinal, and in Lower Mahanoy by the Georgetown anticlinal, but in both cases it is restricted to an exceedingly narrow area. The pale green, impure magnesian limestone, calcareous shales, and interstratified red beds of the Upper and Middle Salina occupy the southwestern corner of Lewis and a corresponding area in Delaware, brought to the surface by the Watsontown anticlinal. The same formation is elevated in Turbut by the Milton and Watsontown anticlinals and intermediate folds, which also bring up the Bloomsburg red shale of the Lower Salina in a series of semi- ellipses in Delaware and Turbut. The soil made by these beds, especially the Upper and Middle groups, is exceptionally fertile; the topography is distinguished by a prevailing softness of contour, and a large quantity of lime, as well as other elements of fertility, are set free as the rocks decom- pose. The broad, triangular area of the Salina beds, which, beginning just north of the Milton anticlinal at the western line of Montour county, rapidly widens westward, embracing Turbut and the southern portions of Lewis and Delaware townships, is the richest agricultural territory of Northumberland county. The Oriskany sandstone (No. VII), a formation of the Upper Silurian system, is elevated by each of the five anticlinals that cross the county. In Delaware and Lewis townships it is brought up by the Watsontown anticlinal, and passes from the West Branch to the county line in a general southeast- erly direction, just north of the Lower Helderberg outcrop and parallel with it. It makes the long southern slope of Limestone ridge at the northern line of Chillisquaque township; it is also found at the bases of Montour ridge, making a low ridge through Point township, where its small, hard boulders occur in many localities. The crest of the Selinsgrove anticlinal is formed of Oriskany from the point where the Lower Helderberg subsides to Little Shamokin creek; exposure to atmospheric influences has changed the character of the rock quite perceptibly, bleaching it to a grayish-white color and depriving it of its iron and lime components. The Oriskany of the Georgetown anticlinal is quite massive, exhibiting much less of the cherty character which distinguishes it farther north. 334 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Of the Devonian formations that occur in this county the most widely- diffused are the Hamilton and Chemung (No. VIII). Three types of the Ham- ilton are recognized, distinguished as the Northern, Middle, and Southern, corresponding to their relative geographical positions. The first mentioned extends across Delaware and Lewis townships as part of the elevation of the Watsontown and Milton anticlinals. In Lewis the shales of the Hamilton are described as dark brown in color and nearly horizontal; Marcellus black slates, a cognate variety, also occur. ' In Delaware the Hamilton bottom rocks trend westward in the valley of Delaware run from the township line to the forks of that stream, where they veer northwestward into the valley of the West Branch. North of this line the Hamilton beds stretch out into a broad valley varying in width from one and one half to two miles, the north- ern margin of which is identical with the northern line of the township for some distance east of the river. The Hamilton rocks occiipy a belt about two miles wide across the central portion of Chillisquaque township, and are quite well exposed in the vicinity of Pitzer's school house and the Evangelical church, where dark brown shales crop out along the road. The Marcellus black shale is also exposed. The formation is here the westward extension of the Lackawanna synclinal. A belt also extends through Point township and crosses the North Branch into Push, from which it emerges opposite Dan- ville. In the latter township an exposure of the Tully limestone of this stratum occurs ; it has a dull gray or buff color throughout on weathered sur- faces, but in some of the layers a dark blue is revealed on fresh fracture. The Middle type of Hamilton rocks may be seen on either side of the Selinsgrove anticlinal. It differs from the Northern both in thickness and composition, several new members being intercalated; of these the most im- portant is a sandstone which makes its appearance in the middle of the Ham- ilton group, so thick and massive as to change entirely the topography. In- stead of the valleys that distinguish the Hamilton in Chillisquaque and in Delaware and Lewis there is here a high ridge with a belt of Hamilton on either slope and upon its crest, comprising the larger part of Upper and Lower Augusta, Rockefeller, Shamokin, and Ralpho townships, terminating at the county line. Shamokin creek passes through this formation from a point near Paxinos to its mouth. The wide valley of this stream is excavated inthe Marcellus black slates and the lower portion of the Hamilton. The Southern type is reached after passing south from the Georgetown anticlinal, and extends into every township in the county south of Line mountain. The Hamilton beds, particularly as displayed in their Northern type, are eminently a valley maker, since all of their components — Genesee, Tully, Hamilton, and Marcellus — readily break dovm and disintegrate into soil, the quality of which is excellent, some of the best farms of the county being situated upon this formation. The Chemung (No. VIII) beds cover a belt about two miles broad in the AGRICULTUKE. 335 northern part of Delaware and Lewis townships, extending northward in an undulating plateau far into Lycoming county. A second belt is distinguished in Point, Upper Augusta, and Kush. The range of hills which incloses the valley of Shamokin creek on the north, extending through Upper Augusta and the southern part of Eush, is of Chemung formation; it is elevated by the Selinsgrove anticlinal, and has a counterpart on the southern slope of that axis in the watershed that separates Boile's run and Hollowing run. A con- tinuation of the latter ridge may be seen in the great cliffs of rock along the west bank of Shamokin creek between Paxinos and the mouth of Miller's run. Chemung beds, brought to the surface by the Georgetown anticlinal, cover the southern portion of Jackson and Washington, and a considerable part of Upper and Lower Mahanoy and Jordon. This formation consists of olive-green shale, which readily disintegrates when exposed to atmospheric influences, crumbling into small chips and splinters which soon decompose; or of dark gray, dark olive green, and brown sandstones, sufficiently hard to make high ridges and a succession of ragged cliffs wherever cut by streams. The base of the series rises abruptly from the Hamilton beds, which always border it, and usually makes a high ridge of rocky, barren land, deficient in many desirable agricultural components. The Catskill (No. IX) formation occurs in that part of the county above the North Branch only at the site of Northumberland. At the northern line of Upper Augusta these beds make lofty cliffs, dipping rapidly into the Northumberland synclinal, which occupies the bed of the river at this point. This synclinal spreads a comparatively narrow belt of Catskill across Upper Augusta and Eush; the Shamokin synclinal causes two narrow strips to cross the southern part of the county, one at the northern base of Little mountain and one at the southern base of Line mountain; while a narrow border fringes the extreme south boundary. The character of the rooks composing this stratum is very changeable; in one locality more than two thirds of the whole series may be massive looking, greenish sandstones, with only thin beds of red shale interstratified; while only a few miles distant the green sand- stones disappear and in their stead are found very thick red beds. When shaly and weathered down into a rolling topography, the Catskill beds make a very good soil, which produces excellent crops of oats, grass, and corn, and, when enriched with lime, very fair crops of wheat. Where the beds become very sandy, however, and massive green sandstones predominate,- the country is barren. The PoGono sandstone (No. X) is the material component of Little and Line mountains, the western rim of the Western Middle coal field. This formation is pre-eminently the mountain maker of this region. It usually begins at the top with a very hard grayish or yellowish sandstone, in layers from one to three feet thick, which sometimes contain small pebbles. Beneath this he gray and green sandstones, interstratified with occasional beds of 336 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. shale. It is terminated below by a massive gray and yellowish white con- glomerate, and between this and the Catskill is a group of rocks to which the name of Pocono-Catskill has been applied. The series is exposed at three points in Northumberland county: once in Line mountain, at the gap of Ma- hanoy creek; and twice in Little mountain, at the gaps of Shamokin and Eoaring creeks. At the latter exposures the combined thickness of the Pocono and Pocono-Catskill beds is twelve hundred feet, of which about seven hundred should be considered as belonging to the former. The Mauch Chunk red shale (No. XI) forms the valley between Little and Big mountains, drained in this county by the south branch of Roaring creek. Trout run, Shamokin creek, and Zerbe run; and the valley of Mahanoy creek, between the Shamokin coal basin and Line mountain, em- braced in Camerpn and Little Mahanoy townships. In the latter it possesses fair agricultural qualities. Besides the regular formations described, terraces occur at several points on the rivers of Northumberland county, in which the soils of several strata are combined. A vast deposit of water-worn boulders is found along the bank of the ■ West Branch near the northern line of Delaware township, forming a series of terraces, three in number, the first of which is a narrow shelf along the present channel, of which it is the flood plain; the second, covered with sand and coarse gravel, rises abruptly from the inner margin of the first to the height of forty feet above the river, and extends eastward in a nearly level plain a quarter of a mile; the third rises with an almost pre- cipitous escarpment from the summit of the second to the height of one hundred seventy-five feet above the river, spreading eastward in a gently rising plain, and covered with a mass of boulders. This vast deposit of Pocono, Catskill, Chemung, and Hamilton debris, piled up in a broad terrace along the Susquehanna just where it emerges from the Chemung highlands, is supposed to have been dropped in the eddy formed at the junction of the West Branch with a great river flowing westward along the Hamilton valley during the Flooded River epoch. The corresponding area in Lewis also gives evidence of submersion; a thick deposit of transported boulders occurs all over the Hamilton, Salina, and Lower Helderberg formations, upon the tops of the highest hills^s well as in the valleys, usually resting in an admixture of clay or sand, and may possibly have been dropped from float- ing ice, which, breaking off from the northeastern glacier, carried the material of the terminal moraine over the areas submerged by the Flooded River epoch. Terraces occur at Northumberland, at the respective altitudes of twenty-five, fifty-five, eighty, and one hundred seventy-five feet above the river. Two broad terraces are seen along the North Branch in Point town- ship, both covered with sand and transported boulders, one at an altitude of four hundred fifty-five feet above tide, the other thirty feet higher. ■ A wide terrace spreads out in the vicinity of Sunbury at an elevation of four hun- AGKICULTUBE. 337 dred fifty feet above tide; from the top of this a second slopes rapidly upward; both are covered with small rounded boulders and have evidently been the flood plains of the Susquehanna. In the vicinity of Georgetown a broad, level terrace is seen at an altitude of one hundred twenty-five feet above the level of the river, covered with sand and loam. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAEMING INDUSTEY. Whether the aggregate of capital invested, the amount of labor employed, or the value of its products be considered, agriculture is unquestionably a most important industry; and, from the period when its pursuit was practi- cally universal to the present, it has sustained to every community the rela- tion of a primary and ultimate source of wealth. The dignity of the call- ing has been recognized in all ages; its quiet amenities have been celebrated by the poet and artist since the dawn of literature and art; men of ability and eminence in the cabinet or on the field, at the bar or in the pulpit, and in every department of hmnan activity have been drawn from its ranks. And yet the history of agriculture, although marked by a gradual and certain progress, is singularly deficient in brilliant passages. Pioneer farming involved as a necessary preliminary the removal of the forest. This was principally the accomplishment of physical force. The trees were felled together in double windrows, and after being exposed to the sun and wind several months became so dry that a fire applied at one end would be driven by a proper breeze with incredible rapidity, consuming the interlaced branches and leaving nothing but charred and blackened trunks. These were usually brought together in great heaps and submitted to the burning process until scarcely a vestige remained. Another method was to fell the trees and after lopping off the branches for firewood, drag the logs together and pile them in huge pyramids, in which condition they were con- signed to the flames. Where the growth of timber was not particularly dense, much of the labor was obviated by removing the underbrush and "girdling" the larger trees. The bark was cut from the trunk of the tree in a section about a foot wide, thus depriving the limbs and leaves of sap entirely, and as a result the tree was dead within a brief period. The bark and smaller branches fell to the ground, affording a valuable fertilizer, but the trunk, white and ghastly by exposure to the weather, was allowed to re- main for years in many instances, until wood had acquired some commercial value or the farmer was moved by a desire to improve his land. Farming operations in a field where the trees had been girdled were sometimes attended with distressing fatalities; rotten branches were liable to fall at any time, and the close proximity of the plowman and his team could not arrest the action of the force of gravitation. But if the work of clearing the land was protracted and laborious, the virgin soil responded to the first effort at cultivation with a profusion and 338 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. liberality that compensated largely. The methods of cultivation in vogue at that day were crude in the extreme. The principal implement used in preparing the ground was a "drag" or triangular harrow formed of two pieces of timber united in the form of the letter V; each piece had a number of wooden teeth intended to grub up the soil so as to afEord a lodging place for the grain, but stones and stumps occurred with such frequency that this purpose was only accomplished to a very limited extent. The first crops consisted of corn, oats, wheat, and potatoes. Corn was planted in hiUs and potatoes in rows, while wheat and oats were sown broadcast aiid covered by dragging a tree-top over the field. Of the different cereals com was most readily prepared for consumption or sale and received a corresponding degree of attention. Husking was sometimes done in the field but more frequently at the barn, and the combined energies of the community were often brought to bear upon this work. Grain was cut with a sickle. Harvest time was a season of severe and protracted labor, and it would have been considered impossible to withstand its requirements without resorting to a neighboring distillery for assistance. The threshing and cleaning of wheat involved an amount of labor utterly incommensurate with its marketable value. Sheaves of grain were placed in order on a floor of puncheon or hard clay, where the grain was tramped out by horses or threshed with a flail. This was but one part of the work, however; it still remained to separate the wheat from the chaff, and with no machinery save a riddle or sieve of home construction, this was an almost endless task. Threshing frequently required the farmer's time nearly the whole winter. As already remarked, the transition to present methods was gradual. It would be impossible to indicate definitely the time when the sickle was replaced by the grain cradle, or when the latter was superseded by the reap- ing machine and binder. The plow, originally a ponderous instrument requiring great strength in its manipulation and constructed almost entirely of wood, received ^n succession an iron point, coulter, and mould-board, the first stage in the evolution of the latter being a sheet-iron sheath for the wooden mould-board. The windmill was the first innovation for winnowing wheat; the next was a revolving cylinder to take the place of the flail, and afforded an opportunity to utilize horse power; the combination of these two machines, with such modifications as experience has suggested and ingenuity devised, has resulted in the modern threshing machine. The grain drill, at first clumsily provided with an apparatus to regulate the amount of seed sown, was introduced almost as soon as the general condition of the land would permit its use. The mowing machine has taken the place of the scythe, while the hay-rake, tedder, and hay-fork relegate much of the hardest labor in connection with this department of farm work to the past. The application of manure as a measure of restoring and sustaining the fertility of the soil has been continued, but commercial fertilizers have also come into AGEICULTUEE. 339 general use as a means of further accomplishing this purpose. Eotation of crops, scientific methods of drainage, and other departures of a similar nature have followed as the natural result of careful and intelligent experi- ment, placing the :^arming community of Northumberland county in a posi- tion to compare favorably with any other in this part of the State. The introduction of domestic animals into the region that now comprises Northumberland county occurred before its settlement began. Horses were first brought by Indian traders, and subsequently owned by Shikellimy, his sons, and other Indians at ShamoMn. After the erection of Fort Augusta, cattle, sheep, and hogs were brought thither in herds from the lower counties for the use of the garrison. The first settlers usually brought only a few domestic animals with them. The number of acres of improved land, and of horses, cows, sheep, indentured servants, and slaves assessed in Augusta and Turbut townships — in the former, 1774; in the latter, prior to 1775 — which then comprised the present area of the county, was as follows: — Township. Acres. Horses. Cows. Sheep. Servants. Slaves. Augusta 676 2265 135 261 172 811 43 37 11 21 1 Turbut 4 Total 2941 396 483 80 32 5 The largest improved farms in Augusta township were those of Ellis Hughes — forty acres, three horses, and eight cows; Charles Gough — thirty acres, two horses, four cows, and ten sheep; John Clark — thirty acres, two horses, three cows, and one servant; Samuel Weiser — thirty acres, two horses, and three cows ; John Shaffer — twenty-five acres, two horses, and two cows ; and Henry Cliver — twenty-five acres, one horse, and two cows. The follow- ing is a similar exhibit for Turbut township: William Plunket — one hundred fifty acres, four horses, eight cows, six sheep, two servants, and one slave; Matthew Cunningham — fifty acres, one horse, and two cows; Alexander Ful- lerton — fifty acres, two horses, and two cows; Eichard Malone — fifty acres, two horses, four cows, three sheep, and one servant; John Neilson — fifty acres, three horses, two cows, and one servant; James McMahan — fifty acres, three horses, three cows, and one servant; John Murray — fifty acres, two horses, and two cows; Charles Lomax — forty-three acres, one horse, and one cow; Paul Geddis — forty acres, three horses, and four cows; Thomas Hewitt — forty acres, three horses, three cows, and one servant; Robert Moodie — thirty-four acres, two horses, three cows, and one servant; Richard Irwin — thirty acres, two horses, and two cows; David Chambers — thirty acres, one horse, and one qow; David Carson — ^thirty acres, one horse, and one cow; Thomas Jordan — thirty acres, one horse, and two cows; Thomas Lemon — thirty acres, two horses, and three cows; John Montgomery— thirty acres, two horses, four cows, and six sheep; Robert McCuUy— thirty acres, two 340 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. \ horses, and three cows; Barnabas Parson — thirty acres and one servant; Philip Davis — twenty-six acres, two horses, and two cows, and Adam Mann — twenty-five acres, two horses, three cows, and six sheep. In the foregoing list the number of acres, horses, cows, sheep, servants, aijd slaves accredited to each improved farm of twenty-five or more acres is given. The First Nurseries in Northumberland county for the propagation of improved varieties of fruit trees were established early in the present cent- ury. In an advertisement in the Northumberland Gazette of October 26, 1801, Eobert Caldwell, of Limestone run, Turbut township, states that he has " a nursery of yoimg apple trees now fit for planting out, of excellent kinds, both summer and winter fruit. The said plants are but three years old and from seven to eight feet high. There have been one hundred of them planted out last spring and aU grow well. They wiU be sold at six pence each plant." In the issue of the same paper for October 23, 1802, Joseph Priestley, Jr. advertises a collection of the best kind of apple, pear, plum, cherry, nectarine, apricot, peach, and other varieties of fruit trees, procured from different parts of the United States and propagated at his nursery in Northumberland. Condition of the Farming Interests in 1845. — The following extracts from a report of the county commissioners to the State board of revenue commissioners, transmitted under date of February 28, 1845, contain some interesting particulars regarding the condition of the farming industry at that time: — " We have made the following division of the lands in said county, as follows : — Good, 11,730 acres, valued at |50 per acre $ 586,500.00 Middling, 41,062 " " " 30 " " 1,231,860.00 Poor, 109,970 " " " 15 " " 1,649,550.00 Worthless, 51,310 " " " 4 " " 205,340.00 Total, 214,072 " " " 13,673,150.00 " The whole amount of acres of seated and unseated lands in said county is: Seated .' 214,073 Acres, Unseated 73,945 Acres. " The above is as near as can be ascertained from the books. " We believe that the lands in said county have been assessed about ten per cent, below their real values. " We believe that the price of lands in said county has declined at least twenty per cent, in value within the last five years. " We do not believe that the canals and railroads of the Commonwealth have advanced or lowered the price of lands materially in said county. " There has been no reduction made in the assessed value of the lands in the several townships and boroughs in said county generally; but the value has been reduced in some individual instances and raised in others — with the exception of Turbut township being reduced one fifth in 1842. AGEICULTUEE. 341 " We believe there has been no increase in value of the unseated lands in general by clearing and improvements; but on seated lands there has been an increase of value by clearing and improvements, to what extent v?e can not say. " Baltimore and Philadelphia are considered the principal markets for the coal and produce of our county. " The average yield in our county is perhaps from ten to fifteen bushels of wheat; rye, ten; oats, thirty; corn, thirty bushels, per acre. "The price for agricultural produce in our county is as follows: wheat, seventy -five cents; rye, forty cents; corn, thirty- three cents; and oats, twenty cents, per bushel. "We have no cash market for the produce in our county; generally the cost for taking our produce to a cash market is from fourteen to sixteen cents per bushel. " The average price for stock is as follows: for horses, forty dollars; cattle, ten dollars; sheep, one dollar and a half per head; and hogs, three cents per pound. " The price of lumber in our county is about from seven to eight dollars per thousand; iron, none; limestone and salt, none; coal at the pit's mouth is worth about one dollar and a quarter to send to market. " The lands in our county will yield a rent of about five and one half per cent, on the assessed value, and on the selling value five per cent." A&BICULTUKAL SOCIETIES. The Northumberland County Agricultural Society (the first of that name and the first in the county) was organized on the 24th of May, 1851 ; the following is a transcript of the minutes, the original of which is yet in possession of W. I. Greenough, the first secretary: — Pursuant to public notice, a large number of farmers and others assembled at the court house in Sunbury on Saturday, the 24th instant, at two o'clock p. m., for the pur- pose of organizing an agricultural society for the county of Northumberland. On motion of the Hon. George C. Welker, Samuel Hunter was appointed president, and on motion of William L. Dewart, the meeting was organized by the appointment of the following officers: — President, Samuel Hunter. Vice-Presidents: George C. Welker, Peter Oberdorf, Jacob Seasholtz, J. W. Leighou, Jacob Hilbush, Amos E. Kapp. Secretaries: W. I. Greenough, William B. Kipp, David Taggart. The president, on taking his seat, returned his thanks for the honor conferred upon him, and briefly stated the object of the meeting. On motion of David Taggart, a committee of five persons was appointed to prepare and report a constitution for an agricultural society for Northumberland county; the president appointed the following: David Taggart, William B. KiiDp, James Cameron, Samuel John, and Alexander Jordan. The committee, after some delay, reported the following constitution, which was read and unanimously adopted. The constitution was then signed by the following members: M. Barnhart, David 342 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Taggart, William B. Kipp, W. I. Greenough, James Cameron, Alexander Jordan, Jacob Seasholtz, Jesse C. Horton, Peter Oberdorf, Amos E. Kapp, Samuel Hunter, Samuel John, George C. Welker, Jacob Hilbush, J. B. Masser, J. W. Leighou, William McCarty, Joseph Weitzel, William L. Dewart, Hugh Bellas, William D. Gearhart, Martin Gass, Philip Kenn, George Conrad, Charles Weaver, Eobert Campbell, Joseph R. Priestley, Elida John, C. Bower, Thomas H. Watts, Elias Brosius, John B. Pleller, Charles Gobin, G. M. Yorks, James Covert, John P. Pursel, Francis Gibson, and William H. Leighou. On motion, it was resolved that all the editors of newspapers published in the county be members of this society. The society then proceeded to an election of officers for the ensuing year, and the following persons were elected: — President, Samuel Hunter, of Upper Augusta. Vice-Presidents: James Cameron, of Chillisquaque; Joseph K. Priestley, of North- umberland; George C. Welker, of Sunbury; Jacob Seasholtz, of Upper Augusta; Will- iam B. Kipp, of Rush; Jacob Hilbush, of Jackson; John Montgomerj^, of Lewis. Recording secretary, W. I. Greenough; corresponding secretary, David Taggart; treasurer, William L. Dewart; librarian, William McCarty. On motion, committees for each township in the county were appointed to obtain members for the society; the chair appointed the several committees as follows: — Lewis. — John Montgomery, William Tweed, Kerr Reepert, Michael Reader. Delaware. — Jacob Stiltzel, John Kase, John McCormick, John F. Dentler, Elijah Crawford. Chillisquaque. — John H. Vincent, William Nesbit, Reuben Troxel, John Voris, .James Cameron. Tnrbut. — William FoUmer, Charles Riddle, Anthony Armstrong, Philip Billmyer. Milton.— James Pollock, Samuel Binn, Thomas Mackey, William McCleery, Sam- uel Hepburn. Point— Joseph Van Kirk, Jesse C. Horton, Anthony Watson, W. H. Leighou, Thomas H. Watts. Northumberland.— Amos E. Kapp, Joseph R. Priestley, David Taggart, Charles Kay. Sunbury.— George Weiser, William McCarty, Alexander Jordan, William L. Dew- art, Benjamin Hendricks. Upper Augusta.— James Funston, Elisha Kline, Jacob Eckman, Jacob Seasholtz. Lower Augusta.— George Conrad, Samuel Lantz, John Yordy, Thomas Snyder, Jo- seph Weitzel. Rush.— William D. Gearhart, William H. Kase, William G. Scott, James Eckman, Charles Kase. Coal.— William Fagely, Daniel Evert, William M. Weaver. Little Mahanoy.— George Peifer, Jacob Raker, Daniel Dornsife, Peter Sholly. Jackson.— Jacob Hilbush, William Deppen, William Zartman, Daniel Hilbush, John Wert. Upper Mahanoy.— Daniel Hine, Felix Maurer, Peter Beisel, Peter Brosius. Lower Mahanoy.— George Brosius, Michael Lenker, Jacob Spatz, Adam Binge- man. Shamokin.— Jacob Leisenring, William H. Muensch, H. H. Teats, Samuel John, David Martz, George Mills. Cameron.— George Long, David Billman, John Hine. The society then proceeded to an election of managers for the ensuing year, and the following persons were duly elected; Rush, James Eckman; Shamokin, Samuel John; Upper Augusta, Peter Oberdorf; Lower Augusta, George Conrad; Coal, William ^^;^^iW^^^, AGBICULTUEE. 345 Fagely; Jackson, William Deppen; Upper Mahanoy, Bonneville Holshue; Lower Ma- hanoy, Michael Lenker; Little Mahanoy, Isaac Raker; Cameron, George Long; Sun- bury, Alexander Jordan; Northumberland, Amos E. Kapp; Point, Jesse C. Horton; Chillisquaque, John B. Heller; Delaware, Henry J. Reader; Turbut, Charles Riddle;. Lewis, Samuel Sherman; Milton, James Pollock. On motion, it was resolved that the proceedings be published in the several papers. of the county. On motion, it was resolved that the recording secretary send to each member of the township committees a paper containing these proceedings. On motion, the society adjourned to meet again at the court house on the first Monday of August next at two o'clock p. m. W. I. Gbebnotjgh, Secretary. The first fair* was held on the 17th of October, 1851, on land of W. L Greenough at the upper end of Second street north of Eace. The grounds embraced about four acres, and were surrounded by a post fence; by the terms of the constitution, only members were permitted to make exhibits, which were required to be produced or manufactured in the county; each exhibitor was charged for the privilege of making such exhibit, and from the funds thus accruing and annual membership dues the premiums were paid. The grand jury room in the "state house" was used for the exhibit of needle work, fancy goods, and similar articles. The first fair was largely attended, and was regarded as a complete success; but the exhibits were principally from the northern part of the county, and the payment of bridge toll caused many citizens of that section to refrain from attending after the first enthusiasm had abated, and although fairs were held in 1852, 1853, 1854, and 1855, the enterprise languished, and in 1856 the place of holding the exhibitions was changed to Milton, where a local organization of some strength was developed, and fairs were held annually for some years; in 1868 the exhibition was re- moved to TurbutviUe, but the length of time it was continued there has not been ascertained. The Augustaville Farmers' and Mechanics' Association was organized on the 1st of January, 1870, with Elias Emerick, president; S. H. Zimmerman, vice-president, and W. H. Homing, secretary. The word " Horticultural " also appears in the title a short time later. It has not been ascertained how long the association sustained an active existence. The Northumberland County Agricultural Society was incorporated, No- vember 17, 3871, with the following officers: Joseph Bird, president; John McParland, vice-president; G. W. Armstrong, secretary; Lemuel Shipman, corresponding secretary; J. H. McCormick, treasurer, and John H. Vincent, *In 1802 a supplement to the charter of the borough of Sunbury was secured, authorizing the holding of annual fairs, and Theodoras Kiehl, chief burgess, advertized in the Northumberland Ga- zette that the first fair would be held on the 2d and 3d of November in that year, when " persons wLshing to dispose of horses, cattle, wagons, carts, or farming utensils of any kind " were assured of sufficient accommodations. Tills was, in the sense in which the word was then used, the first fair in the county. 20 346 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. assistant recording secretary. Grounds were leased from the Northern Central Eailway Company at Sunbury and buildings erected thereon, but the enterprise does not appear to have been a success. The Union Park and Agricultural Association was organized, April 7, 1873, with Solomon Malick, president; Isaac Campbell, vice-president; Philip H. Moore, recording secretary; Lemuel Shipman, corresponding sec- retary; George B. Cadwallader, treasurer, and William A. Sober, librarian. The buildings erected at Sunbury by the Northumberland County Agricult- ural Society (the second of that name) were secured, and the first fair was held in October, 1873, when the gross receipts amounted to twenty -three hundred dollars, of which thirteen hundred were paid out in premiums. The fairs were continued as late as 1878, and perhaps longer. The Milton Driving Park and Fair Association was organized in 1885 with the following officers: president, W. Kramer; vice-president, Samuel HofEa; secretary, W. B. Chamberlin, and treasurer, W. A. Heinen. The grounds comprise twenty -five acres, of which seven are owned by the society. The first fair was held, October 14-17, 1885; the exhibitions have since been continued annually. The constitution prohibits any form of gambling what- ever, and the fairs of this society have maintained a high moral character throughout. It is recognized by the State Department of Agriculture as the county fair for Northumberland county, and receives the annual appropria- tion provided by law. The Shamokin Agricultural and Driving Park Association was organized on the 1st of April, 1889, with George S. Fisher, president; M. H. Kulp, secretary, and John Schabo, treasurer, who, with John Mullen, Edwin Lud- low, WilHam Beury, John P. Helfenstein, Joseph Wolf, and Darlington E. Kulp, (elected April 5th), constituted the first directory. The association was incorporated. May 6, 1889, with an authorized capital of ten thousand dollars. The first races occurred on the 8th of August, 1889, and the first fair, September 10-14, 1889. The grounds are situated in Ralpho township, two miles from Shamokin; the improvements include a half-mile track, stables, and a road- house. THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 347 CHAPTER X. THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. Impobtancb op Coal — Its Location — Names of the Veins — Their Position and Chabaotbk — A Walk from the Weigh Scales to the Cameron Colliery — Ascent of the Great Culm Bank — A Talk with the Inside Foreman About THE Coal Formation — Fdrthbb Description of the Sixteen Veins Found IN This Region — A Section of the Measdiies — Depth of the Shamokin Coal Basin — A Short Description of the Districts and Basins.— Production of THE Three Districts — The Question, "How Long AVill Our Coal Sutply Last?" Answered. by dr. j. j. john. A LTHOUGH the United States is noted for the great variety and abun- /~\ dance of its productions, yet without the aid of this valuable fuel, how could these products be converted into the means of comfort and wealth ? Without the use of coal how could we now carry on our business in all its varied departments ? How could we put to work the thousands of our people in manufacturing the many articles and implements that we need in extend- ing our dominion over our wide domain ? How could we furnish the neces- sary power to aid skill, enterprise, and capital in its efforts, were it not for the "black diamonds" that lay hidden beneath our soil? Coal is indeed the foundation of our prosperity and civilization. It is the most important factor that we possess to furnish power. Its value to the country is beyond all calculation. Its sudden loss would be irreparable. It is said that three hundred pounds of coal will produce power equal to the labor of one man for one year. By the census of 1880 we are informed that the annual production of coal at that time was seventy million tons. Apply forty million tons of this to heating and lighting and the smelting of metals, and the balance to furnishing motor power, and we will have the work of two billions of men performed without the tax of food and clothing. The wealth and prosperity of a country depend largely upon the abun- dance of coal. Pennsylvania with her large supply of mineral fuel is far more wealthy than those countries that abound in the precious metals. Pro- fessor Newberry says: — By the power developed from coal all the wheels of industry are kept in motion, commerce is carried with rapidity and certainty over all portions of the earth's surface, the useful metals are brought from the deep caves in which they have hidden them- selves, and are purified and wrought to serve the purposes of man. By coal, night is converted into day, winter into summer, and the life of man, measured by its fruits. 348 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. greatly prolonged. Wealth, with all the comforts, the luxuries, and the triumphs it brings, is its gift. Though black, sooty, and often repulsive in its aspects, it is the embodiment of a power more potent than that attributed to the genii. Its possession is, therefore, the highest material boon that can be craved by a community or nation. " Dark anthracite ! that reddenest on my hearth, Thou in those inland mines didst slumher long. But now thou art come forth to move the earth, And put to shame the men that mean thee wrong; Thou Shalt be coals of fire to those that hate thee And warm the shins of all that under-rate thee. " Yea, they did wrong thee foully— they, who moek'd Thy honest face and said thou wouldst not burn, Of hewing thee to chimney-pieces talked. And grew profane— and swore, in bitter scorn, That men might to thy inner caves retire, And there, unsinged, abide the day of fire. " Yet is thy greatness nigh. Thou too shalt be Great in thy turn— and wide shall spread thy fame And swiftly— farthest Maine shall hear of thee, And cold New Brunswick gladden at thy name. And, faintly through its sleets, the weeping isle, That sends the Boston folks their cod, shall smile. " For thou Shalt forge vast railways, and shalt heat The hissing rivers into steam, and drive Huge masses from thy mines, on iron feet Walking their steady way, as if alive. Northward, till everlasting ice besets thee, And south, as far as the grim Spaniard lets thee. " Thou Shalt make mighty engines swim the sea, Like its own monsters— boats that for a guinea, Will take a man to Havre— and shall be The moving soul of many a spinning jenny. And ply thy shuttles, till a bard can wear As good a suit of broadcloth as the may'r." Nearly all the anthracite coal of America, of which over thirty-five mill- ion tons are now annually mined and shipped, comes from one small district in the eastern part of Pennsylvania. The several coal fields that constitute this district and furnish the enormous tonnage just named, if brought closely together would represent a small space on the map of our State. It would only be a little section of mountainous territory, about twenty miles wide and twenty-five miles long, giving an area of five hundred square miles. This ter- ritory represents about one ninety- secondth part of the entire area of the State, and is not much larger than our own county, which contains four hundred sixty square miles. This anthracite territory lies between the Susquehanna and Delaware rivers and is principally included in the counties of Northum- berland, Schuylkill, Dauphin, Columbia, Carbon, Luzerne, and Lackawanna. The reader, on first reflection, will hardly believe that such vast wealth and such large annual outputs can possibly be drawn from so small a section of country, with an acreage barely sufi&cient to form a county of moderate size. But on careful reference to maps and reports he will find the statements are correct and will soon come to the conclusion that the anthracite coal region, THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 349 though barren and forbidding in appearance, is really the richest section of our Commonwealth. Different authorities have given different divisions of the anthracite region, but they are practically the same in results. The following division in five distinct coal fields, with square miles and ton- nage, is thought to be as satisfactory as any: — 1st, or Southern coal field, 140 sq. mi., 10^ of production. 2d, or Northern coal field, 200 sq. mi., 50^ of production. 3d, or Western Middle coal field, 90 sq. mi., 25^ of production. 4th, or Eastern Middle coal field, 40 sq. mi., 15^ of production. 5th, or "Western Northern coal field, 80 sq. mi. Total 500 sq. mi. 100^. The third, or Western Middle 'coal field, is composed of two parts, the Mahanoy or Eastern district of forty square miles and the Shamokin or West- ern district of fifty square miles. The Shamokin district, the part that is treated of in this chapter, embraces that portion of the Western Middle coal field that is in Northumberland county, and represents about one tenth of the entire anthracite region. This territory is contained in Coal, Mt. Carmel, and Zerbe townships, with outcrops of the Buck Mountain and Lykens Val- ley veins in Cameron township. The greater part of this district is drained by Shamokin creek and its tributaries. This district is divided by several anticlinals into a number of basins, of which more will be said in another part of the article. The Shamokin coal district is bounded on the north by the Big mountain, and on the south by the Locust and Mahanoy mountains. It is about two and one half miles in width and twenty miles in length, ex- tending from the county line on the east to a point about two miles west of Trevorton, where the basin terminates and the underlying Mauch Chunk red shale comes to the surface. There are some sixteen veins found in this dis- trict, the average total thickness of which is said to exceed sixty feet. NOMENCLATURE OP VEINS. It is thought proper at this point to give the names of the coal seams that are found in our region. Professor Lesley states that it is useless and impossible, until we are better acquainted with the subject, to prepare a nomenclature that will satisfactorily apply to all the anthracite coal fields. The writer has adopted the plan used by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, believing it to be the best adapted for the present pur- pose. In this plan the seams are designated by numbers, to which are added the local names given to them in Schuylkill county and Shamokin. Beginning at the top of the coal formation in our region and descending to and into the conglomerate the nomenclature will appear as follows: — 350 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. No. 17, Little Tracy. No. 8, Mammotli-Lower Split or Daniel. 16, Tracy. " T, Skidmore or Tape Vein. 15, Little Diamond. " 6, Seven Feet. 14, Diamond. " 5, Buck Mountain. 13, Little Orcliard. " 3 and 4, Lykens Valley— Upper. 12, Orchard. " 1 and 3, Lykens Valley— Lower. 11, Primrose. Pottsville Conglomerate. 10, Holmes or Church or Black Heath. Mauch Chunk Bed Shale. 9, Mammoth-Upper Split or Crosby. Pocono Sandstone. Mammoth-Middle Split or Lelar. POSITION AND CHAEACTEE 01' THE VEINS AT SHAMOKIN. In order to obtain a clear idea of this subject, suppose we start at the Weigh Scales, located in the gap of the Little mountain. This mountain represents the No. X or Pocono sandstone formation, the outermost rim of the Shamokin coal basin, which at this point is about six hundred feet in thick- ness. Crossing over to the roadbed of the Reading railroad, we will leis- urely pursue our course towards the city of Shamokin. In so doing we will cross diagonally a narrow valley (Brush valley), which lies between Little and Big mountains. This represents No. XI or the Mauch Chunk red shale, and is the filling between the outer and inner rims of the coal basin. The thick- ness of this red shale filling is supposed to be two thousand feet. Proceed- ing on towards Shamokin, We leave this valley and enter the gap of the Big mountain. One of the finest opportunities for the study of geology of the coal formations is now presented to us. The Shamokin creek, which has its source in the eastern part of the basin, and in its course thus far has fol- lowed the great trough of coal, here suddenly deflects to the north and breaks through the two rocky barriers of the coal basin and makes its way through older formations to the Susquehanna. At this point we have the east and west walls of the Big mountain to study. Here, as we leave the red shale, we meet No. XII, the Pottsville conglomerate, the inner rim of the basia, which here measures about six himdred feet in thickness. At this point the measures are so well exposed by the grading of the Reading railroad and the improvements of the Cameron colliery located here, that but little diffi- culty is met in studying their general character. We here find that the rocks have a south pitch from forty to fifty degrees. While standing at this point we will notice that the veins at Shamokin may be divided into three series, as follows: — 1st. — The underlying veins of Lykens Valley and Buck Mountain repre- sented by Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 imbedded in the Pottsville conglomerate. 2d. — The middle veins, consisting of the Seven Feet, Skidmore, and Mam- moth, being 6, 7, 8, and 9, lying between the Pottsville conglomerate and an upper small pebble conglomerate. 3d. — The upper lying veins, consisting of the Holmes, Primrose, Orchard, THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 351 etc., lying between the small conglomerate, and the slates and shales for covering. The first and third series are principally red and pink ash, and the second series white or gray ash. While standing here we notice that the northern outcrop of the Lykens Valley takes place on the crest of the Big mountain, and a short distance down on the south side the Buck Mountain comes to the surface and disap- pears. Lower down the mountain the outcrops of the Skidmore, Mammoth, Holmes, Primrose, and Orchard will successively appear in regular order. A few hours spent at this interesting geological point, in company with some intelligent miner, will afford the student a better and more practical knowledge of our coal formation than days spent in poring over works that treat learnedly upon the subject, but often only to confuse the reader. Mr. WiUiam H. Marshall, a prominent practical geologist of this region some forty years ago, remarked to the writer, that the best lessons he ever had on the coal measures were obtained in a similar manner. The lowest depth of coal formation in the Shamokin district is said to be at or near the gap, in Shamokin, though some experienced miners contend it is at the Henry Clay basin. The depth of the coal basin at Shamokin is supposed to exceed one thousand seven hundred feet below water level, to which add the vertical height of Big mountain of eight hundred feet more will give clear run of two thousand five hundred feet. The level of the creek at the Cameron colUery is six hundred ninety feet above tide, and the top of Big mountain at this point is eight hundred ten feet above the creek. The reader now, in company with the experienced inside foreman, will be asked to ascend the great culm bank that stands at the Cameron colliery, and which so well represents the enormous wastage that is connected with mining. This towering pile of fine coal, slate, and dirt is of itself a curi- osity, an object that never fails to attract the attention of strangers on their first visit to our city. The ascent is steep, but, by gradual stages of walking and rest, the summit is reached. But what a scene is spread before his eyes 1 Surprise and pleasure will greet him at one and the same time. A large section of the Shamokin coal field will lay spread out before him, divided into basins and sub-basins, showing surface and contour, elevation and depression, dips and saddles, as fully in many respects as if drawn from maps and books. The view will be a perfect object lesson in geology. His miner teacher will now commence his instruction to an interested pupil with only the book of Nature to study from. Only a brief abstract of this lesson can be given in this article. His attention will be first called to notice the many breakers that can be seen from this point, made prominent in the distance by the ascending columns of steam from their works. Here at the base of the bank is the Cameron, one of the finest breakers in the region. Looking southward and 352 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. "westward, the Neilson, Bear Valley, Burnside, and others are to be seen. Turning more to the east, the Henry Clay and Buck Kidge are to be seen in the distance, and still further eastward, the Luke Fidler, Enterprise, and other collieries may be partly discerned. The story of the coal formation of this region will then be told, illus- trated by objects that meet the vision on every side. Looking to the south, the entire basin will be seen spread out as a panorama, and turning east and west a large portion of the great coal trough can be examined by the eye. Shamokin as a town, with its fine churches and school houses, will be lost sight of, and only referred to occasionally as a reference of location, while the great work of Nature in her wonderful storage of fuel, will be talked about. Again he will be reminded that he is in a great trough or basin in which are stored away some sixteen layers of coal, of various thickness, at different depths, with the lowest seam far down in the solid rock at least two thousand five hundred feet from the present point. He will be told that this storage of fuel is protected on its sides and bottom by a massive rim of conglomerate of some six hundred feet in thick- ness, and extending down in the earth about seven hundred feet below the sea level. His attention will then be called to a hill south of the Shamokin cemetery, on the Bellas tract, now occupied by the Philadelphia and Beading Coal and Iron Company. 'His companion will state that this hill is one of the highest points in the State, though not more than one thousand two hun- dred feet above tide. He will wonder at this, as the elevation is not greater than at the point he stands on, and considerably lower than some of the moxmtains around him, and he will question the correctness of the state- ment. He will be answered that the height is meant in a geological sense and not a physical one. The mountains at Hazelton have a much greater elevation above the level of the ocean, but in the coal formation are much lower than this hill and do not possess the upper coal measures. Here on this hill all the coal seams from No. 17 down to No. 1 of the Lykens Valley are found, which is possibly one of the few spots in the Middle coal field of which this can be said. At this stage in the lesson course the reader asks how can the veins be distinguished from each other? They are all coal, and all anthracite has a common appearance no matter from what seam it is taken. , Every chunk of coal from any of the breakers possesses the same com- mon properties, black in color, metallic luster, vitreous fracture, and con- choidal shape. Their chemical properties are practically alike— the same percentage of carbon and vola,tile matter. How then do you know how or when to call a vein Skidmore at the Cameron, and another at the Henry Clay the Mammoth? Upon a few moments of reflection the experienced inside foreman answered that this was sometimes a very difficult matter, and had been the occasion of many disputes. Operators have been known to misname an infe- THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 353 rior coal for some popular one that is asked for in the market. But in our region the locations of the veins are pretty well established. In the first place, the qualities and position of the Mammoth, the Buck Mountain, and Xiykens Valley are so prominent and well known that they serve as guides in placing the others. Suppose a vein is found between the Mammoth and the Lykens Valley. If the conglomerate on which it rests is composed of small pebbles we know it is the Buck Mountain. If immediately below the Mammoth it is the Skidmore, if below the Skidmore it is the Seven Feet. Above the Mammoth, which is the principal seam of all coal fields, a vein may be determined by its number from it — if the vein is the next above, it is the Holmes. Again, the vein may be determined by its size, ash, and the slates or coverings, principally the last. Some years ago, Kimber Cleaver, the eminent engineer of our region, conceived the idea that the veins might be distinguished by the fossils on the slates covering such veins. There may be something in this but it would require some study to know how to utilize it. A few of the veins may be recognized by the iron ore seams that follow them. As before stated, there are some seventeen coal veins found in the Sha- mokin coal field, besides several coal leaders, one or two of which are largely enough developed at places to be worked. DESCRIPTION OP THE COAL VEINS. The following is a brief description of each vein, commencing with the surface and descending regularly to the bottom measures: — No. 17 — Little Tracy. — ^A red ash vein, the uppermost one found in the Shamokin region. It is only found in a small basin on the Bellas tract, on a hiU immediately south of the Shamokin cemetery. The vein is about five feet thick, but has not been worked anywhere in our region on account of insufficient top. No. 16 — Tracy. — A red ash vein, underlying the Little Tracy, about five feet in thickness. It is a fair coal and has been worked at the Eoyal Oak, Franklin Gowen, and Clinton collieries. No. 15 — Little Diamond. — A red ash vein, of small size and only worked in a few places where it reaches the thickness of five 'feet. It was worked at the Lambert, and at the Luke Pidler colliery by John Eosser in 1852. No. 14 — Diamond. — Another red ash vein, running from five to seven feet of coal in places. It was opened and worked at the Clinton, Alpha, Marshall, and Lambert collieries. A medium coal. No. 13 — Little Orchard. — A pink ash coal, worked at Peerless, Lambert, and Royal Oak collieries. Faulty in places. About six feet thick. No. 12 — Orchard. — A red ash coal of about six feet thickness. Worked at Peerless, Luke Fidler, Cameron, Garfield, and the old Lambert coUiery. No. 11 — Primrose. — A celebrated red ash coal, highly valued in the S54 HISTOEt OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. markets. This was the first vein opened and worked in the Shamokin region, and was named the Boyd vein. It was first worked in the bed of the Shamokin creek between Spurzheim and Webster streets, where the coal was exposed by the action of the water. It was called John Boyd's stone coal quarry. For many years this coal was quarried out of the creek and bank by farmers of the vicinity. The vein opened at the old furnace by the Shamokin Coal and Iron Company in 1839 is said by some practical miners to be the famous Primrose, but others contend that this coal belongs to a higher numbered vein which was afterward worked out by the Tillets. It was used by the Shamokin furnace in 1841 in smelting iron, being the third or fourth anthracite furnace erected in this country. The vein was in 1853 reported to be sixty feet thick and was called the famous Boyd vein. This vein was worked by the Daniel Webster, Luke Fidler, and Cameron collieries, and was the main dependence of the George Fales, Lambert, and Peerless collieries. Average thickness, from six to eight feet. No. 10 — Holmes. — A reddish gray ash coal, of five feet in thickness. It is largely worked at the Cameron and Peerless collieries. Nos. 9 and 8 — Mammoth. — This is the principal coal seam of the anthra- cite coal regions and is of general distribution. In some places the seams are united in one vein as at Locust Gap, measuring as high as sixty feet in thick- ness. In our region the vein is divided in three splits. No. 9 being the upper split. No. 8 the lower split, and the middle split between them. No. 8 is the most reliable vein. Nos. 8 and 9 run about eight feet each and the middle split about two feet. A white ash coal of superior value. No. 7 — Skidmore. — A white ash coal, five feet thick — not reliable, princi- pally worked at the Cameron, where it is called the Tape vein. Produces a good coal at the Cameron, Alaska shaft, and Mt. Carmel collieries. It is well adapted for furnace use. No. 6 — Seven Feet. — A white ash coal of six feet, worked at the Cameron colliery. No. 5 — Buck Mountain. — A red ash coal, from five to ten feet in thick- ness. A good coal. Worked at the Cameron and Corbin collieries. Lykens Valley Veins. — A red ash coal from six to nine feet in thickness, being the bottom veins of the coal measures. Worked at the Cameron, Enterprise, Ben Franklin, and Trevorton collieries. Not fully developed in our region. At Trevorton twelve feet thick and fully developed. A SECTION OF THE MEASURES. To illustrate this subject more fully and show the nature of the Shamokin coal basin, we give the following table, as taken from Eeports of Second Geological Survey, showing the thickness of coal veins and intervening strata from vein No. 16 to No. 2 of Lykens Valley: — THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 355 No. 16 Vein 5 feet Strata 21 feet Strata 63 feet Middle Split 8 feet " 15 Vein 5 feet Strata 13 feet Strata 79 feet No. 8 Lower Split 5 feet " 14 Vein 8 feet Strata 59 feet 7 Vein 4 feet Strata 30 feet Coal Leader 1 foot Strata 55 feet 18 Vein 6 feet Strata 70 feet 13 Vein ; 4 feet Strata 226 feet 11 Vein 7 feet Strata 186 feet 10 Vein 6 feet Strata 166 feet Total 1557 feet 9 Upper Split 8 feet Recapitulation : Coal 79 feet Strata 1478 feet Strata 34 feet 6 Vein 3 feet Strata 53 feet 5 Vein 3 feet Strata 81 feet 4 Vein 3 feet Strata 342 feet 2 Vein 3 feet Total 1557 feet The veins differ in thickness at various collieries and the above will prob- ably give a fair average of thickness in our region. The Mammoth generally occurs in two splits, but at Bear Valley, Enter- prise, and a few other places it appears in three splits. The average thick- ness of the Mammoth in this section is about nineteen feet of coal in our region, though it is reported in places farther east to have reached the enor- mous thickness of ninety feet. The bottom of the Shamokin coal basin is said to be about one thousand feet below the level of the sea. Add to this the height of the Shamokin mountain, which is one thousand five hundred feet above tide, and we have a perpendicular depth of two thousand five hundred feet for the Lykens Valley veins. The shaft at the Neilson colliery is down about one thousand two hundred twenty feet, reaching the Mammoth veins, or about five hundred feet below the sea level. By the above table they will yet probably descend five hundred eighty-five feet to reach the Lykens Valley veins, or about five hundred feet to reach the one thousand feet below the level of the ocean, the bottom of the basin. Standing at the corner of Shamokin and Sunbury streets at Eohr- heimer's clothing store, which is seven hundred fifty-seven feet above tide, and adding one thousand feet to it and we will have one thousand seven hun- dred fiity-seven feet to the bottom of the basin. Adding to this seven hun- dred forty-three feet, the elevation of Big mountain at this point, and w© will have a grand total of two thousand five hundred feet. The Shamokin coal field is a term used in this article to represent all the coal territory contained in Northumberland county, and for the sake of con- 356 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. venience rather than geological exactness, it is divided into three districts representing the townships in which they are chiefly located. They will be termed the Mt. Carmel, Shamokin, and Trevorton (Zerbe) districts. The great trough of coal in this coal field is divided into several longi- tudinal divisions by a few prominent anticlinals forming the northern and southern boundaries of the local basins, while the rising and falling of the measures to and from the surface make their eastern and western limits. Notable among these anticlinals is that of the Locust mountain, which divides the Locust Gap and Mt. Carmel basins. Standing in the gap of this mountain, the Pottsville conglomerate can be plainly seen rising up through the coal measures and dividing the coal trough. Another very prominent anticlinal is that of Eed ridge, north of the town of Mt. Carmel, which divides the Mt. Carmel and Black Diamond basins. To fully comprehend this subject, the reader should be on the ground and have these upheavals of the lower coal measures pointed out. The districts of Mt. Carmel and Shamokin are divided into a number of basins, increasing in depth until the town of Shamo- kin is reached, when from that point westward they gradually come nearer the surface. Another point to be noticed is the change in the character of the coal as we proceed westward. At Mt. Carmel, and more especially at Locust Gap, the coal may be classed as a grade between hard and freebuming white ash; coming westward towards Shamokin, the coal my be divided into two grades of freebuming and Shamokin white ash, the latter being a little softer but specially adapted for domestic uses. Passing farther westward we reach the Trevorton district, where we will find the coal very pure but so soft as to be termed semi -anthracite. This is called the North Franklin coal.' The present production of the three districts will be given by dividing the total tonnage of 1889. Tons. Mt. Carmel district 9 collieries, 1,090,791. Shamokin district 18 collieries, 1,541,354. Trevorton district 1 colliery, 62,406. Total 38 collieries, 2,694,551. The exhaustion of our coal supply has become a very important question and received much consideration of late years. With the present enormous output of over thirty-five million tons per year, the question naturally arises, how long can such shipments be kept up ? Eminent engineers and geologists who have given this subject their careful attention have presented estimates which vary from one hundred fifty to two hundred years. It is asserted by them, that by improved plans of mining and better methods of prepara- tion, the coal wastage may be greatly reduced and the time extended. Pro- fessor Sheafer, a most excellent authority, declares that only one third of the coal in the ground gets to market, the other two parts being lost in various THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 357 ways. Superintendent Holden Chester and other experienced coal men of our region think that at least forty per cent, may be named as the output from the Shamokin coal field. Professor Sheafer further states that in the smaller veins of eight and ten feet, one half of the coal is mined, while in the very large seams not more than one quarter is taken out. The following is his estimate of the coal supply in the anthracite region: — Tons. Original amount of anthracite 25,000,000,000. Extracted up to 1883 1,500,000,000. Leaving untouched 23,500,000,000. Deduct two thirds for wastage 15,500,000,000. Leaving for future use 8,000,000,000. With annual shipments of forty million tons this supply will last two hundred years. But the question that more immediately concerns the people of our lo- cality is, how long will our supply last ? Is it likely to be exhausted in a few years ? Our annual shipments now exceed two and one half million tons with a fair prospect that our maximum tonnage may reach four millions. The writer believes that an approximate answer may be given by basing estimates on results reported by Eckley B. Coxe, one of the largest and most intelligent coal operators in the State. He says that " upon excavation of a little less than two hundred acres, with the vein not over ten feet thick on the average, the shipments are over two million tons." At this operation he states that the vein is not all worked out, some breasts unfinished, and some parts unopened, and much coal to be robbed. Now there are about fifty square miles of coal lands in Northumberland county. Taking one half of this sum for fully productive territory and we will have sixteen thousand acres. Upon the basis of Mr. Coxe, that one acre with a vein of ten feet will yield ten thousand tons, sixteen thousand acres will furnish one hun- dred sixty million tons, and, with an average thickness of forty feet of coal, will produce four times that quantity or the enormous tonnage of six hun- dred forty million tons, the original amount stored away. Deducting from this forty-six and one half million tons, the amount that has been taken out, and there will remain for future use and shipment five hundred ninety- three million five hundred thousand tons. Shipping at the rate of four million tons a year we have a sufficient supply of coal to last us for one hundred forty-eight years. Is there a more wealthy section in the United States than our anthracite coal fields ? 358 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. DiscovBET OP Anthracite in This Region — Piust Application to Genekal Uses — First Shamokin Coal Taken to Market — Openikg of the First Mines at Shamokin, Coal Kun, and Trevorton — First Coal Shipments Down the Sus- quehanna — Speculation in Coal Lands — The Danville and Pottsville Rail- road — Pioneer Coal Operations — The Disastrous Year op 1842 — Revival op 1850 — Judge Helfenstein's Developments — Original Coal Breakers — Mar- shall's Letter — New Collieries and Outlets — Coal Shipments to Elmira in 1855 — Other Collieries Started and Breakers Erected — Tonnage op This Region for the Years 1857 and 1889 — Total Production foe the Past Fifty-one Years. BY DE. J. J. JOHN. THE present article will be devoted to the rise and progress of the an- thracite coal trade in Northumberland county. It will begin with its humble origin, near a century ago, when stone coal was rejected as a worthless article and its use to the wants and necessities of life was laughed at, and follow its history down to the present time, when its great value is fully understood and the work of mining and shipping it has created two of the leading industries of the country. Anthracite coal was known to exist in the Shamokin region at a very early date, but none of its uses were then known. Its first discovery was made at Wyoming in 1766, and fourteen years later, or 1780, anthracite coal was observed by Mr. Cherry, the first settler of these parts. He picked up some pieces from the Shamokin creek, his attention having been attracted by their shining black appearance. To him they were only objects of curiosity and were put aside to exhibit when parties should chance to call on him. In 1790 Nicho Allen is said to have discovered coal near Pottsville and tested its burning qualities at the time he found it, and in 1791 Philip Gin- ter, the hunter, made his "famous find" at Mauch Chunk, the one hundredth anniversary of which is now proposed to be celebrated at Summit Hill in September, 1891, with a view of erecting a monument to his memory. At about the same time coal was discovered at Shamokin and applied to use. Isaac Tomlinson was the discoverer. He was a former resident of Maiden Creek, Berks county, and had but lately moved on his tract of land, lying between Shamokin and Mt. Carmel, and long afterwards known as the "half- way house." One day in 1790 as he was crossing over his farm his atten- DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 359 tion was called to some black stones lying in the bed of Quaker run, a stream that ran through his place and was so called because he was a member of the Society of Friends. He picked up some of them, and, feeling confident that they were coal, he took them down to a blacksmith at his former home and had them tried in his fire. To his great delight he found that they made a splendid fire. Thus we see that the three discoverers of anthracite coal in the Southern and Middle coal fields were Allen, Ginter, and Tomlinson, and, what is remarkable, all these discoveries were made about the same time. Little did these three men think then, just one hundred years ago, how valuable this stone coal would become at a later period. And what would Mr. Tomlinson have said, if he had been told on that occasion as he was carrying these black stones from Quaker run across his wild domain, that a century later this new farm of his would be held by a great corporation and valued more highly per acre, several times over, than the most fertile and best improved properties of Berks or Lancaster county ? He would, doubtless, have regarded the in- formant as insane. The coal of the Shamokin region was more readily introduced to various uses than that of other regions. It was softer, more easily ignited, and more closely allied to the bituminous varieties, about which the people had some little knowledge. The first practical use of Shamokin coal in our county was made in 1810 by the same Mr. Tomlinson, the discoverer. His farm was on the famous old Beading road, the highway between Beading and Sunbury. Mr. Tom- linson was a practical smith and could work in the shop as well as on the farm. For the accommodation of himself and his few neighbors he put up a shop on his farm. On one occasion this year, being out of the coal commonly used at that time, he resorted to his Quaker run mine again, obtained a small supply, tried it over again, and was so successful that there- after he continued its use. About this period Jesse Fell, of Wilkesbarre, made the important discovery that stone coal could be used in houses as a fuel, by burning it in rudely constructed grates. These grates were improved from time to time, and soon afterward stoves were invented that would burn anthracite coal. These improvements greatly increased the demand for the new fuel. During the war of 1812 iron manufacturers who had theretofore used soft coal from Virginia were unable to procure their supplies from this source, and were at a loss what to use as a substitute. After great persua- sion and repeated experiments, they found that the much abused anthracite would answer their purpose if properly treated. The common instruction to those who proposed to use it was, "put on the coal, shut the door, and let it alone." At this time the use of coal was fairly commenced in some parts of our county where it could be readily procured. 360 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. In 1814 the first Shamokin coal was taken to market. Mr. John Thomp- son, during his later years an old and respected citizen of our town and now deceased, was the first coal operator. When a boy of fifteen years of age he lived on hjs father's place a few miles east of Shamokin. At that time he mined a two-horse load of coal from the bed of Quaker run, hauled it to Sunbury, and sold it to a shoemaker for five dollars. About 1825 Shamokin coal seems to have come into some demand by the neighboring blacksmiths and farmers, and mines at Furnace run, Coal run, and Shamokin creek were opened from time to time for their accommodation. The first coal mined in the Shamokin region was from the bed of streams where the veins had been exposed by the action of the water. In Schuylkill county, where mining had commenced some years earlier, a very primitive method was adopted. A small shaft would be sunk on a crop of the vein, on or near the top of a hill, and by the means of a windlass and bucket the coal would be hoisted out. When the shaft would reach the depth of twenty -five or thirty feet it would be abandoned and a new one would be started. The coal thus mined would be sold on the bank at twenty-five cents per bushel. Coal mining was then a new thing and very simple in its operation. The miners were principally Scotch and Welsh. In the course of a few years horse-power was attached to the gin, which was then regarded as a wonder- ful improvement. But this method was far from satisfactory, as water would gather in the small shaft and drown the miners out. But the ingenuity of man finally overcame this drawback by a new device. A drift was driven on the vein at the bottom of the hill and the coal above was mined, and as it was loosened, it slid down into the wheelbarrow, which when full was wheeled out to the bank at the drift mouth. These drifts drained themselves. In the course of time some of these drifts were enlarged and more substantially constructed; they were then called gangways. The next improvement made about this time was the construction of railroads in gangways upon which were put small cars, holding about three bushels of coal, which were pushed out by hand. As these gangways were further enlarged the cars were built of greater dimensions, and finally mules were introduced to draw them in and out. At a later date slopes and shafts were sunk to reach the deeper veins, and powerful steam engines and pumps had to be provided to carry on these large mining operations. But the early methods of the Shamokin coal field differed somewhat from these. The first plan of mining was to take the coal out of the beds of the streams where it was exposed. When this supply was exhausted, the next move was to uncover the coal on the banks and hill- sides and quarry it the same as stone. The first mining of any account in our county was probably done on vein No. 11 in Shamokin creek, opposite Yost's planing mill. This was on the Primrose, a famous red ash coal, long known as John Boyd's stone coal quarry. The first regular shipment of coal from the Shamokin region was DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 363 made from this place in 1826. The late Joseph Bird, one of the first settlers of Shamokin and afterward a large coal operator, reported to the writer the following account of this transaction : — In 1826, John 0. Boyd and my father, Ziba Bird, built a dam in Shamokin creek north of Webster street and opened a coal mine. The coal was mined out of the bot- tom of the creek. The vein had been discovered some years before, being exposed by the action of the water. My father was the miner and John Runkle wheeled the coal to the bank on a plank, assisted by myself, who was then a small boy. Casper Reed and Samuel Startzel were hired to haul this coal from Shamokin to Boyd's place, two miles above Danville. They were several months at the job. The coal was then put in arks and floated down the river to Columbia. This was the first Shamokin coal that was mined and sent to market. A small drift was next opened here of which more will be said further on. About 1828, Daniel Derk, from Mahanoy, moved in the old log house known as Irich's and opened a small mine on Coal run where it was crossed by the public road. . While working here he had his leg broken by a fall of rock. He was the first miner hurt in Northumberland county. At near the same time, Mr. Weiss, a son of Colonel Jacob Weiss, who opened the Mauch Chunk mines, came to our county in the interests of some land holders and opened a mine at Zerbe gap, now Trevorton. He followed the plan of his father in uncovering the coal and quarrying it like stone. A writer who visited these openings in 1829 and communicated his observations to the States Advocate says: — But the most extensive vein of coal yet discovered is on Zerbe run, a branch of the Little Mahanoy. The land is here considerably elevated and the ravine formed by the stream passing through it is convenient, the banks rising abruptly, exposing to view a coal formation which in abundance or quality is not surpassed, if equaled in the State. There are six or eight miners here at work. The coal is something like fifty feet deep. Visitors are received at the shanty with a hearty welcome by the enterpris- ing manager, Mr. Weiss, to whom much credit is due. He is the son of Mr. Weiss, who made the discovery of coal at Mauch Chunk. The speculator in coal land has already arrived, and I doubt not but in a few years this hitherto neglected section of our country will show us a Pottsville or Mauch Chunk. A correspondent of the Susquehanna Emporium under date of August, 1829, writes as foUows concerning Shamokin and Mahanoy coal: — I lately visited the coal mines on these streams, and was really astonished that, in the present coal excitement and rage for speculation in coal lands, these valuable beds should be so little attended to. The quality of the coal is very superior, and it is my opinion, very easy of excavation. The coal lies near the surface, and, instead of mining by propping, etc., as is done at Pottsville, the earth here could be thrown ofE and the coal exposed at a trifling cost. The greatest body of this coal, I am told, is confined to what is called Bear valley, extending from the head waters of Shamokin to the forks of Mahanoy creek, a distance of about nine mileB and in width from three to five miles. It is also found in considerable quantities higher up these streams to the base of the Broad mountain in a direction towards Pottsville and Mauch Chunk. Several of these mines have been partially opened, and the coal hauled in wagons to Sunbury to sup- ply the neighboring blacksmiths. It is preferred by them who have used it, either to 21 364 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the Wilkesbarre or Schuylkill coal, though to me it appears to partake more of the quality of the Schuylkill than the Wilkesharre coal. It is light and inflammable and what is very singular, there appears to run through it streaks or lines resembling the growth of wood. This coal might be brought to market either by the Shamokin or Mahanoy creek to the Susquehanna. The distance by Shamokin creek would be about sixteen miles, and by the Mahanoy about ten miles. These streams could be canalled, or railways might be constructed from the mines by the route of these creeks to the river. Balti- more and the Susquehanna country below the confluence of the two branches would afford an abundant market for this mineral. The period from 1824 to 1829 in Schuylkill county was noted for the great speculation in coal lands. Coal tracts changed hands quite rapidly, and prices advanced enormously. Pottsville became the great Mecca for speculators and every one expected to grow rich in a very short time. The excitement gradually extended to the Middle coal field, but never reached so high a pitch as at Pottsville. Large tracts of land, heavily timbered and abounding with the best grades of coal, heretofore regarded as of little or no value, passed into the hands of certain parties who knew their worth and foresaw the great future of the coal trade. Stephen Girard made large purchases in the Mahanoy region and Burd Patterson, of Pottsville, one of the greatest men of his day, bought up large tracts in the Shamokin coal field extending from Mt. Carmel to Trevorton. On these tracts he employed a number of men to prove and open coal veins. Other parties from Sunbury and Danville became interested in the enterprise and bought up some of the most valuable tracts. What further stimulated this movement was the prospect of a great rail- road being opened through the Middle coal field to connect the Delaware and Susquehanna at Sunbury and thus divert the trade from Baltimore to Phila- delphia. This movement was headed by such able men as Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia, Burd Patterson, of Pottsville, Daniel Montgomery, of Dan- ville, and Samuel J. Packer, of Sunbury. The road was chartered in 1826 under the title of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, and afterwards amended with many supplements. This was the greatest and most formid- able enterprise that had to that time been undertaken in our county, and with all the energy and ability that supported it, it required some seven years before the road was commenced. Some of the parties in the Shamokin region, thinking this enterprise was too great to be carried out, secured a charter for the Shamokin Canal Company with powers to construct a canal, build a railroad, or deepen the channel of the Shamokin creek. This work was never commenced. During the year 1832, through the strenuous efforts of Stephen Girard, who had ordered all the iron from England, the eastern end of the railroad was commenced and twelve miles of it, extending to Girardville, with numer- ous inclined planes, were completed in 1833 at a cost of one himdred ninety DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 365 thousand dollars. Coal shipments were made over this portion of the road for two or three years, but it was abandoned on account of the planes failing to do their work. In 1834 twenty miles of the Danville and Pottsville rail- road between Sunbury and John Boyd's coal mine (Shamokin) were placed under contract for grading, which was all completed the next year. The track between Sunbury and Paxinos was all laid and completed in 1835, and the opening ceremonies in honor of this great event were held at Paxinos on November 26th of this year. The principal feature of this meeting was the able address of Hugh Bellas, who gave a full history of this great undertaking, and predicted the wonderful future that awaited our coal trade. Mr. Moncure Robinson, the famous engineer, in his report to the board of directors at this time, suggested "that it seems almost unnecessairy to lay down the superstructure between the crossing of the Centre turnpike (Pax- inos) and the coal mines (Shamokin) until accommodations shall be obtained for the coal trade at Sunbury." As there was no communication with the Pennsylvania canal at Sunbury by means of basins or guard locks, no ship- ments of coal could be made. The board acted on this suggestion and post- poned laying the track between Paxinos and Shamokin for the present. The town of Shamokin was laid out this year (1835) by John C. Boyd and three houses were erected. Coal drifts continued to be opened at sev- eral places and the veins were proved. About this time John and Thomas English opened a drift near the turnpike at Mt. Carmel for the use of farm- ers. In 1836 coal was mined at several drifts at Shamokin in small quan- tities, hauled in wagons to Paxinos, dumped in coal cars, and taken to Sun- bury by horse-power for local use. This trade was continued in this manner until the road was completed to Shamokin and locomotives placed on the track. During 1838, the track having been laid some months before to Sha- mokin, two small locomotives, built by Eastwick & Harrison, were placed on the road with some small cars brought from Girardville that held from two and a half to three tons each. No regular shipments took place this year, but great preparations were made for the coming season. Sidings and later- als were put dovm and the mines were put in order to do a large business for that time. The year 1839 begins the Shamokin coal trade. The tonnage for this sea- son was eleven thousand nine hundred thirty tons, which was mined from some four different operations, which, being pioneer mines, we will briefly describe. About 1835 George Heckert, an attorney from liancaster, in com- pany with another lawyer of that place, visited the coal regions with a view of making an investment. They commenced their investigations at Trevor- ton and examined the mines there, then under the charge of James Eenney, who had succeeded Mr. Weiss. From Trevorton they came to Shamokin and spent several days in this vicinity looking at the coal lands, when they proceeded on to Mt. Carmel and finally to Pottsville. At the latter place 366 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. they met Burd Patterson, the Nestor of the coal business, who urged them to invest in Schuylkill coimty. But their observations at ShamoMn led them to prefer our region and they purchased the celebrated Buck Eidge tract, containing eight hundred forty-eight acres — one of the best coal tracts in the entire coal field. A company was soon afterwards formed, consisting of Heckert, Lane, and Park, called the "Lancaster Company." They proceeded in 1836 to improve their lands. In 1837 they employed Jacob Mowry of our town to open a drift, near where the Big Mountain breaker afterwards stood. They erected several tenement houses, and at considerable expense built a lateral railroad of over a quarter of a mile, connecting their mines with the Danville and Pottsville railroad. They leased their works to Cowan, Brannigan & Company, who were one of the first shippers of coaL A few years afterwards these mines were worked by Samuel John & Company. Messrs. Dewart & Donnel were the owners of valuable coal lands on the east side of the water gap. They opened up several drifts in the gap on the line of the railroad and leased them to Yoxtheimer & Snyder of Sim- bury, who carried on these mines for a year or so until they failed. These mines were destined in after years to become one of the most famous collieries in the State, known as the Cameron colliery. They have been worked continuously for over fifty years and promise to b© a productive coll- iery for fifty years to come. On the west side of the gap, the lands were held by J. H. Purdy & Com- pany, who opened up their coal works at about the same time and carried on mining in their own name. They were among the heaviest shippers in these early times and produced a very fine coal for the market. Their mines eventu- ally were united to those of the east side to form part of the Cameron colliery. Purdy & Company were the first party to advertise their coal. Their advertisement appears in the Sunbury American under date of Sep- tember, 1840, and reads as follows : — SHAMOKIN COAL. Shamokin coal of a very superior quality can be had at any time, by application through the subscribers, in lots to suit purchaser. They have large egg and broken and fine coal fit for burning lime. J. H. Pdedy & Company. The fourth operation was that of John C. Boyd, who had a drift driven on the Primrose vein at his stone coal quarry, and built a lateral road to connect with the main line. These mines were known as the "Sauer Kraut Works," and were first operated by William Fagely and afterward by Will- iam Thomas and others. Their shipments were light, as the vein was sup- posed to run into a fault. These were the four pioneer operations that mined and shipped 'coal in 1839. In 1840 the fifth mine was added to the list in the Shamokin Coal Com- pany. This corporation composed of Philadelphia capitalists with John C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 367 Boyd, was chartered in 1826, and in 1840 commenced mining coal. They owned a large number of tracts of valuable coal land and opened'up several drifts opposite the furnace. During the years of 1840 and 1841 they shipped over three thousand tons from these mines, which ended their shipments. Most of the coal mined here afterward was consumed by their furnace. The shipments of coal during 1840 were only fifteen thousand five hundred five tons. The tonnage would have been much larger, had the canal con- tinued in good order and been properly supplied with boats. But continued breaks of the canal banks during the shipping season disarranged the plans of the operators and curtailed their business to a few months' work. An order for ten thousand tons to Danville, to be delivered by boats from Sun- bury, had to be cancelled on account of a break in the North Branch canal. In 1841, Fagely, Cleaver & Company commenced coal business at the gap, taking charge of the mines on the east side. They opened the Tape vein or Skidmore, and worked it to great advantage. They, soon became the principal shippers from, this section. This firm was composed of William and Reuben Fagely, Kimber Cleaver, and William H. Kase, of Eush town- ship. Mr. Kase did not remain in the firm long and in 1844 Kimber Cleaver withdrew to resume the duties of his profession. William and Eeuben Fagely remained in the firm and for a number of years were the only coal operators in the entire Shamokin coal field. The year 1842 was a disastrous one for Shamokin, and its evil effects were felt for a long time afterward, and checked the growing progress of all the mining enterprises of the region. The anthracite furnace, the fourth or fifth one erected in the State, and in operation for a little over a year, burnt down, and the Shamokin Coal and Iron Company, the largest mining con- cern in the place, suspended. The Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company failed and appointed Samuel R. Wood, the manager, as sequestrator, a posi- tion he held for several years. The two locomotives were removed, and horse-power was substituted to move the cars. The track was in a wretched condition, and required constant repairs to keep it passable. The Fagelys then took charge of the road, kept gangs of men on the repairs, and were about the only shippers of coal from 1842 to 1852, except Samuel John & Company, who shipped some coal from Buck Ridge, and John Rosser, who opened coal works at Luke Fidler in 1850 and shipped some coal. During this interim of ten years a number of the people of Shamokin moved to other parts and many of the houses were tenantless. Property depreciated in value and could be purchased for little or nothing. But those who remained had the heroism of Spartans and possessed an abiding faith in the future of the place. They, with the land owners, were looking for- ward for a better outlet for our dusky diamonds. The Danville and Pottsville railroad was a practical failure, affording no outlet to Philadelphia and the Atlantic seaboard, and westward a very uncertain way to the Susquehanna 368 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and its incomplete water communications. Danville with its many anthra- cite furnacfes was a great consumer of coal, and Philadelphia and the towns along the sea coast would, it was supposed, open up a great market for Shamokin coal. A new and better outlet was needed and demanded. Meet- ings were held for this pupose, in which the citizens of our town, prominently among whom may be named William Fagely, Samuel John, and S. S. Bird, and parties from Sunbury, Danville, and Pottsville, took a prominent part. Kimber Cleaver, the great engineer of the coal regions, was the lead- ing spirit in all these movements, and sacrificed much time and labor to put them into execution. He surveyed a route for a railroad from Shamokin to Pottsville, without inclined planes, and made full estimates of its costs. His report was so satisfactory that efforts were made to place the construc- tion under contract, but the stringency of the times prevented the measure being carried out. His route was afterward largely adopted by the Reading railroad, which had purchased his notes. Mr. Cleaver also surveyed a route for a railroad to Danville which met with general approval, but failed in being carried out from the same cause. About 1850 there was a general revival in the Shamokin coal regions, and coal lands and improvements that had long lain dormant were brought into notice again. Judge William L. Helfenstein, one of the most remark- able and energetic men of the times, who had been in the West some years, in 1849 returned to his native State. In looking around for investments in the anthracite coal fields, he came in contact with John C. Boyd and Burd Patterson, who still continued interested in coal lands of our section. They at once recognized the great abilities and organizing power of Mr. Helfen- stein and induced him to come here and assist them in developing the great mineral wealth of our coal region. His earnest and untiring effort showed the wisdom of their choice. He went into the work with a will, and in a few years performed the results of a life time. With a comprehensive mind and wonderful executive ability — suave and winning in his conversation and manners — he soon interested capitalists of New York, Philadelphia, Lancaster, and other places to invest their money in this coal field. He formed numer- ous coal syndicates, bought up a large portion of the coal lands between Trevorton and Mt. Carmel, organized improvement companies, laid out towns, and had various railroads chartered and put into process of construction. He soon came into possession of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, changed the name to the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, rebuilt it with an iron track, and extended the line to Mt. Carmel, so as to touch on most of the great coal tracts. He had several able officials to assist him in the work. Burd Patterson sent him William H. Marshall, then of Schuylkill county, to prove coal veins and open up mines, and the valuable services of Kimber Cleaver were secured on commencing the work, who, through all the years of development and improvement, was Mr. Helfenstein' s chief engineer and DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 369 trusted adviser. In this work he was associated with Bertram H. Howell, of Virginia, a gentleman of considerable means, who continued with him for sev.eral years. The work of development formulated in 1849 soon began to show itself. An office and headquarters were established at Shamokin, and on the opening of 1850, charter after charter came from the legislature, organ- izing companies for the opening of the Shamokin coal field. On February 2rith an act was approved to incorporate the Zerbe Eun and Shamokin Improvement Company with powers to open coal veins, drive drifts, put up coal breakers, and build railroads on their lands, and lease such improve- ments to parties to operate. On the same day another act was approved, to incorporate the Mahanoy and Shamokin Improvement Company with similar powers. Among the names cited as trustees, holding certain lands under certain deeds of trust and articles of association, were Kimber Cleaver, Daniel M. Boyd, David Thompson, William L. Helfenstein, and William H. Marshall. In both of these acts, the franchise extended to certain lands in Northumberland and Schuylkill counties. These two companies were to open up the coal lands at Trevorton. But an outlet to the market had to be provided, and an act was approved soon after incorporating the Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna Railroad Company, with power to construct a railroad between Zerbe run and the mouth of Mahanoy creek. Among the corporators were Felix Lerch, William Deppen, Jacob Raker, D. M. Boyd, Alexander Jordan, Joseph W. Cake, Robert M. Ludlow, John P. Hobart, Henry Donnel, B. H. Howell, Charles W. Hegins, Simon Cameron, William L. Helfenstein, and Kimber Cleaver. About the same time another act was passed to incorporate the Mahanoy and Wiconisco Railroad Company, which was to connect the Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna railroad at Hern- don with the Wiconisco canal feeder and thence with the PiBnnsylvania canal. In May, 1850, a town was laid out at Zerbe gap, and named Trevorton in honor of Mr. Trevor, a banker of Philadelphia, who had invested largely in these improvements. The proceeds arising from the sale of town lots were to be used in the construction of the railroad to the river. On May 28th a great meeting was held on the site of the future town, presided over by Hugh Bellas, who delivered the address; Judge Jordan made a few remarks, when he threw ofp his coat and broke the first ground by digging up a small sapling. In the hole made, he placed a bottle of Susquehanna water, a lump of coal from the mines, and a lump of iron ore from the adja- cent mountain. Judge Helfenstein then published the bans of marriage as follows: "I publish the bans between Zerbe gap and the Susquehanna river; if any know just cause or impediment why the two should not be joined to- gether by railroad on the 1st of November next, let him declare it now or ever hereafter hold his peace." John B. Packer, one of the vice-presidents, 370 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. then, read letters from President Taylor, Vice-President Fillmore, Henry Clay, W. H. Meredith, Governor Johnston, and others. The sale of lots was then held, and, a number were sold on favorable terms. No other town in our county started out with such eclat, but its history has never since justi- fied the fond hopes of its founders. The road was placed under contract and grading commenced, a machine shop and foundry were started, houses were erected, and coal mines were opened. The work of development was not confined to the Zerbe run gap, but extended all along the coal basin to Shamokin and Mt. Carmel. Charters were procured for the Green Ridge, Coal Eiln, Carbon Run, Bear Valley, Big Mountain, and other improvement companies. Professor Rogers, who was concluding the first geological survey, was secured to examine and report on different coal lands, and P. W. Sheafer was frequently employed to prepare statements of coal found on various tracts. No opportunity was lost to bring the coal lands of this county before the attenti*on of capitalists of the country. Articles appeared in the city papers commenting on the favorable prospects of the Trevorton and Shamo- kin regions. But the public were to be further enlightened. No Shamokin or Trevorton coal had yet appeared in the Philadelphia or New York markets, until October this year. Several boat loads of Trevqrton coal were hauled in wagons to Sunbury, put into boats, and shipped to New York. At the close of the year 1850 business commenced to revive and many of the former citizens of Shamokin returned again. The Sunbury American in speaking of this says, " The Fagelys are very busy in coal just now, haul- ing it over the old track. The town, which a year ago contained many houses tenantless, is now filling up with population." A railroad was built between Shamokin and the Luke Fidler tract, called the Coal Run railroad, connecting Rosser's mines with the main line. In 1851, the Danville and Pottsville railroad, which had been sold at sheriff's sale, passed into new hands and soon came into possession of Judge Helfenstein and his associates, and wa,s called the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad. The entire road between Sunbury and Shamokin was reconstructed and laid with an iron track, which was completed in 1853. Up to this time not a single coal breaker had been erected in our coal region, nor was there a single steam engine employed to furnish power to move machinery. At all the coal operations up to this date the coal that was prepared was broken by hand. The coal used in Shamokin in 1853 was hauled to the houses in the same condition as brought out of the mines, and the good housewife was expected to break it in sizes to suit her stove. But as the market abroad became more choice in the sizes of coal, some pains were taken to prepare it to suit the wants of the purchaser. A platform would be put up at the bank, and on metal plates or bars the coal would be broken by hammers in the hands of strong men. This coal would be passed DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 371 over bars and partially screened. Cylinder screens with several meshes, turned by hand, were next introduced, and later on the screens were moved by horse-power. But in 1853 the improvement companies of our regions built commodious coal breakers, putting in them Battin rolls, that were first used in 1844 in Schuylkill county and had there come into general use. Large breakers were built at Lancaster, Big Mountain, Luke Fidler, and Carbon Run collieries in 1853, at an average cost of thirty thousand dollars each, provided with all the improved methods and machinery then known for the preparation of coal. -These breakers were also provided with some new inventions, as Martz's patent hoister, and Cleaver's spiral schutes, and were constructed of the best timber and filled with the most approved machinery. Steam engines of a superior build, manufactured at Providence, Ehode Island, furnished the power. The shipments for 1853 only amounted to fifteen thousand five hundred tons, principally from the Gap mines and Eosser's operation. This was a year of preparation, with great promise for the coming one. During the early part of the summer of 1854 the four new breakers were completed and had commenced shipping coal. The Lancaster colliery was leased to Coch- ran, Peale & Company, who commenced active operations in 1854. This breaker, then the highest and one of the largest in the State, was put up by J. L. & W. H. Gilger, breaker builders. The breaker was one hundred thirty feet high and contained many large bins. It had two sets of rolls and three large screens driven by a forty horse-power engine. It was regarded as an object of general interest, and all visitors to Shamokin made it a point to visit this mammoth concern. Governor Pollock and a number of distin- guished persons inspected these improvem.ents on their trip to Shamokin in the autumn of this year. The colliery firm lost no opportunity to introduce their coal. It was successfully used at the Shamokin furnace for smelting, and at the county agricultural fair held at Shamokin this year, one of the exhibits was a large mass of Lancaster colliery coal. The Carbon Eun breaker was built by Captain H. Van Gasken, who after- wards became the general manager of that company. The Luke Fidler breaker was built with the same improvements, and was leased to Boyd, Eosser & Company. The Big Mountain breaker, put up by Arnold & McClow under the man- agement of Mr. Marshall, was regarded as a model breaker, and when com- pleted was leased to Sheaff & Black of Lancaster, who operated for a year or so, when the colliery was leased to Bird, Douty & John. This became one of the most productive collieries in the regi9n, especially so while operated by Patterson & Llewellyn. The following letter from Manager Marshall to his company at this time will more fully illustrate the subject: — Shamokin, February 13, 1854. Dbak Sik: Your favors of the 8tJi and 10th are received, and I am pleased to hear that the directors and stockholders of Big Mountain are satisfied with the man- 372 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. agement of its affairs in this region; by this time next year I think they will he much better pleased. I do not think the estimate to finish our works too high. They are large and expensive, certainly; but you may rely upon it, that my big figures of cost now will multiply well in profits hereafter; and I shall have everything done as eco- nomically as possible, still keeping an eye to a permanent operation. I do not think it economy to put up temporary fixtures for a work that must go for a period beyond the close of the present century. Big Mountain coal will be wanted far beyond that length of time, and there is enough for generations to come. My opinion is, that we have about one thousand tons of coal out of the drift, and we are now taking out about thirty tons per day, besides what is coming out of the two upper gangways. The driv- ing of the gangways, under the old workings, is dead work to the company, except the coal that is taken out. The understanding was, that the company were to drive them in as far as the old ones, then the lessee to drive further in; as soon as I get that far, I shall give them up to the tenants. The cost of taking out coal at present is about as follows: two miners at seven dollars fifty cents per week is -fifteen dollars; four labor- ers at six dollars per week, twenty-four dollars; five kegs of powder, two dollars fifty cents each, twelve dollars fifty cents; three gallons oil, one dollar per gallon, three dol- lars; in all, fifty-four dollars fifty cents per week. They take out about thirty tons per day — one hundred eighty tons per week — average, thirty and one third cents per ton, and we are only opening breasts and pushing the coal out by hand. As soon as we get three or four breasts open, and have a horse to take out coal, I am satisfied it can be put on the bank at twenty-five cents per ton, and when the breaker and fixtures are all completed it can be prepared and put into the cars ready for market at a cost from twelve to fifteen cents per ton; or, say mined and put into the cars, ready for market, at forty cents per ton. I am now speaking of the flat vein on the hill; I think the oth- ers will cost more. I have got all the breaker builders running races, to see which will be done first; Arnold feels quite confident he will be ready almost as soon as any I think well of leasing the eastern end of the fiat vein; it may cost considerable to get the improvement to bring the coal down to the road; but it will produce a large quantity of coal and must some day be brought out. This place can be made to yield from forty to fifty thousand tons per year; and I have made a rough estimate of the amount of coal in that end of the basin. I make it out about one million three hun- dred fifty-two thousand tons, the rent of which, at thirty-five cents, would amount to four hundred seventy-three thousand two hundred dollars. This I think worth looking after. Respectfully, Wm. H. Maushall. To Bettle Paul, President Big Mountain Goal Company. At the same time mines were opened by McArthur & Company on lands of Hegins & Sill, and a small amount of coal prepared by the old process was shipped for a year or so, when the drifts were abandoned. During the latter part of 1854 the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad was completed from Shamokin to Mt. Carmel, which extension led to the opening and development of a number of collieries in the Mt. Carmel region. The Green Ridge Improvement Company opened up four gangways upon their lands, erected a breaker similar to those at Shamokin, and leased the colliery known as the Green Eidge to Ayers, Lewis & Company. A few cars of coal were shipped at the close of this year, making this party the first DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 373 » shipper from tBe Mt. Carmel region. They continued to operate until 1859, when Montelius & Adams took the colliery and worked it until 1861; it then remained idle until 1864, when it was leased by Samuel John & Sons and operated as the Green Mountain colliery for about six years. Upon their retirement the colliery was not again worked until it came into the posses- sion of the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company. The Susquehanna and Coal Mountain Improvement Company, under the management of Colonel Hough, opened up the Coal Mountain colliery and completed a breaker in 1855 ; it was leased to Mears & Davis and worked by them until their failure in 1857, when the colliery was operated by Pah- rion & Company in 1858-59. In 1860 the Coal Mountain colliery was leased by Hough & Hersh, who operated for several years and were suc- ceeded by Captain Ehodes, the last operator at these mines. During the same year (1854) the Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Com- pany commenced making extensive openings and improvements upon their valuable coal lands in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel, building breakers for two collieries — the Coal Eidge and Locust Mountain collieries, which were oper- ated by Muir, Fulton & Company and others with varied success. Shipments from these collieries were commenced in 1855. At about the same time Schall & Donohoe secured a lease from the same land company, opened a colliery called the Rough and Ready, and commenced shipping furnace coal. In 1861 they commenced shipping from the Coal Ridge colliery, and contin- ued operations there for some years. At this period (1854) a small breaker, known as the College colliery, was built on the Brobst tract and leased to Cleaver, Fagely & Company. But little mining was done here. Judge Hel- fenstein deeded this tract with some others in trust for use of the Shamokin College, an institution then being built, and now known as the Academy school building at Shamokin. The tonnage for 1854 reached sixty-three thousand live hundred tons, the largest amount yet mined in our region. Lancaster colliery shipped nineteen thousand six hundred forty tons, being the heaviest shipper. We now come to 1855, which was an eventful period, new outlets being furnished aiid many additional improvements made. On the first of this year, the Mahanoy and Shamokin Improvement Com- pany completed their railroad to the river and built a bridge across it, three thousand six hundred feet in length, connecting the mines with the Pennsyl- vania canal. An immense breaker was completed to prepare the coal mined at Zerbe gap, said to be the largest one ever erected. Its capacity was one thousand tons per day. Over one million dollars had been expended in these improvem.ents and the towfl. of Trevorton was now in the height of its pros- perity. The delay in the completion of these works was caused by the failure of the party that started them and they were not resumed until some New York capitalists took hold of the management with James L. Morris as pres- ident. 374 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. « The operators of Shamokin and Mt. Carmel at this period complained that the canal board discriminated against them and in favor of Wilkesbarre in shipping over the public works, and asked that the toll be equally levied. At this time the tolls from Shamokin to Sunbury were fifty cents and from Mt. Carmel to Sunbury sixty -two cents. Among the improvements to be noted for this year was a breaker at Lambert colliery leased to Ammerman, Zuern & Wetzel, and two at Locust Gap, the Locust Gap and Locust Summit collieries, the first leased to Haas & Bowen and the latter to Anthony, Lloyd & Kosser. Kase, Eeed & Company, the lessees of the Gap colliery, sold out their interest in July to Zimmerman & Pursell. One of the most important events that occurred at this time for the wel- fare of Shamokin interests was the opening up of a continuous line of rail- road from Shamokin to Elmira, by which large shipments of Shamokin and Mt. Carmel coal were afterwards made to western New York, the Lakes, and Canada. A new and large market was thus opened, which for years was the chief dependence of' our coal shippers. At the State agricultural fair of New York held at Elmira in September, 1855, a large lump of white ash coal from Lancaster colliery was placed on exhibition, and a train of cars, loaded with coal from those works, just reached Elmira, Governor Bigler repre- sented our county and State, and, standing on this lump of anthracite, spoke for Pennsylvania. He said: — The particular occasion for these ceremonies was the arrival of a train of cars freighted with superior anthracite coal direct from the Lancaster colliery, mined by Cochran, Peale & Company, and coming direct from Shamokin to Elmira without trans-shipment. Pennsylvania will send you up her anthracite coal to keep you warm in winter, to roast your beef and boil your potatoes, to drive your steam mills and grist mills and manufacturing machinery, to help to drive the iron horse on the railroads, and to propel the steamboats on your lakes and rivers. We expect to see this element of heat and power distributed to every county, township, village, and family circle of your great State, performing its good ofiBces. The Governor's words were prophetic, and in a few years were fulfilled. This display of coal on this occasion and the Governor's happy remarks had much to do in hastening the introduction of Shamokin coal in the new and growing market which to the present time is one of our best consumers. Tonnage for 1855 was one hundred sixteen thousand one hundred seven- teen tons, more than double that of the previous year. For 1856 there is but little to notice. Locust Mountain colliery was oper- ated by Bell, Lewis & Muir. The legislature passed an act consolidating the Mahanoy and Shamokin Improvement Company with the Trevorton and Susquehanna Eailroad Company. This was the first movement in our county allowing railroad companies to own coal land and. mine coal. The Shamokin and Mt. Carmel opera^tors thought that this movement was against their interests and severely commented upon it. Coal shipments this year reached one hundred twenty-nine thousand five hundred forty-eight tons, for the DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 375 Shamokin district, and from Trevorton, seventy-three thousand one hundred twelve tons (all from one breaker), making the tonnage from Northumber- land county two hundred two thousand six hundred sixty tons, a large gain on 1855. The year 1857 was ushered in with financial depression all over the country. Banks suspended specie payment, and failures of business firms became a common event. The Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad with all its franchises, equipments, and many valuable tracts of coal land, was sold at sheriff's sale, and was purchased by E. S. Wheelen, in the interest of the second mortgage bond holders. Notwithstanding the stringency of the times W. L. Dewart put up a splendid breaker at the Gap colliery. The structure was put up by Cherington & Weaver, experienced breaker builders, and was regarded as a model breaker for those times. All the machinery except steam engines were from the shops of S. Bittenbender, who had become largely engaged in this branch of business. This year the Northern Central railway was completed to Herndon, affording Trevorton coal another new outlet to Baltimore. The coal tonnage for 1857 was increased considerably, the shipments from the Shamokin region being one hundred fifty-five thousand eight hundred five tons and from Trevorton one hundred ten thousand seven hundred eleven tons, making a total from Northumberland county of two hundred sixty-six thousand five hundred sixteen tons — an increase of over twenty-five per cent, as compared with 1856. This tonnage was produced by thirteen collieries provided with thirteen steam engines with aggregate power of four hundred thirty- four horses, and one slope engine of sixty horse-power. All this coal was taken from above water-level, except from one colliery which had sunk a slope. The heaviest shipment made this year from the Shamokin district was by Cochran, Peale & Company from Lancaster colliery, who shipped over thirty-five thousand tons, and next was Bird, Douty & John of the Big Mountain colliery, who put out twenty-eight thousand five hundred ninety- eight tons. These two collieries, by their contracts with J. Langdon of Ehnira, were able to work through the winter season and thereby make in their ship- ments one third of the Shamokin product. It is but proper to remark, that from no one source has the Shamokin coal trade been so much benefited as that established by J. Langdon at this time and for many years maintained through his able manager at this point, Mr. Alexander Pulton, long and prom- inently connected with the coal business of our region. At this period all the coal operators leased the collieries from the improvement companies, and paid a royalty of about thirty cents for prepared sizes and from ten to fifteen cents for nut coal. All improvements, as breakers, etc., and rails for gang- ways, were furnished by the improvement companies to the lessees. The mining capacity of the Shamokin and Mt. Carmel districts was estimated at five hundred thousand tons per annum. 376 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. During 1858 there was a general falling ofE in shipments. No new coll- ieries were started up, but a number of changes took place in operators. In July of this year the Northern Central railway was completed to Sunbury, opening a continous line of rail to Baltimore. Toll and freight on coal from all collieries of our region to Baltimore was fixed at two dollars fifty cents per ton. Trevorton tonnage one hundred six thousand six hundred eighty- six tons, all from one breaker, and Shamokin and Mt. Carmel shipments, one hundred thirty-five thousand eight hundred ninety-three tons from twelve collieries. Bird & Douty; of the Big Mountain colliery, were the heaviest shippers, closely followed by Haas & Bowen, of the Locust Gap colliery. For 1859 there is but little to record. At Trevorton, Mr. Mowton, the manager, erected a gas plant at the colliery with sixty jets to illuminate the works so they could run night and day. John B. Douty, having withdrawn from the Big Mountain colliery, associated with Thomas Baumgardner, started the Henry Clay colliery, erected a first-class breaker, and commenced shipping a grade of coal that was highly valued in all the markets. Trevorton tonnage reached one hundred twenty-four thousand two hundred ninety tons, the high water mark of its shipments. Shamokin and Mt. Carmel sent away one hundred eighty thousand seven hundred fifty-three tons. This year, Haas & Bowen exchanged places with Big Mountain in shipments and led in tonnage. The year 1859 began the third decade of the coal trade in Northumber- land county, and, while the progress made was not as great as that predicted by the original movers, it was sufliciently so to be a source of pride and satis- faction. In the place of the most primitive methods of mining and prepar- ing coal and with only one poor outlet to market, the business was now rep- resented by some fifteen mining operations, with first-class breakers and several outlets to market. Shamokin and Trevorton coal had found its way to the Lakes and Canada; New York and Philadelphia had become acquainted with its rare qualities for house use, while in Baltimore and in the South it had enlarged its sales. With prospects of soon being able to ship over the Heading and Lehigh roads, the future prospects were certainly somewhat more encouraging. The year 1860 is a noted one for the coal trade. A new outlet east was opened in October by the Mine Hill railroad connecting with the Shamokin road and now called the Shamoldn Valley and Pottsville railroad at Locust Gap. Some two thousand four hundred twenty-one tons of Shamokin coal were shipped over the new route in November and December. During March of this year the Big Mountain breaker was burned down, the first breaker lost by fire in this county. Work was immediately commenced on a new breaker, which was completed in a few months greatly improved. Sha- mokin coal tonnage reached two hundred twelve thousand five hundred twenty-nine tons and Trevorton sent off ninety thousand one hundred forty- DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOEIN COAL FIELD. 377 eight tons. This year the Henry Clay led in Shamokin shipments, closely followed by Haas & Bowen. On resuming work in April, 1861, a strike occiuTed among the miners which was soon settled. This was the iirst strike among miners in our county. The trade gradually improved, but ship- ments were limited by scarcity of cars. With the year 1862 a great improvement took place in the coal trade. A great freshet in the Lehigh region stopped all shipments from those dis- tricts to the eastern markets and caused a great demand for Shamokin coal. Prices at Sunbury advanced to three dollars and a half per ton, which a year or so before would have been regarded as fair at two dollars per ton. Many of the operators made some money, and wages were advanced to the men. In April of this year Haas & Bowen, who had been operating at Locust Gap for several years, leased the Lower Gap colliery also and changed the name to Cameron colliery. They sunk a slope, one of the first in the region, and made preparations to do a large business. The year 1863 is not noted for much progress and improvement in the coal business, and the trade in our county was suspended for some weeks during the summer, owing to the Rebel invasion of the State. A number of the miners enlisted for the emergency, and the mines remained idle until all danger had disappeared and the railroads had commenced operating again. At the beginning of this year, the Luke Fidler breaker was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt again in a few months. At this time the Shamokin Valley railroad was leased to the Northern Central Railway Company. Samuel John & Sons leased the Green Ridge colliery and continued to operate it for a number of years. They changed the name to Green Mountain colliery. During 1864 the price of coal advanced, and in the month. of August it was sold at the mines at five dollars fifty cents per ton, but later in the sea- son the prices fell. A reduction in miners' wages followed the fall in prices, which led to some dissatisfaction among the men. The price of coal at Philadelphia in August this year reached ten dollars seventy-five cents per ton — the highest price it ever attained. A number of improvements were made in 1864. S. Bittenbender & Company secured a lease on the Big Mountain lands on Gearhart run and put up a first-class breaker known as the Bumside colliery. At about the same time, the Shamokin and Bear Valley Coal Company put up a large breaker at their new tunnel on Carbon run, having been granted the power to mine, prepare, and ship coal from their own lands. For nearly four years previously they had been engaged in driving a tunnel in the Mahanoy mountain of over one thousand feet, cut- ting three large veins. The progress and results of this work were watched with great interest by coal men. Pennington, Douty & Company sunk a slope on the red ash vein south of Bittenbender' s iron works, erected a breaker, and called the operation the Daniel Webster colliery. This slope was afterwards known by the miners as 378 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the " fiery slope." It was worked for some years by Henry & Company, but was finally abandoned. The same year, May, Patterson & Brother secured a lease on the Eenshaw & Johnston tract at Buck Eidge, opened up several drifts, and put up a breaker at the close of this year. This operation was named the Buck Eidge colliery, and for many years was famous for its large shipments of mammoth white ash coal of a very superior quality. During 1865 several new breakers were erected. A colliery was opened on the lands of the Pulton Company by the Excelsior Coal Mining Company, and a large breaker erected which was called the Excelsior colliery. The Brady colliery was started in 1863 and in 1865 a breaker was put up and shipments of coal commenced. John B. Douty was the lessee. Thomas Baumgardner, of Lancaster, leased a tract adjoining the Excelsior Company and put up a large breaker and opened several veins of very fine coal. This was called the Enterprise colliery. A short time afterwards this firm started another colliery on their lease and called it the Margie Franklin. During August this year a large coal breaker at Trevorton was destroyed by fire, throwing a large number of men out of employment. In November, a small breaker put up in the short space of forty- two days to supply its place; was completed. During this year, the breaker of the Bear Valley coUiery was thoroughly remodeled by A. A. Heim & Company, who, from September 1864, to 1872, had the contract of mining, preparing, and putting in cars for shipment, all the coal from this colliery. At the close of 1866 an outlet to New York was opened by the Mahanoy branch of the Lehigh Valley railroad connecting with the Northern Central railway at Mt. Carmel. In 1867 the Eelianoe colliery, near Mt. Carmel, situated on lands of the Mt. Carmel Locust Mountain Coal Company, was started up by Thomas Baumgardner, and Eobertson, Guiterman & Company secured a lease on the Brady tract and commenced the Greenback coUiery. In November, J. Lang- don & Company, of Ehnira, New York, purchased from the Bird Coal and Iron Company their lease of the Big Mountain colliery and made many improve- ments. The Coal Mountain breaker (P. Ehodes, lessee) was destroyed by fire. About this time (1867) the Coal Eidge Improvement Company sunk a slope and put up another breaker on their lands, known as Coal Eidge, No. 2. The land owners operated the colliery a short time and then leased the works to Douty, Eeed & Gable who continued until December, 1869, when S. P. Longstreet and later Burton Brothers & Company became the operators. In 1868 Graeber, Kemple & Company leased from the Locust Gap Im- provement Company the two collieries known as the A. S. Wolf and the Lo- cust Gap collieries, and in a few years became large shippers. Eobertson, Guiterman & Company, in September, leased the Henry Clay colliery. Eichard B. Douty, long connected with this colliery, developed the Lykens Valley veins on the Helfenstein lands in Cameron township this year. During ^'^ll'i ^Mmtsy!Jiir.el. SmtJ'tM'' ^^^^2'S^A.23^ DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 381 October, 1868, the Shamokin Coal Company {F. J. Anspaoh, superintendent) erected a large breaker at Hickory Swamp and christened it the Virginia. This name, however, was never accepted by the public, who insisted on the local name of Hickory Swamp which it has ever since retained, in all its changes 01 ownership. Enterprise railroad, the new extension of the Beading, was completed to Shamokin this year. The Trevorton railroad and bridge over the river were purchased by the Beading railroad for four hundred thousand dollars; and the Lehigh Valley Bailroad Company bought the lands of the Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company, the Coal Bidge Company, and a one half interest of all the Trevorton lands for about one and a half million dollars. Another new colliery was started up by Cruikshank & Brother, who had secured a lease on the Wetherill tract near the furnace. They opened up the red ash veins, and, supposing they were on the Primrose or Boyd vein, they named their colliery the Daniel Webster, No. 2. The works were leased by Jonas Tillet & Company, who, in December, sold their interest to Beyer & Brother. Li 1869 Bechtel, Kulp & Company secured the lease and operated it for several years as the Franklin colliery. They also started up another small colliery known as the Clinton on the same tract, which was only operated for a year or so. The Franklin colliery afterwards passed into the hands of McArthur & Both, and finally to Lovell & Booth, who abandoned the place about 1876. The year 1868 completed thirty yeaprs in the history of our coal trade. Shipments for this season amounted to nine hundred eleven thousand seven hxmdred eighty-four tons and for the three decades just completed the total tonnage reached five million seven hundred twelve thousand six hundred fifty-six tons. Outlets had now been secured to aU the markets, many breakers and improvements had been made, and a more practical and experienced class of men was conduct- ing the mining operations. In 1869 five new collieries were started. Douty & Baumgardner com- pleted a colliery at Doutyville, called the Ben Franklin, mining from the Lykens Valley veins, which at this point were finely developed. The Enter- prise Coal Company, having opened up the same veins in the Mahanoy mountain, erected a breaker on their tract called the Margie Franklin. Boughner, Shipp & Company secured a lease on the Bellas tract and opened up a colliery called the Frank Gowen, in honor of the distinguished president of the Beading railroad. Aucker & Bower commenced a colliery on lands of Hays & Keller, near the present site of the Neilson shaft, and in a short time were succeeded by Weaver & Martin, who operated a short time. John H. Gable, a former superintendent of Big Mountain colliery, sub-leased from the Shamokin Coal Company a tract where the old Lancaster colliery breaker stood, erected a breaker, and worked the twin veins. He was succeeded by Smith & Keiser, who have continued operating at this colliery to the present time. The Shamokin and Trevorton railroad was completed in July and 382 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. opened up to the trade. The first shipndent of coal made over this road, consisting of a train of thirty-four cars of coal, was by Z. P. Boyer & Com- pany. Locust Dale and Ben Franklin colliery connected by rail this year. A great strike prevailed over the entire region at this time. The miners were organized under the title of the Workingmen's Benevolent Associa- tion, and the operators established a board of trade. The differences be- tween them were finally compromised. Monthly meetings were held, at each of which a certain number of both parties were present. A fixed basis of price at Port Carbon for coal established the prices for miners' and labor- ers' wages and any departure above or below this basis led to an advance or drop in wages. This system continued in practice for several years and in many localities worked very satisfactorily. About 1870 Burton Brothers & Company, of Erie, leased the Coal Eidge colliery, No. 2, and at a great expenditure made extensive improvements. They continued operating until 1873, when their slope was drowned out. They made great efforts to pump out the water and continued working the mines above water level until 1876, when they failed. The coUiery was then abandoned. In the early part of 1870 a law was passed for the health and safety of persons employed in coal mines and the appointment of inspectors. The act extended to the counties of Schuylkill, Northumberland, Columbia, and Dauphin, and the territory was divided into three inspection districts. The Shamokin coal field was included in the Third district with David Ed- monds as inspector, who in the course of two or three years was succeeded by William Hemiagray, of our tovm, who ably and honestly filled this re- sponsible position. During 1870 some eight new collieries were added to the list. The Bear Valley Coal Company, through their contractors, A. A. Heim & Company, completed on the first of the year a new breaker on their lands, called the George Pales, which operated on the red ash vein. No. 11. J. Langdon & Company put up a new breaker on lands leased from the Northern Central Kailway Company, and called it the Hickory Eidge colliery. The firm of Heim, Beck & Eeyer secured a lease from the Locust Gap Improvement Company and started the Monitor colliery, which shortly afterwards was purchased by George W. Johns & Brother. The Locust Dale Improvement Company erected the Merriam colliery on lands of Locust Gap Improvement Company. This colliery was not regarded as a success until it came into the possession of the Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company. The Caledonia colliery was started up by Schwenk & Company on lands of Henry Saylor near Mt. Carmel. Its name was afterwards changed to that of Black Diamond. The Morton colliery was started up by Morton, Davis & Company on lands of the Northern Central Eailway Company near Mt. Carmel, and was operated for a few years. The Emory colliery, A. E. Fiske, lessee, was DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN. COAL FIELD. 383 opened on the Helfenstein lands but did not prove a success. Isaac Eeese & Brother opened up a small colliery on the Marshall tract adjoining the town of Shamokin and operated it for a few years. This year the tonnage of Northumberland county exceeded one million tons. The year 1871 was noted for the great changes in the policy of the rail- road companies that depended upon the coal tonnage of the Middle coal field. In order to successfully compete with the large corporations of the Lackawanna regions that were engaged in mining as well as the transporta- tion of coal, and to be able to hold control of the coal tonnage, the three great roads of our region organized companies known as the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, the Mineral Railroad and Mining Com- pany, and the Greenland Company. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, one of the greatest corporations in the State, was organ- ized this year, the Reading Railroad Company owning all the stock. A loan of twenty-five million dollars was obtained from the Fidelity Trust and Safe Deposit Company of Philadelphia, secured by a mortgage on the Philadel- phia and Reading Railroad Company. During this year they purchased over seventy thousand acres of the choicest coal lands in Northumberland and Schuylkill counties, paying for the same over eleven millions of dollars, and for some years following continued their purchases until all the coal lands within their reach were absorbed in this company. Among the tracts pur- chased by this company were those of the Locust Gap Improvement Com- pany, Big Mountain Improvement Company, Pulton Coal Company, Mt. Carmel and Locust Mountain Coal Company, the Mclntyre lands, and the one half of the Trevorton Company lands. Some of the colliery leases on these lands were also bought, while on other tracts the leases were allowed to expire, and some few new leases were made to certain parties. The Mineral Railroad and Mining Company secured this year the Cam- eron, Luke Fidler, and Hickory Swamp coUeries, and in the course of a year or so two other collieries. This change in the mining operations of our region, placing nearly all the collieries in the possession of two powerful corporations, was looked upon by some as injurious to our region. But such has not been the result, if judged without prejudice. The expense of mining has become so great of late years that the enormous outlay of capital in keeping the mines in proper condition could not possibly be carried on by individual operators. On the last day of March, 1871, the Locust Gap breaker, operated by Graeber & Kemple, was destroyed by fire, communicated from the Locust Summit breaker, which stood a short distance west and had been fired by in^ cendiaries. The coal mined at this colliery after the burning was put through the A. S. Wolf breaker, which stood near the present site of the Reading depot at Locust Gap, until 1872, when a new Locust Gap breaker was erected on or near its present -location. 384 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. In July of this year Isaac May & Company leased the Burnside colliery and operated it very sucoessfuly for a number of years. The Margie Frank- lin breaker was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt in the short space of thir- ty-three days — a most remarkable feat in breaker building. In 1872 there were thirty-three collieries in the county with eighteen slopes and fifty-two drifts. Heim & Goodwill at the beginning of the year leased the Bear Valley and George Fales collieries, which had just come in the possession of the Philadelphia and Readi]|g Coal and Iron Company. Heim & Goodwill continued to work these collieries until 1877, when they sold out to the Beading Company. Isaac May & Company, at the Burnside colliery, performed a remarkable feat in coal mining at this time. They sunk a second lift on their slope; they were engaged in driving the Bitten- bender tunnel, and at the same time they ran their breaker as usual without lessening their shipments. In January this year the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company built a double breaker at the Cameron coUiery with a capacity of one thousand two hundred tons per day. It was a model breaker for those times. During this year J. Langdon & Company took charge of the Henry Clay colliery, and at Buck Eidge colliery the firm was changed to May, Audenreid & Company. In 1873 Patterson, Llewellyn & Company leased the Big Mountain coll- iery, which had been regarded as an exhausted operation. But through the skill and indomitable energy of David Llewellyn, who gave these mines his untiring attention, the shipments of this colliery soon headed the Hst and it was regarded as one of the most valuable collieries in the Middle coal field. Black Diamond breaker was destroyed by fire in March and was rebuilt again in August. The Mineral Railroad and Mining Company acquired the Hickory Ridge colliery this year, making four operations now under their control. This year Gilliard Dock, the superintendent of the Mineral Rail- road and Mining Company was superseded by Holden Chester, a most suc- cessful manager of collieries. In 1874 the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company com- pleted the Alaska shaft, located between Mt. Carmel and Locust Gap, and erected a large breaker with all the latest improvements in coal mining. This operation has become one of the most productive in the Western Middle coal field. This year two breakers, the Ben Franklin and Brady, were de- stroyed by fire. The Ben Franklin was rebuilt in the short space of thirty- five days. In 1875 the tonnage from Northumberland county amounted to one million seven hundred fifteen thousand three hundred fourteen tons. On October 5th the Locust Gap breaker was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt immediately and commenced shipping coal in the early part of the next year. During 1876 several new collieries were started. Fulton & Kendrick opened a new colliery on lands of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal DEVELOPMENT OP THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 385 and Iron Company north of the Bnrnside slope and called it the Sterling coUiery. A large breaker was erected on the premises, the engines and machinery of which, as of most collieries built from this date, were from the shops of John Mullen & Company. John Cruikshank started a colliery on the lands of the Philadelphia and Beading Coal and Iron Company, north of the Henry Clay shaft, working the red ash veins. A breaker was erected and soon after M. Emes became associated with the firm. The opera- tion was known as the Peerless colliery and the breaker stood near the site of the Frank Gowen colliery that had been burned down a few years previously. J. Langdon & Company commenced sinking a shaft on lands leased from the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company and the Bellas heirs. In 1877 J. Langdon & Company completed a large breaker at the Henry Clay shaft. The lease of the Burnside colliery was acquired by the Phila- delphia and Heading Coal and Iron Company. In 1878 the Hickory Ridge breaker was destroyed by fire. Philip Good- will opened up the Carson colliery and built a breaker. A new breaker was built at the Buck Ridge colliery. In 1879 the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company opened up a large colliery on the Green Ridge tract near Mt. Carmel and called it the Penn- sylvania coUiery. They built a large breaker, containing all the modern im- provements, under the supervision of their practical and experienced superin- tendent. On the 15th of July, 1880, the Enterprise breaker was destroyed by fire. On July 26th a new breaker was commenced and completed in twenty-seven days, beating all records thus far in breaker building. This was accomplished through the energy and tact of the superintendent, William Gable, and his inside foreman, John H. Gable. The Mt. Carmel breaker was also burned down and rebuilt this year. A small breaker was also built at the Hickory Ridge colliery in place of the one destroyed in 1878. In December, 1881, M. C. Robinson, of New York, leased the Carson colliery. In 1882 W. H. Douty and John H Gable leased from Renshaw & Johns- ton a portion of their traot north of the old Buck Ridge breaker with the privilege of mining on all veins above the Mammoth. They commenced sinking a slope. April 1, 1882, the Mt. Carmel colliery, formerly known as the Stuartville colliery, changed the firm of its operators, being leased by Montelius, Righter & Company. This colliery had been operated for many years. About 1860 Colonel Z. P. Boyer opened up this colliery on lands of the Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company and shipped a small quantity of coal. In 1861 WiUiam Montelius, who had previously operated at the Green Ridge, became the lessee and operated it very successfully for a num- ber of years. About 1880 the firm was changed to Montelius, Robertson & Company, and on the 1st of April, 1882, to Montelius, Righter & Company, 386 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. consisting of William Montelius, A. M. Montelius, Thomas M. Eighter, and E. B. Leisenring. During 1883 several changes took place in operators. On February 1st the Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company acquired the Locust Gap colliery, on July 6th, the Peerless colliery, and on August 29th, the Buck Eidge colliery. On July 2d the Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroad was opened for business. This extension of the Eeading system af- fords a most valuable outlet, as it connects direct with the Vanderbilt roads and brings Shamokin in communication with Buffalo and the towns along the New York Central railroad. The first shipment of Shamokin coal over this road was made by the Merriam colliery, consigning thirty-one tons of egg coal to Syracuse, New York. On the 1st of April, 1884, the Union Coal Company took possession of the Hickory Swamp and Pennsylvania collieries, previously worked by the Mineral Eailroad and Mining Company. During this summer Douty & G-able completed a breaker on their leased tract and named their coUiery the Garfield. On August 4th Mr. Gable withdrew from the firm. In the spring of 1885 the Merriam coal breaker was destroyed by fire. A new breaker was erected and started in November. On July 1st the Henry Clay shaft was transferred to the Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company. This year, W. H. Douty formed a firm and called it the Garfield Coal Company, Limited. In December the lease of Schwenk, Eobertson & Company at the Caledonia colliery expired and the colliery remained idle for a year or so. On the 1st of January, 1886, the firm name of the Mt. Carmel colliery was changed to Thomas M. Eighter & Company, on account of the death of two of the partners, William and A. M. Montelius. Extensive improvements and new openings were made, which enabled this old colliery to keep up its tonnage. On June 5th, 1886, the large breaker at Alaska shaft was destroyed by fire. A new breaker was erected to take its place, which was completed at the beginning of next year. A new breaker was built at Luke Fidler this year. The Mammoth breaker at the Henry Clay shaft was completed during the latter part of this season. On May 6th the Union Coal Company acquired the Hickory Eidge colliery, making three collieries operated by them. On the 9th of June, 1887, the Neilson breaker was completed and started by J. Langdon & Company (incorporated), with A. H. Storrs as superintend- ent. Ground was broken for the shaft in 1884 and it was sunk to the depth of one thousand two hundred twenty feet. The height of the breaker was one hundred seventy-three feet. Over one million feet of lumber were used in its construction. A new breaker was commenced at the Cameron colliery the latter part of this year. The legislature passed an act for semi-monthly payments of wages at collieries. During January, 1888, the Cameron breaker was completed, equipped DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 387 with all the modern improvements, and arranged to do an extensive business, but in October it was destroyed by fire. Llewellyn, Nagle & Company leased the Black Diamond colliery, erected a new breaker, and made other improve- ments. The Excelsior Coal Mining Company opened up another colliery on their lands, developing the Buck Mountain vein, which had been partially opened by Mr. Dewees some years ago. The next year a breaker was built and the operation was named Corbin colliery, in honor of the late president of the Reading railroad. These improvements were made under the manage- ment of Andrew Eobertson, one of the most experienced and successful coal operators in the anthracite region. In the early part of 1889 the Cameron breaker was rebuilt, being one of the largest and most complete structures in the State. Extensive improve- ments were made at the Mt. Carmel colliery, which is said to have over seventeen miles of gangway. The Patterson Coal Company secured a tract of coal land, seven miles long and one mile wide, extending eastward from the Hickory Ridge colliery. By shaftings made they found the two Lykens Valley veins, the Buck Mountain, and another vein over ten feet in thickness. In January, 1890, Major E. J. Phillips purchased the controlling inter- est in the Black Diamond colliery and changed the name of the firm to that of the Black Diamond Coal Company, and the name of the operation to that of the Ferndale colliery. In February Governor Beaver appointed a State commission on anthracite coal wastage, consisting of J. A. Price, of Scranton, P. W. Sheafer, of Pottsville, and Eckley B. Coxe, of Drifton. In February a fire broke out in the gangway of No. 1 slope at the Cameron colliery. This slope extended four hundred twenty feet below the surface. Superintendent Morris Williams, the mine foreman, Edward Brennan, and the men made heroic efforts to subdue the fire, often at the peril of their lives, but after weeks of work were compelled to flood the mine by turning in the waters of Shamokin creek. This flooding excited the attention of everybody, and guesses of the time it would take to fill the mines were published in the Daily Dispatch. An immense cavity was to be filled. Over twenty-six miles of underground railroad were in these mines, and immense caverns existed where the coal for years had been taken out. By a careful account kept by the ofiicials, it took six days, eight hours, and thirty minutes for the flow of the creek to fill the mines, one billion gallons of water having flowed in. On May 6th they commenced pumping out the water, having made very complete arrange- ments for this purpose. In No. 10 slope two sets of duplex pumps were put to work pumping water. In No. 1 slope water was hoisted out with two boilers, each twenty feet long and four feet in diameter. A steam pump was placed in No. 8 traveling way, two steam pumps in No. 7 f anway, and one in traveling way of the slope, making six pumps in all, besides the boilers. In September the mines were sufficiently emptied so as to work the No. 1 lift, and on November 2d all the water was drawn out. Owing to the good condition 388 HISTORY OF KORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. that the gangways were in at the time the fire occurred, the mines were fotmd in excellent order at all points except at the place where the fire had existed. It has been conceded by all parties acquainted with the work, that the man- agement under such trying circumstances, where such great interests were involved, could not have been better performed. On May 19th the Neilson breaker was destroyed by fire, another misfortune for Shamokin, throwing some eight hundred people out of employment. The company commenced at once removing the debris, and started to build a new breaker under the super- vision of their manager, H. S. Gay. This breaker will be completed in December and promises to be one of the finest in the region. On July 16th the Patterson Coal Company located on Big Mountain north of Mt. Carmel, commenced digging foundations for a large coal breaker on their tract, and proceeded to build a number of dwelling houses. This colliery was named the Natalie, and is expected to commence shipping coal on the first of the coming year. On August 4th the Alaska shaft hoisted eight hundred twenty eight cargos of coal in ten hours, or about eighty-three cars per hour. This beats all records on coal hoisting as far as known. During the latter part of August the mines iDf the Buck Eidge colliery were found to be on fire. Efforts were made for some weeks to subdue it but without success. On Sep- tember 28th the water of Shamokin creek was turned in, being conducted some twelve hundred feet in wooden troughs, flowing at the rate of four hundred seventy feet per minute. In forty-four hours the mines were filled with water above the point of the fire. The water flowed in at the rate of thirty million gallons in twenty-four hours. The water is now being pumped out and min- ing will soon be resumed at this colliery. During November, 1890, the drowned slope of Coal Kidge colliery, which had remained flooded since 1873 when operated by Burton Brothers & Com- pany, was drained. This colliery adjoins the Mt. Carmel colliery on the north. The following extract from the Mt. Carmel News of November 15, 1890, describes this interesting event: — Several months ago Thomas M. Righter & Company secured the lease of the Coal Ridge colliery and at once began to pump the water from the old workings. A tunnel from the Skidmore of the Mt. Carmel colliery was started at the same time, and this week the workman broke through into the old mine. As soon as the water had rushed through the opening Superintendent Righter and others entered the gangway to see what changes had been made in seventeen years. On the turnout stood a trip of loaded wagons left there by the editor of the News, who, at the time of the drowning out, was a driver boy. The rails on which the cars stood were about an inch in thickness. A keg of railroad spikes looked like a keg of six-pennies. The miners' drills looked like pieces of thick wire, and nothing of shovel and picks remained save the handles. The old bench on the gangway looked just as natural as it did when County Commissioner-elect Roney, .Tohn N. Evans, Hopkin Davis, Thomas Evert, Andrew Clamaskie, and others sat on it and discussed the merits of the old W. B. A. The timber in the gangway seemed as good as when Jonathan Rupp, Abe Fry, and the two Ralphs lifted the huge collars into position. The gang- -hyT: aKerr-nan NX- DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 389 way was found to be in excellent coal and there is nothing to prevent resumption of work at the place it was so suddenly stopped in 1873. The collieries of our county give employment to twelve thousand eighty- five men and boys, who in 1889 mined and prepared over two and a half million tons of coal. Having brought this article down to the present time (November, 1890), it will be concluded by introducing a few tables showing the shipments of 1857 and 1889, and the annual tonnage from 1839 to 1890. COAL SHn-MBNTS FOK 1857. Trevorton 110,711 Lancaster: Cochran, Peale & Company 35,105 Big Mountain: Bird, Douty & John 28,599 Locust Gap : Seasholtz, Fagely & Company 15,700 Luke Fidler: Thomas & John Rosser 15,031 Lower Gap (Cameron) : Zimmerman & Pursell 14,887 Coal Ridge: Lewis, Muir & Company 11,255 Green Ridge : A. Ayres & Company 10,841 Carton Run : Ammerman & Wetzel 9,610 Coal Mountain: Mears & Davis 4,259 Rough & Ready: Beaver & Company 4,119 Locust Summit: Anthony & Lloyd 3,513 Lambert: Kremer & Deitmau 3,388 Total 266,517 COAL SHIPMENTS FOB 1889. Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company: — Merriam 65,677 Monitor 46,007 Locust Gap 198,566 Locust Spring 147,381 Alaska Shaft 205,461 Reliance 68,977 Buck Ridge 57,779 Henry Clay 460,046 Burnside 100,059 Bear Valley 74,341 Trevorton 63,406 1,481,700 tons Union Coal Company: — Pennsylvania 240,535 Hickory Swamp 107,739 Hickory Ridge 55,768 404,033 tons Mineral Railroad and Mining Company: — Cameron 101,778 Luke Fidler 123,925 235,708 tons Excelsior Coal Company: — Excelsior 159,939 Corbin 46,975 306,904 tons 390 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Individual Operators: — Enterprise 115,247 Neilson 108,396 Mt. Carmel 80,338 Black Diamond 48,749 Lancaster 9,333 Garfield 13,145 Eureka (Star) 7,104 382,213 tons Total for 1889 3,700,551 tons TOTAL SHIPMENTS. The following table exhibits the total shipments from the Shamokin coal field from the beginning of the trade in 1839 down to 1890, covering a period of fifty-one years, with amounts of each decade carried out: — Year. Tons. 1889 11,930 1840 15,505 1841 31,463 1842 10,000 1843 10,000 1844 13,087 1845 10,000 1846 13,573 1847 14,904 1848 19,356 For 1st decade 138,917 1849 19,650 1850 19,931 1851 34,899 1853 35,846 1853 15,500 1854 63,500 1855 116,117 1856 210,518 1857 266,517 1858 243,579 For 3d decade , . . . . 1,005,047 1859 305,043 1860 300,356 1861 290,938 1862 304,865 1863 337,136 1864 389,799 1865 484,257 1866 610,809 1867 533,815 1868 911,784 Year. Tons. 1869 974,015 1870 1,035,515 1871 1,313,096 1873 1,331,327 1873 1,334,070 1874 1,221,551 1875 1,715,314 1876 1,507,078 1877 1,912,236 1878 1,537,754 For 4th decade 13,561,956 1879 1,893,990 1880 1,937,877 1881 2,399,193 1883 2,407,240 1883 ; 2,255,762 1884 2,194,121 1885 2,366,477 1886 3,131,964 1887 3,613,457 1888 3,613,818 For 5th decade . 1889. .32,793,899 . 2,694,551 For 3d decade 4,468,693 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAMOKIN COAL FIELD. 391 KECAPITULATION. Ist decade 138,917 tons 2d decade 1,005,047 tons 3d decade 4,468,693 tons 4tli decade 18,561,956 tons 5tli decade 32,793,899 tons Total for fifty years 41,968,511 tons Add for 1889 2,700,551 tons Total shipments 44,669,062 tons Add for consumption at breaker and local sales 2,000,000 tons Total output for fifty-one years , 46,669,062 tons CHAPTER XII. "WAE OF 1812. Mobilization of the Militia — Companies of Captains Robbbt MoGrTJiGAsr, William McGuike, William F. Buyers, and Jacob Hummel, and Lieutenant Joseph Dbeibblbibs. IN the second war with England Pennsylvania was menaced with invasion on the extreme northwest, where Lake Erie afforded an easy route for the transportation of the enemy's forces from Canada, and dn the southeast, where the Delaware bay and river presented a favorable approach for the enemy's shipping. The State militia was, therefore, mobihzed at three principal points, viz., Meadville, then the largest town in the northwestern part of the State, Marcus Hook, on the Delaware below Philadelphia, and York. Although war was not formally declared by Congress until the 18th of June, 1812, preparations for the conflict had been in progress for some time previously, and on the 12th of May Governor Snyder issued a call for four- teen thousand militia, the quota of the State. Among the tenders of military services in compliance with this requisition was the following: — Milton, July 2, 1813. To his Excellency, Simon Snyder, Oowrnor of Pennsylvania: — Sm: I liave the honor to inform you that on'the 1st day of July, instant, the several classes of the One Hundred and Twenty-third regiment of Pennsylvania militia, James Moodie, lieutenant colonel commandant. Second brigade. Ninth division, met in pur- suance of brigade orders in Milton, Northumberland county; that upwards of the number seventy-nine have volunteered their services as their quota of militia to your 392 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Honor, to be ready to march at any time required. We beg leave to state to your Ex- cellency that it is the wish of the company to march at the first call. Sir, your most obedient humble servant, ROBEBT MCGUIGAN, Captain. The following postscript is appended to a return of the detached volun- teer corps called upon to march to Meadville by general orders from the Governor, issued August 25, 1812: — N. B. John Fruit, brigade inspector. Ninth division and Second brigade, has been, subsequent to general orders, directed to order a volunteer company commanded by Captain Robert McGuigan to march. Number of men in the company unknown. William Reed, Adjutant General. In general orders dated September 5, 1812, Governor Snyder "em- braces the present opportunity of recording the names of commanding officers of companies who have patriotically tendered their services, not in- cluded in general orders of the 25th ultimo," among whom appears the name of "Eobert McGuigan, captain light infantiy. Second brigade, Ninth division."* Four companies of volunteers from the Second Brigade, Ninth division, were ordered to march by the general orders of August 25, 1812, viz. : John Gaston's, Joseph Daine's, Isaac Blue's, and George Ely's. There is reason to suppose that one or more of these companies was also from Northumber- land county. The "Warrior Eun Eifle Company, William McGuire, captain, was com- posed as follows: — Captain, William McGuire. Lieutenant, Jacob Shertz. Ensign, Andrew Ferguson. Privates: William McKinney, Daniel Eyers, Thomas McCormick, Joseph Mackey, Thomas Corn well, George Gray, John Watt, David Eeid, Samuel Clark, Eobert Bryson, Andrew Eeid, John Parks, John Cornwell, Joseph McGuire, John Shannon, James McKinney, Matthew Curry, James A. Scott, John Burrows, William Davis, John Lunger, Ezekiel Lunger, Abraham Lunger, John Tweed, Henry Eeeder, George Eeeder, John Simmons, James Baird, William Cathcart, John Stadden, John Smith, WiUiam Van Lew, James Watson, James Hamilton, Eobert Eeeder, James Bryson, David Graham, Eobert Foster, Jamea Donley, Henry Wolfinger, James Watt, Abraham Gross, Clark C. Stewart, James Kirk, Joseph Welsh, John McKinney, John Murray, Kerr Eussell, John Hart, Adam Hart, Carlton Irwin, Eobert Carter, John Vincent, William Barnet, Thomas Tanner, John Campbell, William Tweed, Andrew Irwin, John Bailick, John Hill, William Brittain, Charles Egner, Eobert McKinley, Samuel Allison. ♦Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. XII. pp. 562, 560, 580, 581. WAE OF 1812. 393. This roster is derived from an original copy now in the possession of Andrew J. Gufify, of Watsontown, Pennsylvania, which bears the following indorsements : — As the company returned from BufEalo. William McGuibb, Oaptain. To Colonel James Moodib: We volunteered as part of the quota of militia; we consider that we have discharged our duty, hut are willing to submit to the lawful decision of our country. William McGuire. Second Brigade, Ninth Bivision, and One Hundred and Twenty-third Regiment, Pennsylvania Militia: I do certify that this is a true copy of the return made to me; witness my hand. Jambs Moodie, Lieutenant Colonel of the One Hundred and Twenty-third Regiment. Milton, October 18, 1814. There are two of the within named who have discharges, to wit, Robert Gaston, William Barnet. The above and within is a true copy. Isaac Post, Brigade Inspector, Second Brigade, Eighth Dimsion, Pennsylvania Militia. Montrose, November 1, 1814. Mr. Gnffy states that in December, 1813, this company marched by way of Bellefonte and the Susquehanna and Waterford turnpike to Erie, and thence to Black Rock near Buffalo, where the ensuing winter was spent. A malignant type of fever was prevalent in the camp, and, as there seemed to be but little occasion for its services, the company returned without leave early in the summer of 1814. This was construed as desertion; the entire company was court-martialed and ordered to Marcus Hook. These pro- ceedings occurred at Danville; thence the men proceeded in boats and wagons as far as Northumberland, where a courier was met with intelligence that the invading force had withdrawn after being repulsed at Baltimore, which rendered further mobilization in the southeastern part of the State unnecessary. The company thereupon returned to Milton and disbanded. The company of Captain William F. Buyers* was composed as follows : — Captain, William F. Buyers, Sunbuiy. First Lieutenant, Thomas S. Jenkins, Dry Valley. Second Lieutenant, Samuel H. Scott, Simbury. Ensign, John Hepburn, Northumberland. Sergeants: Samuel H. Wilson, Northumberland; Joseph T. Wallis, Sun- bury; Montgomery Sweney, Northimiberland. Corporal, John W. Kiehl, Sunbury. Fifer, William Armor, Sunbury. Drummer, Samuel Delong, Simbury. Privates. — From Sunbury: George Weitzel, George P. Buyers, George ♦Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. XII. pp. 53-54. 394 HISTOEY OP NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Prince, David Black, William M. Gray, Daniel Lebo, Martin Grant, John Lyon, John Quin, Edward Chapman, Jacob Armstrong, William Grant, Thomas Grant, Jr., Jackson Gray, Daniel Delong, Thomas Armstrong; from Northumberland: John S. Haines, John Lyon, Adam Cooke, Thomas Bon- ham, Joseph Rachall, James Oliphant, Joseph HofPman, Charles Mans, Charles Frazier, William Sutherland, Eobert Lyon, Isaac McCord, Henry Eenninger, Samuel Wilson, William Jones, William Cooke, William Watson, Jacob Hopfer, John Weimer, Henry Dale, Isaac Hendershott, John Martin, Eobert Campbell, William Dykens; from Williamsport: John Eoss, Will- iam Gale; from Milton, James S. Dougal; from Dry Valley: Joseph B. Kremer, Abraham Kremer, John Macpherson; from Lewisburg, William Cameron; residence unknown: Thomas Harris, William Leland, John Jones. Captain Buyers's camp of rendezvous was situated within the present limits of the borough of East Sunbury at a large spring in a field south of Market street and east of the branch road which comiects the line of the Philadelphia and Erie and Shamokin Valley and Pottsville railroads. On the first day after breaking camp the company marched as far as Stambach's tavern on the old Eeading road at the village of Paxinos, and spent the night in the large barn connected with that hostelry. The march was continued through Pottsville to Philadelphia, where the company was encamped on a vacant lot at the north side of Market street near TweKth until ordered to Marcus Hook. The company of Captain Jacob Hummel f was composed as foUows: — Captain, Jacob Hummel. Lieutenant, Walter Brady. Ensign, Francis P. Schwartz. Sergeants: Stephen Baldy, John Eisely, John Hammer, John S. James. Corporals : John B. Jordan, John Petry, Jacob Leisenring, James Martin. Privates: Henry Burn, John Burn, John App, Isaac Hull, John Housel, John Eedlion, Abraham Newcomer, Frederick Weaver, Joseph Morgan, James Morgan, John Marstellar, Henry Haupt, William Mettler, Peter Oberdorf, Jonathan Stroh, Zachariah London, Henry Sterner, David Zeliff, Logwood A. Hoyt, Daniel Ringler, Benjamin HofE, George Espy, John Buy- ers, John Eenn, Baltzar Mierly, Jacob Hettrick, William Woollican, Daniel Corner, George Farley, John Boughner, Joseph McClughan, John Barnhart, William Willett, Samuel Willett, Elias Woodruff, William Barr, John Eoad- armel, John Applegate, Henry Bertler, Andrew Carothers, John Armstrong, Jonathan Furman, Frederick Ehinehart, Daniel Gearhart, John Crutchley, William Mahany, Daniel Delong, Christian Wagoner, James Warren, David More, Griggs Marsh, John Campbell. The roster is dated, " Camp Marcus Hook, October 31, 1814," and bears the following indorsements: — tPennsylvanla Archives (Second Series), Vol. XII. pp. 222-224. WAB OP 1812. 395 I do certify, on honor, that this pay-roll exhibits a true statement of the company under my command from Northumberland county, attached to the regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Weirick, Pennsylvania militia. Jacob Hummel, Captain. I believe the above to be a correct pay-roll. George "Weikick. Lieutenant Colonel Commanding. I certify that the company commanded by Captain Jacob Hummel is now in the service of the United States, [under] orders of the general commandant. Fourth military district. Thomas J. Eogebs, Brigade Major. The company of Lieutenant Joseph Dreibelbies* was composed as fol- lows : — Lieutenant, Joseph Dreibelbies. Ensign, William Farnsworth. Sergeants: Samuel Auchmuty, John Colsher, Thomas Warner, Peter Hull. Corporals: Adam Eenn, John Martz, Thomas Snyder, George Wyall. Drummer, John Fry. Fifer, Adam Gilger. Privates: Charles Hull, Daniel Hinkle, John Richer, George Herner, Solomon Kreig, John Casner, Conrad Casner, Lewis Ayres, Ellis Ayres, Frederick Syby, Christopher Wentzel, George Waggoner, Arthur Rogers, Adam Smith, George Goodman, Arthur Auchmuty, John Fagely, George Derk, John Leader, George Heim, John Carnes, Martin Drumheller, Abra- ham Drumheller, John Kembel, Frederick Kaubel, Henry Daniel, Leonard Ferster, George Seitz, Michael Read, Henry Kembel, Adam Slise, John Kep- ler, Michael Rebuck, Jacob Foulk, Michael Druckemiller, Peter Boyer, Con- rad Rebuck, John Kline, Henry Rebuck, John Beisel, George Reitz, John Heim, John Martin, John Lewis, Daniel Martin, Henry Huffman, John Per- son, Joseph Fox, Solomon Himimel, Solomon Moyer, John Helwig, Henry Geise, Martin Grim, Samuel Bower, Levi Kocher, John Herter, Henry Fisher, Samuel Geise, Leonard Read, 'George Litzel, Henry Hepner, Valen- tine Hanabach, John Boughner, Robert Farnsworth, Henry Cressinger, Jere- miah Slaught, Samuel Foy, John Fisher, Adam Tavsmey, Conrad Sawyer, Peter Heckert, Peter Sawyer, Jacob Almang, Joshua Heckert, Leonard Dei- ter, Michael Bower, Daniel Snyder, Daniel High, Ephraim Lytle, Elijah Shipman, L Dunkelberger, Peter Melig, Samuel Seasholtz, Philip Hahn, William Reynolds, Daniel Blottenberger, John Klock, Frederick Kahler. The roster is dated, " Marcus Hook, October 31, 1814," and bears the following indorsements ir — I do certify, on honor, that this pay-roll exhibits a true statement of the company ♦Pennsylvania Archives (Second Series), Vol. XII. pp. 106-109. 396 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. under my command from Northumberland county, attached to the regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Weirick, Pennsylvania militia. Joseph Drbibblbies, Lieutenant. I believe the above to be a true pay-roll, except Arthur Auchmuty, who received a furlough improperly in my opinion. George Weieick, Lieutenant Colonel Commanding. I certify that the company commanded by Lieutenant Joseph Dreibelbies is now in the service of the United States, under order of the general commaijding. Fourth military district. ^ Thomas J. Rogers, Brigade Major. CHAPTEK XIII. THE CIVIL WAE. State of Public Sentiment at the Outbreak of the "War — Mass JIeetings and Resolutions — The Sanitary Commission — Regimental Sketches — Eleventh — Eighth — Thirty-fourth — Forty-sixth, — Forty-seventh — Fifty-first — Fifty-third — Eightieth — One Hundred and Twelfth — Fifty-eighth — One Hundred and Thirty-first — One Hundred and Fifty-second — Seventy- fourth — Militia of 1862 — Militia of 1863 — Soldiers' Monuments. THE interval that elapsed between the national election in the autumn of 1860 and President Lincoln's inauguration was a period of the most intense suspense throughout the North. A momentous transference of polit- ical power had occurred; for the first time in the history of the country a president had been elected without the vote of a single Southern State; the Republican party, with which the ultra- Abolitionists affiliated, had achieved its first national victory, while a similar result in the gubernatorial contest in Pennsylvania gave to the people of that State an added interest in the final issue of the rapidly changing current of events. The cotton States suc- cessively seceded, a Southern Confederacy was formed, and its leaders dis- played an energy of purpose in marked contrast with the pusillanimous inactivity of the retiring national administration. In these important devel- opments the people of the North were debarred from active participation, and throughout the brief period that intervened from the time a civil convul- sion became imminent their attitude was little more than that of spectators. The question was discussed from every standpoint — moral, constitutional, humanitarian; and, while a resort to arms was generally deprecated, and people of all shades of political opinion fondly cherished the belief that a peaceable adjustment of the difiiculty could be effected, the sense of an Sngh 'y ■'by T, GKsr-n.ea^JN'y ./2^^^^^~ THE CIVIL WAR. 399 impending national crisis pervaded every community. It was while com- promise measures were under consideration that the people of this county first took action in a collective capacity. The first public meeting in Northumberland county to take into consider- ation the crisis in the affairs of the country, and " to adopt such measures of compromise as will settle the slavery question, which threatens to destroy this glorious Union," was held at Academy hall, Milton, on the evening of Tuesday, February 5, 1861, and organized with the appointment of Moses Chamberlin as president; R. M. Frick and William Kutz, secretaries; and Abraham Straub, Samuel Blair, E. S. Trego, Joseph Ehoads, George Lawrence, S. T. Brown, Martin Billmyer, George W. Strine, L. AUeman, T. S. Mackey, William M. Auten, and John Simington, vice-presidents. On motion of C. W. Tharp the following persons were appointed a committee to draft resolutions expressive of the sense of the meeting: C. W. Tharp, J. F. Caslow, I. B. Davis, J. F. Wolfinger, J. H. McCormick, J. B. Eoney, John S. Peterman, W. H. Marr, and Levi Balliet. The meeting was then addressed by Joseph Khoads, J. J. Eeimensnyder, and James Cameron, who urged in able and eloquent terms the importance of preserving the integrity of the government. A series of resolutions was reported and adopted, from which the following selection has been made, as indicating their general character : — Whereas, It is apparent to every lover of his country's good that the glorious union of the States under which the American people have so long lived and prospered, beyond any example in the history of the world, is threatened with dissolution; Wliereas, The issue is now made up, and the question for us to determine now is whether base, designing political demagogues and fanatics shall have their way, or whether our liberties, our institutions, and our great and glorious nation shall be pre- served; therefore, Resolved, That the citizens of Northumberland county, without distinction of party, in mass meeting assembled, believe our national prosperity, our hopes, and happiness depend on the union of the States as they are now. Resolved, That in this hour of our country's peril he is a dangerous statesman who clings to an abstract theory, and the people will bold him responsible at the bar of public justice who will not extend the olive branch of peace and by honorable and fair concessions make a decided effort to save from ruin the fairest, freest, and noblest fabric of Rej)ublican liberty ever erected by human genius. What was known as the "Border State proposition" was recommended as a basis of adjustment; the Senator and Eepresentative from this county were requested to aid in the speedy removal from the statute books of any laws that might be construed to interfere with the operation of the Fugitive Slave law; the parallel of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes was declared to be of no practical disadvantage to the people of the North as a barrier to the ex- tension of slavery, and south of that line the meeting was firmly impressed in the belief that " slavery should be determined by the sovereign will of the people of the Territories " when they should prepare State constitutions. 400 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. It was impossible as yet to realize that war was imminent. The horrors of civil strife lent probability to the many possible ways by which such a calamity might have been averted, and in this respect the fluctuating uncer- tainity of national affairs affected the people of Northumberland county no less than the country at large. But the events of the next few months demonstrated conclusively that all hopes for an honorable compromise were chimerical. The bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, while it precipitated the hostilities that ultimately lengthened into a protracted and sanguinary war, relieved the tension of the public mind and startled the North into imm.ediate preparation for the " irrepressible conflict." Every latent instinct of patriotism was stirred to action, and public sentiment crystallized into a united determination to maintain the honor of the flag and the integrity of the government. On the 15th of April the President issued his proclama- tion calling out the militia of the loyal States to the number of seventy-five thousand men. The period of suspense had terminated, and the citizens of the county were prompt in giving expression to their unwavering adherence to the national Executive in the policy thus inaugurated. The first public meeting in the county after the call for troops had been made was held at Shamokin on the 16th of April, 1861. Addresses were made by A. E. Fiske, W. P. Withington, and Alexander Campbell, and meas- ures were devised to assist the families of volunteers. One hundred eight men volunteered on this occasion. On the morning of Wednesday, April 17th, a call was issued for a public meeting in the court house at Sunbury, and on the evening of that day a large concourse of people assembled "to take such action as the threatening char- acter of the times " should require. The following gentlemen were selected as officers: president, Henry Billington; vice-presidents: James F. Deen, George Conrad; secretaries: Samuel D. Jordan, J. P. S. Gobin. Charles J. Bruner, J. P. S. Gobin, J. H. Zimmerman, George B. Youngman, and P. M. Shindel were appointed a committee on resolutions. Addresses were made by Eev. P. Eizer and General Clement. Eegarding the immediate duty of the citizens the following action was taken: — Resolved, That we proceed to form a military association, out of wliicli association a full company may be furnished at the call of the proper authorities. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to solicit subscriptions, to-be ap- plied to defraying the expense, etc. of said company. H. B. Masser, George B. Youngman, and George Conrad were appointed a financial committee ageeably to the final resolution. A paper was laid be- fore the meeting giving the people an opportunity to volunteer; it was im- mediately signed by a large number of citizens. A large and enthusiastic Union meeting was held at Academy hall, Milton, on the evening of Friday, April 19th. Ex-Governor James Pollock was called to the chair; W. C. Lawson, J. H. McCormick, John Porter, I. B. THE CIVIL WAE. 401 Davis, W. H. Prymire, William F. Nagle, George W. Strine, George Baker, Eobert Hayes, George J. Piper, Thomas Swenk, John Roush, H. D. Barr, Samuel T. Brown, John M. Huff, and Joseph Bound were selected as vice- presidents; and J. Woods Brown, J. B. Eoney, and S. H. Pollock as secre- taries. A brief but stirring address was made by ex-Governor Pollock, who •was followed by Reverends J. W. Langley, W. T. Wylie, and others. Robert M. Prick, C. W. Tharp, William FoUmer, Cyrus Brown, William H. Marr, J. B. Roney, and John Miller were constituted a committee on resolutions, and their report was unanimously adopted. It urged an immediate response to the call of the President; indorsed the action of the State legislature in pledging "the faith, credit, and resources of Pennsylvania, in both money and men, to any amount and to every extent which the Federal government may demand; " bestowed a high compliment upon the conduct of Major Anderson and his garrison; and, as a means of security for the families of married men who should volunteer, it was Mesohied, That we hereby pledge ourselves to support the families of those of our citizens who shall volunteer their services to fight under the flag of their country, in maintaining the honor and integrity of the government, in crushing out rebellion, and in protecting and maintaining the best government on the face of the earth; and that William F. Nagle, John M. Huff, I. B. Davis, and J. Woods Brown be appointed a committee to carry out the resolution. An invitation was then extended to all who desired to enter the service to enroll themselves with the volunteer organization forming in the borough, and to this more than one hundred responded. While this was in progress a subscription was inaugurated, and upwards of three thousand dollars were promised for the maintenance of the families of volunteers. The first man to leave Sunbury to enlist in the army was Isaac R. Dunkel- berger, who went to Washington on Tuesday, the 16th of April, 1861. He joined the regular army and rose to the rank of brevet colonel. He had been admitted to the bar at the preceding term of court, April 2, 1861. Subse- quently he resided in California. The first detachment of troops to pass through Sunbury was a corps of volunteers about eighty in number from Luzerne county en route to Wash- ington. They were greeted at the different stations with great enthusiasm, and passed through this county on Thursday, April 18, 1861. On Friday a larger number came from that and other regions, and detachments passed through from various places on Saturday. On the following Monday a train carrying a thousand men came down the North Branch ; having traveled some distance they made an effort to procure food, and no sooner had this intelli- gence spread than the ladies of the borough supplied them with everything in the way of provisions that an unexpected necessity could permit. This sug- gested the propriety of making systematic preparations for future occa- sions ; lunch tables were accordingly erected in the public square, and gen- erous donations were received from both town and country. 402 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Several branclies of the Sanitary Commission rendered efficient service throughout the war. The Sanitary Aid Society of Sunbury was organized on the 30th of May, 1863, with Mrs. Charles Pleasants, president; Mrs. Will- iam Wilson, Mrs. Alexander Jordan, Mrs. John B. Packer, Mrs. W. I. Green- ough, Mrs. James Boyd, and Miss Maria E. Fisher, vice-presidents; Miss E. Donnel, secretary, and Mrs. Beulah A. Clement, treasurer. A battalion of the provost guard was stationed at Sunbury in August and September, 1863, among which were many sick soldiers; the upper story of the old courthouse was fitted up for them, and the members of the society supplied their wants. Soldiers passing through Sunbury on their return from the war were bounti- fully entertained on several occasions. The active existence of the society terminated in June, 1865. The Shamokin auxiliary was organized on the 1 7th of May, 1864, with Eev. J. F. Porter, president; Dr. J. J. John, secretary, and Eev. P. Bird, treasurer. A committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions, and valuable contributions were made for the fair held at Philadelphia. Throughout the war the county commissioners contributed regularly toward the support of the families of absent soldiers, and, while organized assistance was thus ren- dered, public benefactions were augmented by many acts of private charity. The following regimental sketches and company rosters have been com- piled from Bates's History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, augmented and cor- rected from local sources wherever possible. The historical sketches of the different regiments have necessarily been greatly abbreviated, but rosters have been given of all the companies in which the county was represented to any extent. There were also a number of other regiments to which the county con- tributed — among which were the Third, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, and Thirteenth Cavalry, and the Seventy-second, Eighty-fourth, Ninety-first, One Hxmdred and Twelfth, One Hundred and Eighteenth, One Himdred and Thirty-sec- ond, One Hundred and Fiftieth, One Hundred and Eighty-eighth, and Two Hundred and Tenth regiments of the line, and others — but while details on this subject might be multiplied, it ''is believed that the essential particulars regarding the part taken by the county in the war for the Union are given. ELEVENTH REGIMENT. The Eleventh regiment organized at Camp Curtin, April 26, 1861, with Phaon Jarrett, of Clinton county, colonel; Kichard Coulter, of Westmore- land county, lieutenant colonel; William D. Earnest, of Harrisburg, major, and F. Asbury Awl, adjutant. It was composed of ten companies, three of which had been recruited in Lycoming county, two in Clinton county, two in' Westmoreland county, and one each in Luzerne, Northumberland, and Mon- tour. On the 4th of May the regiment was transferred to Camp Wayne near West Chester, where it remained several weeks and acquired during that period a thorough practical knowledge of drill and discipline. On the THE CIVIL WAE. 403 -27th of May, having been partially uniformed and equipped, the Eleventh v?as ordered to lake position on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad, Company F being stationed at North East. Three weeks later it concentrated at Havre-de-Graoe, and on the 18th of June received orders to proceed to Chambersburg, thence proceeding to Hagerstown and Williams- port, Maryland. At the latter place it was attached to the Sixth brigade, under General J. J. Abercrombie, who crossed the Potomac with his com- mand aiid engaged the enemy at Falling Waters on the 2d of July. Thence the brigade proceeded to Martinsburg, and from that place on the 15th of July to Bunker Hill. The Eleventh was at Charlestown when the term of enhstment expired; as no troops had been detailed to take its place, Gen- eral Patterson requested the men to remain a week or ten days beyond their term, to which every m.ember of the regiment acceded. It was mustered out at Harrisburg on the 31st of July, but had previously been mustered into the three years' service, the first from Pennsylvania, retaining its original num- ber. Com^pany F, however, did not form, a part of the regiment as reorgan- ized. Company F, organized as the Sunbury Guards, was the first company from Northumberland county to leave for the war. On Thursday morning, April 18, 1861, J. P. S. Gobin, who had taken an active part in the volunteer movement, went to Harrisburg and offered the services of the company, then about fully recruited, to the Governor. They were promptly accepted, and upon his return on the evening of the same day the announcement that his mission had been successful was received with great enthusiasm. On the evening of Friday, April 19th, the volunteers assembled in the grand jury room and organized a company by the unanimous choice of Charles J. Bru- ner as captain; J. P. S. Gobin, first lieutenant, and Joseph H. McCarty, sec- ond lieutenant. While this election was in progress the court house was crowded with citizens assembled to raise means for "providing for the fami- lies of the married soldiers, and furnishing clothing for those not provided with the articles necessary for a campaign. One thousand dollars were raised, with a pledge to double it when necessary, and four hundred dollars for the immediate wants of the soldiers." The manufacture of suitable clothing was at once imdertaken by the ladies. In this work Mrs. Charles Pleasants was particularly active; she opened her house, and it became headquarters for the patriotic operations of the ladies. Here the work of cutting and making garments was pursued without cessation, day and night, and Sunday was observed by an increase rather than a diminution in the number of workers. The willingness of the women of the county to con- tribute their labor to the success of the cause was one of the most practical expressions of patriotism evinced at that period. Intimations having been received that unless the Sunbury company was at Harrisburg on Saturday, April 20th, their acceptance by the State author- 404 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ities might be seriously jeopardized, it was determined to leave for the cap- ital at the earliest possible date. Accordingly, Captain Bruner left with forty of his men on Saturday morning. At an early hour they were mus- tered at the public square, where the population of the town assembled en masse to witness their departure. On the train they found themseves in company with other detachments of soldiers from various points, and thus made the journey to Harrisburg. The remainder of the volunteers attended divine service on the following Sunday at the Lutheran church in a body under command of Sergeant C. Israel Pleasants. At ten a. m. Monday they were mustered on the public square and shortly afterward followed their comrades to the capital. There seventy-eight men from the Sunbury volun- teers were mustered into the United States service as Company F, Eleventh regiment, still retaining in a popular sense their former name, the Sunbury Guards. The following is the roster of Company F : — Captain, Charles J. Bruner. First Lieutenant, J. P. S. Gobin. Second Lieutenant, Joseph H. McCarty. Sergeants : John E. McCarty, C. Israel Pleasants, S. Herman Helper, Ja- cob Eohrbach. Corporals: Samuel P. Bright, Charles D. Wharton, Daniel Oyster, Will- iam Pyers. Musicians: Henry D. Wharton, Jacob Weiser. Privates: Julius Arbiter, Jared Brosius, Henry Bucher, Robert Brooks, Samuel Bartsher, William M. Brisbon, Joseph Bright, Alfred Beckley, Ben- jamin F. Bright, Francis Carr, J. Wilson Covert, William Christ, Henry Drisel, Lewis Dome, David Druckemiller, Joseph Drisclinger, William Edge, Samuel Eyster, Jacob Feight, Stephen Golding, Benjamin W. Geddis, Peter S. Gussler, William D. Haas, Joseph Hildebrand, Charles Harp, Harris Hopper, Albert Haas, Allen Hunter, Jarid C. Irwin, George Kiehl, Daniel Michael, Charles McFarland, Sylvester Myers, William Martin, John Mc- Clusky, Bphraim Metz, Robert Martin, John Messner, William H. Millhouse, Mahlon Myers, Philip C. Newbaker, George Oyster, Frederick Pill, Henry Quitschliber, Albert Robins, Reuben Ramsey, Aristide Rodrigue, Eugene Rizer, Lloyd T. Rohrbach, Frederick Schrank, Hugh Smith, John Snyder, Charles W. Stewart, John E. Seidel, Joseph Smith, Ernest Starkloff, Chris- tian Schall, William Steadman, Cyrus Swope, George Tucker, William Volke Lot B. Weitzel, George Weyman. J. Wilson Covert was appointed quartermaster of the company, and Aris- tide Rodrigue, clerk. Lloyd T. Rohrbach was detailed as clerk in the enrolling department. The following named persons Tvere in the ranks of the Sunbury Guards when that organization was formed, but were not mustered into Company F, each company being limited to seventy-eight men: Richard Bucher, Michael THE CIVIL WAR. 405 Cavenaugh, J. Kerstetter, John Conrad, J. Carey, Frank Diehl, S. W. Fausold, George Fritz, Eiley Hannabaoh, Jacob E. Keefer, Frederick Knarr, Theodore Kiehl, "William H. Slenker, Peter Zeliff, William Wolverton, Landis Starner, Hunter Billington, Henry Haupt, John Eake, J. Shuler, F. Hammer, J. Darson, and P. Smeltzer, of whom the following entered a company from Pinegrove, Schuylkill county: Peter Zeliff, F. Hammer, "William "Wolverton, John Shuler, and Theodore Kiehl. EIGHTH EEGIMENT. The Eighth regiment organized at Camp Curtin on the 22d of April, 1861, with A. H. Emley, of Luzerne county, colonel; Samuel Bowman, of Wilkes- barre, lieutenant colonel; Joseph Phillips, of Pittston, major, and Joseph Wright, of Wilkesbarre, adjutant. It was immediately ordered to Camp Slifer, near Chambersburg, and was there assigned to the Third brigade, First division. In June the regiment went to Greencastle and thence to the Potomac at Williamsport. When the army advanced into Virginia the- Eighth remained at Williamsport to guard the stores ; but when Martinsburg had been reached Companies A and B were detailed to that point as an escort to Doubleday's battery. The brigade was at Bunker Hill imtil July 17th, and on the night of the 20th was pushed forward to Kejjes's Ford on the Shenan- doah, whence the Eighth returned to Harper's Ferry and thence by way of Hagerstown to Harrisburg, where it was mustered out of service. Company A retuiiied to Shamokin on the 81st of July, and on the Saturday following was given a public reception by the citizens of that borough. The Shamokin Guards. — This company was originally formed in 1854 with S. M. Ease as captain. He was successively followed by Captain Eeeder and Cyrus Strouse ; the latter was in command at the outbreak of the Eebel- lion. The company responded promptly to the call for troops, but its com- plement was not full; a public meeting was held on the 16th of April, at which a sufficient number of persons volunteered to make up this deficiency, and on the following Monday, April 22d, the Guards took their departure for Harrisburg. There they rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, and were mustered into the "United States service as Company A, Eighth regiment. The follow- ing is a roster of this company: — Captain, Cyrus Strouse. First Lieutenant, William J. Allen. Second Lieutenant, George B. Cadwallader; brevet second lieutenant, George Shipp. Sergeants: John Harris, Andrew Kreiger, John B. Snyder, Ferdinand Ehoads. Corporals: Jacob Ehoads, Jacob Meutchler, Israel Stambach, Jacob B. Getter. Musicians: William P. Caldwell, Henry Starchal. 406 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Privates: Lewis L. Bevan, William Booth, John Brennan, Ziba Bird, William Bowen, George Blanksley, Hugh Boyd, Benjamin F. Cnlp, William Gulp, Patrick Colyer, William Colyer, Thomas Caldwell, Alexander Cald- well, Charles Conrad, George Cramer, John Downey, Frederick Dibner, Jacob Dindorf, Joseph B. Eaton, David Ephlin, John E. Eisenhart, Ephraim P. Fulk, Darius S. Gilger, Charles L. V. Haas, James H Haas, Thomas Har- ris, Henry Holshue, Joel Holshue, John M. Heilner, John Hancock, James Holister, Henry Irich, Jacob W. Irich, Jefferson M. John, Thomas R. Jones, Charles Kreiger, George W. Klase, John E. Lake, Michael Miceberger, Jere- miah Maize, Charles Medara, John Meehan, John Neifer, William B. Os- mond, Jacob Peif er, John W. Phillips, Josiah Eaup, George Eaup, Michael Eagan, James Sterrit, Godfried Sherman, William Shuck, Michael Salter, Jacob Shield, August Shaual, William Stillwagoner, David S. Shipp, Wes- ley Van Gasken, Peter Wentz, John Weir, Daniel J. Woodley, George W. Weaver, Thomas E. Williams, John B. Zehnder. THIETT-FOUBTH REGIMENT FIFTH BESEKVE. The counties of Lycoming, Northumberland, Clearfield, Centre, Union, Bradford, Lancaster, and Huntingdon contributed to the Fifth Eeserve, which organized at Camp Curtin, June 20, 1861, with John Irving Gregg, colonel, J. W. Fisher, lieutenant colonel, and George Dare, major. Seneca G. Simmons became colonel on the 21st of June. Company B, the Taggart Guards, and Company H, the Pollock Guards, were from Northumberland county. Their active military duty was begun on the day following the organi- zation, when the Fifth, with the Bucktail regiment and a battery of artillery, was ordered to the support of Colonel Lew Wallace at Cumberland, Mary- land, reaching that place on the 8th of July. Five days later the Fifth was ordered to take position at bridge No. 21 on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and on the 22d of that month it proceeded to Piedmont. On the 8th of August it went to Washington, and thence to the camp established for the Eeserves at TenaUytown, where drill exercises were prosecuted for more than a month. It escorted Governor Curtin from Washington to the camp on the 14th of September. In the organization of the Eeserves which ensued the Fifth was assigned to the First brigade, commanded by Brigadier General John F. Eeynolds. This brigade made a reconnoissance to Draines- ville on the 19th of October and again on the 20th of December, having been ordered across the Potomac on the 10th of October and encamped near Langley. The regiment broke camp on the 10th of March, 1862, and marched by way of Hunter's Mills to Alexandria, whence, on the 9th of April, it proceeded to Manassas and occupied the deserted Confederate quarters. From the 7th to the 25th of May the Fifth was encamped at Falmouth; on the latter date the brigade was ordered to Fredericksburg, and on the 26th of June the Fifth was assigned to picket duty on the left bank of the Chicka- THE CIVIL WAE. 407 hominy, where it engaged the enemy on the afternoon of that day, sus- taining a loss of fifty killed and wounded. It was also engaged the follow- ing day; on the 28th <5f June, marching via Savage Station and crossing the White Oak swamp, it arrived at Charles City Cross Koads on the evening of the 29th. In the battle that ensued the Fifth was again engaged, sustain- ing a severe loss in the death of Colonel Simmons and Captain Taggart. At Malvern Hill the regiment was under fire, but not in active duty. The Peninsula campaign having closed, it went into camp at Harrison's Landing. The Reserve corps joined General Pope at the Rappahannock in the latter part of July, arriving at Bull Run on the 28th. The Fifth was under fire on the 29th, and again engaged the enemy on the 30th of August. On the 6th of September it was ordered to cross the Potomac, and ten days later partic- ipated in the battle of Antietam, after which it encamped at Sharpsburg. Thence the army moved into Virginia, and the division to which the Reserves were attached crossed the Rappahannock on the 11th of December, forming in line of battle below Fredericksburg. The Fifth had now been transferred to the Third brigade, and the Reserves, commanded by General Meade, were engaged with the enemy on the 13th of December, the Fifth sustaining a loss of one hundred sixty-nine. In the Gettysburg campaign the regiment formed part of the Fifth corps, and, although it performed several important movements, no serious loss was sustained. It participated in the campaigns of the summer and autumn of 1863, and during the following winter was stationed at Manassas Junction and Alexandria. Leaving the latter place it moved to Culpepper and on the 4th of May crossed the Rapidan, participat- ing in the succession of battles that followed with its accustomed gallantry. On the 31st of May, its term of service having expired, it proceeded by steamer from White House to Washington and thence/ by rail to Harrisburg, where, on the 11th of June, it was mustered out of service. The Taggart Guards of Northumberland organized in the old town hall of that borough with the election of James Taggart as captain, Henry A. Colt as first lieutenant, and Charles C. Jones as second lieutenant. On the 28th of April, 1861, their services were tendered the State authorities, but the complement for the three months' service having been' filled, they were declined. On the 2d of May the company again endeavored to enter the service, but was again unsuccessful. May 6th they expressed their willing- ness to enlist for three years, and, a reserve corps having been decided upon, the company was at length accepted. Several weeks elapsed before it became necessary to leave for the rendezvous at Harrisburg, and during this period the citizens of Northumberland and the ladies of that town made every exertion to provide the men with such things as would contribute to their comfort during a long campaign. On the evening of Saturday, May 25th, a public meeting was held at the Methodist Episcopal church, at which Cap- tain Taggart was presented with a sword by the ladies of the borough. 408 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The company, numbering seventy-seven men, left for the State capital on Monday, May 27th, and at Camp Curtin was mustered into the United States service as Company B, Fifth Eeserve. The following is a roster of Company B: — Captains: James Taggart, Charles Wells, James] D. Slater, John A. Maus. First Lieutenants: Henry A. Colt, James A. Keefer, Peter Vandling. Second Lieutenant, Charles C. Jones. Sergeants: Josiah Newbury, Joseph Hogan, Joseph Martin, James G. Dieffenbach, Saul E. Kreeger, Joshua C. Newbury, Josiah Trumpore. Corporals: William H. Morgan, George W. Fisher, John M. Scout, James R. Little, David Hauck, James Throp, Lafayette Vandling, Joseph C. Carson, William B. WaUis, William Young, James C. Voris, John C. Mor- gan, Edwin N. Kline. Musicians: Charles Standish, George Burkenbine. Privates: Henry Angle, William Black, David O. Bedoe, WiUiam Beidel- man, Jesse Barnhart, Edward Barnhart, B. Frank Bashore, Joseph F. Bash- ore, John H. Brautigam, James M. Bennett, Samuel Clark, William Cutler, Henry Croup, John Campbell, Alonzo Copp, Jacob Cole, Zachariah Chappel, William Cample, James Duffy, George Damuth, Henry Dale, Henry Earlson, Williard Eckert, Benjamin Everett, Albert Fisher, John Fleegel, Isaac Fleegel, Amos Garmon, John A. Gibbons, Simon Gibbons, John Garanflo, Joseph Gibbons, Edward B. Hughes, Julius Herlinger, George Hawthorn, Foster Henry, Charles Hood, Charles Johnson, Samuel Johnson, William Jarrett, John H. Johnson, William Kieffer, Daniel Killbridge, Isaac Kremer, Amos E. Kapp, J. Albert Kieffer, John C. Lloyd, William Lyon, James Morgan, John Marriott, Frederick Murray, James McFall, Milton McPherson, John. McNier, John McElrath, Daniel McBride, William H. Morgan, Augustus Newbury, Brooks Newbury, Joseph Newcomer, Albin Newbury, Nicholas Peifer, James M. Philips, David Rake, Jacob Renner, Evan Renner, George Rake, Albert Rake, George H. Ripple, John P. Scholvin, WiUiam A. Starick, Tilman Seems, Charles W. Scout, John Steinhelper, WiUiam Smith, John Snyder, Theodore Strawn, Christian Starick, George A. Slifer, Francis Trum- bower, Landis L. Travis, D. B. Vankirk, David Vincent, John A. Wing, Joseph Wallis, William Wildice, Frederick Winkleman, John Williams, Joseph Williams, Solomon Williard. The foUowing members of this company re-enlisted at the expiration of their three years' term as veteran volunteers in Company C, One Hundred and Ninety-first Pennsylvania Volunteers: Alonzo Copp, Jacob Cole, George Damuth, Williard Eckert, Benjamin Everett, Amos Garmon, John A. Gibbons, Julius Herlinger, William Jarrett, Saul R. Kreeger, John C. Mor- gan, Milton McPherson, John McNier, Joshua C. Newbury, Brooks Newbury, David Rake, Jacob Renner, Evan Renner, William Smith, Francis Trum- THE CIVIL WAB. 409 bower, William Waldice, Frederick "Winkleman, John Williams, Joseph Will- iams, John Fleegel, John McElrath. The Pollock Guards organized at Milton imder the first requisition for troops, but were not accepted, the complement of the county having been filled. A second effort was made to secure a place in the ranks, and on the 15th of May, 1861, the company departed for Harrisburg by canal boat, but were again rejected and returned to Milton. Having signified their willing- ness to enlist for three years they were assigned to the Eeserve corps, and on the 1st of June, 1861, again went to the capital, where they were mustered into the United States service as Company H, Fifth Eeserve. The following is the roster of Company H: — * Captains : John McCleery, Harry B. Paxton. First Lieutenants: Samuel Shadman, Thaddeus C. Bogle, John M. Ehoads. Second Lieutenant, John H. McNally. Sergeants : Samuel H. FoUmer, Charles Paxton, Robert A. Stoughton, William F. Blair, Joseph Hollopeter, Charles Britton, Halsey S. Nichols, McCurdy Tate. Corporals: WiUiam H. Hayman, William Kohler, Silsby Caldwell, James M. Gillespie, Henry Craw, Charles L. Worman, John Divel. Musician, Manderville Drew. Privates : Charles E. Aude, Herman R. Ault, John Achenbaw, James C. Armstrong, William S. Blair, Joseph Becher, Thomas S. Bobst, Samuel Barnsley, Thomas Bent, Abram E. Biggars, Daniel S. Bingaman, Samuel Blue, P. D. Burkholder, Cyrus J. Barker, Charles C. Bent, Adam K. Caroth- ers, Jacob O. Caldwell, Eichard H. L. Craw, Jacob Divel, M. B. Friedberger, Michael W. FerroU, Edward K. Fiester, Michael Flanigan, David Force, John Figgles, Thomas S. GrifBn, Frederick Gossner, John A. Girhard, Fran- cis J. Gramlich, William Harper, John High, Thomas Harlan, John Haynes, John Heinlen, Jacob F. Haynes, William M. Kyle, John Murphy, David Morehart, Robert E. Mytinger, Daniel V. Moyer, Henry Madara, William Mecum, Jared Mecum, John W. McMurtrie, William McCleery, Miles Mc- Donald, Albert McCarty, Eandolph Nesbit, John Nash, Michael O'Neal, Thomas J. Painter, David C. Phillips, John B. Paxton, WiUiam Eitter, John P. Eenn, John Sattezahn, John Seachrist, William Strine, Jr., John H. Smith, George W. Simmons, Ellis P. Sones, Daniel Sones, Conrad Shoe- maker, Jacob Strouss, Joseph W. Shaw, Charles W. Stickler, Frederick Sim- mons, George W. Smith, Franklin C. Smith. H. M. Stevenson, Jeremiah Stine, John SuUivan, John Shively, Isaac N. Simmons, George Stover, H. C. Stroucbecker, Daniel Travelett, Thomas Williams, Alexander Waite, William Walton, John C. Warburton, Henry A^ Yeager, EUis Yeager, WiUiam Zim- merman. *Lycoming county also contributed to this company. 410 HISTOEX OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The following members of this company re-enlisted as veteran volunteers at the expiration of their term of three years: Samuel Blue, Michael W. Ferroll, Frederick Gossner, John A. Gerhart, Lewis Kyle, Frederick Sim- mons, Franklin C. Smith, Jeremiah Stine, Daniel Travelett, George Lauren- son, P. D. Burkholder, Manderville Drew. FOBTY-SIXTH EEGIMENT. The Forty-sixth organized at Camp Curtin on the 1st of September, 1861, with Joseph F. Knipe, of Dauphin county, colonel; James L. Self ridge, lieu- tenant colonel, and Arnold C. Lewis, major. It was soon afterward ordered to join General Banks's command, and was assigned to the First brigade of the Second division of his corps, then posted on the upper Potomac in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry. Its first encounter with the enemy occurred in the spring of 1862, when three companies participated in a battle between the forces of Generals Shields and Jackson. At the battle of Winchester the loss was seventeen. At Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862, the loss was seventy, many officers being among the wounded. At Antietam the Forty- sixth lost six killed and three wounded; it was ordered forward for the Fred- ericksburg campaign, but did not arrive in time to be engaged. The winter of 1862-63 was passed at Falmouth, whence, in April, 1863, the regiment proceeded to Chancellorsville. In the advance from that place it formed part of the central column, and was engaged on the 2d and 3d of May, losing four killed and a considerable number wounded. The Twelfth corps, to which the Forty-sixth was now attached, arrived at Gettysburg on the 1st of July, and was posted on the right of the line holding the summit of Gulp's hill. Owing to its sheltered position, the loss was inconsiderable. When the Fed- eral forces reached the Kapidan, the Twelfth corps was detached from the Army of the Potomac and ordered to the support of Eosecrans. The reg- iment proceeded to Nashville, where it was assigned to guard duty on the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad, performing this duty with vigilance and fidelity. In January, 1864, a large proportion of the officers and men having re-enlisted, they were granted a veteran furlough, returning to their corps at Chattanooga. There they joined Sherman's army on the memorable Atlanta campaign, participating in the various engagements at Dallas, Pine Knob, Kennesaw Mountain, and Marietta with a total loss of fourteen killed and about thirty wounded. Sherman crossed the Chattahoo- chee river on the 16th of July and began closing in upon Atlanta; while these moveinents were in progress Hood made an attack upon the Federal column in which the Forty-sixth was much exposed and lost two killed and twenty- two wounded. While preparations were in progress for the investment of Atlanta Hood again made an attack, in which the regiment lost six kiUed and a considerable number wounded. Its severe fighting ended with the surrender of Atlanta on the 1st of September. Sherman's march to the sea began on THE CIYIL WAR. 411 the nth of November; Savannah was reached on the 21st of December, and after a brief respite the Federal columns were turned to the north. Colum- bia, South Carohna, was taken on the 17th of February, and a month later Goldsboro, the end of a long and arduous journey through hostile territory, was reached. After the surrender of Johnston on the 26th of April the homeward march began, and on the 16th of July, 1865, the Forty-sixth was mustered out of the service near Alexandria, Virginia. Company K, recruited at Shamokin, Northumberland county, principally from the ranks of the old Shamokin Guard, was mustered into service at Camp Curtin on the 4th of September, 1861. The roster was as follows: — Captains: Cyrus Strouse, Alexander Caldwell. First Lieutenants: G. B: Cadwallader, William P. Caldwell, Darius S. Gilger, Jacob B. Getter, Thomas Alderson. Second Lieutenants: John W. Phillips, August Shensel. Sergeants: George Blanksley, Daniel Babb, David M. Snyder, John Neufer, Samuel P. Eisenhart, John B. Zehnder, John McEliece, Thomas CaldweU, W. S. Farrow, James H. Haas, Joseph Long. Corporals : Joel Holshue, Josiah J. Treibley, Emanuel Holshue, Jonas H. Duttery, Sylvanus Bird, Daniel B. Eisenhart, Andrew J. Hine, Thomas V. Pensyl, James A. Shipp, Jacob N. Young, John E. Eisenhart, Caleb H. Young, William Shuck, John Eaup. Musicians: Benjamin D. Walker, Charles S. V. Haas, C. Zimmerman. Privates^: Thomas Armstrong, John A. Armstrong, Franklin Arter, Samuel Alford, C. J. Bittenbender, Charles Burch, Albert Bennington, Faion Brady, William Bass, Edward Brovna, William B. Bidd, Frank Barmoski, Charles Brandt, Samuel Baker, John Brooks, William Brosius, George Blain, Charles H. Conrad, Samuel Clayberger, Franklin A. Clark, John A. Coder, Samuel Clark, John J. Cunningham, Thomas Collier, William M. Cook, John T. Crandall, Charles H. Duttery, Thomas A. Dunlap, Aaron Dreper, C. Dougherty, C. H. Dunhelber, Patrick Donovan, John Dailey, John Dun- can, Percival Derk, Valentine Epler, Jonathan Eisenhart, John F. Epler, Jeremiah Eurf eltz, John Fox, George Flowers, George Frederick, W. H. Funkhouser, Charles Ginther, John A. Gilger, Jesse Gensel, George Grove, Addison H. Graham, James T. Getter, David Goss, William Grim, Patrick Golden, John Gillinger, Edward Hume, David J. Hine, Joel Haupt, Charles M. Harp, George H. Hubbert, William F. Haas, Michael Hume, Francis D. Heckert, Jacob W. Hesson, William Hoffman, Luther L. Haas, Michael Jacobs, WiUiam Jeallison, Eobert M. Jones, John Johnson, WiUiam H. Jones, Joseph Jaggers, David Jones, John A. Kable, Abraham Keiper, John Knipe, Nicholas Kern, William H. Kerlin, Francis M. Lott, Joseph Lever, William H. Lott, William C. Leibig, John Loudon, Ephraim P. Metz, Paul Martin, James Martin, Charles Morgan, Arthur Mooney, Eeuben Mullen, Elias Maurer, Charles W. Mettler, John Medlicott, Joseph H. McCarty, John E. 412 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. McCarty, William J. McDowell, Guy McCauley, 0. Neiswanter, Amos Neis- wanter, James H. Patton, Daniel S. Peifer, Lewis Paul, Joseph Perry, Moses Eeed, Paul Eoth, William C. Roth, Isaiah Eodearmel, Joseph W. Rose, Isaac N. Robinson, William Reynolds, Jeremiah Simmers, Enoch Shuda, Samuel A. Startzell, Nicholas Sleiben, Thomas Smith, Henry Startzell, John Stevenson, Henry Salters, William H. Snyder, Henry Shaifer, Philip Stam- bach, Daniel Startzell, William H. Slenker, William Simmers, Augustus Snyder, George A. Thomas, Robert Tooley, Jacob Treibley, T. B. Tannery, Isaac N. Teitsworth, William C. Tharp, William Taylor, John Taney, Alfred Teitsworth, Daniel J. Woodley, Benjamin Wallace, John L. Walton, Robert G. Wilson, Walter Williams, M. Worzkoski, P. J. Zimmerman, Alexander ZancoUar. rOBTY-SEVENTH KEGIMENT. This regiment comprised seven companies from Northampton county, two from Perry, and one from Northumberland, and organized at Camp Curtiu on the 1st of September, 1861, with Tilghman G. Hood, colonel, G. W. Alexander, lieutenant colonel, and William H. Gausler, major. Proceeding from Harrisburg to Washington on the 21st of September, it was stationed on Kalorama Heights, and on the 27th ordered to join the advance of the army, in which it was assigned to the Third brigade of General W. F. Smith's division. With that brigade it moved to Camp Griffin, and on the 11th of October participated in the grand review at Bailey's Cross Roads. January 27, 1862, it embarked at Annapolis for Key West, having been assigned to the command of General Brannan. Arriving at its destiaation on the 4th of February, it was brigaded with one New Hampshire and two New York regiments, and remained until the 18th of June, suffering much loss from fevers incident to that climate. From the 22d of June until the 2d of July it was encamped in the rear of Fort Walker at Hilton Head, South Carolina, and then assigned to picket duty at Beaufort. It next formed part of General Brannan's expedition to penetrate Florida and remove the obstructions in the St. John's river. The initial object was accomplished in the reduction of St. John's Bluff, a fortified eminence commanding the entrance to the river, which was then opened to navigation without opposi- tion. In the latter part of October the command was detailed to destroy the bridge over the Pocotaligo, thus severing communication between Charles- ton and Savannah, and successfully evaded a superior force of the enemy. On the 18th of November the regiment again arrived at Key West, where five companies were assigned as a garrison to Fort Taylor and an equal num- ber to Fort Jefferson, the former under command of Colonel Good, the latter, of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander. Here the regiment remained until Febru- ary 25, 1864, five hundred men having in the meantime re-enlisted and received a veteran furlough. THE CIVIL WAE. 413 Leaving Key West the Forty-seventh proceeded to Louisiana, debarking at Algiers on the 28th of February, 1864. At Franklin it was assigned to the Second brigade of the First division, Nineteenth army corps, and on the 15th of March moved to Alexandria -with General Banks's Eed river expedi- tion. The enemy were first encountered in force at Sabine Cross Roads on the 8th of April, when this regiment was actively engaged and sustained a loss of sixty. In this memorable expedition it marched eight hundred miles, and the aggregate loss was two hundred. At Simmsport Company C was detailed to New Orleans on the steamer Vunleith as escort to prisoners, and rejoined the regiment at Morganzia. The Nineteenth corps embarked for Washington on the 5th of July, 1864, and upon its arrival at the capital was assigned to Hunter's command, which it joined at Snicker's Gap. Gen- eral Sheridan soon afterward assumed command of the forces concentrated about the national capital, which he reorganized as the Army of the Shenan- doah. As part of this command the Forty-seventh participated in the battle of Opequan, September 19, 1864, Cedar Creek, October^lQth, and other encoun- ters. The winter of 1864-65 was spent near Charlestown, from which a variety of reconnoissances were successfully accomplished. On the 23d and 24th of May it participated in the grand review at Washington. On the 1st of June it was again ordered to duty, and embarked for Savannah, Georgia, proceed- ing thence to Charleston in July. On the 3d of January, 1866, it embarked for New York, and proceeded by rail to Philadelphia, and on the 9th of Jan- uary, after a term of service of four years and four months, was mustered out at Camp Cadwalader. It had seen service in seven of the southern States, participated in the most exhausting campaigns, marched more than twelve hundred miles, and made twelve voyages at sea. It was the only Pennsyl- vania regiment that participated in the Eed river expedition. Company C was from Northumberland county. The Sunbury Guards, after their return from the three months' service, reorganized on the 19th of August, 1861, with J. P. S. Gobin as captain, and took their departure for Harrisburg on the following day. This company was composed as follows : — Captains: J. P. S. Gobin, Daniel Oyster. First Lieutenants: James Vandyke, William Eeese, William M. Hen- dricks, Christian S. Beard. Second Lieutenant, Jacob Keefer. Sergeants: Samuel Eister, WiUiam F. Finch, John W. Sniteman, Benja- min F. Miller, Peter Smelser, William Pyers, Peter Haupt, John Bartlow. Corporals: Timothy Snyder, David Sloan, Michael Dorsing, Henry SenefP, George E. Good, Stewart Kirk, Lloyd G. John, John H. Heim, David Snyder, George K. Hebler, Mark Shipman. Musicians: Samuel Pyers, John H. Sc^ooley, Henry D. Wharton, J. Bol- ton Young. Privates: James G. Allen, Henry Brown, John Berry, J. Weiser Bucher, 414 HISTOEY OF NORTHDMBEELAND COUNTY. Jared Brosius, William H. Brookins, Samuel H. Billington, David S. Beid- ler, George P. Blain, George K. Beaver, Daniel Beaver, Matthias Beaver, George W. Bortle, James Brown, Martin M. Berger, Emanuel Beaver, Edgar Baker, Joseph Baker, Zachariah Brown, William Brannan, James BuUard, Perry Colvin, Augustus Colvin, John D. Colvin, E. W. Druckemiller, Seth Deibert, David T. Evans, Charles Ehrie, Abner J. Finch, John W. Firth, Eeuben L. Fish, George Fritz, Jeremiah Gensemer, William Good, William Gehring, Joseph B. Gray, Jesse G. Green, Jasper B. Gardner, Jacob C Grubb, Alexander Given, Jeremiah Gardner, Alfred Hunter, Henry W. Haas, Charles W. Harp, Conrad Holman, Eobert Horrel, Eichard Hill, Freeman Haupt, Charles K. Herb, George Horner, Jeremiah Haas, J. S. Hart, Jarid C. Irwin, Samuel Jones, George D. John, Cornelius Kramer, Lorenzo Kramer, Emanuel Keiser, Isaac Kemble, D. W. Kemble, Isaac Kramer, James Kennedy, Theodore Kiehl, George W. Keiser, George Kramer, William Logan, L. K. Landan, Charles LefPer, Michael Larkins, William Leinberger, Thomas Lothard, Eli Miller, Samuel Miller, John Munsh, James W. McLane, Alexander McCuUough, Adam Maul, Eobert C. McNeal, John W. McNew,^ William McNew, Samuel McNew, John McGraw, Warren McEwen, George Miller, William Michael, Edward Matthews, George Malick, Francis H. McNeal, Benjamin McKillips, Thomas Nipple, David Naylor, John S. Oyster, Eichard O'Eourke, John B. Otto, William Plant, John S. Opler, William Pfeil, Eaphael Perez, James E. Ehine, Hugh B. Eodrigue, Jacob Eenn, P. M. Eandall, Alexander Euflfaner, H. B. Eobin- son, Joseph Eish, Samuel M. Eeigle, John Sunker, John W. Smith, Adam Strong, Zachariah Seaman, Henry C. Seasholtz, Ira Seasholtz, Christian Schall, Isaac Snyder, Charles F. Stewart, Henry A. Shiffer, Joseph Smith, Peter Swinehart, John C. Sterner, Ephraim Thatcher, Noah Ulrich, Eobert W. Vincent, Frederick Vaun, David Weikle, Joseph Walters, Samuel Wal- ters, Henry W. Wolf, Theodore Woodbridge, James Whistler, Benjamin F. Walls, Samuel Whistler, Cornelius Wenrick, Solomon Wetzel, George C. Watson, Peter Wolf, John E. Will,';Emanuel E. Walters, John W. Walton, James Wolf. FIFTY-riBST EEGIMENT. The field officers of the Fifty-first at the time of its organization were John F. Hartranft, of Montgomery county, colonel; Thomas S. Bell, of Chester county, lieutenant colonel, and Edwin Schall, of Montgomery county, major. Leaving Camp Curtin on the 18th of November, 1861, the regiment proceeded to Annapolis, Maryland; there it was subjected to continuous drill for six weeks, and assigned to the Second brigade (General Jesse L. Eeno's) of Burnside's corps. Embarking on the 6th of January, 1862, with the Eoanoke Island expedition, the purpose of which was successfully accom- plished, the brigade embarked (on the 3d of March) for the expedition to "^ -' Iq-' F GJ-uii->%'M%]}lY U it^^^^^-t^^ ^ Cr~O^C^'-^^^-t.--<^ THE CIYIL WAE. 417 Newbem. In the attack upon the enemy's works the Fifty-first was at first held in support, but was brought up for the decisive charge, carrying the redan in front and planting the flag upon the enemy's ramparts. On the 16th of April an expedition was sent out from Newbern, in which the Fifty- first participated, attacking the enemy twenty miles inland from a point four miles below Elizabeth City and utterly demoralizing his forces. The regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe on the 8th of July, and was there assigned to the Second brigade. Second division of the Ninth army corps, the brigade being placed in command of General E. Ferrero. Proceeding to Fredericksburg; the brigade was sent out to guard the fords; on the first day of the second battle of Bull Bun a part of the Fifty-first was detailed to advance to the picket line in Kearney's front, rejoining the regiment on the following morn- ing. The brigade rendered most efficient service in covering the retreat of the Federal forces by supporting Graham's battery, rejoining the main body of the army at Centreville. The Maryland campaign next ensued. Moving through Washington on the 3d of September, 1862, the Ninth corps entered Frederick on the 12th, and encountered the enemy on the Sharpsburg pike several days later, when General Reno lost his life. The Ninth corps was not actively engaged at the battle of Antietam until the morning of September 17th, when General Cox, who had succeeded Reno, was ordered to advance and carry the stone bridge on the extreme left of the line. Several regiments advanced to the assault, but were obliged to fall back by the concentrated fire of the enemy; at length General Burnside, nettled at the delay of his columns, ordered the Fifty-first Pennsylvania to storm the bridge. Led by Colonel Hartranft it advanced to the charge, and, supported by the Fifty-first New York, carried the bridge. The brigade was then posted on a range of hills overlooking the creek; its ammunition became exhausted, and, being attacked by overwhelming numbers of the enemy, it was obliged to relinquish the advantage gained by such severe fighting and costly sacrifice. The loss to the Fifty-first was one hun- dred twenty-five. The loss at the battle of Fredericksburg was eighty-six. In March, 1863, the regiment was ordered to Fortress Monroe, whence it proceeded to Kentucky, where it was posted at various points in the interior of the State to afford protection against the invasions of Wheeler, Morgan, and Pegram. In June the corps was ordered to the support of Grant at Vicks- burg, where it was principally engaged in erecting fortifications at Mill Dale and Oak Ridge. The regiment accompanied Sherman in his campaign to Jackson, and at its close returned with the corps to Kentucky, where it was posted at Camp Nelson. Thence the regiment moved to Knoxville, and, after participating in the movements about Campbell's Station, whereby the retreat of the Federal array was covered by the Second brigade under Colonel Hart- ranft, returned to that place and was engaged in its fortification and defense. After the siege was raised, it joined in the pursuit of the enemy; on the 5th 24 418 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted, and received the veteran furlough, returning home via Cincinnati and Harrisburg. Upon the opening of the spring campaign under Grant, the Ninth corps moved to the Kapidan early in May. The Fifty-first participated in a variety of difficult and dangerous movements throughout the campaign; it was engaged at Cold Harbor on the 3d of June, at Petersburg on the 17th, and at the Weldon railroad in August. In the subsequent operations of the brigade it was engaged at Poplar Spring church. Beam's Station, Hatcher's Eun, and in the final attack on the 2d of April, 1865, which resulted in the evacuation of Eichmond. On the 27th of July, 1865, after four years of arduous service, extending over the whole line from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, it was mustered out of service at Alex- andria, Virginia. The following members of this regiment were from Northumberland county: William Kelchner, Ebert Sprowles, Joe A. Logan, Harrison Hause, William Buoy, P. H. Bratton, Albert Snyder, Jacob Clymer, Montgomery S. Adams, Lemuel Crossgrove, George Brown, John Van Lew, Henry Houtz, William Muylert, William Loudenslager, John T. Cox, and possibly others. PIFTT-THIED EEGIMENT. John E. Brooke was elected colonel of this regiment, Eichard Mc- Michael, lieutenant colonel, and Thomas Yeager, major, at its organization in the autumn of 1861. From the rendezvous at Camp Curtin it moved to Washington on the 7th of November, crossed the Potomac on the 27th of that month, and encamped near Alexandria, where the winter of 1861-62 was passed. In March, 1862, it participated in the general advance of the Army of the Potomac to Manassas, and on the 21st of that month marched to Warrenton Junction to support a reconnoissance of Howard's brigade. It formed part of the reserve division during the siege of York- town; at the battle of Fair Oaks on the 1st of June it was actively engaged, and lost ninety-six men, killed, wounded, and missing. On the reorganiza- tion of the Army of the Potomac it had been assigned to the Third brigade , First division, Second corps; this brigade covered the withdrawal of the Federal forces during the memorable " change of base " frqpi the Chicka- hominy to the James, and in the high commendations bestowed upon it for the success with which its arduous and perilous duties were performed the Fifty-third received honorable mention. When Pope retreated to Wash- ington it was again interposed between the enemy and the exposed flanks of the Union army. During the battle of South Mountain it was held in reserve, but on the 17th of September it was engaged in the severest fight- ing of the day. Crossing the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, it was variously occupied for a time; from the 19th of November to the 11th of December it performed provost guard duty at Falmouth, and lost in battle on the 13th one hundred fifty-eight in killed and wounded, after which it resumed its THE CIVIL WAE. 419 former position at Falmouth, remaining there until February 1, 1863. It was actively engaged in the Chancellorsville campaign, and suffered con- siderable loss. At Gettysburg, where it arrived on the morning of July 2d and went into battle with one hundred twenty-four effective men, but forty- five escaped uninjured. It went into winter quarters at Stevensburg, Vir- ginia; there the men re-enlisted, and proceeded thence to Harrisburg, where they were discharged upon veteran furlough. Breaking camp at Stevensburg on the 4th of May, ] 864, the regiment crossed the Bapidan and on the 11th proceeded in the direction of Spottsyl- vania. There, on the following morning, it participated in the brilliant and decisive charge of the Second corps, which resulted in the capture of an en- tire division of the Confederate army. On the 3d of June it was in a charge at Cold Harbor, and again on the 16th at Petersburg. During the remainder of the campaign it was occupied in promiscuous skirmishing along the Con- federate lines, in dismantling the Weldon railroad, etc. It moved upon its last campaign on the 28th of March, 1865, joining in the operations at Five Forks and the capture of a Confederate wagon-train at Deep Creek, and was at the front on, the day of Lee's surrender. On the 23d of May it took part in the grand review at Washington, and was finally mustered out on the 30th of June, 1865. Company H was recruited in Northumberland county, and was composed as follows: — Captains: McCurdy Tate, Philip H. Schreyer, James D. Marsh. First Lieutenants : Lawrence Huff, Wallace W. Dentler. Second Lieutenants: Samuel T. Piatt, Michael Thornton. Sergeants : Alfred Hays, Charles Allen, Harvey S. Geiger, Joseph F. Al- bright, Solomon Kobenold, James F. Ryan, James Geist, John C. Irwin, S. D. Haughenback, William Harrison. Corporals: Levi A. Leform, Amandus Gold, James M.' Confer, James Eoadarmel, Abram D. Galutia, Theodore Scott, David P. Waltman, William J. Bickford, Jacob Corey, Lionel Stanley, John Showers, James Ossenan, Charles F. Hohnbon, Eobert P. Strine, Henry Kohler, H. W. Hagenbuck, M. L. Everhart, J. M. Hougendobler, William C. Best, Joseph Black. Musicians : William Longenacker, James McCleery, John Caldwell, John DaUy. Privates: Seth Andrews, William J. Ameigh, Samuel W. E. Byers, D. Buchanan, Samuel Bittner, Perry C. Brown, James D. Barber, John Boal, Benjamin Bittner, John D. Bujrd, John N. H. Bell, Michael Bumbaugh, Jacob H. Brubaker, George W. Bowers, Charles Britton, William W. Bur- rows, Nicholas Becker, Eobert P. Bratton, Thomas Bird, James B. Culbert- son, Francis Canovan, Noah D. Clutter, Peter L. Cerlough, Thomas Collins, Frederick Carver, John M. Coist, William L. Costen, Christopher Corwin, Friend Cook, William Coyl, Walter Cowden, Leonard W. Divelbiss, Jacob 420 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Divelbiss, Charles N. Dunbar, David Dougherty, Thomas E. Davis, Ira Downs, William Dix, William Deetz, George W. Deer, William H. Dobbs, Oscar E. Erway, George Eaton, Joseph L. Evans, John Eveland, Peter Fowler, Charles A. Fisher, John Fisher, Samuel Fisher, Hugh Fisher, Aaron Fox, John B. Grum, Timothy P. Galutia, William J. Grover, Jeremiah Garris, George W. Gates, Charles Gumms, Eobert Hall, John High, D. Hendrickson, Daniel Harvey, Levi Hamilton, Daniel S. Hopkins, M. V. Huffmaster, Thomas Hughes, Henry Houts, George Hause, John Henry, Hall Henry, Allen S. Hatch, Samuel W. Hopkins, Joseph Harris, Alexander Hazlett, George Jones, Nelson Johnston, James A. Kooney, Daniel King, William Keener, Samuel F. Kelly, John F. Kain, Milton Kirkwood, Daniel Knittle, James Knittle, Levi E. Kestler, John Lunger, Jacob L. Lyman, William A. Lewis, William Long, Bernard Leform, Cyrenius Murray, Joseph Mauck, John Murphy, A. Middlesworth, Francis Myers, WiUiam Morrison, Gabriel Miller, Jacob Martial, Leonard Messimer, Lyman Miller, John Mauck, Andrew Mallory, Laurin Matson, Enoch D. Martin, Michael Many, Andrew Marshall, John Moyer, John Mayer, James L. Miller, Martin MiUer, William Moffit, James McNamee, Ashbel Norton, Adam Nearhood, David Noble, John Ohler, William Purdy, Samuel L. Potter, William Parker, WiU- iam H. Plowman, Eobert Patterson, Michael Powers, John Quinn, Joseph Eeed, George T. Eoadarmel, Lemuel Eauck, John H. Eich, John Eich, Lind- say Eaup, Henry Eaup, William Eaup, Alexander Eobinson, Henry Eoben- old, Asa M. Eiohardson, John C. Eeifsnyder, Zacharias Eobenold, David C. Secor, Philo Steinmetz, John Scutchall, Edward Short, Lafayette StefEy, Alfred W. Standish, Joseph Shirey, Charles J. Smith, Jacob Stull, Joseph Shirk, Peter Swisher, William Suttle, Simon Struman, John Swart, George Sweney, Thomas Smith, John Seibert, Eeuben Snyder, Joseph Smith, John Steinbacker, Oliver C. Sherman, William Stanley, William P. Shutt, David Stiber, Simon Springer, William H. Swenzell, Michael Shaffer, Eeuben Snyder, Dennis Tobin, James Thurston, George Thomas, John Taylor, George Vandling, WiUiam H. Vannetta, John Vannetta, George E. WiUiams, Sam- uel Winguard, WiUiam Wherry, Levi F. Weida, Joseph Wetzell, Henry H. Wilsm, John Yolton. FIFTY-SIXTH REGIMENT. Sullivan A. Meredith, J. William Hofmann, and Thomas S. Martin were colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major, respectively, of the Fifty-sixth at its organ- ization in September, 1861. Leaving Harrisburg for Washington on the 8th of March, 1862, it was stationed at various points in the vicinity of the city and on the lower Potomac until the 27th of May, when it proceeded to Freder- icksburg, encamping on the left bank of the Eappahannock. There it was occupied in performing guard duty until August, when it moved to Cedar Mountain, participating in several skirmishes. In the battle of Antietam it THE CIVIL WAR. 421 occupied the extreme right of Hooker's corps, and sustained but little loss, but in an engagement with the enemy on the 2d of November at Union it lost five killed and ten wounded, receiving the congratulations of the division commander for its gallant conduct. It held a position along the Bowling Green road at the battle of Fredericksburg, but suffered no loss. The winter of 1862-63 was passed at Pratt's Landing, at the mouth of Potomac creek. Breaking camp on the 28th of April, 1863, the regiment moved on the Chancellorsville campaign, losing two killed and seven wounded in a demonstration at Pollock's Mills. From the early part of May until the 7th of June it was encamped near the Fitz-Hugh house; it was then detailed to the support of cavalry at Brandy Station. The march toward Gettysburg commenced on the 25th of June, 1863. It this time formed part of the Sec- ond brigade of the First division of the First corps ; this brigade was in the advance on the morning of July 1st, and the Fifty-sixth was the first regi- ment to get into position. As the enemy was within easy musket range, it was at once ordered to fire, and thus opened the battle. It was then posted on Oak ridge, but was soon afterward withdrawn to Seminary ridge; on the second day it occupied the angle at the summit of Gulp's hill, and on the third it was moved to the cemetery to support the batteries on its crest, sus- taining in this engagement a total loss of ten killed, sixty-seven wounded, and seventy-eight missing. It participated in the pursuit of the enemy, and passed the following winter in Virginia. On the 10th of March, 1864, it was granted a veteran furlough, returning to the front in time for the Wilder- ness campaign, in which it was conspicuous for gallantry on several occa- sions. It was va^fiously engaged during the summer and autumn, partici- pating in the advance to Hatcher's Run on the 27th of October, and to Hinckford on the 5th of December. After destroying several miles of the Weldon railroad on the 8th of December, it encamped between Lee's Mills and Jerusalem plank road on the 13th, remaining there until the 4th of February, 1865. On the 5th and 6th it took part in the second engagement at Hatcher's Run, shared in the perils and honors of the final campaign, and was mustered out of service at Philadelphia on the 1st of July, 1865. Companies C, D, G, K, and possibly others of this regiment contained men from Northumberland county. It is impossible to give a complete roster, but the following are known to have enlisted from Shamokin; C. Alderson, Patrick Burns, George B. Clark, Simon CoUier, Jacob Christ, Henry Day, John Downey, John Meighan, Michael McCarty, John McCau- ley, Mark Moran, George Nolter, Francis Eeed, John Eeed, M. Schochnerry, James Strausser, Robert Toole, Thomas E. Williams, Stewart Yost, Thomas Clark, Michael Maher, William Boon, Francis Dunlavy, Jacob Guskey, Michael Haley, John McDonald, John F. Startzel, James Sterrett, Frank Startzel, George Wary, and Josiah Yohe. 422 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. EIGHTIETH KEGIMENT- — SEVENTH CAVALBY. The Seventh Cavalry was recruited in the counties of Schuylkill, Lycom- ing, Tioga, Bradford, Northumberland, Montour, Clinton, Centre, Chester, Luzerne, Dauphin, Cumberland, Berks, and Allegheny, and organized at Camp Cameron with the following field officers: colonel, George C. Wyn- koop, of Pottsville; lieutenant colonel, William B. Sipes, of Philadelphia; majors: James J. Serbert, of Philadelphia, James Given, of West Chester, and John E. Wynkoop, of Pottsville. Eegimental colors were presented by Governor Curtin on the 18th of December, 1861, and on the following day, in pursuance of orders from the Secretary of War, the regiment started for Louisville, Kentucky; there it reported to General Buell, of the Department of the Cumberland, and was placed in camp of instruction at JefEersonviUe, Indiana. Breaking camp toward the close of January, 1862, it proceeded to Nashville, Tennessee, where the three battalions separated, and were assigned to duty in western and middle Tennessee. In May the Second and Third battalions participated in an attack on the Confederate General Morgan at Lebanon, compelling him to retreat. In June the First battalion moved with Negley's column for Chattanooga, encountering the enemy at Sweden's Cove; and on the 13th of July the Third battalion, with two infantry regiments and other troops, was attacked by the enemy in over- whelming force at Murfreesboro and compelled to surrender. On the 1st of July the First battalion, attached to Smith's brigade, occupied Manches- ter; and early in the same month the Second and Third, under Lieutenant Colonel Sipes, led the advance of General Dumont's expedition across the Cumberland mountains, forming part of General Nelson's command in his advance from McMinnville shortly afterward. On the 21st of August the Second battalion participated at Gallatin in a battle between the Federal and Confederate cavalry, in which the former, on account of inferior num- bers, suffered severely. The First battalion accompanied General Buell in his retrograde movement through Kentucky in September, 1862, the Second and Third remaining at Nashville as part of General Negley's command. Upon the reorganization of the cavalry arm of the service in the Army of the Cumberland under General Eosecrans in November, 1862, the Seventh was assigned to the First brigade of the Second division. When the army advanced upon the enemy at Murfreesboro in December this brigade led the center, and tiie entire march from Nashville to Stone river was a continuous battle between the cavalry of the two armies. On the 31st an engagement occurred at Overall's creek, in which the Seventh lost sixty-one. On the 31st of January the First brigade was ordered to proceed to Eover and break up a Confeder- ate outpost, which was done with entire success. A variety of movements was participated in during the months of April, May, and June, culminating in the capture of Shelbyville on the 27th of June, in which the Seventh regi- ment rendered conspicuously gallant service. Skirmishes occurred at Elk river THE CIVIL WAR. 423 on the 3d of July, at Sparta on the 17th of August, and early in September the regiment moved with the army on the Chickamauga campaign, passing through Tennessee into Alabama in pursuit of Wheeler in August. Early in 1864, while stationed at Huntsville, Alabama, a large part of the regiment re-enlisted, and was given a veteran furlough. Breaking camp on the 30th of April, 1864, it joined Garrard's division and set out with Sherman towards Atlanta, joining in Kilpatrick's raid several months later and taking part in a number of engagements. This was a campaign of unusual severity, and at its close the regiment was remounted and equipped at Louisville, complet- ing its preparations for the campaign of 1865 at Gravelly Springs, Alabama. It joined the command of General James H. Wilson on the 22d of March, marching with his expedition across the Gulf States from Eastport, Missis- sippi. On the 1st of April it was engaged at Plantersville, and on the follow- ing day arrived in front of Selma. It led the assault upon the fortifications of that city, suffering severe loss, and carrying the defenses triumphantly not- withstanding the determined resistance of the enemy. On the 16th of April it was engaged at Columbus, Georgia, and on the 20th arrived at Macon, where, the war having closed, it remained until mustered out on the 13th of August. Company D was recruited in Northumberland and Montour counties, with the following roster: — Captains: James Bryson, John T. Newcomer, Uriah C. Hartranft, Sam- uel C. Bryson. First Lieutenants : Joseph Castles, John Schuyler, Jr. Second Lieutenants: James S. Henderson, Jesse B. Rank, Michael BreckbiU. Sergeants: William A. Hartranft, Michael N. Bushey, Alfred Eoberts, Samuel M. Blain, Joseph D. Wolf, Franklin McFarland, Martin L. Kurtz, Abraham "G. Leiser, D. Webster Bank, Peter K. Wagner, Joseph W. Davis, Daniel F. Wagner, F. J. Trumbower. Corporals: Aaron M. Yocum, Charles A. Dentler, Joseph V. Fulton, Charles E. Wagner, Henry C. Artman, Uriah S. Hayes, Martin Yerk, Aaron B. Koons, Joseph L. Heffler, William Koons. Buglers: Jacob H. Wagner, James C. Irwin, Neil Guigune. Saddlers: Charles Kerlin, Oliver P. Barr. Blacksmiths: Hiram Wertman, William Perry. Privates : Lewis Artman, Henry Billman, William Biggart, Montgomery Brush, John 0. Brown, Clinton W. Boon, Samuel Boyer, William Bly, James C. Bly, Jacob T. Balliett, William Barnhart, Robert M. Biggart, Charles A. Balliett, William D. Balliett, Reuben Confear, Charles Crouse, Adam Crawford, Peter Curner, Timothy Crimmins, Henry Conrad, Luther B. Cole, Jacob Cramer, Rockwell Demund, John Divers, Charles Dewalt, Richard Dougherty, Peter Dentler, Joseph E. Dougherty, John Dugan, Daniel G. 424 HISTOEY OF NbRTHUMBEEI/AND COTJNTy. Dilldine, Thomas J. Ellis, John Elick, Henry J. Fry, Jeremiah Fleck, Will- iam A. Fetter, Joseph Falls, John W. Freese, William W. Gray, Isaac D. Gensel, George S. Gold, H. H. Gwynne, William H. Garrett, Elias High, William B. High, Henry J. Hower, Joseph Hess, Thomas Huff, George M. Hoffman, S. W. Hagenbuok, William F. Heiney, John Huff, William Huff, George E. Hill, Benjamin Hefner, Levi S. Hays, James H. Harman, Ellis L. Irvin, John Jarrett, Thomas R. Johnson, William Jackson, William H. Keiffer, John Kerchner, James Koons, Levi Keener, Amos H. Kisner, Charles Kem- . erer, Jacob H. Krisher, Silas Kirk, Jesse Kisner, Oliver P. Koons, Samuel E. Leinbach, Walter Lynn, Elias Lynn, Samuel Lilly, Henry Larkins, John H. Morrison, Robert B. Miller, William D. Moyer, John H. Moyer, Robert J. Miller, Benjamin F. Miller, John Meadowcroft, William Machamer, Isaac Y. Messinger, George R. Miller, Lee M. Morton, John Machamer, George Masser, George W. McCollen, Robert A. McMahan, David McKean, Charles C. McCormick, William McCormick, William C. McCoy, S. W. Mcllrath, Charles S. Nicely, John Nelson, Reuben Nicholas, John A. Opp, John O'Connor, . James O'Day, Samuel Ormrod, George H. Pfleger, Frederick M. Roberts, Jonathan Rogers, James Reeder, Hiram Reynolds, Franklin Richards, George L. Riffle, John Robenold, Charles Russle, Samuel Robenold, Samuel Sprout, John S. Schuyler, Aaron Sechler, George Snyder, Abram L. Sterner, Ellis A. Snyder, Ellis Shaner, John B. Sees, Peter Shady, Jacob Shady, Abraham Shuman, David S. Spees, Israel Sanders, William B. Stout, Harman A. Sevi- son, Jeremiah Slaght, William Stitzel, James D. Strine, William H. Stimner, Simon Snyder, Adam Schuyler, Newton L. Sayers, Thomas Sanders, Jacob D. Smith, John Tomy, Robert C. Watson, Herman G. Wolf, James F. W\^tts, William W. Wertman, George H. Wykoff, John Wesner, Cyrus Wertman, Richard S. Worral, Thomas A. Worral, William W. Weeks, Philip Willard, Daniel C. Weik, Daniel Wise, Albert B. Watson, John S. Welliver, Augus- tus J. Watson, Henry Wenerick. ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH REGIMENT SECOND PENNSYLVANIA HEAVY ARTILLERY. The Second Artillery organized in January, 1862, with Charles Angeroth as colonel, John H. Oberteuffer, lieutenant colonel, and William Candidus, major. On the 9th of January three companies were ordered to Fort Dela- ware, and on the 25th of February the remaining seven were ordered to Washington, where they were assigned to duty in the fortifications near Bladensburg. The three companies at Fort Delaware rejoined the main body of the regiment on the 19th of March, and on the 24th of November its num- bers were further increased by the addition of two companies from Luzerne county. The regiment remained in the works north of the Potomac until the 26th of March, 1864, when it was transferred to Forts Ethan Allen and Marcy, south of the river. At that time it numbered considerably more than THE CIVIL WAE. 425 the quota allowed by law, and it was aooordingly determined to organize a provisional regiment from the surplus men; this was effected on the 20th of April, 1864, and the Second Provisional Heavy Artillery was assigned to duty with the Ninth corps. It participated in the battle of the Wilderness, and in all the operations of the campaign until it arrived before Petersburg. The original regiment was ordered to the front in May, arriving at Port Royal on the 28th, and at Cold Harbor on the 4th of June. The Second battalion joined in a charge upon the Confederate intrenched line on the 18th of June, losing ten killed and sixty-five wounded. During the months of June, July, and August the regiment performed arduous duties in the trenches, losing in that time more than half its effective strength. A consolidation with the provisional regiment was effected on the 5th of September; on the 20th the First and Second battalions joined in an attack on Fort Harrison, losing more than two hundred men, including several of the principal officers. The regi- ment occupied the line south of Fort Harrison until December 2, 1864, when it was ordered to the Bermuda front. After the evacuation of Petersburg it was ordered to that city, and after the final surrender of the Confederate forces the companies were distributed throughout the lower counties of Vir- ginia. It was mustered out of service at City Point, Virginia, January 29, 1866, and discharged at Philadelphia on the 16th of February. There were about forty-five men in this regiment from Northumberland county, distributed through various companies. FIFTY-EIGHTH KEGIJIENT. The Fifty-eighth was recruited at Philadelphia and vicinity by J. Eichter Jones, its first colonel, and in the northwestern counties, including Northum- berland and Luzerne, by Carlton B. Curtis, its first lieutenant colonel. The organization occurred on the 13th of February, 1862, and, breaking camp on the 8th of March, the regiment proceeded to Fortress Monroe, where, on the 10th of May, it was assigned to an expedition against Norfolk. There it performed provost guard duty, and was engaged in guard duty at Portsmouth navy yard and elsewhere in the vicinity until October, when it was ordered to Suffolk. From that point it participated in several expedi- tions to the Blackwater. On the 5th of January, 1863, it embarked with a force under Major General Foster for Beaufort, North Carolina, and at Bachelor's Creek Station, eight miles west of Newbern, constructed a forti- fied camp. On the 13th of February Colonel Jones surprised a Confederate camp at Sandy Ridge, taking one hundred forty-three prisoners, and through- out the spring and early summer the regiment was constantly engaged in repelling attacks from detatched parties of the enemy. On the 16th of April it served as a protection to the right flank of a column of Union troops passing from Newbern to Little Washington. On the 21st of May the Con- federate camp at Gum Swamp was attacked and one hundred seventy-five 426 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. prisoners captured. The regiment was ordered to Washington, North Caro- lina, on the 27th of June; there it was posted at various points in detach- ments, and acquired proficiency in artillery practice. On the last day of the year an expedition was made to the vicinity of Greenville, resulting in the capture of prisoners and horses. Guard and picket duty was continued without incident until the evacuation of the post at Washington was ordered at the close of April. The entire command then proceeded to Fortress Monroe, where the Fifty-eighth was incorporated in the Third brigade of the First division, Eighteenth army corps. On the 9th of May the divison had a sharp encounter with the enemy near the Appomattox, this regiment sus- taining a loss of twenty. It was assigned to the work of destroying the Petersburg and Eichmond railroad on the following day, and throughout the remainder of the campaign on the south side of the James, though constantly employed in field and fatigue duty, was not closely engaged. When the Eighteenth corps was transferred to Grant's army, the Fifty-eighth em- barked for White House, and arrived at Cold Harbor on the 1st of June. It was immediately ordered to the front, losing thirty-five killed and wounded. Two days later it participated in the grand assault of the Union forces upon the enemy's works at Cold Harbor, and again sustained serious loss. The veterans of this regiment were given a furlough on the 24th of June, returning to the front on the 25th of August, 1864 ; on the evening of Sep- tember 28th, crossing the James river, the Fifty-eighth was assigned with another Pennsylvania regiment to the difficult and' dangerous duty of assault- ing Fort Harrison, one of the most important points in the Confederate line of defense between the river and White Oak swamp. This was triumphantly effected on the 29th, but of nine officers and two hundred twenty-eight men who advanced to the charge, six officers and one hundred twenty- eight men were either killed or wounded, and the regimental colors were almost com- pletely annihilated. On the afternoon of the same day the Fifty-eighth joined in an attack upon the Star fort; this was also successful, but the advantage gained was lost by the failure of re-enforcements to arrive at a critical mo- ment. The regiment was employed in picket, guard, and fatigue duty from this time, participating in active movements at various places. After the surrender of Lee it was assigned to duty in the lower counties of Virginia under orders of the Preedmen's bureau, and was finally mustered out on the 24th of January, 1866. Company I was recruited in Luzerne and Northumberland counties. The roster is as follows: — Captains: John Buyers, Angelo Jackson. First Lieutenants: Thomas Birmingham, Heber Painter. Second Lieutenant, John R. Searles. Sergeants: William H. Blair, Eobert Hedian, James Harlor, Samuel Wolf, William H. Gass, Norman W. Haas, John M. Dickover, Samuel C. Barton, George W. Klase. THE CIVIL WAR. 427 Corporals: Eobert Martin, George W. Adams, Hiram Fisher, Samuel Taylor, George D. Aton, John Fisher, H. Housewart, James De Witt, Jo- seph Nagle, Solomon Yordy, Joseph Crist, Henry Bartsher, Bennett E. Cobley, Daniel Boughner, Jacob M. Boyd, L. H. GafEney. Musician, John Mullen. Privates: Solomon P. Aton, Louis Angermiller, H. A. Addleman, Samuel Bartsher, Aaron Burket, Eobert Brown, John Barton, Martin L. Bloom, Eobert W. Bell, Edward Berney, Charles H. Cook, William H. Cook, Sam- uel Crist, Joseph E. Carpenter, Daniel Conrad, William K. Conrad, Henry K. Conrad, Patrick Carl, Thomas Cruse, Henry C. Cook, Samuel T. Cole- man, Daniel Deets, James E. Danton, Alfred S. Dennis, Asmus Damen, Ben- jamin F. Diehl, Edward E. Doran, John Doon, George Eckhart, William H. Freeman, Philip Forester, James C. Fleming, Solomon Fausold, Henry Gut- schall, Joseph Gregory, John G. Groner, Emanuel Gutschall, William Gala- gher, Harris A. Hopper, Samuel Heim, Thomas Hudson, John Hardman, James Hoey, Patrick Hughes, Benjamin F. Heffner, John A. Jennings, Thomas Kelley, August. W. Keiber, George Lewis, Martin Loftus, George W. Lee, James Lafferty, Eobert Leach, Levi S. Lloyd, Edward Long, William B. Martin, Henry Miller, James Masterson, George D. Mott, John Mench, John Morisey, Anthony Marse, James Morisey, Charles Mott, Michael Morgan, George McDonald, Lafayette McClure, Eobert McClure, Michael McCarty, Moses C. Norris, Winthrop Oplinger, George Oplinger, Albert W. Osborn, Charles A. Peal, John Eeed, Patrick Rafter, Cornelius Robins, Jonathan Rog- ers, Benjamin F. Reel, William Reeser, EliasEaker, Joseph Eeitz, James Eiley, William Eeeser, John G. Snyder, George F. Slocum, Jacob Slough, M. M. Shoemaker, Ernest Storkey, William H. Skillham, Joseph M. Snyder, Emanuel Stroh, John Sharp, Andrew E. Stewart, George E. ShafEer, Thomas Savage, Norman E. Tracey, Edward Vangross, John G. Vanleer, William Woods, De L. S. Wynn, Julius Wirth, Thomas Wright, Martin Welsh, Louis G. Weeks, John Winer, William Williams, Henry Walz, Henry Werman, John WiUiams, Oliver Yohe, Nathan Yohe, Peter Zeliff. In an historical sketch of this company A. N. Brice states that to it "belongs the honor of first entering the rebel capital after the surrender, and Eobert Martin, of Sunbury, carried the first flag into the city of Eich- mond at the head of our victorious army." ONE HUNDEED AND THIETY-FIEST EE&IMENT. Four companies of this regiment — C, D, E, and F — were recruited in Northumberland county. It was a nine months' regiment, and organized at Camp Curtin with Peter H. AUabach, colonel, William B. Shaut, lieutenant colonel, and Eobert W. Patton, major. Proceeding immediately to Washing- ton and thence to Virginia, it moved to the vicinity of Alexandria and from that place to Fort Ward, where it was assigned to picket duty on the Lees- 428 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. burg road and Little River turnpike. When the Maryland campaign opened it marched to Frederick city, and thence, on the afternoon of September 17, 1862, to Antietam, where it arrived in time to relieve troops exhausted by that battle. At Fredericksburg on the 13th of December it sustained a total loss of one hundred seventy-seven. Leaving its winter quarters on the 28th of April for the Chancellorsville campaign, it arrived at the Chan- cellor House on the 1st of May, and participated in a variety of movements imtil the 15th, when its term of service expired. Eight days later it was mustered out at Harrisburg. Company C was recruited by Thomas E. Jones and A. N. Brice. Leav- ing for Harrisburg on the 9th of August, 1862, it was mustered into service on the 14th. It returned to Sunbury on the 25th of May, and was tendered an enthusiastic reception by the citizens. The roster of this company is as follows : — , Captain, Thomas E. Jones. First Lieutenants: Joseph L. Reeder, A. N. Brice. Second Lieutenant, Owen M. Fowler. Sergeants: David M. Nesbit, Lott B. Weitzel, George Arnold, Ephraim Foulke, John Hillbourn, Lorenzo D. Robins. Corporals: Samuel Bower, Ira M. Rockefeller, Silas R. Snyder, Charles P. Seasholtz, Solomon P. Klase, Ezeriah Campbell, John E. Eckman, John A. Bucher, Samuel Swank. Musicians: James E. Forrester, Kimber C. Farrow. Privates: Jesse M. Auchmuty, Milton Bastress, Edward L. Beck, Will- iam H. Beck, Benjamin F. Barnhart, Cyrus G. Bittenbender, Sylvanus Bird, John E. Boughner, Joseph Conrad, Abraham Culp, Charles H. Culp, John L. Cooper, Hiram Dill, John Dawson, Wesley Ely, John Ernst, Will- iam Evert, John K. Erdman, John Evert, John Fox, George Farley, Peter Fisher, William Good, Jacob T. Hepner, Elias Hoover, James Hunt, Samuel J. Hoey, Adam S. Haas, James Harris, Francis Hoover, John Hoffman, Frederick Hammer, John K. Haas, George D. Irwin, Thomas Johnson, Moses Kulp, Jaines Kincaid, T. Koppenheffer, Joel Koppenheffer, Daniel M. Kerschner, Peter Kulp, Jacob Keiser, Jeremiah Koppenheffer, James W. Lyon, George W. Lavan, William Maguire, Vandine Martz, Charles Mettler, Henry W. Moore, Sylvester Myers, George Mantz, Jacob Mower, Alonzo Osmon, Oliver Oberdorf, Daniel S. Peiper, Henry K. Price, Samuel Euch, Jesse J. Reed, Samuel Eeed, Servetus O. Eeed, John Smith, William Savidge, John L. Shipman, Saul Shipman, Henry E. Shipp, E. F. Stam- bach, Josiah Strausser, Francis M. Smith, Isaac Sarvis, Charles A. Spratt, Landis Starner, George Y. Weimer, Peter Wentz, David Willet, Samuel Welker, Conrad Yeager, Solomon Yeager, WiUiam Yeager, Adonijah Yocum. Company D was composed as follows : — Captain, David A. McManigal. THE CIVIL WAE. 429 First Lieutenant, David B. Wilson. Second Lieutenant, D. D. Mutthersbough. Sergeants: James W. Couch, J. W. Hackenberg, William A. Troxell, Roland Thom.pson, Homer Benedict, Henry McLaughlin. Corporals: George W. Smithers, David Sterrett, Samuel Haffly, Samuel M. Brown, Joseph T. Eothrock, Adam R. Weidman, Levi A. Mentzer, Roswell S. Parker, Harrison J. Miller. Musicians: Samuel E. Long, Franklin W. Smith. Privates: Henry Arnold, John T. Arnold, William F. Alexander, E. Alex- ander, William B. Alexander, William E. Anderson, Ambrose M. Aults, Will- iam R. Bell, William J. Barger, William Benny, Harvey A. Bratton, James Beaver, James H. Brower, Josiah H. Conley, Martin Conley, James S. Cast- ner, John A. Crissman, George Davis, Daniel Dill, George K. Dippery, Abram Files, Ebenezer R. Ford, Samuel M. Greer, John M. Galbraith, James Guthrie, Miles P. Guiher, Henry C. Hoffman, John R. Hesser, John Hook, Levi Hook, Daniel Hardy, John B. Hummel, James I. Hacket, William C. Heister, Charles E. Kyle, David S. Kemp, Jacob A. Kauffman, Abram Kish- ler, John S. Long, Samuel G. Longwell, David E. Latchford, Joseph P. Landis, Isaac M. Lenthurst, R. H. Montgomery, Allen P. Mitchell, William A. Mitchell, George D. Mitchell, Henry T. Mitchell, WiUiam R. Moran, Al- bert L. MagiU, Charles Marks, Edward P. Mertz, Mahlon McKHps, George R. Orr, John W. Ort, Alvin B. Parker, Jacob Price, Allison Price, Augustus H. Peters, George H. Pratt, James B. Ross, William Rigle, Jacob A. Rohrer, Noah A. Roamig, H. H. Renninger, John W. Riden, David Robenold, Hiram Smith, David Stinberger, James W. Smith, John M. Stine, George W. Stroup, George W. Stahl, David Shank, Joseph H. Smith, Joseph H. Wag- oner, William Walters, William P. Witherow, George W. Wilson. Company E, though not a distinctively Northumberland county organi- zation, had a considerable representation therefrom; the roster is as fol- lows : — Captain, Isaiah B. Davis. First Lieutenant: William A. Bruner, William H. Wolfe. Second Lieutenant, Leander M. Morton. Sergeants : John Peterman, Elias Bart, Henry J. Heinen, John H. Easton, Samuel Logan, Warren F. Brenizer. Corporals: William A. Straub, W. B. Chamberlin, William H. Taggart, Martin L. Ruthraff, Ephraim Hester, WiUiam Augstadt, Currin Cahill, Joseph R. Bright. Musicians: John Logan, Charles F. Burns. Privates: Isadore A. Aicher, JuUus Arbeiter, Martin F. Angeny, James W. Bogert, James Burnman, James Bartholomew, Thomas Brooks, Edward Brous, Isaiah Blair, David P. Bogle, Samuel Byerly, James H. Burner, Alfred B. Chapin, Andrew Dotts, Charles Eisele, Philip Eisele, Thomas Everett, 430 HISTOEY OF NOETHFMBERLAND COUNTY. Daniel Everett, Benjamin Fagely, William A. Fisher, Philip H. Follmer, A. J. Fisher, Eeese D. Gauby, Henry J. Gaskin, William Gibson, David B. Hause, William Hautzicker, John M. Hulsizer, John Huhn, James Halsey, Franklin Hause, Samuel J. Irwin, Andrew F. Irwin, Eeuben H. Kram, David E. Kutz, Charles Kint, David Kieffer, Charles B. Krauser, David J. Kram, George W. Kepler, William H. Leisenring, Jeremiah Leinbach, E. M. Longmore, Phineas Leiser, William Machamer, James Murphy, Eobert Miller, Charles Mathias, Jacob Meixel, Samuel M. Miller, James Montgomeiy, James McCutcheon, John McGinnis, Henry Newberry, Isaac Newberry, George W. Overpeck, Wellington Peeler, Charles M. Eissell, James M. Eitter, John W. Eantz, G. W. Eichalderfer, William A. Eunkle, Daniel Eissle, Jacob Smith, William Spotts, Mathias Strine, George C. Sheetz, Levi B. Schock, Samuel Shadman, Thomas H. Sweitzer, Joseph Straub, Jesse Smith, John A. Sommers, John B. Straub, Jacob Smith, William H. Trego, John K. Trego, William Wertman, Joseph Wortz, Henry Walbon, Curtis B. Watson. Company F had the following roster : — Captains: George W. Eyan, Lewis Miller. First Lieutenant, Frank W. Keller. Second Lieutenants: Jeremiah Snyder, M. L. Wagonseller. Sergeants : John S. Burkhart, Theophilus Swinfeford, W. H. GemberUng, Sephares S. Schock, John H. Louis, John Gardner. Corporals: William N. Keister, Henry Barbin, S. M. Hendricks, Joseph S. Glover, John J. Gundrum, Henry Steininger, Benjamin J. Smith, Calvin J. Schock, Henry W. Mattis. Musicians: Jeremiah Mohney, Henry E. Eichter. Privates: Francis Artley, Jacob Arbogast, Phares Blett, Edward K. Boyer, Absalom Beaver, Henry W. Beni er, Elias Borem.an, Benjamin Bachman, Edward L. Buffington, John W. Bustle, William M. Boyer, Ner Bishop, John Bollinger, Henry F. Charles, WilHam M. Curns, Jacob J. Erb, Martin L. Fisher, James Gibbs, Matthew B. Gardner, G. W. Gemberling, John P. Greiner, John Gilbert, Henry Getz, David Getz, George G. Greiner, Jacob Hendricks, William Heater, John M. Howell, Ephraim Howell, G. E. Hack- enberg, Wellington Housworth, John J. Housworth, John Hagerty, Enos H. Harmon, Samuel K. Hoot, Galen Haupt, Perry Jarrett, William Keller, George A. Kline, Paul H. Knepp, David H. Kempfer, Jackson W. Kline, Samuel Koch, Jeremiah Long, Benjamin F. Loss, D. W. Laudenslager, Alfred F. Miller, Henry Mull, George Martin, George A. Musser, James Musser, Elias C. Minium, Henry J. Miller, John W. McBay, Martin W. Eowe, William H. Eowe, Jairus Eoush, H. H. Eenninger, Henry Eenninger, John Eahmstine, Jonas Eenninger, Abraham Eenninger, Samuel Snyder, David G. Schive, Jacob P. Snyder, Samuel Smith, Henry Schroyer, J. A. Stahlstecker, Eobert Spaid, John Spahr, Jacob J. Stroub, James P. Smith, Edmund P. Teats, Elias Treaster, J. P. Winkleman, Abraham Wagner, Henry Weipert, John F. Wagner. THE CIVIL War. 431 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SECOND REGIMENT THIED ARTILLERY. The Third Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery was formed in the spring of 1863 by the consolidation of the commands of Colonel Segebarth and Major Roberts, and organized wi'th Joseph Roberts, colonel, E. V. W. Howard, lieutenant colonel, and John A. Darling, major. Though originally designed for special duty at Fortress Monroe, the regiment performed a large share of field duty. One company was stationed at Baltimore, but with this excep- tion detachments from the entire regiment participated in a number of en- gagements of more or less importance on the James, Chickahominy, and Nansemond rivers, and also in the capture of Fort Fisher, North Carolina. During the campaign before Petersburg, Companies D, E, Gr, and M served in the Army of the James, and were posted at Bermuda Front. After the downfall of the Confederacy these companies returned to duty at Fortress Monroe, and during the incarceration of Jefferson Davis at that place he was under guard of detachments from this regiment. Battery D was principally from Northumberland county, and was com- posed as follows: — Captaias: Henry A. Colt, Edwin A. Evans. First Lieutenants: Frederick E. Kent, James F. Kline, Sylvester W. Marshall. Second Lieutenants: William E. Dorsey, E. W. Sheibner, Lemuel Ship- man, Loren M. Leonard. Sergeants: Josiah B. Edwards, Charles C. Jones, John Hawley, Eobert Burk, Benjamin F. Cox, William Cook, John McLane, Francis M. Thomas, A. W. Minich, George H. Borger, Joseph Eandall, John McLeod, John V. Walker. Corporals: F. H. Diettrich, Henry Brown, John E. Eckman, Tobias Eeinard, Uriah Marteeny, George Carey, John Nungesser, Theobald M. Fields, William H. Boyer, Thomas Lawson, William D. Fisher, Alonzo Lockard, Jared Boardman, Uriah Foulk, Joseph M. Barkman, John Earnhardt, Martiii V. Stafford. Artificers: John Diemer, Hiram Hendricks, William Furman. Privates: Jonathan Arbogast, C. H. Ackenbach, John W. Allen, James Ayling, Charles Amott, David Augstadt, William Atherton, Joseph Aspy, W. Bashore, Alex Bigham, Charles Brobst, Virgil Buchanan, E. J. Bowman, James S. Bombay, Charles M. Bowman, Jacob Boyer, James Blackford, Richard Brown, James Brown, William Brown, Eobert W. Brooks, John Balsher, W. H. Blessington, Charles C. Bent, David W. W. Ball, Henry Breadbiner, John Barrett, John Brown, Thomas Buckley, Henry Burson, Eeinhart Becker, William Blazzard, Thomas Burgess, William Biens, James Buchanan, William Crider, Alem B. Clever, Henry C. Crawford, Hugh H. Conway, Daniel Curtis, Levi Connor, Abraham Connor, William J. Core, John H. Camp, M. Cunningham, Charles P. Clow, George Cox, Michael 432 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Carr, Andrew Curtis, Thomas Coyle, James Callahan, John Cameron, James Connor, Isaac Dawson, James B. Drum, L. H. Dimmick, John Detuk, James Dille, George Dark, John G. Dennison, William C. Davis, John Dillman, George W. Dailes, John Dean, William Dowd, Henry Dennison, James Duffy, William Evans, Thomas J. Eisely, William H. Evo, Joseph Ernst, Alvin Fowler, Evan Fisher, Amos J. Fortney, J. Farnsworth, Josiah Frantz, . Samuel Fields, Frederick Fleshett, John Fox, Charles Forhad, Eobert Gil- laspy, John A. Grant, Augustus Grove, Minus Gallagher, Francis K. Gibbs, Charles Griffin, Thomas Goover, Charles Gallagher, Oliver Henton, Henry Helt, Henry Hart, Ovid Hoyt, S. H. Halderman, Elijah J. Hoover, E. S. Hartpence, W. H. Harden, Thomas E. Harder, Arthur G. Harder, William Hendershot, George D. Hughes, Andrew Hunlock, William H. Hays, George Harder, Scott Hide, John Henry, John Harkess, Richard Ingham, AUbright Jones, Franklin Johnson, John Jordan, Thomas Jones, Richard Jackson, Elisha Kisner, W. H Knowlton, John Kinlock, Uriah G. Kerst, Lewis Kif- fer, Merrit H. Kocher, John T. Kidder, Thomas E. King, William Kisner, Jacob W. Kline, Lorenzo Z. Kase, T. L. Kramer, WiUiam Kinley, C. L. Kenney, John Kean, George Long, Lloyd Lomberson, H. C. Lomberson, Eugene Lewis, John Lynch, Henry Logan, Joseph Long, Jacob Lefferts, Levin ■ Lawson, L. C. Leech, Emanuel Lewis, John B. Little, Charles Livingston, John Laughlin, Thomas Leonard, Henry Little, Miles Marteeny, Martin Mainnung, Mathias Murray, William Moore, John Martin, John Messner, EUis Mordan, John D. Miller, John M. Moyer, B. F. Moyer, David Miser, Eobert Morrow, Robert Montgomery, John Mills, Peter Moyer, John Mair, George W. Moore, WiUiam Miller, Hammond MiUer, Franklin Mearady, William McMillen, George McGee, George McAfee, George McMier, John McCoy, David McGee, John McCullum, George McGowan, Michael McCon- nell, P. McMasterson, Peter McGrath, Daniel C. Neagley, Hunter P. New- bury, Joseph Noriconk, Charles J. Nuss, Wesley P. Norris, Robert Oman, Henry M. Oberdorf, Clemson Osmon, John Otlinger, Alfred Putnam, F. B. Patrick, Charles O. Power, Philander 'Putnam, Ezra Roush, Joshua M. Roush, Isaac Row, John R. Reynolds, William A. Ringler, George W. Eeifsnyder, Sebastian Rupp, Richard Remington, Charles Robinson, John Reichley, Jacob Rifley, James R. Ross, Cornelius Robinson, David Robinson, Robert Rallston, John A. Rhoads, George Rinall, John T. Stratton, Samuel Spies, Josiah Sweetland, James Small, Stewart Sterner, B. F. Sterner, David E. Stevens, Christian Sode, Jacob Scheetz, John Settle, Samuel E. Stadden, Henry K. Springer, Lafayette Snyder, Samuel Smith, Thomas Sullivan, Ellis Snyder, John Shenfelt, John A. Shout, Abner V. Scott, John O. Smith, Ed- ward G. Smith, Miles Solomon, B. F. Snyder, George Smith, Andrew Sny- der, Moses Stump, Jesse Sullivan, William Smith, Herman Schrauber, John H. Stone, Frederick Smith, John Shenk, Jerome Tressler, George W. Trim- ble, James P. Thornton, Jonathan Tressler, John Thomas, Amos Townsend, J^^^-^^' ^' ^^^^"T/T^L^^?^^/'^ TllE CIVIL WAR. 435 James Thompson, John Taylor, James Taylor, Charles H. Tool, Gilbert Vand- ling, David VanMrk, William H. Vankirk, Daniel S. Weiley, William Weaver, Henry J. Weaver, Henry C. Weaver, George W. Whitenight, J. Wackershauser, W. Wackershauser, Henry Walbum, William Wertz, Durell J. Wharton, H. Winterstein, John Weaver, George W. Woodward, David Wilt, James B. Wallace, Edv^in Wynn, John D. Wilder, Thomas Wilson, Charles White, Henry Wilson, George Worth, George Weisert, John Winn, David Williams, S. K. Wilson, Elisha Yohe, Eiley Zerbe, Nicholas Zeigler. SEVENTY-rOUETH KEGIMEN*. The Seventy-fourth was origiaaUy a German*regiment, recruited at Pitts- burgh, and known at first as the Thirty-fifth. There was no organized representation in its ranks from Northumberland county until near the close of the war. In March, 1865, its numerical strength having been greatly reduced by casualties and by the expiration of the terms of enlistment of many of its men, seven new companies were assigned to it, among which were two from this county. At that date Colonel Gottlieb Hoburg was in com- mand, and the regiment was stationed in West Virginia on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. From Green Spring it proceeded to Beverly, remaining at that point from the 8th of April to the 12th of May. It was then ordered to Clarksburg, where the extensive, government stores from which the troops in West Virginia were supplied were assigned to its protec- tion. With headquarters at this point and subsequently at Parkersburg, the regiment was detailed by squads and companies for guard duty along the Parkersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. It was mustered out at Clarksburg on the 29th of August, 1865. Company C, from Northumberland county, was composed as follows: — Captains : Elias P. Eohbach, John H. Lewis. First Lieutenant, Samuel S. Hendricks. Second Lieutenants; Clinton D. Eohrbach, Benjamin F. Bright. Sergeants: Ernst L. StarklofE, H. B. Longsdorf, William H. Row, Peter S. Gussler, John G. Young. Corporals: A. H. Boyer, Jacob Fetter, Perry Jarret, Uriah Foulk, Alexan- der Cassatt, W. B. Longsdorf, Joseph R. Bright, Philip Keefer. Musicians: Henry Cassatt, P. F. Zimmerman. Privates: Philip Arrison, Phares Adams, Henry Bilbnan, Jacob W. Bright, Charles H. Bucher, Henry W. Bucher, John Bell, John T. Bower, Absalom Beaver, Henry Boyer, Henry D. Bucher, Levi Beaver, Daniel K. Conrad, Jacob Cassatt, Peter H. Coble, Leonard Dole, Landis Fry, James P. Griggs, William Gaeringer, Monroe Geasy, George B. Genther, Jackson W. Harp, P. J. Haughton, John W. Hopper, Thomas Henninger, Bernard A. Hopper, Galen Holshue, Frederick Herman, Aaron Hummel, Michael K. Herman, Edward Israel, Daniel Jarrett, Martin S. Kaufman, Henry Kemble, Eli Kerlin, John 25 436 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Leeser, James W. Lyon, John J. Landaw, Gideon Landaw, Frank Leader, William Lessman, Solomon Lesser, Martin Mills, John Messner, Samuel Milkof, Thomas E. Metzgar, Joseph W. Meyers, James McPherson, Eobert B. McCay, James P. McKenney, Allen J. McKain, William C. Otto, Albert Eobiny, John Eaker, William H. Eohrbach, Julius Eay, George A. Eeeser, William Eitter, John Eitter, Laferius Eenninger, Peter M. Snyder, John J. Shire, Noah Stettler, John Stettler, Peter Stepp, John Shuyler, Henry Up- slinger, John Wilver, John Zimmerman, Henry Zerbe. Company E was also recruited in Northumberland county; the following is the roster: — Captain, William H. Wolfe. First Lieutenant, Henry M. Spayd. Second Lieutenant, James T. McGregor. Sergeants: Henry S. Thomas, Charles H. Seaman, Thomas Satterson, Adam Batdorf, James Murphy, William Irvin. Corporals: Joseph Middleton, Jacob Haus, Hiram Dye, Thomas Brooks, Owen Nagle, Lott B. Weitzel, John S. Middleton, Samuel J. Irvin. Musicians: John Marshall, Samuel B. Morgan. Privates : George W. Askine, Alexander W. Blair, James Buoy, William H. Blind, Nathaniel Burkhart, Amos H. Barrett, G. F. Baker, Charles C. Bright, Joseph Burk, O. .W. Coleman, Eeuben C. Creitzer, William Coup, Daniel W. Cox, J. Datesman, Elam Diefenderfer, James Dixon, John Divel, William H. H. Diehl, Stephen B. Dodge, George E. Detweiler, Winfield S. Eckert, Jacob H. Ernst, Michael Fix, WiUiam H. Freed, William D. Frey- mire, John J. Gehrig, James D. Gehrig, William J. GaskLns, Charles M. Goodman, Edwin F. Gold, William Y. Gray, WiUiam F. Gressler, Joseph B. Gehrig, Samuel Hoagland, James Hoagland, William Hull, John Hilbourn, Eeese S. Harris, William H. Huth, Joseph E. Housel, Isaac Harline, William A. Imbody, George Imbody, Samuel J. James, Arthur L. Kline, John D. Kline, Henry Kissinger, OKver P. Kaufman, Stephen Kendrick, Benjamin Klingfelter, David H. Keefer, William H. Miller, Henry Montague, Benjamin Miller, Levi A. Mathias, John Martin, George W. Overpeck, John Peeler, Jr., Henry C. Paul, William Penny, Israel Phillips, Jacob H. Eishel, Samuel W. Eiddle, Hegmon Eeynolds, Egbert H. Eeese, William Stutzman, George P. Swartz, David L. Starrick, Charles H. Sjiiith. MILITIA OF 1862. The second battle of Bull Eun was disastrous to the Federal forces, and was followed by an immediate movement of the Confederate army toward the North. Southern Pennsylvania, a fertile agricultural region, unprotected by any organized force, furnished an inviting field for invasion, and the defense- less condition of the State became matter for serious alarm. Governor Cur- tin issued a proclamation on the 4th of September, 1862, recommending the THE CIVIL WAB. 437 immediate formation of companies throughout the State; this was followed by a second on the 10th, calling upon all able bodied men to enroll immedi- ately and prepare to march at an hour's notice. Acting under authority from the President, he issued a call for fifty thousand men on the following day, in response to which there was a simultaneous and practically unanimous movement toward the capital from every section of the State. The militia concentrated at Chambersburg, Hagerstown, Greencastle, and other points in the Cumberland valley, but the enemy experienced defeat at South Mount- ain and Antietam, and the necessity for their services was happily averted. The Third Regiment was organized, September 11-13, 1862, and dis- charged, September 23-25, 1862. The field officers were William Dorris, Jr., colonel, William C. Lawson, lieutenant colonel, and William Frick, major. Company A, recruited principally at Milton, Northumberland county, was composed as follows: — Captain, Thaddeus G. Bogle. First Lieutenant, Frank Bound. Second Lieutenant, William K. Wertman. Sergeants: A. J. Cooley, J. S. Stoughton, Q. L. Andrews, E. H. Mur- dock, Trevor McClurg. Corporals: Oscar Hartranft, Spencer L. Finney, Samuel Clark, Isaac Sticker, Samuel Weise, J. Woods Brown, Lewis G. Sticker, Daniel Euch. Musicians: Samuel Angstadt, Webster C. Brown. Privates: Thomas Artley, Isaiah Auten, Peter Bastian, Adam Batdorf, Calvin J. BaUiet, Alexander H. Blair, Francis Ball, Charles W. Buoy, Augus- tus Chapin, William H. Caslow, John K. Correy, Albert Cadwallader, John Cares, John M.' Christ, John Kreitzer, Eeuben F. Etzler, Jacob Eilenberger, Jacob Eisely, Benjamin F. Funk, John G. Fisher, Henry Huth, Harrison Housel, Charles H. HufE, Edward Hackenberg, Charles Hartranft, Thomas E. Hull, M. E. Heinen, Charles A. Kutz, Ellis L. Krauser, Lemuel S. Kerr, Wilham Keiser, James S. Lawson, Augustus Leiser, James D. Logan, Daniel G. Marsh, William W. Mackey, Alpheus Meixell, John Musgrave, James Marr, Abraham Martz, Miller J. McDaniel, Samuel McConly, Jacob McConly, Jacob Noriconk, John B. Norris, Michael F. Nori- conk, Andrew F. Peterman, Sampson Paul, George J. Piper, James H. Phil- lips, Charles Smith, Asher Smith, Harrison Sticker, Eobert L. Symington, Benjamin F. Spear, Edward D. Snyder, William A. Schreyer, Jacob Seydel, Eeese H. Swenk, Thomas H. Stadden, Charles Shuman, Hugh M. Stevenson, G-eorge Shiver, Charles H. Seaman, David M. Sheep, Lewis Swenk, Levi Sat- terson, Abraham Whitlock, Jonathan Yount. Company D was recruited at Sunbury; the roster is as follows: — Captain, Charles J. Bruner. First Lieutenant, Andrew J. Stroh. Second Lieutenant, Jacob Eohrbach. 438 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Sergeants: James B. Eoney, Jeremiah H. Zimmerman, Peter Gussler, Joseph Bright, George W. Stroh. Corporals: Jacob W. Covert, Henry Bucher, George Oyster, William Grant, Jacob B. Masser, Frederick Kline, Henry Millhouse, Albert Haas. Musicians: John W. Bucher, D. J. Wharton. Privates: Philip Arrison, Solomon Boyer, Thomas Baldy, Jacob Bell, John Bell, George Bloom, William Bowen, Peter Bright, George Bucher, Eichard F. Bucher, Benjamin Brosius, Edward Bower, George Beard, Samuel H. Byers, Jonathan Bostian, Philip Clark, John K. Clement, Ira T. Clement, Henry Clement, Abraham M. Covert, Franklin Dellbaugh, John Durst, Nor- man Engle, Henry Fagely, Jacob Fetter, George Follmer, Henry Friling, Landis Fry, Nevin U. Fisher, WiUiam Fisher, John Gering, Samuel Gerringer, James Griggs, George Guenther, George W. Hileman, Jacob Hendricks, Martin L. Hendricks, Samuel Harrison, Alexander Haupt, William Haupt, Washington Harp, Jackson Harp, Jacob Hoover, George W. Haupt, John Haas, 1st, John Haas, 2d, James Hileman, Frank N. John, James Kershner, George P. Krohn, William Keifer, Philip Keifer, Orlando Krickbaum, John Leeser, James Lyon, Edward Lyon, William Logan, Anthony Lentzer, Louis Miller, Charles Martin, Alexander Mantz, Thomas McGaw, Hunter Newbury, John Oyster, Henry Peters, John B. Packer, Julius Eay, Will- iam Eohrbach, Lloyd Eohrbach, Jacob Eenn, Levi Seasholtz, ComeHus Smith, Ernest Starkloff, Henry Strauss, Silas Wiles, John Weaver, Will- iam E. Youngman, Jacob Youngman, George Zettlemoyer. MILITIA OF 1863. Confederate victories at Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, and Chan- cellorsville, in May, 1863, were again followed by a movement toward the North, and on the 9th of June, 1863, two new military departments were established, principally from Pennsylvania territory, for which volunteers were invited by both the national and State authorities. At length it became plainly apparent that the Confederate army intended crossing the Potomac in force, and on the 15th of June the President called for fifty thousand men from Pennsylvania, with an equal number from Ohio, Maryland, and West Virginia. The Pennsylvania troops rendezvoused at Camp Curtin, Harris- burg, and were there organized to the number of eight regiments, among which was the Twenty-eighth, in which was Company E, from Milton, North- umberland county. On the 24th and 25th of June the Confederate army crossed the Potomac at Shepherdstown and Williamsport, followed on the 26th by the Federal forces at Edward's ferry. On the afternoon of the 26th a brigade of Early's division occupied Gettysburg; the Confederate cavalry had in the meantime occupied Chambersburg and reconnoitered as far as Carlisle, and on the 26th, the evidence of invasion having become unmistak- able, Governor Curtin issued a proclamation calling for sixty thousand men. THE CIVIL WAE. 439 The campaign on Pennsylvania soil reached a decisive culmination at the battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1863; and so rapid were the move- ments of the armies that the emergency men had scarcely arrived at camp and passed through the formalities of organization before the crisis was past and the Confederate army was in full retreat toward the Potomac. It was thought that its passage would be contested, and that another battle would be fought, and the major portion of those assembled at Harrisburg were accordingly pushed up the Cumberland valley to join the Army of the Poto- mac; but, although the enemy made good his escape, the militia was employed at a variety of duties before being disbanded. The Thirty-sixth regiment was sent to Gettysburg, where it was engaged in gathering in the wounded from both armies and forwarding them to other points as rapidly as their condition would permit; in collecting the scattered debris of the battle- field, whereby some thousands of muskets, bayonets, etc., were retained, and in affording protection to government property. Company E, Twenty ^eighth Regiment, recruited at Milton, was mustered in, June 19-24, 1868, and discharged, July 27-28, 1863. It had the follow- ing roster: — Captain, Charles H. Dougal. First Lieutenant, Charles C. Norris. Second Lieutenant, James Strine. Sergeants: William B. Chamberlin, Curtis B. Watson, William McCor- mick, Carlton B. Davis, Martin F. Augerry. Corporals : David D. Dieff enderf er, Henry Wilson, Charles W. Buoy, James S. Lawson, Francis Ball, Alfred B. Chapin, Thomas I. McMahan, William Keiser. Musicians: James Bowey, William Imbody. Privates : Isaiah Auten, Franklin Bloomer, William H. Blind, George W. Bower, John S. Bowyer, Frank Bound, William H. Bogle, Isaac W. Brown, James A. Cares, Peter Clement, Albert CaldwaUader, William Everet, John C. Fulton, George W. Freed, Eeuben Feister, Brown Gehrig, John Huther, Charles F. Huff, William Hull, George Imbody, Daniel M. Krauser, Abner Leland, Eobert H. Murdock, John C. Mervine, James C. Marr, Hugh S. McFadden, Thomas McNinch, John M. McDaniels, Sanford Pegg, Martin Eemmert, Ferdinard Eeinhold, Cornelius A. Reimensnyder, William B. Stad- den, Eobert Symington, William B. Stevenson, John B. Shadle, Henry C. Stoughton, Levi Satteson, Jacob S. Stoughton, David Sanders, Theodore Venrick, Jeremiah WeUiver, John Yount. Company F, Thirty-sixth Regiment, was mustered in, July 4, 1863, and discharged, August 11, 1863. It was recruited at Sunbury, and was com- posed as follows : — -* Captain, S. P. Wolverton. First Lieutenant, A. J. Stroh. 440 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Second Lieutenant, Jacob Eohrbach. Sergeants: William C. Goodrich, Charles D. Wharton, George D. Bncher, Albert Haas, Benjamin F. Bright. Corporals: Warren McEwen, S. P. Bright, S. J. Hoey, M. L. Hendricks, Samuel Harrison, Charles J. Conrad, I. S. Kern, R. B. Ammerman. Musicians: William Kriegbaum, D. J. Wharton. Privates: Zebulon Bastian, George Bloom, H. D. Bucher, Isaac Bair, Edward Beck, John A. Bucher, Benjamin Bohner, Isaac Bubb, John Cogan, David Druckemiller, Conrad Deitry, Andrew Deitry, William D. Eoulke, George Foulke, Landis Fry, Peter Hileman, John E. Heller, Andrew J. Heller, Luther Harrison, Thomas Henninger, Jacob B. Hoover, Thomas B. Hoover, William D. Haas, William D. Haupt, Charles D. Kiehl, Martin S. Kauffman, Michael A. Keifer, George Krohn, Lorenzo Kramer, Isaac Leeser, John Lyon, B. F. Landau, George Mantz, Jesse Miller, Mahlon Myers, Lewis Miller, Jacob A. Miller, John Oyster, Edward Oyster, Raphael Perez, F'ranklin Patruck, William H. Rohrbach, Arthur Robins, Henry L. Renn, Simon Renn, Silas Renn, Julius Ray, George Sterner, William F. ShifEer, John Shuler, Anthony Speece, H. Clay Seasholtz, Jonas Trego, John Weaver, Silas Wial, Jo^n Wall, John Webber, William E. Youngman, Abraham , Zimmerman. Company K, Thirty-sixth Regiment, recruited principally at Shamokin, was mustered in, July 4, 1863, and discharged, August 11, 1863. It had the following roster: — Captains, Henry C. Harper, A. R. Fiske. First Lieutenant, J. M. John. Second Lieutenant, J. A. Shipp. Sergeants: E. B. Rhoads, John Harris, Ferdinand Rhoads, John Mc- Eliece, Marquis Sholl. Corporals: Frederick Dibson, William H. Carlisle, WiUiam Booth, John Weir, John M. Best, John Hancock, David Eveland, John Fincher. Musicians: John S. Bittenbender, H. Startzel. Privates: Henry AUison, Hiram Bird, William Brown, William H. Bowlen, Francis Beers, WilHam Boas, G. N. Carlisle, Thomas Curtin, Nicholas Curren, William Carlin, John Clifford, John Curtis, Lewis Cham- berlain, Adam Derke, Thomas S. Dewees, John Donor, Michael Dooly, Joseph B. Eaton, Matthias Emes, William Eadie, William Early, William H. Gilger, J. B. Getter, Jesse Gensel, August Helt, Jacob Hess, Ephraim Hen- ninger, William Humes, Isaiah Hower, J. P. M. Haas, Isaac Haas, David Hine, Solomon Hill, Henry Irich, Jesse J. John, Robert Jones, William Jones, George D. John, William Kissinger, Joseph Kopp, Isaac Keiser, Frederick Kaseman, John R. Lake, Withington Lake, George Lebig, William Lebig, Charles Lebig, Michael McCarty, Ebenezer Matthews, George Madara, George W. Miller, Francis Moore, Henry Neihoff, John Rooch, THE CIYIL WAE. 441 Jeremiah Kotharmel, John Rupp, Daniel Rupp, Thomas Eeese, John E. Eeese, Isaac Roup, Edward Stillwagner, Jacob Stillwagner, William Still- wagner, Daniel Stahler, John Strickland, John Sterrit, Jacob Treibly, Samuel Tiley, Jacob Tiley, John Tiley, Francis Tobey, Michael Tonney, Daniel Unger, John Vanzant, David Weaver, Elias Wagner, William E. Walter, Lucius Wynn. Company I, Thirty -seventh Regiment, mustered in, July 1-15, 1863, and discharged, August 2-4, 1863, was composed as follows: — Captain, William H. Wolfe. First Lieutenant, John Peterman. Second Lieutenant, Joseph R. Bright. Sergeants: Henry J. Heinen, John H. Easton, Samuel Logan, William Gibson, Curran Cahill. Corporals: WilHam A. Runkle, Robert M. Longmore, Isaac Stadden, James Burnman, Robert Wilson, Samuel M. Miller, Milton Overpeck, Will- iam K. Wertman. Musicians: Robert P. Bratton, David Robins. Privates: John M. Buoy, Adam Batdorf, Daniel Burnman, Samuel Blair, Worthington Blair, John C Balhett, James Bartholomew, Joshua H. Bart- lett, John H. Kreitzer, Charles E. Chase, John A. Christy, Andrew Dotts, Aaron Derr, John E. Eisle, Jacob Preese, William D. Fisher, Jacob F. Ganger, Benjamin F. Ganger, Adam Grassmier, Reuben L. Hatfield, Charles R. Hock, William H. Huth, Julius Hurlinger, John Hill, Samuel Hoagland, Albert Johnson, Ephraim Kram, William Kutz, John W. Lehon, John C. Lunger, James D. Lawrence, Jonathan Marriott, Joel E. Messinger, Joseph Mock, Daniel G. Marsh, Abraham Martz, WilHam H. Marr, Charles C. Mc- Kee, Jacob Noriconk, John Sheets, David F. Speese, Thomas Satteson, Mat- thias Strine, Eli M. Trego, James Tate, John Tate, Samuel Van Buskirk, Morris Van Buskirk, William Walker, George W. Williams, Isaac G. Wolfe, William Weber. SOLDIEBS' MONUMENTS. Several memorials of this nature attest the gratitude and honor of the citizens of Northumberland county for the services and sacrifices of the soldiers from her territory who lost their lives in the civil war. The first of these was erected in the year following the close of the war by the survivors of Company C, Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. It is a modest shaft of marble, located in the old Sunbury cemetery, and was formally dedicated on the 16th of May, 1866, the Masonic fraternity, Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows, Independent Order of Good Templars, sur- vivors of the war of 1812, borough officers, and fire companies participating in the ceremonies, with John Kay Clement as chief marshal. The Rev. M. Rhodes, D. D., delivered the dedicatory address. The monument is inscribed 442 HISTOKY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. with the names of the following deceased comrades : Joseph Smith, Jacob Gr. Grubb, Peter Swinehart, Alexander Given, Martin Berger, Emanuel Beaver, Emanuel B. Walter, Sr., George Kramer, Jeremiah Haas, James Kennedy, John G. Sterner, George W. Bortle, Theodore Kiehl, George Keiser, John E. Will, James Brown, Jasper B. Gardner, J. Boulton Young, First Sergeant William Fry, Sergeant Peter Haupt, Sergeant William Pyers, Sergeant John Babtlow, George C. Watson, George Horner, Peter Wolf, Seth Deibert. It bears the following inscription: — This marble is erected by tlie members of Company C, Forty-seventli Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, as a tribute of respect to the memory of the dead of their company who fell in battle, and died from disease, starvation, and ill treatment while in rebel prisons — heroes, who sacrificed their lives that the Union 'might live. The Shamokin soldiers' monument was dedicated on the 30th of May, 1871; the usual Decoration day observances were conducted, and the oration of the occasion was delivered by the Eev. T. S. Dewing of the Presbyterian church. The monument is thirteen feet high, and fifteen feet above the level of the ground. The base is a solid block of granite from the Gettysburg battlefield, and the sub-base is of American marble, uniform in color and quality with the shaft. The die rests on this, bearing upon the front panel the following inscription: — Erected Under the auspices of Lincoln Post, No. 140, G. A. R., May 30, 1871. Above the die is a six-inch molding, surmounted by a plain shaft, orna- mented by a raised shield in front bearing above it the words : — TO OUn FALLEN HEROES. The monument occupies a prominent location in the Shamokin cemetery, and is visible from nearly every part of the city. Within the circular inclos- ure that surrounds it are the graves of a nimiber of soldiers. The Northumberland County Soldiers' Monument Association was organ- ized. May 25, 1872, with the election of the following persons as an executive committee: John J. Smith, Heber Painter, P. H. Moore, A. N. Brice, John Kay Clement, T. S. Shannon, L. M. Yoder, S. H. Knowles, G. B. Cadwal- lader, D. C. Dissinger, H. G. Thatcher, Charles J. Fox, E. M. Bucher, H. F. Mann, and L. H. Kase, of whom Messrs. Smith, Painter, and Moore were presi- dent, secretary, and treasurer, respectively. The association was incorporated by the court of common pleas of Northumberland county, August 5, 1873. On the 4th of July, 1872, the site was marked out at the eastern end of Market square, by Alexander Jordan apd Simon Cameron. The corner-stone was laid with the Masonic ritual on Decoration day two years later. May 30, THE CIVIL WAE. 443 1874, but the completion of the work was delayed from a variety of causes, and it was not until the 4th of July, 1879, that the formal unveiling occurred. On that occasion it is estimated that twelve thousand people were present; there was a grand civic and military parade, in which a delegation from the Seventy-ninth New York Cameronian Volunteers, deputations from posts of the Grand Army of the Eepublic in neighboring towns, and thirteen fire companies participated; addresses were delivered by John Kay Clement, A. N. Brice, and James A. Beaver; and the monument was unveiled by Gov- ernor Henry M. Hoyt. At that time the of&cers and members of the associ- ation were as follows: president, John J. Smith; secretary, A. N. Brice; treasurer, P. H. Moore; G. B. Cadwallader, H. F. Mann, John Kay Clement, B. P. Keefer, J. E. Torrington, J. H. McDevitt, John Toungman, Thomas D. Grant, S. J. Packer, Lemuel Shipman, J. E. Eichholtz, E. M. Bucher, J. C. Irvin, H. D. Wharton, C. M. Martin, George E. Hoffman, John H. Heim, H. P. Manges, James D. Smith, D. C. Dissinger, W. C. Packer, and Emanuel Wilvert. This monument is situated in the eastern part of the inclosed portion of Market square, Sunbury. It rests upon a pedestal, elevated upon a mound of earth, at the outer edge of which are four cannon, the appropriate accom- paniments of a memorial of this character. The names of twelve leading battles in which the troops from this county participated — Petersburg, Will- iamsburg, Wilderness, Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Fair Oaks, Vicksburg, Winchester, Gettysburg, Antietam, and Appomattox — are inscribed upon the shaft. The base bears the following inscriptions : — Erected to the memory of the gallant soldiers of Northumberland county who fell in the battles of the great Rebellion. Corner-stone laid, May 30, 1874; Erected, July 4, 1879. James Cameron, of Northumberland county, Colonel of the Beventy-ninth New York Cameronian Volunteers, fell at the head of his regiment at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, aged sixty-one years. " Give them the meed they have won in the past ; Give them the honors their merits forecast; Give them the chaplets they won in the strife ; Give them the laurels they lost with their lite." Colonel James Cameron, the first soldier from Northiunberland county to lose his life in the war, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 1, 1801, and came to Sunbury with his parents in 1808. Thence the family removed to Lewisburg. After the death of his father he learned the trade of blacksmith; later he became a printer and editor, and published the Political Sentinel at Lancaster; he studied law, was admitted to the bar at Lancaster, and subsequently (August 4, 1851) to the bar of Northumberland county; at one time he was a superintendent on the Philadelphia and Colum- bia railroad; for some years he engaged in agricultural pursuits with profit 444 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and success, and operated several finely improved farms near Milton. H© also filled several positions of trust and emolument. When the civil war broke out he was stationed at Sunbury as superintendent of the Northern Central railway, but immediately resolved to enter the military service. He accepted the colonelcy of the Seventy-ninth regiment, Fourth brigade, First division, New York militia, popularly known as the Cameronian Highlanders, and fell at the head of his command while leading a charge at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. He was the first officer of his rank in the "Union army and the first officer from Pennsylvania soil who fell in bat- tle in the civil war. CHAPTER XIV. SUNBURY. The Town Plat — Bably Residents— StrefBUKT in 1808 — Beminiscences op Dr. R. H. Awl — Pbominbnt Meechants, 1773-1850 — Eault Hotels — Muxicipal Organization and Government — Facilities op Travel and Transporta- tion — Industrial Activity — Banking Institutions — Gas, Electric Light, and Water Companies-^Local Papers — The Postoppice — Secret and Other Societies — Educational Interests — Churches — Cemeteries — Borough op East Sunbury. THE site of Sunbury is an alluvial plain of triangular shape, evidently aa island at some former period in it geological development and eminently rich in historic interest. At the time when definite knowledge regarding this region begins it was the site of the Indian village of Shamokin and the resi- dence of the great chief Shikellimy. Here the Moravian missionaries preached and taught, and Conrad Weiser met his dusky friends with that simple ingenuousness which formed the strongest element in his diplomacy; and here the provincial government erected Fort Augusta, the most formidable defen- sive work in central Pennsylvania, from which were directed the military move- ments throughout the colonial and Revolutionary periods which form so large a part of the history of the northern frontier during these eventful times. By the census of 1890 the population of the borough was five thou- sand nine hundred thirty. THE TOWN PLAT. Pomfret manor, a tract of several thousand acres surveyed for the Pro- prietaries in 1768, originally embraced the town site, which was doubtless selected from pecuniary considerations as well as on account of its natural SUNBOEY. 445 eligibility. The survey of the town was determined upon at a meeting of the Governor and Council on the 16th of June, 1772, when Surveyor General Lukens was directed to repair to Fort Augusta, and, with the assistance of WiUiam Maclay, " lay out a town for the county of Northumberland to be called by the name of Sunbury at the most commodious place between the fort and the mouth of Shamokin creek, into three hundred lots to be accom- modated with streets, lanes, and alleys and a commodious square in the most convenient place for public buildings: the two main streets to be eighty feet wide, the others sixty, and the lanes and alleys twenty feet; the lots to be sixty feet wide in front and two hundred thirty feet deep if the ground and situation wiU conveniently allow that depth. And it is further ordered that a space of at least one hundred twenty feet be left between the town line and the bank of the river: every other lot adjoining the square and fifty commo- dious lots besides to be reserved for the Proprietaries." In compliance with thes'e instructions Mr. Lukens set out for Port Augusta on the 18th of June, 1772, and the survey was completed in the following month. In the original town plat the streets extending north and south in order from the river are named Broadway, River, Deer, Fawn, and Short, inter- sected at right angles by Cranberry street. Strawberry alley. Dewberry street, Htdberry alley, Shamokin street, Barberry alley. Blackberry street, Goose- berry alley, Pokeberry street. Raspberry alley. Whortleberry street, BiUberry alley, and Elderberry street, in order from the north. For some of these streets popular usage early adopted other names. Broadway became Water street; Penn, Mud street; Spruce, Bullet alley; Third, Back alley; Fourth, Hog street, and Shamokin, Market street. The present system of nomen- clature was established by borough ordinance, June 5, 1866, changing the name of Broadway to Front; of River, to Second; of Deer, to Third; of Fawn, to Fourth; of Short, to Fifth; of Elderberry, to Spruce; of Whortle- berry, to Walnut; of Pokeberry, to Penn; of Blackberry, to Chestnut; of Shamokin, to Market; of Dewberry, to Arch, and of Cranberry, to Race. The most extensive addition to the original town plat is that part of the borough popularly known as CaBetown. This land also formed part of the manor of Pomfret; it embraced the site of Fort Augusta, and was the resi- dence of Colonel Samuel Hunter until his death, although it does not ap- pear that he ever acquired a proprietary interest. On the 10th of April, 1786, John Penn, Jr., and John Penn executed a conveyance to William Wil- son for three hundred forty-two acres of land, " the same place and tract of land whereon the late Colonel Hunter dwelt and part of the manor of Pom- fret," the consideration being one thousand twenty-six pounds specie. The purchaser was an American officer during the Revolution and associate judge of Northumberland county, 1792-1813; a biographical sketch is given in this work in the chapter on the Bench and Bar. On the 20th of October, 1790, he sold one moiety or undivided half part of this tract to Alexander Hunter; 446 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the other moiety was deeded to Mary Scott, June 17, 1811, at a nominal con- sideration, and from this time (or possibly at an earlier date), the land was known as the Hunter and Scott farms. The latter, embracing one hundred forty acres, adjoined the original northern boundary of Sunbury borough; the former comprised one hundred fifty-three acres. The upper division, taken in execution as the property of Alexander Hunter at the suit of John Cowden, was sold at sheriff's sale on the 22d of April, 1814, and purchased by Thomas Grant. . In compliance with his will, his executors and executrix, George, William, and Deborah Grant, deeded it to Mrs. Nancy Hunter, widow of Alexander Hunter, October 16, 1817. By her will, dated July 26, 1833, Mrs. Nancy Hunter devised the farm to her son, Samuel Hunter. He died in 1852, and by the terms of his will it be- came the property of his sisters, Mary and Nancy Hunter and EUzabeth, wife of Henry Billington. One hundred six acres of this tract eventually came into the exclusive possession of Mary Hunter, by whom it was conveyed to Benjamin Hendricks_by deed of August 9, 1859, and on the 25th of June, 1863, it was purchased from Mr. Hendricks by Joseph W. Cake. Mary Scott died intestate, leaving her estate to her children, Samuel H. Scott, Mrs Sarah Gobin (nee Scott), wife of Charles Gobin, and Susan Scott. Samuel H. Scott also died intestate, leaving his estate to his sisters, Mrs. Sarah Gobin and Susan Scott, who sold the Scott farm to David Longenecker, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, February 4, 1854. It was purchased at sheriff's sale, June 27, 1857, by Joseph S. Silver, of Philadelphia, who deeded it to Francis W. Hughes, of Pottsville, August 28, 1857. It was purchased from Mr. Hughes, August 23, 1859, by Joseph W. Cake. Having thus secured both the Scott and Hunter farms, Mr. Cake pro- ceeded to lay out the addition that bears his name. It was surveyed in Sep- tember, 1863, by P. W. Sheaf er, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania; the principal streets extending east and west are Masser, Greenough, Packer, Amy, AHce, Julia, Joseph, John, and Main, intersected by Fort Augusta avenue and Sus- quehanna, Eailroad, Scott, Thompson, and Moorehead streets. Of those last mentioned, however, several have not yet bfeen opened. The only other additions of any importance within the borough limits are those of Benjamin Hendricks, the executors of Henry Masser, John W. Fri- ling. Dr. E. H. Awl, and William & E. D. Lenker. Hendricks extended Second street below Spruce and opened Pine between Second and Third; Friling opened Pine street between Front and Second, and laid out several blocks below Spruce; Masser's addition comprises Vine street, which is parallel with Eace and immediately north of it; Awl's and Lenker's additions are in the southeastern part of the borough. EAELT EESIDENTS. In a list of the taxables of Augusta township in the year 1774 each of the fol- SUNBUEY. 447 lowing persons is accredited with a house and lot: Sebastian Crevous, George Oliver, Frederick Dunkelberger, Eobert Desha, Martin Epley, Philip Ever- hart, David Fowler, Peter Gearhart, Charles Garment, Solomon Green, Sto- phel Gettig, Samuel Harris, Jacob Haverling, Adam Haverling, Charles Hufty, Nicholas Kofield, William Maclay, Joseph McCarrell, Eobert Mc- Bride, David McKinney, Nicholas Miller, Frederick Eeely, Zachariah Eobins, Henry Eeigert, John Eeam (butcher), Gustavus Eoss, Cornelius Eow, Stephen Sutton, Thomas Steinbach, Michael Troy, George Vaughan, George Wolf, Jonas Weaver, John Weitzel, James Wild, John Wall, and Elias Youngman. As Sunbury was then the only town in Augusta township, it is fair to presume that this list includes the names of its principal inhabitants at that time. Colonel Samuel Hunter and Mrs. Alexander Grant resided north of the tovm, and Valentine Geiger at Maclay's mill a mile to the east but within the present Hmits of the borough of East Sunbury. Colonel Samuel Hunter was born in the North of Ireland in 1732. His military career began in 1760 ; on the 2d of May in that year he was com- missioned as Ueutenant in Captain Joseph Scott's company of Colonel Hugh Mercer's battalion of the Pennsylvania regiment, and on the 10th of Novem- ber, 1763, as captain in Colonel Turbutt Francis's battalion. He was at Fort Augusta in June, 1763, when the first intelligence of Pontiac's con- spiracy was received, and initiated the measures subsequently carried into execution by Colonel Burd for the defense of that post. In the following year he joined Colonel Bouquet's expedition, but was again at Fort Augusta in 1768 and doubtless earUer. On the 24th of March, 1772, he was com- missioned as one of the first justices for Northumberland county, from which he was elected to the Assembly, 1772-75, to the Committee of Safety, 1775-76, and to the Council of Censors in 1783; and when the militia organ- ized at the outbreak of the Eevolution he was elected colonel of the First battalion, February 8, 1776. He was appointed county lieutenant, March 21, 1777, and reappointed, April 6, 1780; in this responsible position he directed the movements of the local militia during the Eevolution, and his ofdcial correspondence is an invaluable contribution to the history of North- umberland county in that eventful period. He died at Fort Augusta, April 10, 1784, leaving a widow, Susanna {nee Scott), and two daughters, Nancy and Mary. The former married Alexander Hunter; the latter, Samuel Scott. Alexander Grant, a native of Scotland, where he resided in the vicinity of Aberdeen, settled near the Susquehanna river immediately opposite Sha- mokin island prior to the organization of Northumberland county, and was elected the first constable of Augusta township in 1772. He died, March 21, 1775, leaving a widow and two sons, George and Thomas. Their mother was bom on the 31st of October, 1718, and died on the 26th of November, 1821, at the great age of one hundred three years. George Grant was bom, August 16, 1755; on the 19th of March, 1776, he was 4:48 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. commissioned as third lieutenant in Captain Weitzel's company; he was promoted captain in the Ninth regiment, May 3, 1777, and died on the North river three miles above New Windsor, Connecticut, October 10, 1779. Thomas Grant was born on the 20th of November, 1758, and died on the 16th of June, 1815. He served as sheriff of Northumberland county one term, 1785-88, and also as lieutenant and captain in the local militia. He was an active promoter of the Centre turnpike and during its construction disbursed the funds in payment for work, making frequent journeys to different points on the route with the money in his saddle-bags. He married Deborah, daughter of Eobert Martin, of Northumberland. William Maclay, whose connection with the early history of Sunbury and of Northumberland county was of the most intimate character, was bom in New Garden township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, July 20, 1737, son of Charles and Eleanor (Query) Miaclay. His father removed to Lurgan towa- ship, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, in 1742, and there he grew to manhood. At the outbreak of the French and Indian war he was a pupil at the classical academy of Eev. John Blair in Chester county; entering the military service as ensign, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on the 7th of May, 1758, in the Third battalion, and served with credit in General Forbes'g expedition in that year. In 1763 he participated at the battle of Bushy Run, and during the subsequent progress of Bouquet's campaign was stationed in command of his company at one of the stockades on the route of the expedition. In the intervals of his military service he studied law, and on the 28th of April, 1760, was admitted to the bar of York county, Pennsylvania, although it is not probable that he ever engaged actively in the duties of the profession. He visited England at the close of the French and Indian war, and had an interview with Thomas Penn, one of the Pro- prietaries, relative to the survey of lands on the frontiers of the Province. It was in the capacity of a surveyor that his first acquaintance with the territory of Northumberland county began; on the 23d of February, 1769, he made the first survey in the valley of the West Branch, one of the tracts apportioned to the officers in the French and Indian war, in which he par- ticipated by virtue of his services. On the 24th of March, 1772, he was commissioned as first prothonotary, clerk of the several courts, register of wills, and recorder of deeds for Northumberland coimty, and was the in- cumbent of these respective offices until 1777. He was also commissioned as justice for the county, March 24, 1772, June 11, 1777, and January 24, 1785. In 1772 he assisted John Lukens in surveying the town of Sunbury, and in the following year erected a stone dwelling at the northeast corner of Arch and Front streets, the most substantial and pretentious of the early private houses of the county seat. Early m the Revolutionary struggle he entered actively into the support of the American cause, marched with the militia to the seat of war and participated in the battles of Trenton and SUNBUEY. 449 Princeton, and served as issuing commissary after his return to Sunbury. In 1781, 1782, 1783, and 1785 he was elected to the Assembly from North- umberland county, and in 1786 to the Supreme Executive Council; in Janii- ary, 1789, he was elected to the United States Senate as one of the first members of that body from Pennsylvania, his colleague being Robert Morris. The latter drew the long term, and Mr. Maclay accordingly retired on the 3d of March, 1791. His attitude toward the administration while a member of this body and its far-reaching results are thus stated by W. H. Egle, M. D. :— His election to this body raised him upon a liiglier plane of political activity, but contact -witli tie Federal chiefs of the Senate only strengthened his political convictions, which, formed by long intercourse with the people of middle Pennsylvania, were intensely democratic. He began to differ with the opinions of President Washington very early in the session; he did not approve of the state and ceremony attendant upon the intercourse of the President with Congress; he flatly objected to the presence of the President in the Senate while business was being transacted, and in the Senate boldly spoke against his policy in the immediate presence of President Washington. The New England historians, Hildreth and Goodrich, repute Thomas Jefferson as the " eiEcient promoter at the beginning and father and founder of the Democratic party." Contemporary records, however, show beyond the shadow of a doubt that this respon- sibility or honor, in whatever light it may be regarded, can not be shifted from the shoulders or taken from the laurels of Pennsylvania statesmanship. Before Mr. Jeffer- son's return from Europe, William Maclay assumed an independent position, and in his short career of two years in the Senate propounded ideas and gathered about him •elements to form the opposition which developed with the meeting of Congress at Philadelphia on the 24th of October, 1791, in a division of the people into two great parties, the Federalists and Democrats, when, for the first time appeared an open and organized opposition to the administration. The funding of the public debt, chartering the United States Bank, and other measures championed necessarily by the adminis- tration, whose duty it was to put the wheels of government in motion, engendered opposition. Mr. Maclay, to use his own language, " no one else presenting himself," fearlessly took the initiative, and, with his blunt common sense (for he was not much of a speaker) and democratic ideas, took issue with the ablest advocates of the admin- istration. Notwithstanding the prestige of General Washington and the ability of the defenders of the administration on the floor of the Senate, such was the tact and, reso- lution of Mr. Maclay that when, after his short service, he was retired from the Senate and succeeded by James Boss, a pronounced Federalist, their impress was left in the distinctive lines of an opposition party — a party, which, taking advantage of the warm feeling of our people toward the French upon the occasion of Jay's treaty with Great Britain in 1794, and of the unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition laws, passed under the administration of President John Adams in 1798, compassed the final overthrow of the Federal party in 1800.* Mr. Maclay kept a journal during his senatorial term, in which he sum- marized the debates in both open and secret sessions ; it has been published in book form with notes by George Washington Harris, and also in the New York Sun, and forms a most interesting and valuable contribution to the history of this country in the period immediately succeeding the adoption of ♦Pennsylvania Genealogies, pp. 357-358. 450 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the Federal Constitution. After his retirement he resided permanently upon his farm at Harrisburg, and erected the substantial stone building subse- quently occupied by the academy of that city. He was elected to the lower house of the Pennsylvania legislature in 1795 and 1803; in 1796 he was a presidential elector, and in 1801-03 associate judge of Dauphin county. He died on the 16th of April, 1804, and was buried at Paxtang church. In 1769 he married Mary, daughter of John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, and they were the parents of nine children, of whom the fourth in order of birth, Mary, married Samuel Awl, a prominent citizen of Upper Augusta township, Northumberland county. Mrs. Sarah Welker {nee Awl), Mrs. Hester H. Brindle {nee Awl), and Dr. E. H. Awl, of Sunbury, and Mrs. Elizabeth J. Eohrbach {nee Awl), of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, are the only living de- scendants of William Maclay in the second genei>ation. Captain Nicholas Miller was commissioned as an ofiicer in the Twelfth Pennsylvania regiment, October 4, 1776, and served with it until it ceased to exist as an organization, July 1, 1778. He died in Northampton county be- fore the close of the century. David McKinney located at Sunbury in the spring of 1772. He was formerly a resident of New Jersey and Virginia, and, although a miller by occupation, established one of the first distilleries at Sunbury and continued in this business some years. Late in life he removed to a farm on the West Branch near the Great Island, and there he died at an advanced age. He was the father of nine children: Abraham; Mary; John; Isaac; Sarah; Jacob; James; Elizabeth, and Rachel. Abraham was born, November 12, 1762, and died at Sunbury on the 13th of September, 1835 ; he built and operated the first mill on Mahanoy creek, Jackson township. Isaac removed to Centre county, Pennsylvania, established an iron furnace, and became associate judge. " Eobert McBride," wrote John Weitzel to the Council of Safety, Decem- ber 2, 1776, " goes down on purpose to apply for a lieutenancy in the service of the United States; I therefore take the liberty to recommend him as a man of spirit and resolution, and have not the least doubt but he will make a good officer. He served during the last war."* He was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Ninth Pennsylvania regiment, January 15, 1777. At the close of the war he returned to Sunbury. The second jail of Northumber- land county was built by him as a private enterprise. Thomond Ball performed the duties of prothonotary of Northumberland county as deputy under David Harris. The latter was appointed, September 11, 1777; he entered the Continental army as third lieutenant in Colonel Thompson's battalion and rose to the rank of captain in the First Pennsyl- vania regiment, but resigned on the 20th of October, 1777, and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Baltimore. Mr. Ball was the first secretary of the Northumberland county Committee of Safety and acted as paymaster of ♦Pennsylvania Archives, Vol. V. pp. 85-86. f^-y^na^^ryi^ SUNBUBY. 453 Colonel Hartley's regiment while it was stationed on the frontier. He served as deputy prothonotary until his death in 1779. John Simpson, the second register and recorder of Northumberland county, was descended from the Scottish family of that name which possessed the earldom of Linlithgow in the sixteenth century. He was commissioned as register and recorder, March 29, 1777, and performed the duties of those offices more than a score of years. He married Ann Thompson, a lady of English parentage; Jeremiah Simpson, their son, was born, October 10, 1773, and died on the 11th of August, 1829. He was comfnissioned as register and recorder, July 24, 1798, and served until 1805. He married Mary, daughter of Henry Vanderslice, of Berks county, and they were the parents of nine children: John; Hannah; Mary; Eachel; Ann; Jeremiah; Henry V.; Jesse M. M., and Sarah. Jesse M. M. Simpson was elected treasurer of North- umberland county in 1848 and served one term. David Mead was born at Hudson, New York, in 1752, son of Darius Mead, who settled at Wyoming upon lands obtained under Pennsylvania title. A conflicting Connecticut claim having obliged him to relinquish his improvements, he located in Point township six miles above Northumberland on the North Branch, whence the family removed to Sunbury at the com- mencement of the Revolutionary war. There David Mead kept a hotel and estabUshed a distillery. He was elected county commissioner in 1782 and served one term. In 1787, accompanied by his brother John, he made a journey to the region west of the Allegheny river; they returned in the spring of 1788 with seven others, and established the first settlement in northwestern Pennsylvania at the site of Meadville, Crawford county. David Mead was actively connected with affairs in that part of the State imtil his death, August 23, 1816. Christopher Gettig was commissioned as first lieutenant in the Twelfth Pennsylvania regiment, October 14, 1776. At Piscataway, New Jersey, he was wounded on the 11th of May, 1777, taken prisoner, and had his leg amputated. He died at Sunbury, July 2, 1790, leaving a widow, Anna Dorothy, and seven children: Magdalena; Barbara; Elizabeth; Frederick; Christopher; Catharine, and Joseph. Christian Gettig kept hotel on Front street at a building subsequently known as " the barracks; " he was commissioned as justice, November 2, 1787, and the sessions of the court were frequently held at his house. He also operated a tannery. He died in 1797, leaving a widow, Elizabeth, and five children: Christian; Henry; Jacob; John, and Elizabeth. Laurence Keene was commissioned as captain in Colonel Patton's regi- ment, January 13, 1777, and continued with that rank after its incorporation into the Eleventh; from the latter he was transferred to the Third, and served for a time as aid-de-camp on the staff of General Arthur St. Clair. He was appointed prothonotary of Northumberland county, September 25, 454 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 1783, and died at Sunbury in July, 1789. He married Gaynor, daughter of John Lukens, surveyor general of the State. Captain William Gray was born near Belfast, Ireland, in 1750. At the commencement of the Eevolution he resided in Northumberland county, and on the 15th of March, 1776, was commissioned as first lieutenant in Captain Weitzel's company of Colonel Miles's regiment. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, but was exchanged on the 8th of December following and promoted to captain in the Fourth regiment on the 3d of January, 1777. He retired from the service, January 1, 1781, and returned to Northumberland county, where he was engaged in merchandising at Sunbury for a time and also held the office of deputy surveyor. His residence was a log house at the southeast corner of Second and Walnut streets in that borough. He married Mary, daughter ^of John and Mary Brady, in 1784, and they were the parents of four children: Elizabeth; Mary; WiUiam M., and Jackson. He died on the 18th of July, 1804; the circumstances of his death were thus stated in Kennedy's Gazette : " On Wednesday the 18th instant, died suddenly, while superintending the reapers in a field near his house. Captain William Gray, of Sunbury. He had gone to a spring situ- ated in a swamp below the field to fetch some water for the men, and prob- ably was too weak to extricate himself after having fallen into the head of the spring .... He was found dead with his head in the spring and sunk to about the middle." John Lyon came to Sunbury from the State of Delaware. He was a shoemaker by trade, but relinquished this occupation for that of brickmaking, and furnished the bricks which entered into the construction of the court house, "state house," jail, and many of the first brick residences of Sunbury. He also owned and operated the ferry immediately prior to its acquisition by the borough. He was elected county commissioner in 1797, served one term, and died on the 1st of January, 1800. He married Mary, daughter of David McKinney, and they were the parents of nine children: David; John; Elizabeth; David; James; Mary; Eebecca; Matthew, ' and Abr am. John, Henry, and Dietrich Bucher emigrated from Switzerland to Penn- sylvania: Dietrich established an iron furnace near Beading; John and Henry located at Sunbury. Henry Bucher was a farmer, and resided at the southwest corner of Walnut and Third streets; he owned nearly all that part of the borough between the Susquenanna river and Shamokin creek from the mouth of the latter to Spruce street, and first reduced this land to cultiva- tion. He married a Miss Epley, and they had issue as follows: Henry; Elizabeth, who married George Weiser (tanner) ; Mary, who married Jacob Leisenring; Francis; George, a soldier in the war of 1812, and John. Henry had a hotel on Front street and operated the ferry for some years; Francis was a tanner, and one of the last persons engaged in that business at Sun- bury. He died on the 19th of March, 1875, at the age of seventy years. SUNBUEY. 455 The first physicians were Doctors William Plunket, Francis Allison, James Davidson, Solomon Markley, Joseph Thomson, Peter Kraut, William Westhoven, Isaac Cushman, George Slough, C. H. Bailey, John Y. Kennedy, Peter Grahl, William T. Morris, etc.; the first lawyers — Casper Weitzel, Stephen Chambers, Charles Smith, Daniel ^Levy, Charles Hall, Evan Eice Evans, Jesse Moore, Enoch Smith, Samuel Eoberts, Hugh Bellas, E. G. Bradford, Ebenezer Greenough, Samuel J. Packer, and others, of whom extended mention is made in the appropriate chapters of this work. SUNBUEY IN 1808. The first triennial assessment of Sunbury borough was made in 1805, but the list of taxable inhabitants for that year is incomplete; the second was made in 1808, and exhibits the following improved property, with names of respective owners and occupants. Front Street. — Frame house and stable, owned by Henry Aurand; log and brick house and stable, owned and occupied by James Black, weaver; log house and stable, owned by Conrad Minnich and occupied by John Baker; stone house and stable, owned and occupied by John Boyd, register and recorder of the county ; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by John Buyers, merchant and justice of the peace; log house, occupied by Widow Brown; log house, owned by William Moore and occupied by Andrew Cal- lum, school master; small log house, owned by James Black and occupied by William. Coldron, baker; frame house, owned by William Witman and occupied by John Colsher, school master ; frame house, owned by John Buy- ers and occupied by Philip Cook, tailor; log house, old house, and stable, owned and occupied by William Dewart, Sr. ; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Henry Goodhart; log house and stable, owned and occu- pied by Ann Gettig, widow; log house and stable, owned by Jacob Kendig and occupied by Peter Grahl, physician; log house and stable, owned by Henry Shaffer and occupied by Samuel Hahn, weaver; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by Charles Hall, attorney ; log house and stable, owned by Zachariah Eobins and occupied by John Kinzer, boatman ; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by Mary Lyon, widow, innkeeper; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by Daniel Levy, prothonotary of the county; log house, owned by William Witman and occupied by Nicholas Mantz, butcher; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by Widow McKinney, storekeeper; old log house, owned by a Mr. Hubley and occupied by Adam Snyder; log house and stable, owned by John Buyers and occupied by Jacob Singer, innkeeper ; log house and stable, owned by a Mr. Fisher and occupied by Joseph Shannon; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Enoch Smith, attorney; stone house, owned and occupied by Jeremiah Simpson ; small brick house, owned by Elizabeth Gettig and occu- pied by William Withington, hatter; frame house, owned by Margaret Bax- 456 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. ter and occupied by Elizabeth Wilet; log house, owned by Widow Epley and occupied by Adam Snyder, butcher. Market Street. — Frame house, occupied by Widow Albright; log house, owned by Christian Shissler and occupied by John Bright, saddler ; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Paul Baldy, blacksmith; blacksmith shop, owned and occupied by Paul Baldy ; frame house and bam, owned by Jacob Vanderslice and occupied by Hugh Bellas, attorney; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by Lewis Dewart, merchant; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Evan E. Evans, attorney ; frame house, owned by Aaron Eoulk and occupied by Widow Albright; log house and stable, owned by C. Wag- ner and occupied by Stophel Gettig, innkeeper; log house and stable, owned by Widow Gobin and occupied by Edward Gobin, joiner; still house, owned and operated by Edward Gobin; house, owned and occupied by Daniel Hoff- man, shoemaker; log house, owned by a Mr. Graham and occupied by Timo- thy Harris ; stone house and stable, owned by Charles Hall and occupied by Charles Hegins, innkeeper ; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by Charles Haas, merchant; log house, owned by Joseph Harris and occupied by Eees Harris, shoemaker; brick house and stable, owned by Jacob Prei- singer and occupied by Michael Kutzner, innkeeper; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Theodoras Kiehl, justice of the peace; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Joseph Lorentz, coroner of the county; brick house and stable, owned by Jacob and Joseph Sinton and occupied by Daniel Lebo, innkeeper; log house and stable, owned by Thomas Robins and occupied by Conrad Minnich; frame house, owned by George Heim and oc- cupied by Charles Maus, attorney; log house, owned and occupied by Widow Miller; small brick house and stable, owned and occupied by Henry Masser^ tinsmith; log house and stable, owned by Thomas Eobins and occupied by Henry Euch, Sr., shoemaker; log house, owned by Thomas Eobins and oc- cupied by Henry Euch, Jr., shoemaker; log house, owned by Leonard Epley and occupied by John Eichards, mason ; log house, tannery, and bam, ovraied and occupied by Zachariah Eobins, tanner ; brick house and stable, owned by Samuel Eoberts and occupied by Henry Shaffer, innkeeper; small frame house, owned and occupied by Henry Shaffer ; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by James Smith, innkeeper; log house and stable, owned by Widow Geiger and occupied by Widow Schwartz; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by Jonas Weaver, innkeeeper; stone house and stable, owned and occupied by Elizabeth Weitzel, widow, storekeeper; log house and stable, owned by William McAdams and occupied by Christian Wagner, carpenter. Chestnut Street. — Log house, owned and occupied by Joseph Alter, car- penter; frame house and stable, owned by Andrew Graeff and occupied by Andrew Albright, merchant; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by James Alexander, merchant; log house, stable, and pottery, owned and SUNBUBY. 457 occupied by Daniel Bogar, potter; log house and shed, owned by George Bright and occupied by Esther Bright, widow; log and frame house and stable, owned by O. Bird and occupied by Francis Cook, farmer; log house and stable, tannery, etc., owned and occupied by William Dewart, farmer; log house and barn, owned by Christian Miller and occupied by John De Long, shoemaker; log house and stable, owned by John Weigans and occu- pied by Jacob Gass, barber ; old log house, owned and occupied by Eebecca Gorman; log house and stable, owned by John Hauswart and occupied by Simon Glass, nailer; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Thomas Giberson; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Daniel Hurley, mer- chant; log house and stable, occupied by John Kendig; log house and stable, owned by Daniel Bogar and occupied by George Martin, Jr., shoemaker; brick house and stable, owned and occupied by Solomon Markley, physician; brick, frame, and log house, owned and occupied by William McAdams, tailor ; log house, owned by Daniel Bogar and occupied by Frederick Miller, tailor; log house, owned by Joseph Alter and occupied by John Mangrow; log house, owned by Alexander Hunter and occupied by William Smith, school master; log house, owned by George Spice and occupied by Sarah Wharton; log house, tannery, etc., owned and occupied by Jacob Yoner, tanner; log house and stable, owned and occupied by John Young, black- smith. Penn Street. — Log house, owned by Daniel Hurley and occupied by Charles Cameron, tailor; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Jacob Durst, blacksmith; old house, owned by Abraham Fry; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Adam Eenn, shoemaker; log house, owned by U. Billman and occupied by John Sloan, innkeeper; log house and stable, owned by Daniel Hurley and occupied by Jane Wight; small house, owned by George Mantz and occupied by Widow Ween. Walnut Street. — Log house, owned by Martin Epley and occupied by Christian Bower, carpenter; log house and old barn, owned and occupied by Henry Bucher, farmer; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Jacob Conrad; log house, owned by William Dewart, Sr. ; frame house, Owned by James Silverwood and occupied by Widow Duncan; log house and barn, owned and occupied by Mary Gray, widow; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Abraham Kiehl, carpenter; log house and stable, owned and occupied by George Martin, Sr., shoemaker; frame house and stable, owned and occupied by Aaron Eobins, mason; old house and stable, owned and occupied by Peter Smith; log' house and stable, owned by Philip Masser and occupied by John Snyder, blacksmith; old log house, owned by a Mr. Shellhard; old house, owned and occupied by Jacob Vanderslioe; log house, owned and occupied by Henry Vanderslice, tailor; log house, owned by James Smith; old log house, owned by William McAdams; small frame house, owned by Jonas Weaver. 458 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Indefinite Locations included the following: frame house adjoining An- drew Eowe, owned by Daniel Baker and occupied by Jacob Baker; log house adjoining Martin Epley, owned by John Bucher;, log house and barn adjoin- ing Peter Smith, owned by Andrew GraefE and occupied by Henry Bucher, farmer; log house adjoining Charles Hall, owned by Jacob Vanderslioe and occupied by Eobert Carr, weaver; small log house and stable adjoining J. Preisinger, owned and occupied by Melchoir Deitrich, carter; small log house adjoining Adam Hileman, owned by Mary Carter and occupied by John Dentler; log house and stable, owned and occupied by Widow Geiger; log house and stable adjoining Gear and J. Epley, owned by Leonard Epley and occupied by Peter Goodhart, hatter; frame house adjoining Joseph Alter, owned and occupied by Jacob Haines, butcher; log house and stable adjoin- ing Mary Carter, owned and occupied by Adam Hileman, tailor; log house and barn adjoining William McAdams, owned and occupied by George Har- rison ; house adjoining Owen Poulk, owned and occupied by Conrad Minnich ; log house and stable adjoining Henry Bucher, owned and occupied by James McEwen, weaver; log house and stable adjoining John Young, owned and occiipied by Mary Martin, widow; log house and stable adjoining Widow Geiger, owned by Widow Ponteous and occupied by Peter Gray; old log house adjoining James McEwen, owned by Andrew Eowe and occupied by Martin Waldorf; house and stable near Thomas Giberson, owned by Fred- erick Haas and occupied by Thomas Weaver; log house adjoining Daniel Hurley, owned by Leonard Epley and occupied by John Eichard, mason; small log house adjoining Adam Hileman; William Graham, school master, at "point of the creek." Some of these persons doubtless resided on Second, Third, Fourth, Arch, or Eace streets, to which no locations are definitely as- signed. The Single Freemen were John Beitzel, clockmaker; Jacob Beck, black- smith; John Baldy, blacksmith; John Buyers; David Bright, saddler; Charles Clark; Henry Donnel, surveyor; William G. Forrest, attorney; Eob- ert Gray, register's clerk; John Grahl; E. Greenough, attorney; Cornelius Gorman, tobacconist; John Hurley, farmer; Jared Irwin, sheriff; William Johnson, clerk; Henry Long, laborer; Martin Millet; Baltzer Myerly, car- penter; Jacob Mantz; John Mantz; John Nail, shoemaker; Adam Mantz; Thomas Painter, clerk; John Eobins, mason ; Gilbert Eobins, hatter ; Andrew Eowe, tanner; John Eogers, distiller; Joseph Eichardson; Alexander Strick- land, school master, and George Shuff. It is probable that some of these persons had families, and appear in this class from the fact that their resi- dence at Sunbury did not involve the occupancy of improved property. EEMINISCBNCES OF DB. E. H. AWL. The Sunbury of to-day presents a wide contrast with the town of sixty years ago, not only in its material aspects, but also in the general character- SUNBUEY. 459 isties of its people. The following with reference to the social diversions of a former generation and the appearance of the borough at the time of his earliest recollection is given as the reminiscences of Dr. E. H. Awl. The State militia organization, which received an impetus in the war of 1812, was tolerably efficient for some years thereafter. " Battalion days " occurred annually, and were the great social events of the county. The Sun- bury battalion was composed of the militia of the surrounding tovmships ; on the morning of the appointed day the companies formed in line on the pub- lic square and adjacent streets, marched to the parade ground, and engaged in the various military evolutions imtil three or four o'clock in the afternoon. The rural population was present en masse ; a line of wagons and booths surrounded the parade ground, and gingerbread, cakes, ginger ale, oranges, lemonade, pickled oysters, spruce beer, and various other refreshments were dispensed in great profusion. Measured by the results in increased efficiency to the military organization the " battalion days " were not a pronounced success, but in the friendly social intercourse fostered by these occasions their influence was highly beneficial. The Sunbury races were widely attended for many years. This form of diversion was doubtless introduced anterior to the present century; the man- ner in which announcements were made at an early date is shown by the fol- lowing notice in the Republican Argus of October 23, 1805 : — STJNBUKY RACES, Free for any horse, mare, or gelding, will commence on the 29th of October next. First day's race, four miles and repeat — purse, two hundred dollars. Second day's race, three miles and repeat — purse, one hundred twenty dollars. Third day's race, two miles and repeat — purse, one hundred dollars. Sweepstakes on the fourth day for the entrance money, one mile and repeat. About the time that Judge Cooper was elevated to the bench there was a general movement against horse-racing, and he issued a proclamation for its suppression within the coimties composing his district. Extensive prepara- tions were then in progress for a great race at Sunbury; horses were ex- pected from Philadelphia, the tavern keepers had been to much expense in providing for the anticipated crowd, and, in view of these circumstances, the Judge was induced to withdraw his inhibition upon the personal assurance of the promoters that there should be no gambling or disorder. The appar- ent inconsistency of this action was urged against him in 1811 m the pro- ceedings before the legislature for his removal, and in reply he stated that the race in question was the last in the county during his judicial incum- bency. The turf was again patronized under the administrations of his suc- cessors, however, and at the period of Doctor Awl's earliest recollection there were two courses at Sunbury, one of which extended along the bank of the river from Spruce street to two trees near the Shamokin dam, while the other occupied " Back alley " (Third street) within corresponding limits. Entries 460 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. were made from distant points in Pennsylvania and adjacent States, and jockeys were present from all parts of the country. Considerable money changed hands on these occasions, and if the local favorite did not happen to be the winner the town was sometimes almost destitute of cash during the succeeding days. The game of long bullets was a popular sport at the beginning of the present century. Iron balls were used, one of which, four and three fourths inches in circumference with a weight of twelve and three fourths ounces, is now in possession of Doctor Awl and was formerly owned by his father. The regular ground for this game was Spruce street between Fourth and the river; it was rolled, leveled, and hardened, and was popularly known as "Bullet alley." In grasping the ball the index and third fingers were tied in front of the second finger; the ball was then projected with a jerk and made to bound along upon the ground the greatest possible distance. If elevated too high, the force was spent when it reached the earth; the fine art, therefore, consisted in projecting the ball at the proper angle to secure the least resistance as it rebounded from the ground. This sport developed great precision in the muscular action of the arm, and was also calculated to strengthen the chest and back. It was prohibited by ordinance of the bor- ough in 1803, but the name of " Bullet alley " retained a place in the street nomenclature of Sunbury many years after that date.* After the suppression of long bullets the game of ball first commanded general popular favor. There were four ball alleys, located, respectively, at Shaffer's hotel, at the old jail (southeast corner of Market street and Center alley), at the yard of the county prison (corner of Second and Arch streets), and at a vacant lot on the north side of Market street east of the building in which Renn's drug store is situated. Foot-races were of. frequent occurrence, and were sometimes attended by distinguished sprinters from other points. The course was usually in " Bullet alley." Closely allied to these were the jumping matches, in which five dis- tinct varieties were recognized, viz. : the " single jump," " backward jump," " three jumps," " running hop, step, and jump," and " high jump." At that period physical prowess was a prominent factor in the adjustment of persotial difficulties, the settlement of which for some months previously wfJs usually deferred until " battalion day." Each community had its local bully, and when a number of the noted fighters in town and country assem- bled under the patriotic influences of a militia muster, the reminder of a past victory or defeat was sufficient challenge to involve them all in a general melee. While a local code of rules was generally recognized, these encounters were * An effort was made to revive the game early In the '30's, but It had heea discontinued so long that few persons possessed sufflcient skill to cover the distance from Front to Fourth In three jerks. Parry Thomas, a tailor, attempted to throw the ball instead of jerking it, but the muscular contrac- tion was greater than the resistance of the bones of his arm, which sustained a fracture in con- sequence. SUNBUEY. 461 far more frequently tests of strength than of skill. Not the fists alone, but also the teeth and nails, were brought into requisition, and when one of the participants acknowledged himself beaten it was usually because of thorough exhaustion on account of the brutal treatment he had received. There were also wrestling matches, conducted in a spirit of friendly rivalry, but the skill displayed was of a crude type. The manly art of self-defense was first regu- larly expounded at Sunbury in 1839 by a Mr. Eeed, who opened a boxing school on Front street between Walnut and Spruce. It is needless to remark, however, that Marquis of Queensbury rules have not always been observed in personal encounters since that date. Cock-fighting was also one of the fashionable amusements at Sunbury. There were two varieties of game-cocks, the " reds " and the " grays; " tra- dition asserts that the former were introduced by the Gibersons and the lat- ter by the Bobinses. There were three cock-pits, located, respectively, at the Blue Ball tavern, at Bobins's tannery, and at a cellar on Front street. The usual amount of betting was connected with exhibitions of this nature; if the fight occurred at night the odds were generally in favor of the " reds," as the " grays," owing to their color, could more easily be distinguished. The Terpsichorean art was first scientifically taught in Northumberland county by a Frenchman named Blondell, and David Hartzhorn was among his successors at Sunbury in this department of instruction as early as 1802. Cotillions were not introduced in the rural districts for many years thereafter, however, and the exercises of "battalion day" regularly closed with danc- ing at the various hotels in which the popular figures were " straight four," " French four," and " the buckwheat thresher." At that early date considerable rivalry existed between the towns of Sun- bury and Northumberland, and the partisans on either side were not slow to devise derisive epithets for the other. In this mutual exchange of courtesies the people of Sunbury received the collective designation of " BuUyrums " (bull-frogs), from the amphibious animals of that name which found a con- genial habitation in the marshy ground east of the town; the corresponding sobriquet of the Northumberlanders was " Pine-Knots," doubtless suggested by the pine forests that covered the hills northeast of that borough. Each town was jealous of the prestige of the other, and this feeling frequently found expression in collisions between the boys and young men. But the old time antagonism has entirely subsided, under the close commercial intimacy fostered by the steamboats, railroad, and street railway. Sixty years ago (1830) the streets of Sunbury were green with grass, upon which sheep, geese, ducks, and cows pastured at will. The houses were nearly all constructed of wooden materials ; the only three-story build- ings were the borough high school on Front street and a brick structure at the southwest corner of Market and Third. The public buildings included the court house, at the western end of the inclosure in Market square; 462 HISTOEY OP NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. the "state house," at the southeast corner of Market and Second streets; the jail, at the southwest corner of Second and Arch streets; the borough market house, on Market square east of the court house; the Lutheran church, on Third street, and the Reformed and Presbyterian church, at the site of the present Eeformed church. Race Street, the northern limit of the town plat, was improved to a very- limited extent. The only houses on the north side were the brick residence of Jacob Heller at the corner west of Second and a wooden building owned by Henry Masser and used as a dwelling or school house. On the south side were the following improvements: a one-story log building occupied by Mrs. MoUie Carr, the only house between Third and Fourth; a small frame house west of Center alley, built by John G. Fry, carpenter and court crier; a large red frame house, at the corner east of Second, occupied by Henry Beshler, court crier; a small log house built of unhewn timbers untrimmed at the corners, occupied by James McEwen, weaver (one of the principal wells of the borough is on these premises), and an old house at the corner of Front. Arch Street. — South side: a brick house at the comer west of Fourth, built in 1822 by Michael Sanders and occupied by Francis P. Schwartz, teacher; a log house, erected by George Lawrence, and afterward converted into a stable by John G. Youngman; the residence of John G. Youngman, printer, at the corner west of Third; a frame building at the corner west of Center alley, owned by Lewis Dewart; the shop of Samuel Gobin, wagon maker; the Follmer property, a small frame house; the brick residence of Jacob Druckemiller ; a red frame barn connected with the jail, at the comer west of Second; and E. Greenough's residence, at the corner east of Front.* North side: a one-story log house with clapboard roof, at the corner west of Fourth, occupied by Phebe Kowe; a frame house, occupied by Alexander Strickland; a two-story log house, with brick end at the east, built for George P. Buyers by Jacob Euch ; a log house at the comer east of Third, occupied by Andrew McNamara; a frame house west of Third, removed from Market street by Eli Diemer, register and recorder of Northumberland county, 1824-27, who died, December 1, 1875, at the age of eighty-three years, eleven months, and six days; the brick house of Henry Yoxtheimer, west of Second, with a frame shop adjoining in which he formerly conducted wagon making, and the old Maclay house, at the corner east of Front. Market Street was then, as now, the business thoroughfare of the borough. On the south side, the first improvement on the east was the Robins tannery, *The site of the Catholic church, then a vacant lot, was once occupied at the period to which this relates liy one of the first circuses that ever visited Sunbury. Notwithstanding inclement weather there was a large attendance at the evening performance, which had scarcely begun when the tent collapsed, precipitating a state of contv^ion tliat beggars description. In tlie melee a certain gentle- man, the father of a family, seized a boy whom he supposed was his son and carried him several squares before the urchin informed him of his mistake. SUNBURY. 463 at the southeast corner of Market and Fifth. Between Fifth and Fourth were the log house owned by WilHam Kebler, a German butcher; a long double log house occupied by Mrs. Kitty Bower, who sold cakes and beer; the frame house and hatter shop of Edward Kutzner and Benjamin Eobins; the brick residence of Dr. William Eobins, and his office at the present site of D. Heim's store, and Jonas Weaver's hotel, at the east end of which was Black & Leisenring's store. Between Fourth and Third: Young & Alter's store and John Young's residence, the former the brick building in which Eeimensnyder's drug store is situated and the latter the frame house immediately adjoining on the west, both now owned by the Bassler estate; the frame residence of George Weiser, justice of the peace and subsequently associate judge; the frame residence of Peter Martz, afterward 'associate judge and member of the legislature; George C. Welker's tailor shop, a small frame structure back from the street; the present brick residence of Mrs. George C. Welker, then occupied by Betsey Bright as a millinery store; the saddler shop of Jonathan Weiser; a frame house occupied by George Gass, whose wife sold cakes and beer; a frame building in which William Jordan, brother of Judge Jordan, had his store and residence; a frame house back from the street, occupied by the Wiggins or Vanderslice family; a frame building at the southeast corner of Market square, occupied by William Mil- ler as a buhr-making shop, (in which a bear belonging to a traveling show- man and a bull-dog belonging to Thomas Eobins were once pitted against each other, and the stakes, amounting to five dollars, were awarded to Eobins), and the stone house still standing at the southeast corner of Third and Market. Between Third and Second: Lorenzo Da Ponte's three-story brick building on the corner west of Third, and store, a small frame structure adjoining on the west; Jacob Painter's frame residence and hat shop; Henry Shissler's residence, now owned by Mrs. Louisa Shissler; the blacksmith shop of Jesse, David, and John Martz; the old jail building at the corner of Center alley, then the Farmers' Hotel, kept by William Shannon; a frame house across the alley; the two-story brick residence of Henry Masser, still standing, in the cellar of which he had a tinware store; a two-story brick building, in which Henry Yoxtheimer resided and had a large general store ; George Prince's hotel, the Lawrence House, and the old "state house." Be- tween Second and First: Henry Shaffer's hotel, a brick building, at the site of the Neff House; James Smith's brick residence, at the site of Ira T. Clement's; Weitzel's hotel, a stone structure just west of the alley, and Daniel Levy's law office, a small frame building at the southeast corner of Market and Front. On the north side of Market street the most easterly improvement was a log house in which James Farrow, blacksmith, resided, situated between Fifth street and the alley, west of which were the following: a frame house now occupied by Mrs. George W. Kiehl; several buildings owned by Henry 464 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ' Weise, sheriff of the county, 1854—57; James Farrow's blacksmith shop ; a frame building, subsequently the ofSce of the Gazette, and Charles Gobin's tannery, while the comer east of Fourth was owned by Mrs. Betsey Bright. Between Fourth and Third: a frame shop at the west comer of Fourth at the site of the bank; the brick residence and store of John Haas; two small frame buildings, occupied, respectively, as cooper and shoemaker shops; a large log house, occupied by Jacob Kiehl; a frame shop; John Boulton's brick hotel, with tailor shop upstairs in an adjoining frame building; the brick building in which Dr. P. H. Kenn's drug store is situated, then owned by Gideon Markle ; the frame house now owned by Caroline Dalius, formerly occupied by Henry Gobin and Thomas Billington as a store and by the Der- ing family as a residence; a frame building at the northeast corner of Mar- ket square, in which Peter Lazarus conducted a drug store; a blacksmith shop, and Martin Weaver's brick residence at the site of the Central Hotel. Between Third and Second: a two-story shop, at the corner west of Third; a frame building with shed roof, Ezra Grossman's printing office, at the west side of the lot upon which the Dewart block stands; a wooden building at the site of Doctor Awl's residence, originally owned by the Keims, of Read- ing, Pennsylvania, and occupied by Ezra Grossman in 1830; a wooden build- ing back from the street, in which Jacob D. Breyvogel, the first printer at Sunbury, is said to have resided; the brick residence of Samuel J. Packer, originally built by Paul Baldy, with an addition by John Sinton, carpenter and school teacher; a one-story frame shop, at the corner east of Center alley, the site of the Presbyterian church; the present brick residence of the Dewart family; the present brick residence of George Hill, erected by Ed- ward Gobin; a frame house, in which Mrs. Henry Donnel resided, and the present Donnel property, formerly a hotel. Between Second and Front: a wooden building at the corner west of Second; the old frame building still standing, formerly the residence of Mrs. Gaynor Smith, widow of Enoch Smith, and a great place for social gatherings, and the brick building at the northeast corner of Front and Market, built by Charles Hall. Chestnut Street, on the south side, was not improved east of Fourth, with the exception of the present brick residence of Mrs. Mary Lenker, then occu- pied by George Young. Between Fourth and Third the improvements com- prised a log school house, afterward occupied by John Hileman, shoemaker, and the brick residence of George Weiser, tanner, subsequently associate judge. Between Third and Second: a wooden .building, in which Daniel Hoffman, shoemaker and constable, resided; the frame house and shop of George Weyel, cooper; the frame residence of Frederick Lazarus, justice of the peace, whose son, Peter Lazarus, was sheriff of the county, 1830-33; a wooden building immediately west of Center alley, the residence of Alex- ander Jordan, and the present residence of Dr. A. S. Cummings, then occu- pied by the widow of John L. Finney, ex-register and recorder of this coimty SUNBUKY. 465 and prothonotary of the Supreme court for the Middle district of Pennsyl- vania, who was born, May 12, 1766, and died on the 24th of October, 1824. Between Second and Front: the present residence of H. B. Masser, then occupied by Isaac Zeigler, tanner; a wooden building, in which Jacob Bright, watchmaker, resided; Henry Bartsher's hotel, a large wooden build- ing; John Bogar's frame residence and store, just east of the alley, and a small brick building, belonging to William McCarty. On the north side of Chestnut street, the only improvement east of Fourth was a wooden building at the northeast corner of Chestnut and Fourth, owned by Peter Hileman. The improvements between Fourth and Third included Jacob Weimer's brick residence at the corner west of Fourth; a log school building ; the log house of George Hall, maker of spinning wheels, large and small ; the frame house of George Zimmerman, and his blacksmith shop, and Miss Sallie Giber son's log dwelling, at the corner east of Third. Between Third and Second: the large frame residence and cabinet making shop of Charles Dering; west of Center alley, a log school house subsequently occu- pied by a German named Westerman, and Hugh Bellas's frame residence, now occupied by Dr. F. B. Masser. Between Second and Front: a church building at the corner west of Second; the present residence of W. I. Green- ough, then occupied by Peter Weimer; Daniel Bogar's pottery and residence, and Daniel Levy's residence, which fronted, however, toward the river. Penn Street had but three houses on the south side: a log structure between Third and Fourth, occupied by James Butler, colored; a large frame house at the southeast corner of Penn and Third, occupied by the widow Miller and daughters Susan and Betsey, and a wooden building at the southeast corner of Penn and Front, occupied by John Eay. On the north side, beginning at the east, the succession of improvements was as follows: Daniel Hurley's log house, at the corner east of Fourth; Christian Bower's frame house, at the corner west of Fourth; the log house of Jacob Martin, tinner; a wooden building; the log house of John Barnes, shoemaker; a log house, occupied by PoUy and Ann Hunter; a long frame house, occupied by Captain Heinen, a veteran of the war of 1812, and a log house at the northeast corner of Third and Penn, occupied by Dinah Anderson, a colored woman, and John Boyer, her son-in-law. Mrs. James Husted resided at the Buyers property on the corner east of Front. Walnut Street had a fair complement of improvement. On the south side, the following were situated between Fourth and Third: the frame house of Jacob Young, brickmaker; the frame house of Samuel Gobin, wagon maker; a log school house, and the wooden dwelling of Joseph Hinton, blacksmith. Between Third and Second: Henry Bucher's residence, at the corner west of Third (it was customary for funeral processions from the country to stop at this corner, from which the entire cortege walked to the cemetery) ; Leonard Epley's frame house, at the comer east of Center ally, and the house at the corner east 466 HISTOBY OF NOBTHDMBEELAND COUNTY. of Second street in which the Gray family resided. Between Second and First: the house in which John Schneider resided; a frame house, long occupied by Eev. J. P. Shindel; a small house, in which Mrs. Eeinold lived; a log house, in which Mrs. Eeppert lived, and the hotel and hatter shop of Charles Whar- ton, at the corner east of Front. On Walnut street, north side, at the corner east of Fourth, was the log house of Christian Petry. Between Fourth and Third: an old log house at the corner west of Fourth, occupied by Peter Goodhart, who died on the 6th of November, 1840, aged seventy years (Mary, his wife, died on the 11th of January, 1854, at the age of eighty; during the war of 1812, while stand- ing at the door of her house, which opened in two sections, as the outer doors of mills usually do, a drimken soldier shot ofE one of her fingers) ; the frame house of John Lyon, now occupied by Miss Harriet Lyon; Christian Foulk's frame residence; an old log school house, and Jeremiah Simpson's frame residence, at the corner east of Third. Between Third and Second: Leonard Montgomery's house, at the corner east of Center alley; a large frame house, in which Aaron Kobins, brick layer and school master, resided; Jeremiah Shoop's large frame house, and a wooden building still standing at the cor- ner east of Second. Between Second and Front: a frame building at the corner west of Second, which has been in possession of the Martin family since 1816; a log house, occupied by Mrs. Kate Withington, nee Smith, and a log school house, one of the earliest in the town. Spruce Street was popularly known as " Bullet alley." A small frame house stood on the corner west of Third on the north side, owned by George Weiser and occupied by Peter Durst, undertaker; between this and Fourth street were two frame houses owned by William McCarty, both opposite the cemetery. Front Street was undoubtedly the location of many of the fixst improve- ment in the town. The only houses between Race and Arch were the resi- dence of a Mr. Lukens and the old Maclay house at the corner north of Arch. At the corner south of Arch is the stone house erected in 1797 by Jeremiah Simpson, register and recorder of the county; it was for many years the resi- dence of E. Greenough, attorney at law, whose office was situated at the site of E. W. Greenough's present residence. A two-story log building, and later an ice-house, occupied the corner south of the alley, and at the corner north of Market is the brick and stone structure built by Charles Hall, attorney at law. There were three houses between Market and Chestnut: Daniel Levy's law office, at the corner south of Market; Dr. John B. Price's residence, at the corner north of the alley, and Daniel Levy's residence, a long frame building with extension to the rear, and grounds extending to Chestnut street. At the corner south of Chestnut was a small brick house owned by William McCarty, and originally erected by Christian and Henry Gettig in compliance with the will of their father. Christian Gettig, as a residence for SUNBUBY. 467 their mother, Elizabeth Gettig; and then in order were the following: an old log house, weather-boarded and painted red, and known as "the barracks;" Dr. Solomon Markley's brick residence, still standing; the frame house of James Black, merchant; a three-story brick structure at the site of the high school building ; the Buyers property, occupied for many years by Mrs. Sarah Husted and demolished by the construction of the Reading railroad; a wooden building at the corner south of Penn street, owned by William McCarty and occupied by John Eay ; John Lyon's brick hotel, still standing; the Misses Barringer's candy shop, a small log hduse; a house owned by William Mc- Carty; Michael Quin's store; the hatter shop and hotel of Charles Wharton, at the corner south of Walnut; the dwelling of Charles Ehinehart, boatman and farmer; the hotels of George and Jacob Mantz, watermen and pilots, and a large frame house near the corner of Spruce, subsequently occupied by the borough as a poor house, and the limit of the town proper. An old log house, owned by Hugh Bellas ; a frame house, occupied by Peter Kerlin, farmer; a frame house at the dam, occupied by Edward Harrison; a small log house, owned by Geotge C. Welker and occupied by his father ; an old stone hotel, known as the Oberdorf property, and a frame hotel, near the bridge, kept by John Miller, were situated at irregular intervals between Spruce street and the mouth of Shamokin creek. Second Street, east side, was improved as follows: a red frame house at the comer south of Race, the residence of Henry Beshler, court crier; the " state house," at the corner south of Market; a frame building at the rear end of the court house lot, occupied by the fire engines; Hugh Bellas's residence, at the comer north of Chestnut; Mrs. John L. Finney's residence, at the comer south of Chestnut; a wooden building still standing at the corner north of Walnut, and Mrs. William Gray's residence, at the corner south of Walnut. On the west side of Second street improvements had been made in the following order : the brick residence of Jacob Heller, carriage and wagon maker; his frame shop, afterward a school building, located between Race and Arch; the red stable connected with the jail, at the corner south of Arch; the jail; Enoch Smith's law office, a frame building at the comer north of Market; Henry Shaffer's hotel, at the corner south of Market; a small frame building at the comer of Barberry alley, formerly occupied as a printing office and school house; the Reformed and Presbyterian church, at the corner north of Chestnut; Isaac Zeigler's brick residence, at the cor- ner south of Chestnut, and tannery, at the southern end of his lot, and Isaac Martin's residence, at the comer north of Walnut. Third Street. — East side: a small frame house between Race and Arch, formerly part of a raft or flat-boat, occupied by Hannah Woolsey, who sub- sequently removed to the corner of Race and Third; Martin Weaver's resi- dence, at the corner north of Market; Fox's stone hotel, at the corner south of Market; Miss Sallie Giberson's residence, at the corner north of Chest- 468 HISTOEY OP NOBTHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. nut; George Weiser's tannery, at the corner south of Chestnut, and tan house, in which one of the early schools was conducted; Dinah Anderson's residence, at the corner north of Penn; Widow Miller's residence, at the corner south of Penn; Jeremiah Simpson's residence, at the comer north of Walnut, and Joseph Hinton's residence, at the corner south of Walnut. West side: John G. Youngman's residence, at the corner south of Arch; the two-story brick building between Arch and Market, built by Andrew Al- bright and occupied by his widow; Charles Keany's buhr making shop, at the corner north of Market; Lorenzo Da Ponte's brick building, at the cor- ner south of Market; Charles Dering's cabinet making shop, at the corner north of Chestnut; the Lutheran church, between Penn and Walnut; Henry Bucher's residence, at the corner south of Walnut, and Peter Durst's resi- dence, at the corner north of Spruce. Fourth Street. — East side: Mrs. Betsey Bright's residence, at the corner north of Market; Jonas Weaver's hotel, at the corner south of Market; Peter Hileman's residence, at the corner north of Chestnut; George Young's resi- dence, at the corner south of Chestnut; Daniel Young's residence; a long red house, occupied by John Slutmanand Walter Bell; the residence of Dan- iel Beck, a soldier in the war of 1812, immediately north of the Shamokin Valley railroad; the frame residence of Sebastian Haupt, cabinet maker; the frame residence of Daniel Haupt, carpenter; Andrew Durst's house; a log house at the corner north of Penn, occupied by Daniel Hurley, merchant; the large frame house of John Bucher, at the corner south of Penn; An- thony Weke's residence; Jacob Crist's residence; a wooden building owned by Lewis Dewart; the frame house of Henry Petry, carpenter; the frame house of John Petry, carpenter; the house of John Eisely, school teacher; the log house of George Hileman, mason; the log house of Christian Petry, laborer, at the corner north of Walnut; the frame house of John Eandles, mason; a frame house; Mrs. Ann Moore's frame house; the frame house of Charles Beck, plasterer ; a wooden building, occupied by Jacob Beck, butcher, a soldier of the war of 1812; a frame house occupied by two maiden ladies, Misses Ann and Kate Snyder, and a log house occupied by several brothers of the Snyder family. West side: the log house of Phebe Eowe, who sold cakes and beer, at the corner north of Arch; a brick house at the corner south of Arch, occupied by Francis P. Schwartz, teacher; a small red house, midway between Arch and Market, occupied by Joseph Gust, saddler; John Young's brick store, at the comer south of Market; the log house of John Guss, tailor; Jacob Weiiner's residence, at the corner north of Chestnut; a long frame house below Chest- nut; the log house of Samuel Gussler, tailor, immediately south of the Shamokin Valley railroad; Christian Bower's residence, at the corner north of Penn; and Jacob Young's residence, at the corner south of Walnut. SUNBURY. 471 PKOMIHENT MEECHANTS, 1771 tO 1850. It is not possible to compile a list of all the individuals or firms that were engaged in mercantile pursuits at Sunbury during the period of its early history and down to the year 1850, however interesting such an enumeration might be; instead of this, it is proposed to give biographical sketches of those who were longest and most prominently identified with the business interests of the commimity during the period mentioned. John Weitzel, the first merchant at Sunbury, was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1752, son of Paul and Charlotte Weitzel. He obtained a fair education at his native town, and was sent to Philadelphia at an early age to learn the business of merchandising. He opened the first store at the site of Sunbury in 1771 in a log building near the bank of the iiver below Market street, and from that time until his death was prominently and responsibly connected with public affairs. At the organization of North- umberland cormty in 1772 he was one of its first commissioners. On the 29th of July, 1775, he was commissioned as a justice of the county court; to this office he was recommissioned on the 9th of June, 1777, for the term of seven years. At the organization of the Committee of Safety for Northumberland county, February 8, 1776, he appeared as a member from Augusta township,, and participated in the deliberations of that body until August 13, 1776. In the Provincial Conference of June 18, 1776, he was one of the representa- tives from Northumberland county; on the 8th of July he was elected to the Constitutional Convention of 1776, and in that body of ninety-six members,, " the representative men of the State," he was the youngest delegate; and, as a member of the Council of Safety from July 24, 1776, to March 13, 1777, he. participated in its deliberations during the first months of the State gov- ernment. On the 22d of January, 1776, he qualified as county commissioner, in which ofiice and as justice of the county courts he was actively connected with the conduct of civil affairs in this county during the Revolution. July 7, 1780, he was commissioned issuing commissary for this county, and in 1782-84 served as contractor of supplies for the State troops. In this capacity he furnished provisions for the detachments stationed at Port Bice and in Buffalo valley in 1782 and the companies of Captains Eobinson and Shrawder at Wyoming in 1783-84, performing the duties of his office with promptness, energy, and fidelity. He was again commissioned as a justice of the county courts, June 19, 1789, serving until 1791, and in the autumn of 1789 was elected county commissioner for the term of three years. In 1794 he was appointed by act of the legislature one of the commissioners for the erection of public buildings at Sunbury and in this responsible position acted in a public capacity for the last time, as his death occurred in 1799. He was twice married; first, to Tabitha, daughter of John and Bose Morris, of Philadelphia, by whom he had four children: John; Paul; Char- lotte, and Mary. His second wife was Elizabeth Susanna, daughter of Paul 27 472 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Lebo, of Lancaster, and sister of Henry Lebo, and by her he had three chil- dren: George; Elizabeth, and Tabitha. At the time of his death John Weitzel resided at a stone dwelling on Market street, subsequently kept as a hotel by his family many years. In connection with his business as a mer- chant he operated a mill two miles east of Simbury; it was built by Casper Weitzel, his brother, who died in 1782, and has been run successively by John Weitzel, Jr., and Joseph Weitzel, his son, the present proprietor, who was born in 1808, and is the oldest living representative of the family. William Dewart, the second merchant of Sunbury, was a native of Ire- land, from whence he emigrated to Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Being in reduced circumstances, he was obliged to redeem his passage money, but prosperity at length rewarded his eflEorts; in 1775 he opened a store at Sunbury in a log building on Chestnut street between Second and Center alley, and was constable of Augusta township as early as 1777. Subsequently he purchased ground on the north side of Market street and built thereon a brick residence and store. He was successful in business, and amassed con- siderable property. He died on the 25th of July, 1814, at the age of sixty- nine years; Eleanor, his wife, died, September 17, 1805, aged fifty-eight years, ten months, and twenty -four days. William Dewart, Jr., their son, died on the 12th of November, 1810, at the age of thirty-two years, one m.onth and twenty-three days; Liberty, his wife, was born on the 9th of Au- gust, 1778, son of John and Mary Brady, and died on the 25th of July, 1851. Their son, WiUiam Dewart, 3d, was bom on the 24th of November, 1806, and died. May 18, 1841 ; he was a well known merchant at Sunbury. John and James Black were brothers, natives of Ireland, and early mer- chants at Sunbury. John, the elder, was born in 1735, and died on the 13th of November, 1790; he served as supervisor of Augusta township in 1779, and was probably established in business in Sunbury at that date. Their business was conducted at a frame house which stood on Front street imme- diately south of the track of the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville railroad; there James Black erected the first three-story brick house in Sunbury, upon the site of the present high school building. On the 1st of March, 1790, he purchased at sheriff's sale a tract of two himdred acres on the West Branch near the mouth of Limestone run, and in ^1795 laid out part of it in streets and lots; this land originally belonged to the estate of Turbutt Francis, and now constitutes that part of the town of Milton north of Broadway. James Black was born in Ireland, May 12, 1752, son of James and Eachel Black, and died at Sunbury on the 30th of November, 1880; Catharine, his wife, daughter of James and Jane Cochran, who settled in Columbia coimty, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna river opposite the mouth of Catawissa creek, in ante-Eevolutionary times, was born, July 25, 1766, and died on the 23d of December, 1843. They were the parents of nine children: Jane; John; David; John; William; Andrew; James; Jesse, and Eachel. SUNBUEY. 473 John Buyers was born, June 9, 1749, son of John and Letitia (Patton) Buyers, who emigrated frem the town of Monaghan, County Monaghan, Ire- land, in 1735 or 1736, and settled in the Pequea valley, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. There he was born and reared, and learned the trade of carpenter. Within a short time after the town of Sunbury was laid out he removed thither, and was employed upon the erection of many of the first houses, including the old jail building on Market street. He first resided at the southeast corner of Eace and Second streets, but removed several years later to the southeast corner of Penn and Front streets, where he began mer- chandising; in 1796 he built a brick residence and store room on the opposite corner of Penn street, and continued business there until 1814 or 1815. His name first appears in local ofiicial connection in 1776 as overseer of the poor in Augusta township; on the 28th of September, 1780, he was commis- sioned as justice of the peace, serving also as justice of the county court, and frequently presiding in the absence of the regularly commissioned presi- dent; he was commissioned as justice of the peace for Sunbury and Augusta township, September 1, 1791, serving in that capacity some years; on the 31st of December, 1784, and the 3d of January, 1786, he was elected county treasurer, which office he also filled in 1787-88, and in 1800-08, inclusive, he served as county auditor. His death occurred on the 5th of May, 1821; Ann, his wife, daughter of William Fullerton, died on the 30th of October, 1808, in the fifty-ninth year of her age. They were the parents of ten chil- dren: Margaret; Letitia; John; William P.; Sallie; Robert; Samuel; Q-eorge B. ; Alexander F., and Jeremiah. William F. Buyers was the founder of the Sunbury Times, and is referred to biographically in this work in the chapter on the Press. George P. Buyers was engaged in boating on the river before the construction of the canal; he then built a canal boat, and ran it between Sunbury and Philadelphia. He married Martha Hunter, a descendant of Colonel Samuel Hunter; their son, John Buyers, born in 1827, was the first captain of the Augusta Rangers (Company I, Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers), and was in active service in command of this company from October, 1861, to the summer of 1863. He now resides at Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. John Haas came from the Trappe, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, and learned the trade of blacksmith with Paul Baldy. He first engaged in business as a distiller, having built a small distillery on the Centre turnpike two miles east of Sunbury; after discontinuing operations there he erected a saw mill on the land now owned by Dr. R. H. Awl, but the dam was twice washed away, and under the pressure of these reverses he was obliged to assign aU his property for the benefit of his creditors. In this emergency he applied to a friend of his boyhood, Joseph Hiester, of Reading (Governor of Pennsylvania, 1820-23), who loaned him one thousand dollars, and with this capital he embarked in merchandising at Sunbury before the year 1802 in a 474 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. small log building on the north side of Market street. Prior to 1808 he erected the brick house still standing near the northwest comer of Market and Fourth, and continued business therein for some years. He built a mill on Little Shamokin creek, Upper Augusta township, in 1814, and also operated it in connection with his store. He died on the 17th of January, 1828, at the age of sixty -four; Maria Elizabeth, nee Druckemiller, his wife, lived to the age of seventy-five, dying on the 16th of November, 1845. Fred- erick Haas, their oldest son, who was treasurer of Northumberland county, 1825-27, auditor, 1831-33, and commissioner, 1856-59, was bom on the 31st of July, 1796, and died, August 19, 1861; George Haas, another son, was clerk to the board of county commissioners, 1829-35; and Daniel Haas, also a son of John and Maria Haas, was bom at Sunbury in 1806 and is the oldest native resident of that borough. Henry Masser was born at Oley, Berks county, Pennsylvania, February 11, 1775, son of Matthias and Barbara (Berger) Masser, natives of Wurtem- berg, Germany, and Switzerland, respectively. After learning the trade of tinsmith he engaged in business for a short time at Gettysburg and Harris- burg, Pennsylvania; in 1801 he came to Sunbury and established himself in the tinning trade, which, in 1809, expanded into a general merchandising business. From that date he was continuously engaged in mercantile pur- suits until 1852, and throughout this period occupied but one location, the two-story brick building on the south side of Market street on the second lot west of Center alley. He served as county commissioner, 1808-11, as auditor, 1813-14 and 1820-22, and was also justice of the peace many years. In 1802 he married Mary Barbara, daughter of Paul Baldy; she was born, July 11, 1785, and died on the 24th of June, 1828. His death occurred on the 17th of July, 1853. They were the parents of twelve children, ten of whom grew to maturity: Elizabeth, widow of Rev. Jeremiah Shindel, of Allentovm, Pennsylvania; William, retired farmer, residing near Three Rivers, Michi- gan; Henry B., retired publisher, Sunbury; John, deceased; Mary Ann , widow of Francis Bucher, of Sunbury; Peter B., deceased; Charles, deceased; George W., deceased; Jacob B., deceased, and Edward B., deceased. John Young was bom at Sunbury on the 1st of February, 1798, and learned the trade of carpenter in early life. In 1817 he started a store in the east end of Weaver's hotel; his stock was advanced by his brother-in- law, Jacob Alter, a wholesale grocer of Philadelphia, and on several occa- sions he walked to that city to purchase goods. In 1823 he erected the brick building still standing at the southwest comer of Market and Fourth streets, and continued business therein until 1859; he moved to Milton in 1860, and died on the 4th of November, 1862. His wife was Catharine, daughter of Joseph Alter, and they were the parents of seven children, four of whom grew to maturity: Mary Sophia, deceased, who married J. P. Shin- del, Jr.; Elizabeth, deceased, who married Samuel T. Brown, of Milton; S. SUNBUKY. 475 J., who served as chief burgess of Sunbury in 1857; and Catharine Louisa; deceased, who married Eev. M. L. Shindel. John Bogar was a son of Paul Bogar, one of the first persons who engaged in the manufacture of pottery at Sunbury. But little is known regarding his personal history. He first opened a store on the south side of Chestnut street immediately east of the alley between Froiit and Second; thence he removed to the old jail building, southeast corner of Market street and Cen- ter alley, and after continuing in business at that place for some years, departed for Freeport, Illinois. Henry Yoxtheimer was a native of Northumberland county and a son of Henry Yoxtheimer, Sr., a pioneer in the valley of Plum creek. He "was a wagon maker by trade, and pursued that calling on Arch street opposite the jail; there he began merchandising on a small scale. In 1826-27, he erected a large brick building on the south side of Market street; it had a frontage of sixty feet, embracing part of the court house yard and the site of C. R. Savidge's residence. At the eastern side was an archway, the only one in connection with a mercantile establishment at Sunbury; it lead to a large warehouse at the rear end of the lot, where grain and produce were stored. Mr. Yoxtheimer owned one of the first canal boats regularly engaged in the carrying trade between Sunbury and Philadelphia, and was also a pioneer coal operator at Shamokin. He died on the 27th of November, 1849, at the age of fifty-six years; the store at Sunbury was continued by John W. Friling and William T. Grant, and was for some years one of the leading business places of that town. Mr. Yoxtheimer was twice married, first, to Margaret Malick, by whom he had two children: Margaret, widow of John W. Fril- ing, and William, deceased. His second wife was Mrs. Nancy FoUmer, nee Bacon, and they were the parents of one child, Rachel, wife of William T. Grant, of Sunbury. EAELY HOTELS. Six persons were licensed as hotel keepers at Sunbury in 1780, viz.: Christian Gettig, Catherine Shaffer, Adam Walker, John Morrison', Joseph Lorentz, and David Mead. Dr. R. H. Awl furnishes the following list of old hotels: Jonas Weaver's, "Sign of the Buck," a large frame building at the present site of the City Hotel; John Boulton's, "Sign of the Red Lion," a brick and frame building on the north side of Market street between Second and Third; Jacob Fox's, "Sign of the Bull's Head," the stone building at 'the southeast corner of Market and Third streets (Fox became proprietor in 1829 ; among his pred- ecessors were Jacob Weaver, Charles Hegins, John Hogan, William T. Brown, and Jacob Oberdorf); George Prince's, "The Lawrence House," a brick building adjacent to the site of the present court house — the sign was embellished with a portrait of the naval hero and his memorable words, 476 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. "Don't give up the ship;" James E. Shannon's, "The Farmer's Hotel," the old jail building on Market street; Michael Kutzner's, the present residence of Mrs. Amelia Donnel on Market street (It was here that Daniel Levy and General Hugh Brady fought a duel with swords in 1812; Levy sustained a wound in the shoulder and the loss of his cue, while Brady broke his sword, and more serious consequences might have occurred if Michael Kutzner and Samuel Awl had not separated the combatants); Weitzel's, a large stone house on the south side of Market street near Front, with a sign emblazoned with an eagle and chain and the word "Hotel;" the old Maclay house, at the northeast corner of Front and Arch streets, where Henry Lebo, John Brady, H. W. Villee, and others conducted a^hotel; John Lyon's, "The Indian Queen," on Front street below Penn; Henry Bartsher's, "Sign of the Black Horse," on the south side of Chestnut street between Front and Second; Charles D. Wharton's, at the southeast corner of Walnut and Front; WiUiam Mantz's, "Sign of the Stage Coach," on Front street; Henry Bucher's, " The Ferry House," a large frame building on Front street subsequently occupied as the borough poor house; John Cressinger's, at the Shamokin dam; Jacob Oberdorf's, "Sign of the Cross Keys," at the dam; John Miller's, "Sign of the Blue Ball," at the "point;" Edward Harrison's, "Sign of the Eising Sun," at the dam, and Henry Shaffer's, at the present site of the Neff House. MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT. The borough of Sunbury was incorporated by act of Assembly, March 24, 1797, with the following boundaries: — Beginning at tlie mouth of Shamolsin creek -where it empties into the river Sus- quehanna at low water mark; thence up the said creek, on the north side thereof, to the mouth of the gut; thence up the same, on the west side thereof, to the line of Samuel Scott's land, and by the same to the river aforesaid at low water mark; thence down the same river at low water mark to the place of beginning. Section lid of the act of incorporation provided for the election on the first Monday'in May, 1797, and annually thereafter, of two burgesses, the one receiving the highest number of votes to be chief burgess, the other, second burgess; four assistant burgesses, "for assisting the said burgesses in man- aging the affairs of the borough, and in keeping the peace and good order therein," a high constable, and a town clerk. Se(?tion Hid conferred upon the burgesses and inhabitants the powers of a body corporate and politic; Section IVth authorized the holding of markets on Wednesday and Saturday of each week, under the supervision of a clerk appointed by the burgesses and inhabitants; Section Vth gave the corporation the privilege of making a road across the public way along the Susquehanna and establishing a land- ing place and ferry, and the exclusive right of operating the latter was con- firmed to it by Section Vlth. The concluding section gave to the burgesses suNBURy. 477 and iahabitants the same general privileges enjoyed by the borough of Reading, within certain restrictions. The proceedings of the burgesses and council since the incorporation of the borough have been regularly entered into minute books by the succes- sive town clerks; a complete file of these records has recently been collected by the present efficient clerk, Lewis D. Haupt, and reveals much that is of interest relating to the official acts of the borough fathers. The machinery of local government has been variously modified from time to time. On the 16th of March, 1803, an amendment to the original act of incorporation was passed by the legislature, providing for the election annually of eight inhabitants as a common council with the general powers of a local legislative body, reserving to the people at large in their town meetings the privilege of revoking, altering, or amending the laws and ordi- nances enacted by the burgesses and council. At November sessions, 1803, upon the report of John Boyd, Joseph Priestley, and John Cowden, the ter- ritory comprised within the limits of Sunbury borough was erected into a township under the same name, thus adding the distinctive township officers to its civil list. The original charter was materially amended by the act of March 2, 1859, in which the powers of the burgesses and council in matters relating to grading, paving, and curbing the streets were extended and de- fined; the authorities were also given power to establish regulations for the levying and collection of taxes, the maintenance of a night watch, etc. On the 7th of December, 1885, by decree of court, the number of councilmen was increased to ten — two for each ward; and since that date one assistant burgess has been elected annually, instead of two second burgesses and four assistants, as formerly. The original boundaries of the borough were so extended by act of the legislature approved on the 19th of April, 1858, as to include the Scott and Hunter farms, the improved portions of which are known as Caketown. This territory was reannexed to Upper Augusta township, April 2, 1860, and again became part of the borough, April 2, 1867, by legislative enactment in both instances. The borough was first divided into wards by act of the legislature, April 2, 1867 ; two wards were created, known, respectively, as the East and West, with the Northern Central and the Philadelphia and Erie railroads as a mutual boundary. The growth of population at length demanded further subdivision, and on the 30th of March, 1885, in response to a petition with that object in view, the court appointed Dr. E. H. Awl, John Haas, and Nathan Martz as commissioners to consider the propriety of complying with the wishes of the petitioners. Their report was confirmed nisi, May 11, 1885; and, an election having expressed the popular sentiment favorably to the formation of five wards, a decree of court was promulgated on the 7th of De- cember, 1885, confirming the report of the commissioners absolutely. As 478 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. thus constituted, the First aud Third wards comprise territory formerly in- cluded in the West ward, with Gooseberry alley as a mutual boundary; the Second and Fourth comprise territory formerly included in the East ward, with the center line of Chestnut street as a mutual boundary; while the Fifth comprises that part of the former territory of the East and West north of the southern line of the outlets numbered 10, 7, 6, 3, and 2. The Sunbury Borough Poor District. — Jacob Preisinger, by his will bear- ing date of September 24, 1804, devised a two-story brick house (now the residence of Mrs. Charles G. Donuel, northe,ast corner of Second and Market streets) to his wife Catharine during her life, and to the poor of the borough of Sunbury after her death. By virtue of legislative authority conferred in an act approved on the 29th of March, 1832, the burgesses and council trans- ferred the property in question to Charles G. Donnel for the sum of one thousand dollars, which, however, continued as a lien upon the property for some years. The income arising from this source was regularly devoted to the relief of the poor, and after the extinguishment of the lien the principal was also applied until exhausted. The affairs of the district are administered by two overseers, one of whom is elected annually for the term of two years. An old wooden building on Front street between Walnut and Spruce was rented as a poor house for some years; the present poor house was purchased in 1886; it is a two-story brick building located in Limestone valley one mile south of the borough limits on the line of the Northern Central railway, with an acre and a half of ground adjoining. One acre was originally bought, to which a half-acre was added in 1890. The Sunbury Fire Department had its origin in 1810. At November term in that year a petition was presented to the court of quarter sessions, reciting that two barns and two stables had been destroyed at Sunbury within the last few weeks, and that a few individuals in that borough had procured an engine and formed themselves into a fire company; but, as one engine was inadequate for the protection of the town, the court, grand jury, and commissioners were petitioned to concur in the appropriation of a sum of money for the purchase of another. The petition, which is filed in the coun- ty archives, had evidently been industriously circulated, as it bears the signa- tures of representative citizens of Sunbury, Northumberland, Milton, Buffalo valley, Danville, Fishing Creek, the Mahanoy region, and other portions of the extensive region then embraced in Northumberland county. It received the following indorsement from the court: " Eecommended to the grand jury on condition that a fire company or body under the present fire company be formed, to apply the public engine when needful to the security of the public buildings." Thereupon the Sunbury Fire Company, through a committee composed of Charles Hall, Hugh Bellas, Andrew Albright, and Enoch Smith, pledged its membership to " at all times be ready and willing to render any SUNBUKY. 479 service in their power, as well to preserve and keep in repair the public engine as to use and work the same when necessary for the protection of the public buildings," and with this assurance " the grand jury unanimously agreed that the sum of six hundred dollars be allowed for the above laudable pur- pose." These preceedings occurred at November sessions, 1810; on the 8th of January, 1811, Messrs. Hall, Bellas, Albright, and Smith, representing the Sunbury Fire Company, conferred with the county commissioners regarding the measures to be pursued in the purchase of the engine, and were given full discretionary powers in the matter. On the following day they receipted for six hundred doUars, and with the arrival of the engine at Simbury a great public enterprise for the protection of the county buildings was finally consum- mated. It is to be hoped that the worthy tax payers received adequate ben- efit for the amount expended in the consciousness of increased security to the public property. Of this first local organization, the Sunbury Fire Company, the secretary in January, 1811, was Dr. Solomon Markley, who probably filled that posi- tion at its organization, while Andrew Albright, Charles Hall, Enoch Smith, and Hugh Bellas were doubtless prominent among the original membership. John Buyers was the first treasurer, and filled that position as late as 1815. Space does not permit more than a brief mention of the companies subse- quently formed. The present organizations are the Good Intent Hook and Ladder Company, Washington Independent Steam Fire Company, Sunbury Steam Fire Company, No. 1, "Washington Junior Hose Company, and Eescue Hose Company — of which the Good Intent, organized (probably reorganized) October 19, 1839, and incorporated, April 9, 1841, is the oldest. Chief Burgesses. — The following list of chief burgesses of Sunbury since its incorporation as a borough is believed to be as complete as existing rec- ords permit: 1798-99, Martin Withington; 1800, Nicholas Miller; 1801-02, Theodoras Kiehl; 1803, Henry Bucher; 1804, Charles Hall; 1805-07, The- odoras Kiehl; 1808-12, Andrew Albright; 1813-14, Theodoras Kiehl; 1815, Henry Donnel; 1816-17, John Young; 1818-20, Theorodus Kiehl; 1821, Henry Donnel; 1822, WiUiam Shannon; 1823-26, Alexander Jordan; 1827, James E. Shannon; 1828-29, Alexander Jordan; 1830, Wiiliam McCarty; 1831-32, Alexander Jordan; 1833, Charles G. Donnel; 1834, Samuel J. Packer; 1835, George Weiser; 1836, Frederick Lazarus; 1838, Jacob Painter; 1839, Lewis Dewart; 1840, Charles G. Donnel; 1841-42, Frederick Lazarus; 1843, John H. Purdy; 1844, Alexander Jordan; 1845-46, WiUiam L. Dewart; 1847, Frederick Lazarus; 1848-49, J. H. Zimmerman; 1851, John B. Packer; 1852-53, Peter B. Masser; 1854, George B. Youngman; 1855, WiUiam M. EockefeUer; 1856, Charles J. Bruner; 1857, S. J. Young; 1858-59, J. H. Zimmerman; 1860-61, George B. Youngman; 1862-65, S. B. Boyer; 1866-67, E. Y. Bright; 1868, J. W. Bucher; 1869, P. M. Shindel; 1870, P. H. Moore; 1871, D. Heim; 1872-74, S. P. Malick; 1875-77, John 480 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Bourne; 1878-80, A. N. Brioe; 1881-83, W. C. Packer; 1884-86, George M. Eenn; 1887, George B. Cadwallader; 1888, H. J. Waltz; 1889, George B. Cadwallader; 1890, George W. Stroh; 1891, Joseph F. Cnmmings. FACILITIES OP TRAVEL AND TBANSPOETATION. The old Beading road, the first public highway passing through the site of Sunbury, was opened in colonial days. A petition for a road from Read- ing to Port Augusta (Sunbury) was petitioned for by a "very considerable number of the inhabitants of Berks county" in January, 1768, but, as part of the territory through which it would necessarily pass had not yet been pur- chased from the Indians, the provincial Council would not at that time grant it favorable consideration. Two years later the effort was renewed, and on the 9th of February, 1770, George Webb, Jonathan ! Lodge, Henry Miller, Henry Shoemaker, John Webb, Isaac Willits, and Job Hughes were appointed to lay out the road, in which all participated except Henry MiUer. They returned a report of the courses and distances, April 14, 1770, which was confirmed, April 23d, when an order was issued directing that the road should be forthwith "opened and rendered commodious for public service." It was declared to be a "King's highway." This was the route by which emigrants from Lehigh, Northampton, and other southeastern counties of Pennsylvania, and from New Jersey, reached the "New Purchase," or Shamokin, as the territory acquired in 1768 was popularly known. Lateral branches diverged at various points, one leading to Danville, another to Catawissa, etc., and thus the old Reading road came to be one of the most important interior high- ways of the State. Corresponding to the inward current of immigration, there was an equally noticeable stream of travel in the opposite direction, for it was by. this route that the products of a large section of country found their way to a market at Reading or Philadelphia. A road from Sunbury up the West Branch was laid out in 1772; down the Susquehanna on the west side, in 1773, and on the east side, in 1775; south of the North Branch to the site of Danville, in 1774; up the valley of Shamokin creek, in 1775, and from Sunbury to the Tulpehocken road, in 1782. The road last mentioned became the principal highway to Harrisburg and Lancaster. The Centre turnpike was a public improvement from which much local benefit was derived for a time. It was constructed by a company to the stock of which the legislature subscribed liberally, and extended from Sunbury to Reading. The stock of the State was afterward purchased principally by certain persons at Northumberland, where the officers resided for some years. It was not a renumerative investment, however, and that portion between Sunbury and the coal regions was ultimately abandoned. The Stage Coach was for many years the only means of conveyance for the traveling public. The date of its introduction in this part of the State SUNBUKY. 481 has not been ascertained, and but meager information upon the subject is aiforded. In 1801 the mails departed from Sunbury and Northumberland on Monday of each week for Lycoming, Berwick, and Centre county. The first stage coach from Reading to Sunbury was probably that of William Coleman, while the line between Sunbury and Wilkesbarre was operated at a corresponding period by Miller Horton. In 1816 Mr. Coleman had two mail stageis on the line between Sunbury and Eeading, and Jacob Singer's four- horse mail coach entered Sunbury over the North Branch bridge, but whether from Wilkesbarre or Williamsport does not appear. , In 1820 the stage for Harrisburg left the house of Amelia Hegins (now the residence of Mrs. Don- nel), on Market street, Sunbury, on Monday and Friday of each week at five o'clock A. M., arriving at Harrisburg at ten o'clock a. m.- on Tuesday and Saturday; returning, the stage for Sunbury left Harrisburg on Tuesday and Saturday of each week at three o'clock p. m., arriving at Sunbury on Wednes- day and Sunday at four o'clock p. m. The fare was four dollars; baggage to the amount of fifteen pounds was allowed each passenger, and one hundred fifty pounds of baggage were regarded as equal to a passenger. At that date (1820), the Eeading stage departed and arrived three times a week at Weitzel's hotel on Market street. The proprietors of this line were John and Nicholas Coleman. The traveling facilities of the period were thus summarized by Hamlet A. Kerr in the Susquehanna Emporium oi August 10, 1829: — Many of our friends in the city are not aware of the facility of traveling in this section of country, thinking this part of the State too far back to have good roads, horses, and coaches, and on that account do not visit the beautiful village of the Sus- quehanna. But we can boast of as rapid and cheap traveling as any of our neighbors. We have two daily stages passing through this place twiee every day (Sundays excepted, on which day there is but one), — one by the way of Pottsville to Philadel- phia, the other by the way of Harrisburg to Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc. — the return stage passing through about three o'clock in the afternoon, to meet the North and West Branch stages at Northumberland. Persons leaving Sunbury at nine o'clock in the morning get into Philadelphia in the afternoon of the next day, passing' through Pottsville, Orwigsburg, Reading, Pottstown, Norristown, and Germantown. To the painter or poet the country is romantic, being interspersed with hills and dales; to the capitalist it presents many inducements, abounding with ore, coal, and other minerals; to the man of pleasure this route also holds forth objects worthy his attention. The route passing through Harrisburg and Lancaster is pleasant and expeditious. You have the Susquehanna gliding along near the road the whole distance to Harrisburg. There you take the celebrated Lancaster turnpike and pass over the ground at a very rapid rate, arriving in Philadelpia in about two days. Gentlemen visiting this country generally take one line coming and the other going, so as to give both a fair trial. The Construction of the Canal diverted a large share of the traffic and travel to that avenue of communication. Several of the prominent merchants of the town owned canal boats, which made frequent trips to points farther down the river during the season of navigation, transporting the grain and other produce of the region to market and returning with articles of general 482 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. merchandise. The following extract from the Sunbury Advocate of May 11, 1833, shows the manner in which events of this nature were chronicled at that date : — POKT OP StnSTBUBY. Arrivals. — Entered our basin, returning home from PMladelphia, on the 3d of April, the canal boat Bunhury Union, the property of Mr. John Buyers, laden with merchandise. On Saturday, May 4th, the canal boat Auyusta, the property of Mr. George P. Buyers, laden with merchandise. Clearances. — Entered the canal on the 8th, on their second trip this season to Phila- delphia, both the Sunbury Union and the Augusta. The captain of the Sunbiiry Union was G. Lorwick, and of the Enterprise, a boat similarly employed, J. Kramer. The Sunbury Partnership was the property of H. Yoxtheimer & Company, while there were also other mer- chants who owned boats. For passenger travel packet boats were in use; regular relays of horses were provided, and in comfort, safety, and speed, the packet was a formidable competitor of the stage coach during the season of navigation. It was continued upon the canals in this part of the State until the opening of railways. Railroads. — The Danville and Pottsville railroad was the first opened at Stmbury; that event occurred on the 26th of November, 1885, amid the ring- ing of bells and the acclamations of a large concourse of people. Horse-power was used on this occasion; the introduction of steam occurred three years later, when the road was opened to Shamokin. Regarding the inauguration of the coal traffic, the Sunbury Advocate published the following in its issue of Saturday, October 22, 1836: — We are much pleased to announce the arrival here on Saturday last of two cars on the Sunbury railroad laden with coal from the coal mines of Shamokin. The coal are of the best quality, and were promptly bought by Charles G. Donnel and George Prince at three dollars and fifty cents per ton. The cars since run regularly, bringing coal for sale at the basin in front'of Sunbury. The following appeared in the same paper under date of November 5, 1836:— The coal trade of Sunbury, but just begun and opposed by great inconveniences, is already forming a respectable character. The coal mines, distant eighteen miles from here, are six miles beyond W. Bird's tavern, where the railroad terminates. To this point the coal are brought by wagons passing over the incompleted railroad, where they are put in the cars and started for the Susquehanna. Thus a train of cars, pro- pelled by horse-power, reach us daily, making the trip in about two hours. On Fawn and Deer streets, where the railroad crosses, we constantly see a considerable bustle caused by the loading of coal into carts and delivering them to purchasers in this place. Demands for our coal on the AVest Branch are about being supplied. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad was opened to Sunbury, January 7, 1856; the Northern Central, June 28, 1858; the Sunbury, Hazelton and SUNBURY. 483 Wilkesbarre, November 4, 1869; the Sunbuiy and Lewistown, November 1, 1871, and the Philadelphia and Beading, in July, 1883. The Ferry Franchise was originally granted by the colonial authorities to Robert King, August 14, 1772, and successively transferred to Adam Haverling, November 30, 1773; Stophel G-ettig, April 17, 1775; Abraham Dewitt, October 9, 1779, and John Lyon, October 25, 17—. In 1787 Lyon petitioned the legislature for a confirmation of the privilege for a term of years. The act of March 24, 1797, incorporating the borough of Sunbury, vested the exclusive right of operating the ferry in the borough authorities, who forthwith procured the necessary water craft. Ferry rates were established by the court of quarter sessions at January term, 1798, and modified from time to time. For a number of years the exclusive privilege of operating the ferry was annually disposed of by the borough authorities to the highest bidder, and the sum thus realized formed an appreciable contribution to the public funds of the town. The apparatus at first used was of a primitive character, con- sisting only of the flat-boat and poles, and in seasons of low water a channel had to be dug to permit the passage of this craft across the river; the erec- tion of the Shamokin dam obviated this necessity, and the prospect thus assured of good navigation throughout the year induced the erection of a rope ferry. A tread-miU horse-power ferry-boat was also operated at one time by Hovey & Wharton. The first steam ferry-boat was the Shad Fly, erected in 1853 by Ira T. Clement; it was a large side- wheel boat, and was built more particularly for the towing of canal boats across the river to and from the coal wharves on the Sunbury side. Several years later, while on a return trip from Clark's Ferry, it stranded on a rock; the machinery was used in the construction of a second Shad Fly, which was replaced in 1875 by the present steam ferry- boat. On the 1st of May, 1854, Ira T. Clement leased the wharf at the terminus of Market street from the borough authorities. The exclusive right of ferri- age across the Susquehanna opposite Sunbury was vested in Dr. Isaac Hot- tenstein by an act of the legislature approved on the 11th of April, 1859; the canal had been constructed through his land a distance of a mile and an abutment of the Shamokin dam was also built upon it: it was in compensa- tion for damages thus sustained that this franchise was conferred upon Doc- tor Hottenstein, from whose heirs it passed to Ira T. Clement. The Sunbury Steam Ferry and Tow Boat Company, in which the privileges and franchises previously owned by Ira T. Clement have become vested, was incorporated by an act of the legislature approved on the 5th of April, 1870. This com- pany owns two steamboats and operates the ferry between Sunbury and the opposite side of the river. Five steamboats, owned by Ira T. Clement indi- 484 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. vidually, ply regularly between Sunbury, Northumberland, and Shamokin Dam. The Sunbury and Northumberland Street Railway Company was incor- porated on the 29th of January, 1885, with a capital of seventy-five thousand dollars and the following officers : H. E. Davis, president, L. H. Ease, secre- tary, and S. P. Wolverton, treasurer. The line is in operation between the ter- minal points designated in the title, a distance of three and two tenths miles. The first car was run in Jime, 1890, and the line was opened for travel on the 1st of July in the same year. The number of passengers carried aver- ages eight hundred per day. The propelling power is electricity, for the generation of which a plant has been constructed with two engines of one hundred horse-power and two dynamos of fifty horse-power each. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY. Haas's Mill is situated in the borough of East Sunbury on the Shamokin creek a mile from its mouth. At or near this site the first mill within the present limits of Northumberland county was built prior to 1774 by WiUiam Maclay; it was first operated by Valentine Geiger, and received patronage from a large extent of country. The original structure, a two-story log building with basement, is described as having been twenty by thirty feet in dimensions. In 1831 McCarty & Davis, who purchased the property from Maclay's heirs, erected the present substantial brick mill; they also added saw, plaster, and clover mills, excavated a basin, and constructed a new dam of sufficient capacity to furnish water-power for the entire establishment. Gideon Markle became the next proprietor; John Haas,' formerly of Jackson township, purchased the mill from him in 1850, and in 1870, his son, Hiram Haas, the present owner, acquired possession. He had the mill remodelled to the roller process in 1887. Distilleries. — The assessment of Augusta township for 1781 credits David McKinney with three stills, and David Mead and Henry Starr et each with two ; McKinney's were located on Front street between Penn and Walnut, but whether those of Mead and Starret were in the town or country can not be satisfactorily ascertained. In East Sunbury on the Shamokin Greek road James Towar erected a large stone distillery prior to 1796; it was the most extensive establishment of the kind in the county at that date, but does not appear to have been operated very long. In 1808 Edward Gobin had a dis- tillery on Market street in Sunbury. A large frame distillery was erected at some time between 1835 end 1838 by Gideon Markle in Chestnut street between Fifth and Spring run; it was subsequently operated by John Eobins, and then abandoned. Tanneries were for many years the most important local industrial feat- ure. Jacob Yoner's, which first appears in the assessment of 1788, was doubtless the earliest established; it was situated on the west side of Second SUNBUEY. 485 street immediately north of the Shamokin Valley railroad. After pursuing his calling at this place for more than twenty-five years, Mr. Yoner moved to Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, in 1813, and sold the property to Isaac Zeigler. He continued the business until within a short time before his death, July 25, 1840; Conrad J. Fry and Francis Bucher then operated the plant sev- eral years, and it was subsequently destroyed by fire. The second tannery estabUshed was that of Christian Gettig; it was situ- ated on the south side of Chesnut street at the present site of James C. Packer's residence and the Reformed parsonage, and first appears in the assessment of 1793. The first proprietor died in 1797; in his will he men- tions the bark-mill and also a quantity of leather in various stages of prepa- ration, and devises his establishment to his son. Christian Gettig, Jr., who continued operations until his death in 1802; several years later the prop- erty was purchased by Dr. Solomon Markley, by whom the building was adapted to other purposes. The Bobins tannery, which was also established in the last century, occu- pied the southeast corner of Market and Fifth streets. It first appears in the assessment of 1796, credited to Zachariah Robins; several years later he was succeeded by Thomas Robins and John Spear, who dissolved partner- ship in 1803. Thomas Robins was individual owner in 1805, and Zachariah Robins in 1811; from that time the establishment was operated by Thomas, John, and Gilbert Robins, and possibly by Gideon Markle also, until finally abandoned. William Dewart, Jr., is credited with a "large tanyard" in the assessment of 1802; it occupied the southeast corner of Chestnut and Third streets, and was one of the principal establishments of this nature for many years. At some time between 1808 and 1811 it was purchased by George Weiser, sub- sequently associate judge of Northumberland county, who continued the busi- ness nearly half a century. The establishment was then operated under lease by Francis Bucher, and by Bucher Brothers (J. Weiser and E. Masser Bucher) until its destruction by fire in 1866. Frederick Haas established a tannery on the north side of Market street at the second lot east of Fourth at some time between 1820 and 1823, as evidenced by its first appearance on the assessment books at the latter date. It was then operated for some years by Charles Gobin and subsequently by Henry Haas. Bucher Brothers (J. Weiser and E. Masser Bucher) built a tannery at the southeast corner of Center alley and Linden street in 1866. This part- nership was dissolved in 1868, after which the business was continued by E. Masser Bucher individually until 1871. This was thp last tanning estab- lishment at Sunbury, and the only one that was equipped with modern appliances. Brickmaking was first begun as a regular business at Sunbury by John 486 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Lyon, who had learned the art at his former home in Delaware. His yard and kilns occupied outlot No. 41, east of Awl street and south of Penn, and there the brick which entered into the construction of the old court house, "state house," and many of the first brick houses of Sunbury were manu- factured. John Young, who acquired his knowledge of the business as an employee of Lyon, established a brick yard at an early date on outlot No. 42, and eventually, in partnership with his sons, manufactured nearly all the brick used at Sunbury during the period of their operations. As early as 1796 Thomas Grant also had a brick yard. This branch of industry has been uninterruptedly continued, and at the present time several yards are in operation. Potteries. — Daniel Bogar is credited with a pottery at Sunbury in the assessment of 1805 ; he was also one of the iirst local tobacconists, and pur- sued that calling as early as 1817. The pottery, situated on the north side of Chestnut street between Front and Second, was operated by Mr. Bogar until within a short time before his death, January 6, 1836. Jonathan Harp then continued the business several years, after which it was abandoned. Peter Bastian had a pottery on Arch street opposite the county prison at a building owned by Henry Yoxtheimer; it is inentioned among the taxable property of the borough for the first time in 1832 and for the last time in 1838. Carriage Building. — The prototype of the modern carriage was probably first introduced at Sunbury by Joseph Wallis, who is credited in the assess- ment of 1791 with one "coachee." Some years elapsed, however, before the demand for improved vehicles was sufficient to justify or sustain a local establishment for their manufacture at this point. John Bright, coach maker, resided at Sunbury in 1826, but whether actively engaged at his caUing can not be satisfactorily determined. In 1829, Jacob Heller, formerly of Harris- burg, erected a shop on the west side of Second street between Eace and Arch and announced through the local papers his readiness to manufacture stages, carriages, lumber and pleasure wagons, sulkeys, gigs, sleighs, etc., of any desired description. He continued the business thus inaugui-ated for some years. Mark P. Scupham, one of the oldest residents of Sunbury at the present time, began the manufacture of carriages, etc., at the west side of Fourth street between Arch and Eace in 1839, retiring in 1870. The shop, a frame building one hundred feet long, was then leased to William Fetter two years, after which the business was discontinued. Francis Lerch established the carriage works at the southwest corner of Fourth and Chestnut in 1870. They were purchased in 1874 by H. K. Fagely & Company, who disposed of the plant in 1890 to Isaac Furman, the present proprietor. J. S. Seasholtz began the manufacture of carriages on Market street. East SUNBUEY. 489 Sunbury, in 1871, at a frame building now used as a dwelling house. In 1886 the present frame shop was built. H. L. Hauek's carriage works, near Market street. East Sunbury, com- prise a two-story frame building twenty by eighty-five feet in dimensions, erected in 1887. J. S. Stroh & Brother's carriage works are the latest addition to this branch of local industry. The business was begun by J. S. Stroh individually in the spring of 1890; two frame buildings, twenty-eight by forty and twenty-four by thirty, respectively, were erected later in the same year. Boat Building first attained the proportions of a distinct iadustry at Sunbury during the construction of the Shamokin dam, when different varieties of water craft were in demand for the transportation of stone and other materials. After the opening of the canal the construction of canal boats was first begun by Charles Gussler, who established a yard at the bank of the river immediately south of Spruce street and continued the business for some years. At a later date Samuel Clements and Samuel Snyder also had a boat yard on Front street between Penn and Church; it was subse- quently removed to the vicinity of Gussler's yard by Clements individually. Dr. B. H. Awl furnishes the following account of the first and only canal boat ever launched on Shamokin creek: This boat was built in 1832 or 1833 by Adam Shissler, Jacob Martz, and others on the farm now owned by Benjamin Zettlemoyer at the north side of the creek. It was launched in the spring when the water was deemed high enough and floated with the current as far as Leisenring's fording, between L. T. Eohrbach's and Charles Ehinehart's farms. There the boat stuck, but after considerable prying it was extricated and reached the mill dam by the close of the first day. On the following morning an effort was made to get it over the dam by the use of skids, but without success; William McCarty's jack was then brought into requisition, after which an attempt was made to pull it over by means of a rope attached to the boat and connected with the windlass on the shore, but all without avail. At this juncture a heavy rain began, and the creek rose rapidly; the boat was borne over the dam with John Shissler, William Martz, Aaron Vansickle, and others aboard, and its progress down the stream was witnessed by hundreds of people on the banks. It ran aground at the island back of Haas's mill, but was pidled out into the current by means of ropes by persons on the bank. As it was thought that the stream was too high to per- mit the passage of the boat under the bridge near the mouth of the creek, it was pulled up the tail-race to the mill and loaded with flour; when the waters had subsided sufficiently it was floated under the bridge and down the river to Clark's Ferry, where it entered the canal, ultimately finding its way to the Schuylkill canal, where it was fimally completely wrecked by going over a dam in a freshet without skids, jacks, or ropes to steady its course. The first steamboats built at Sunbury were the Susquehanna and Shad 28 490 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Fly; both were constructed by Ira T. Clement, the former for the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville Eailroad Company, the latter as a private enterprise. Mr. Clement has since built six steamboats at Sunbury, five of which are still in operation. In 1889 Jeremiah Savidge built the lona, the last steamboat constructed at this place. Breweries. — The old stone building erected by James Towar as a distill- ery was converted into a brewery by Philip and Gottlieb Brymier about the year 1836. After the dissolution of this partnership the business was con- tinued by PhiHp Brymier individually for a time and then abandoned. Cold Spring brewery, established in 1865 by Joseph Bacher, was pur- chased in 1873 by J. & A. Moeschlin, the present proprietors. The plant comprises brewing and bottling departments, and has an annual capacity of five thousand barrels. Foundries and Machine Shops. — In 1838 George Eohrbach, formerly of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest citizens of Sunbury at the present time, established a small foundry a mile east of Sunbury between the Centre turnpike and Shamokin Valley railroad. Two years later, having secured a location on the south side of Chestnut street between Fourth and Fifth, he removed to Sunbury; this was the first foimdry at that place, and was operated for some years by George Eohrbach, either individually or asso- ciated at various times with his brothers, William, Jacob, and Daniel Eohr- bach. They were succeeded by Clinton D. and Jacob Eohrbach; the latter retired in favor of T. G. Cooper, and in 1866 the firm of Eohrbach & Cooper gave place to Eohrbach & Son, of which George and W. H. Eohrbach were the constituent members. After the admission of Jacob Eohrbach as a part- ner the style was changed to Eohrbach & Sons, by whom the business was continued until 1883. The establishment was then sold to Halfpenny Broth- ers, and several years later the plant was purchased by John J. Batman. A second foundry was established in 1858 by Edward Y. Bright; it was located on the north side of Chestnut street between Third and Fourth. The plant was purchased by WiUiam Eennyson, who removed it to Shamokin in 1864. Jacob Youngman started a foundry on the south side of Arch street between Third and Fourth in 1867 and operated it until January, 1871, when it was purchased by George B. Youngman. The business was contin- tied by Haupt & Youngman until the plant was purchased by John J. Bat- man. The Keystone Machine Works, situated in East Sunbury on the south side of Market street, comprise a two-story frame building sixty-five feet long and thirty feet wide, occupied as a machine shop, with foundry thirty by forty feet in dimensions attached, and blacksmith shop thirty by twenty- four feet on the same lot. The proprietor, John J. Batman, began business at Sunbury in 1874 as successor to Haupt & Yoimgman on Arch street and SUNBUKY. 491 removed to his present location in 1880. The Keystone radial drill press, of which Mr. Batman is the inventor and patentee, is manufactured as a spe- cialty. M. C. Bowlby's foundry and machine shop, a two-story frame building on Church street near Fourth, was established in 1883 by Bowlby & Zimmer- man, to whom the present proprietor succeeded individually in 1886. The Bowlby lath mill and bolter is manufactured as a specialty. The Lumber Industry. — The first saw mill at Sunbury was built in 1847 by Ira T. Clement at the site of his table factory on Front street. In 1867 he sold it to William Eeagan; it then passed successively to the Sunbury Xiumber Company and to the firm of Friling, Bowen & Engle, who became insolvent in 1877. The mill was then conducted under the auspices of their creditors until 1883, when it was again purchased by Ira T. Clement and is now occupied as an extension table factory. Ira T. Clement's various industries include at the present time a saw mill, planing mill, table factory, and coffin factory, extending from Front street to Third, north of Race. The saw mill was established in 1867 and the planing mill in the following year; the latter was originally a two-story frame build- ing sixty by eighty feet in dimensions, but has been materially enlarged. The Tipper story was equipped for the manufacture of coffins in 1875, and in 1887 a two-story frame building forty by one hundred forty feet in dimensions was erected for the exclusive purposes of a coffin factory. The manufacture of extension tables was begun at the planing mill in 1880, and in 1887 the old Priling, Bowen & Engle mill was adapted for use in this department of work. One hundred twenty-five men are employed as operatives in the saw mill, planing miU, table factory, and coffin factory, the annual products of which are valued at two himdred fifty thousand dollars. The Sunbiu-y Lumber Company, organized in 1885, was originally com- posed of William Whitmer & Sons, to whom Hiram Driesbach was added in 1888 and George W. Ehoads and F. S. Kauffman in 1890. A building at the intersection of Mulberry and Center alleys, previously occupied by the Hill & Neff Organ Company, was the first location of the works of this com- pany; the present site in the southern part of the borough with a river front of six hundred fifty feet was secured in 1888. The plant consists of a two- story planing mill, ninety by one hundred forty feet in dimensions, a saw mill, fifty by one hundred feet, and a kiln capable of drying eight thousand feet of lumber per day. Seventy operatives are usually employed. Simpson Brothers' planing mill, as originally established in 1886 by a firm composed of William Whitmer and John and William Simpson, was a frame structure forty by one hundred feet situated on Awl street; it was de- stroyed by fire in November, 1887. The present mill, a frame building thirty- five by eighty feet, employs eight operatives ; John and William Simpson are the proprietors. 492 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company's Repair Shops at Sunbmy were originally established in 1866. The plant comprises the following buildings: a round-house three hundred feet in diameter, with stalls for forty-four en- gines; a machine shop and planing mill, which form one building two hun- dred twenty by eighty feet, half of which is occupied by each ; a building seventy by one hundred ten feet, occupied as blacksmith shop, boiler shop, and store-room; a car shop two hundred by one hundred twenty feet, and other minor buildings used for miscellaneous purposes. The number of op- eratives employed in the various departments at this time (December, 1890), is as foUows: machinists and helpers, sixty-nine; blacksmiths and helpers, thirty-four; boiler-makers, twenty -two; coppersmiths, four; tinsmiths, five; car inspectors, forty-nine; the car shop employs one hundred seventy-eight, and the number not included in the foregoing classification (in which the master mechanic and foremen, engine cleaners and preparers, clerical force, etc. have not been embraced) is ninety-seven — a grand total of four hundred fifty-eight. The stationary engines have a capacity of eighty horse-power. The entire plant is lighted by electricity, derived from motors requiring a fifty horse-power engine. The establishment is devoted exclusively to the repair of locomotives and cars, and receives all the work of this nature from that part of the Pennsylvania system embraced in the Eastern and Sunbury divisions of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad and the Susquehanna division of the Northern Central railway. The position of master mechanic has been filled successively by T. J. Hamer, Martin Wall, W. P. Beardsley, and Henry K. Stout, the present incumbent, who assumed charge in April, 1882. The Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Ouide Iron Manufacturing Company was organized in 1883 with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars (since increased to one hundred fifty thousand), and the following officers: presi- dent, John Haas; vice-president, D. Heim; secretary, E. W. Greenough, and treasurer, Lloyd T. Eohrbach. The works, situated at the eastern limits of the borough, were erected during the same year ; these consist of a nail miU two hundred seventy-five by seventy-five feet and a factory one hundred twenty-five by one hundred feet, equipped with one heating furnace, three double and three single puddling furnaces, forty-one nail machines, and six engines aggregating four htmdred thirty horse-power. The cooper shop, hoop and stave sheds, and blacksmith shop are attached to the main buildings. The mill gives employment to one hundred twenty-five men, and has a capacity for manufacturing seventy-five thousand kegs of cut iron and steel nails annually. It has been in continuous operation since its erection with the exception of three months in the year 1889; this suspension was caused by the damage occasioned on the 9th of January in that year by a violent wind-storm. Mr. Haas, who has been president of the company since its organization, retired from the active management of the works in April, 1890, when George B. Cadwallader assumed charge as general manager. D. 8UNBUKY. 493 Heim is the present vice-president and Lloyd T. Kohrbach the present secre- tary and treasurer. William S. Rhoads has been chief clerk and Levi Bus- sler superintendent since the works were placed in operation. The Sunbury Carpet Cleaning and Novelty Works were established in October, 1889, by the present proprietors, C. C. Ray, A. Moulder, and E. F. Hoover. Novelties of various descriptions are manufactured. Defunct Enterprises include, in addition to those mentioned, Young, Gussler & Company's paint miU, placed in operation in 1856; Snyder & Harrison's steam flour miU, erected in 1857 ; Morgan & Masser's linseed oil miU, placed in operation in 1868; Wolverton & Purdy's phosphate mill, burned on the 17th of June, 1871 ; the works of the Sunbury Smelting Com- pany and of the Hill and NefE Organ Company, etc., etc. The Sunbury Canal Company is worthy of notice in this connection. Its organization was authorized by an act of the legislature approved on the 10th of April, 1826, appointing Lewis Dewart, Hugh Bellas, Alexander Jordan, Samuel J. Packer, Henry Shaffer, Martin Weaver, Ebenezer Greenough, John Young, John G. Youngman, George Weiser, and Isaac Zeigler commis- sioners for its organization. In 1834 the time for the completion of the work was extended five years from the expiration of the period of ten years originally prescribed, and about that time the canal was partially excavated between the North Branch' and Spring run. In the summer and autumn of 1841 a number of men were employed in excavating that part of the canal connecting with Shamokin creek. In 1842 William McCarty was president of the company and Kimber Cleaver was engineer; a prospectus issued in that year indicates the location of the basin above Race street and connection with the river at that point, although the plans of the company in this respect were not carried out until ten or twelve years later. A prospectus issued in 1853 gives the names of C. Hager, president, and William Riehl4, secretary and treasurer; at that time a reorganization had been effected under the name of the Sunbury Canal and Water Power Company; the Sunbury Lum- ber and Car Manufacturing Company, an affiliated corporation, owned fifty thousand acres of timber land on' the headwaters of the West Branch. It was proposed to float the logs from this tract to Sunbury, and a large lumber mill was erected on Shamokin creek, but the project never materialized and the mill was never placed in operation. What is now known as the upper basin was excavated by the canal company, and connection was established with the river by means of an iron lock designed by Kimber Cleaver; the latter was constructed by the Philadelphia and Sunbury Railroad Company under ter- minal privileges granted by the act of April 2, 1853. When the ground froze in the first winter after its construction the lateral pressure (for which the engineer had made no provision) was such as to break its iron sides, thus rendering it entirely useless. And thus the great canal project finally col- lapsed. 494 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. BANKING INSTITUTIONS. The first public movement for the establishment of a bank at Sunbury was made in 1810, when, at a meeting of the taxable inhabitants on the 27th of April, resolutions were unanimously adopted requesting the Bank of Pennsylvania to locate a branch at Sunbury. "The certain increase of the trade of this part of the country arising from the turnpike road now in operation from this place to the borough of Reading, would," the directors of that institution were assured, "enable the bank to support an establish- ment here which will be very productive to their institution." It is needless to observe that the application was not favorably considered, and it was through the Bank of Northumberland that the citizens of the county seat first secured local banking facilities. The First National Bank of Sunbury was originally incorporated under the title of the Bank of Northumberland, April 1, 1831, with a capital of two hundred thousand dollars. The first election of directors was held at the house of James Lee, in the borough of Northumberland, Pennsylvania, on Thursday, August 1, 1831, and resulted in the choice of the following gentlemen: John Cowden, John B. Boyd, James Merrill, A. B. Cummings, John Taggart, Joseph Wallis, Abbot Green, James Hepburn, Daniel Brau- tigam, Henry Frick, "William Clyde, Alexander Jordan, and Dr. David Petriken. On the 8th of August, 1831, James' Hepburn was elected as president and Joseph E. Priestley as cashier; and on Monday, September 26, 1831, the business of the bank was regularly commenced. The stock was originally subscribed by one hundred fourteen different persons; by the terms of its charter the institution was located at Northumberland, and its administration was in the hands of citizens of that borough for some years. James Hepburn, the first president, resigned, April 23, 1840, and on the 30th of the same month he was succeeded by John Taggart; he served until November 26, 1855, when William Cameron was elected by a board of directors composed of Samuel T. Brown, P. W. Pollock, Paul Masteller, John Walls, William Cameron,'MVilliam H. Waples, Amos E. Kapp, Jesse C. Horton, William I. Greenough, George Schnure, Edward Wilson, C. R. Paxton, and John B. Packer. A change in the management of the institu- tion was effected by the election of this board, which occurred at the regular annual meeting of the stockholders on the 19th of November, 1855. Upon the resignation of Mr. Cameron as president, June 25, 1857, John B. Packer was elected as his successor, and has continued in that position until the present time. Joseph E. Priestley, the first cashier, served in that capacity until his death, November 10, 1863; Samuel J. Packer, the present cashier, was elected on the 19th of November, 1863, and has since been the incum- bent of that ofBce. By virtue of an act of the legislature approved April 16, 1864, the bank was removed from Northumberland to Sunbury on the 25th of July in the same year, There it continued as a State bank until the SUNBUEY. 495 1st of July, 1865; the last directory under the State charter was composed of John B. Packer, James K. Davis, Jesse C. Horton, William H. Waples, William M. Eockefeller, George Conrad, Daniel Heim, E. Y. Bright, Samuel John, Andrew Ditty, John B. Linn, Paul Masteller, and John Haas. On the 1st of July, 1865, the Bank of Northumberland surrendered its State charter and was organized as a national bank under the title of " The First National Bank of Sunbury " with an authorized capital of five hundred thousand dollars, of which two hundred thousand was paid in in four thousand shares of fifty dollars each. Of this amoimt the stockholders paid in thirty- five dollars per share; the balance, fifteen dollars per share, was derived from the earnings of the bank while it was a State institution. The present num- ber of shareholders is seventy- eight. The first board of directors after the organization as a national bank was composed of John B. Packer, James K. Davis, Jesse C. Horton, William H. Waples, Simon Cameron, William I. Greenough, Alexander Jordan, John Haas, William M. Eockefeller, George P. MiUer, WiUiam Cameron, George SmuUer, and A. B. Warford; John B. Packer, James K. Davis, H. E. Davis, William I. Greenough, John Haas, Will- iam M. Eockefeller, George Schnure, James C. Packer, and D. B. Miller consti- tute the present directory. The present (1891) officers are as follows : president, John B. Packer; cashier, Samuel J. Packer; bookkeeper, A. L. Bastress; teller, George W. Deppen; clerks, W. P. Ehoads and D. E. Bloom; messen- ger, Nathaniel Strain. The period for which the institution was originally incorporated having expired, it was rechartered in June, 1885, for another period of twenty years. This bank is one'of the oldest in central Pennsylvania, and throughout its entire history has maintained the highest standard of financial integrity. While the notes of a large number of the banks of the State were at a dis- count, the notes of the Bank of Northumberland were uniformly redeemed at par in gold in Philadelphia; and during the panic of 1873, when nearly all the banks of the country declined to pay to their customers more than fifty dollars in currency at one time, this bank paid all checks without limit, thus demonstrating its ability to meet promptly all demands of its depositors, although the deposits at that time averaged three hundred fifty thousand dollars. The institution has paid in dividends since its organization in 1831 (not including the fifteen dollars per share previously mentioned) one million forty thousand dollars, and its undivided profits at the present time amount to one hundred thirty-five thousand dollars. The Augusta Bank was originally incorporated under the name of the Farmers' Mutual Life Insurance and Trust Company of Upper Augusta Township, the organization of which was authorized by an act of the legis- lature approved on the 13th of April, 1867. The company was not formed until 1872, however, and the name was subsequently changed to "The Au- gusta Bank" by decree of court upon petition of the stockholders. J. Adam 496 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Cake was president and George W. Saylor cashier. The institution was located in that part of Svmbury known as Caketown; business was continued four years. The Sunbury Trust and Safe Deposit Company was organized on the 15th of July, 1890, with the following officers: president, Charles W. Nick- erson; vice-president, Hiram Long; secretary and treasurer, J. Weiser Bucher; directors: Charles W. Nickerson, Hiram Long, Henry Clement, George B. Eeimensnyder, R. F. Wilson, C. H. Dickerman, P. H. Snyder, Adolph Oppenheimer, A. E. Trexler, S. P. Malick, George B. Cadwallader, John E. Kauffman, Sr., S. E. Slaymaker, O. R. Drumheller, and Irvin F. Guyer. The authorized capital is two hundred fifty thousand dollars. A. L. Bastress became secretary and treasurer on the 1st of March, 1891. GAS, ELECTEIC LIGHT, AND WATEB COMPANIES. The Sunbury Gas Light Company was incorporated on the 22d of Decem- ber, 1876, with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars and the following corporators: Truman H. Purdy, Hiram Long, S. P. Wolverton, Ira Hile, John Bckman, and William M. Rockefeller. S. P. Wolverton has served as president and Truman H. Purdy as treasurer of the company since its or- ganization. The plant was erected by the Sunbury Gas Company (incorpor- ated in 1873), purchased by Truman H. Purdy in 1876 at sheriff's sale, and transferred by him to the present company. The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Sunbury was organized in 1883; the first directors were Thomas C. Detweiler, James W. Sweely, Frank H. McCormick, Seth T. McCormick, and Charles B. Story. Light was first supplied on the 4th of July, 1883. The Sunbury Electric Light and Power Company was organized in 1890 with H. E. Davis, president, C. M. Clement, secretary, S. P. Wolveiion, treasurer, and a board of directors composed of H. E. Davis, F. P. Aber- crombie, C. M. Clement, H. A. Schuck, A. E. Trexler, P. P. Smith, and Thomas Murty. The dynamo has a capacity of fifty arc lights. Light was first supplied on the 4th of July, 1889. The Sunbury Water Company was incorporated on the 2d of March, 1883. The first officers were John Haas, president, L. T. Eohrbach, treas- urer, and S. E. Slaymaker, secretary, who have held their respective positions to the present time. The capital is thirty-three thousand dollars. Little Shamokin creek is the source of supply; the reservoir has a capacity of five million gallons. LOCAL PAPEES. Ber Freiheitsvogel, the first newspaper published at Sunbury, was estab- lished by Jacob D. Breyvogel in 1800. The succession of local papers since that time has been as follows: The Times, Publick Inquirer, The Gazetteer, SUNBUEY. 497 Der Northumberland Republikaner, Nordwestliche Post, Shamokin Canal- boot, The Workingmen^s Advocate, The Sunbury Oazette, Susquehanna Em- porium, Der General Staats Zeitung, The Sunbury American, Der Deutsche Amerikaner, Der Deutsche Demokrat, The Northumberland County Democrat, The Sunbury Independent, The Weekly Independent, The Sunbury Enter- prise, The Sunbury Weekly News, The Sunbury Daily, The Daily American, The Morning Express, The Evening News, and the Northumberland County Legal News. Three weeklies, the American, Democrat, and Weekly News, and two dailies, the Daily and News, are published at the present time. THE POSTOFFICE. The following is a list of Sunbury postmasters, with dates of their respect- ive appointments: Robert Gray, January 1, 1797; John Weitzel, October 1, 1798; Solomon Markley, July 1, 1802; Lewis Dewart, April 19, 1806; Edward Gobin, March 13, 1816; Thomas Pointer, May 14, 1822; Samuel J. Packer, December 9, 1822; John G. Martin, February 12, 1824; Rachel B. Packer, March 27, 1835; John Youngman, March 5, 1855; Martin E. Bucher, December 15, 1856; George M. Renn, March 19, 1861; Jonathan Bostian, April 26, 1864; John J. Smith, April 19, 1871; Jacob Eohrbach, May 5, 1881; Jacob E. Eichholtz, May 25, 1885; A. N. Brice, March 20, 1890. SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES. The following is a list of secret and other societies at Sunbury, with dates of organization or institution: Lodge No. 22, E. & A. M., October 4, 1779, and March 26, 1787; Northumberland H. R. A. Chapter, No. 174, December 27, 1852; Sunbury Lodge, No. 203, L O. O. E., November 9, 1846; Fort Augusta Lodge, No. 620, I. O. O. E., January 25, 1868; Anna (Rebekah Degree) Lodge, No. 56, I. O. O. F., May 18, 1871; Washington Camp, No. 19, P. O. S. of A., March 13, 1869; Washington Camp, No. 149, P. O. S. of A., July 19, 1873; Susquehanna Commandery, No. 9, P. O. S. of A., Sep- tember 10, 1872; Eastern Star Lodge, No. 143, K. of P., March 24, 1869; Cayuga Lodge, No. 416, K. of P., December 6, 1873; Diamond Division, No. 40, Uniform Rank, K. of P., June 9, 1890; Lance and Shield Conclave, No. 11, S. P. K., November 11, 1870; Lieutenant William A. Bruner Post, No. 285, G. A. R., May 21, 1883; Colonel James Cameron Camp, No. 160, S. of v., July 1, 1887; Woman's Relief Corps, November 2, 1888; Shamokin Tribe, No. 69, I. O. R. M., 1885; Alphoretta Tribe, No. 98, 1. O. R. M., 1888; Sunbury Council, No. 945, O. JJ. A. M., June 8, 1886; Ivy Castle, No. 414, K. G. E., April 6, 1889; W. C. Packer Council, No. 285, A. O. U. W., July 17, 1889. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. Nothing definite is known concerning the early educational advantages of Sunbury, although it is possible that the community was not utterly destitute 498 HI8T0EY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of facilities for the instruction of its juvenile population. How meager was the local provision for this important object at the period immediately fol- lowing the close of the Eevolutionary war is attested by an entry in the min- utes of the orphans' court of Northimiberland county at September term, 1782, from which it appears that "on account of the troubles and difficulties attending our situation on the frontier," the guardians of the orphan children of Simon Cool were permitted to remove their wards "to some interior part of the country for the better advantages of their education and maintenance." The earliest efEort to establish a school at the county seat of which there is any authentic record was made in 1796, when a number of prominent citizens formed an association for the erection of a school building; their names, with the number of shares subscribed by each, were as follows : John Buyers, four; William McAdams, one; Daniel Hurley, three; WilUam Dew- art, four; William Gray, three; John Weitzel, two; Martin Withington, two ; Joseph Wallis, four; Martin Kendig, three; Paul Baldy, two; James Alex- ander, one; Christian Gettig, two; John Lyon, one; Frederick Lazarus, two; Nicholas Miller, one; James Black, three; Joseph Thompson, one, and Thomas Grant, one. Lot No. 136, situated at the southeast corner of Arch street and Center alley, was purchased for the sum of fifty-five pounds from Colonel Thomas Hartley, of York, Pennsylvania, and on the 19th of October, 1796, he executed a deed* to John Buyers, William Gray, William Dewart, Fred- erick Lazarus, John Weitzel, and Daniel Smith, "trustees nominated and appointed by the persons whose names are hereunto annexed, for the purpose of purchasing a school house to and for the use of the subscribers according to the number of shares to each person's name annexed" (the foregoing list). It is not probable that the school thus planned was ever established; if it was, it did not continue long enough to secure a place in the traditions of the community. In a contribution to the "Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion for 1877," John F. Wolfinger, of Milton, who passed several years of his early life at Sunbury, states that the first school at that place was opened in 1800 "on the ground-floor room of a two-story log house on the south side of Chestnut street" a short distance west of Second. Among the families who patronized this school he mentions those of Alter, Baldy, Black, Bogar, Brady, Bucher, Buyers, Coldron, Darch, Dewart, Gray, Haas, HaU, Harrison, Hileman, Hurley, Irwin, Kiehl, Lazarus, Lebo, Lyon, Mantz, Markle, McKin- ney, Painter, Eobins, Scott, Shaffer, Sinton, Simpson, Smith, Vanderslice, Wallis, Weaver, Weitzel, Withington, and Young. The first teacher was a Mr. Smith, "a small, chunky Englishman," and the school continued two or three years. Mr. Wolfinger also states that the second school was taught by a Mr. Davis, a middle-aged man, "on the ground-floor of a two-story log house" on the s outh side of Arch street between Front and Second. * Northumberland County Deed Book I, p. 173. SXJNBUEY. 499 Dr. E. H. Awl furnishes the following list of teachers in private schools at Sunbury, the majority of whom taught before the introduction of the pub- lic school system: Samuel Howe, Mr. Smith, Mr. Davis, Andrew Galium, Will- iam Graham, Thomas Armstrong, James Nolan, Jesse K. Millard, J. G. lingerer, Peter Hall, Edward Chapman,* E. 0. Braden, John Colsher, Mr. O'Neil, Andrew Kennedy, Alexander Strickland, George Haas, Peter Shindel, Mr. Grimes, Christian Wood, John Sinton, John Eisely (German), Eobert E. Smith, George A. Snyder, Mr. Carter, Ebenezer Euss, Daniel Kohler, Jeremiah Shindel, Francis P. Schwartz, Frederick Lebrun, Cale Pelton, Edward Oyster, Aaron Fisher, Mr. Thayer, Joseph B. McEnally, Joseph Ehoads, William Jordan, Doctor Huff, Eichard Peale, Mr. Dickson, S. P. Wolvei-ton, L. T. Eohrbach, Mr. Fink, A. N. Brice, Mrs. Irwin, Mrs. Patch, Mrs. Crosby, Mrs. Margaret Black, Mrs. Dorcas Grant, Mrs. Mary Eisely (German), Miss Maria Kennedy, Miss Elizabeth Kennedy, Mrs. Ogle {nee Alexander), Miss Mary Jane Peters, Miss Jane Finney, Miss Sophia Weimer, Miss Catherine Brooks, Miss Virginia Brooks, Miss Hogar, Miss Mary Whar- ton, Miss Elizabeth Breck, Miss Catherine Black, Mrs. Eebecca A. Awl (nee Pursel), Mrs. Susan Youngman, and Miss Ella Painter. The following with reference to the location of the schools anterior to the introduction of the public school system has also been compiled by Dr. E. H. Awl: North side of Walnut street between Third and Fourth — a log build- ing subsequently occupied by Polly Henninger; north side of Walnut street between Front and Second — a log building subsequently occupied by John Snyder, fisherman; east side of Third street between Penn and Chestnut — the second story of Weiser's tannery, reached by an outside stairway; Chest- nut street between Second and Third — a log house subsequently occupied by a German named Westerman; southeast corner of Market and Front — a frame building subsequently occupied by "Het" CoUey (colored); Front street between Market and Arch — the second story of a log building that stood immediately south of the alley and across from the Episcopal church; south- east corner of Penn and Front streets — a log building subsequently occupied * Edward Chapman was a native of Litchfleld county, Connecticut. In his " Eemlniscenees," published in the Northumberland County Legal News, John F. Wolflnger describes him as a man of fine appearance, agreeable manners, and superior intellectual endowments. He read law with Charles Hall, and was admitted to the bar in April, 1814, but never engaged in the practice of that profession, and died on the 5th of April, 1821, at the age of thirty-two. He possessed fine poetic talent, and was the author of several poems which found their way into the newspapers of the day, one of which, entitled " Columbia " begins as follows : - "Columbia's shores are wild and wide, Columbia's hills are high, And rudely planted side by side, Her forests meet the eye; But narrow must those shores be made, And low Columbia's hills, And low her ancient forests laid. Ere Freedom leaves her fields ; For 'tis the land where, rude and wild. She played her gambols when a child." 500 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. by John Martin as a hatter shop ; south side of Market street between Third and Fourth — a frame building subsequently occupied by a Mr. Gulicks, harness maker; northeast corner of Chestnut and Third — a log building sub- sequently occupied by Miss Sallie Giberson, a lady of remarkable avoirdupois; Chestnut street between Front and Second — a log building subsequently occupied by Jacob Bright, watchmaker; Second street near its intersection with Bace — " Beshler's red house;" west side of Second near Race — a build- ing subsequently used as a wagon-making shop by Jacob Heller; south side of Chestnut street between Third and Fourth — a building subsequently occupied by John Hileman, shoemaker; north side of Chestnut street between Third and Fourth — a log building subsequently occupied by Jacob Coble; north side of Market street between Third and Fourth — a building subse- quently occupied by John Boulton as a hotel; north side of Penn street be- tween Third and Fourth — a large building subsequently occupied by " Cap- tain" Heinen, a soldier of the war of 1812; south side of Arch street between Second and Third — Youngman's printing office; northeast corner of Front and Arch — the old Maclay house; south side of Market street between-Second and Third — a frame building near Third; northeast corner of Third and Eace; west side of Second street between Market and Chestnut — a small building nearly opposite the law building of S. P. Wolverton. The most important of these early locations were the log building opposite the Episco- pal church, where Edward Chapman and Alexander Strickland taught; the Weiser tannery, where Chapman and Braden taught; and the log building on the"^ north side of "Walnut between Front and Second, known as " the Dutch school," and used by the German population as a school house and place of worship. Christopher Wood taught at the north side of Chestnut street between Second and Third; Robert Smith, brother of Eev. William E. Smith, at the southeast comer of Market and Front; the Misses Kennedy, at the south side of Market between Third and Fourth; Mrs. Ogle, Miss Mary Jane Peters, and Ebenezer Buss, at the south side of Chestnut street between Third and Fourth; John Colsher (who died on the 25th of May, 1857, at the age of ninety years), at the north side of Market street between Third and Fourth; Miss Elizabeth Breck, at the Youngman printing office on Arch street; Lebrun and Pelton, at the south side of Market just west of Third from which Pelton moved to the northeast corner of Third and Race. The Sunbury Academy was established in 1835 (as nearly as can be as- certained) by Cale Pelton, a teacher of much ability, whose school proved to be a great intellectual stimulus to this community. The curriculum in- cluded the higher mathematics, Latin, and Greek. Mr. Pelton was a graduate of Yale College, and the author of a series of outline maps and other aids to the study of geography that once acquired a wide circulation. His work was ably continued by Frederick Lebrun, a graduate of the Univer- sity of Oxford, an accomplished linguist, and a teacher of the highest repu- SUNBUEY. 501 tation, whose last term closed in March, 1839. Among the subsequent teachers were Joseph C. Rhoads, Aaron C. Fisher, Dr. Isaac HufE, Henry Donnel, a Mr. Thayer, Joseph B. McEnally, Eichard S. Peale, and S. P. Wolverton. The institution was incorporated in 1838, and efforts were several times made to erect a building, but without success. The Public School System was adopted at Sunbury in 1834 Regarding the attitude of public sentiment when the vital subject of taxation for its support was presented, the following extract from the Workingmen' s Advo- cate (edited by John G. Youngman, who was the secretary of the first school board) in its issue of December 6, 1834, may be of interest: — Upon due notice given by the school directors, a small portion of the citizens of the borough of Sunbury met on the 39th ultimo in the court house, and, acting upon the Vllth section of the "free school" law, passed and approved, April 1, 1834, — Henry Reader, in the chair — Resolved, That double the amount of the county tax be raised as a sum in addition to the amount of half the county tax determined upon by the school delegates on the 4th of November previous. These amounts, added to our dividend from the State treasury (eighty-six dollars, twenty-three and three fourths cents) would ampunt to about fourteen hundred fifty dollars. This large sum, to be collected chiefly from the pockets of persons who either have themselves no children to send to school, or have intended them for higher schools, was altogether unexpected, and caused considerable excitement among a ma- jority of the citizens, which was evident in a subsequent meeting held on the evening of Tuesday last, Mr. George Prince in the chair. This meeting, we are told, was at- tended by upwards of one hundred persons, all, except two or three, vehemently ex- pressing their determination against paying anything in addition to the sum agreed upon by the school delegates; thus leaving no doubt that an attempt to impose and collect any additional sum would become a very troublesome affair, however lawful such an addition might be, the nullifiers not coming forward and expressing their negative sentiments upon this subject in the first meeting. Under these circumstances, the course left the school directors to pursue is very doubtful and diflBcult. Under the new regime the first school building, a two- story brick structure sixty feet long and forty feet wide, was erected in 1836. The directors at that time were Eev. J. P. Shindel, William M. Robins, Jacob Painter, George Bright, and Alexander Jordan. The contractors for the building were Charles Dering and Samuel Fetter. It occupied the site of the Masonic hall on Third street, and was the only school building in the borough until 1867, when it was sold to the Masonic order. Two school houses were erected in 1866-67, one at the southwest corner of Second and Spruce, the other on the south side of Arch street between Third and Fourth; both have since been enlarged, and are still occupied for school purposes. The building on Second street between Market and Arch was erected in 1868 and enlarged in 1873. The building on the west side of Fourth street between Penn and Walnut was built in 1868 and enlarged in 1884. The Fifth ward (Caketown) school house was erected in 1876. The high school was established in 1870, when a regular system of grad- 502 HISTOKY OP NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTT. ing was first adopted; the board at that time was composed of L. T. Rohr- bach, Jacob Fetter, M. 0. Gearhart, W. Ehoads, M. P. Scupham, and Henry Y. Friling. The high school organized on the 3d of October, 1870, with J. B. Miller as principal, at J. M. Bartholomew's store-room on the west side of Fourth street between Arch and Market; from that place it was removed to the building on Second street opposite the jail, and thence to the present substantial three-story structure on Front street. The following items have been derived from the official report of the school board for the year ending on the first Monday in June, 1890 : — Number of schools 18 Average number of montbs taugbt 8 ISTumber of male teachers employed 6 Number of female teachers employed 13 Average salary of males per month $68 Average salary of females per month $37 Number of male scholars attending school 536 Number of female scholars attending school 535 Whole number in attendance 1,061 Average daily attendance 803 Average percentage of attendance .95 Cost of each pupil per month $0. 98 Indebtedness of district 113,353.16 Estimated value of school property 33,000.00 CHURCHES. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church is one of the oldest and largest con- gregations of that denomination in central Pennsylvania. Its first place of worship was a log building on the north side of Walnut street between Front and Second, jointly used for school and church purposes, and finally sold in 1841 to the Eev. J. P. Shindel. In September, 1791, proposals were received for the erection of a church edifice "forty by thirty feet and sufficiently high enough for raising a galleiy." On the 12th of December, 1793 (as eviden,ced by a letter from Rev. Christian Espich, published in Kennedy's Gazette of January 1, 1794), a congregational meeting was held at which John Painter, Philip Peffer, Bernard Hubley, and Frederick , Lazarus were elected " to meet at the house of Christian Gettig on Friday, the 20th instant, to settle and adjust the accounts of the managers appointed to build the church for said congregation." The auditors met accordingly; their published report states that "The managers, viz., Christian Gettig, Nicholas Routher, Paul Baldy, and Peter Smith, merit the' thanks of the congregation for the under- taking of said building, as their trouble must have been great and arduous; a great part of their time was spent in superintending the building; from a liberal and Christian spirit they have never charged anything therefor; the architecture of the building is a masterpiece for so small a sum of money that was expended." They presented the following financial summary: SUNBUKY. 503 Aggregate cost, including the bell £497 28. 4d. Aggregate receipts 401 4 3 Aggregate disbursements 399 8}4 Uncollected subscriptions 105 13 3 Unpaid obligations 98 1 7)^ This building was situated on the west side of Third street, at or near the site of the second church edifice of this congregation. It was constructed of hewn logs. The pews were of the " old-fashioned high-back order," and the pulpit was of the "wine glass or goblet style." A pipe-organ of Stall's make, one of the first in central Pennsylvania, was purchased in 1815, and when first played attracted such a crowd that the building sustained consid- erable damage by a collapse of the floor. During the year 1826 the struct- ure was plastered both inside and outside, the pulpit and pews were modern- ized, and the building was reopened for service September 10th of that year. At a congregational meeting, June 24, 1841, it was decided to estab- lish a separate denominational Sunday school, to sell the old school house and lot, and to erect a Sunday school building on the church lot, for which John Young, George Martin, and Rev. J. P. Shindel were appointed as a building committee. A brick structure was accordingly erected, and used for Sunday school and other purposes as designed. At a congregational meeting on the 28th of July, 1853, formal action was taken for the erection of a new church edifice. The comer-stone of the brick structure which now stands on Third street was laid on the 8th of September, 1854, and on the 25th of December, 1855, the dedication occurred. This building was subse- quently enlarged; a parsonage was also erected on Walnut street. The site of the present church edifice at the southwest comer of Market and Fifth streets was purchased in 1886 at a cost of five thousand dollars; ground was broken on the 2d of August in that year, and on the 10th of October follow- ing the corner-stone was laid. John Haas, John L. Miller, John B. Lenker, William H. Eohrbach, and Solomon Stroh composed the building committee. The edifice was completed and furnished at a cost of twenty-seven thousand dollars, and dedicated on the 10th of June, 1888, when Eev. J. H. Menges, D. D., delivered the dedicatory sermon. In pursuance of congregational action taken on the 18th of May, 1887, the present parsonage on Fifth street at the rear of the church was built at a cost of two thousand dollars. Rev. John Herbst is supposed to have been one of the first pastors; Rev. Chistian Espich was pastor at the time the first church edifice was erected, and Reverend Unger was also an early incumbent of that office. Since 1812 the succession ha^ been as follows: J. P. Shindel, June 4, 1812, to July 2, 1850; (Mr. Shindel preached only in German; toward the close of his pastorate Rev. J. AUeman also conducted English services;) P. Born, D. D., April, 1851, to September, 1859; P. Rizer, April 1, 1860, to May 1, 1862; M. Rhodes, D. D., July 1, 1862, to January 1, 1867; G. W. Hemperley, 1867 to October, 1876; George Parsons, December, 1876, to October 1, 1884; S. 504 HISTORY OP NOETHDMBEKLAND COUNTY. G. Shannon, March 8, 1885, to April 1, 1889; J. H. Weber, September 1, 1889, present incumbent. The church received two hundred sixty accessions during the first y^ar of Mr. Weber's pastorate. The Sunday school was organized on the 4th of July, 1841, with William M. Gray as superintendent and one hundred six members. The present superintendent is John Haas, who has held that position since 1868 with the exception of one year. The official report for 1890 showed a membership of nine hundred twenty-one. A branch school was organized in the Third ward school house on the 7th of September, 1890, with sixty-five members. The First Reformed Church was organized in 1784. The first church building at the site of the present edifice, northwest comer of Second and Chestnut streets, was erected in 1793; it was a wooden building, with en- trances from the east and south; the pulpit was at the north end, and gal- leries extended around the remaining three sides. The Reformed and Pres- byterian congregations jointly occupied this building for religious worship until 1841, when the latter withdrew. In 1847, under the pastorate of Rev. Richard A. Fisher, it was replaced by a substantial brick structure. In 1885, under the pastorate of Rev. J. Calvin Leinbach, this congregation laid upon the altar of the church a centenary offering to the amount of nearly nine thousand dollars, to be devoted toward enlarging and beautifying their church edifice. The work was commenced, August 9, 1885, and the comer- stone was laid on the 13th of September following, Rev. J. A. Peters, D. D., of Danville, Pennsylvania, preaching the sermon in the Presbyterian church. The building was completed, and dedicated to the worship of God on Sun- day, May 16, 1886, the pastor being assisted in the services'by Rev. J. O. Miller, D. D., of York, Pennsylvania, and Rev. C. S. Gerhard, of Reading, Pennsylvania. Who organized the congregation in 1784 cannot be ascertained; as far as learned from the very imperfect records, the following ministers have served the congregation in the order of their names: Rev. Jonathan Rahauser, 1789 -'d2; George Geistweit, 1794-1804; John Dietrich Adams, 1808-13; Mar- tin Bruner, 1813-23; Richard A. Fisher, 1826-54; Daniel Y. Heisler, 1856-58; John W. Steinmetz, 1858-62; William C. Cremer, 1864-67; Abraham H. Dotterer, 1869-70; Calvin S. Gerhard, 1870-79; Thomas J. Barkley, 1879- 84; and Rev. J. Calvin Leinbach, from 1884 to the present time. The Sunday school was organized by Rev. Richard A. Fisher. First Presbyterian Church.— On the 31st of May, 1787, "the united con- gregations of Buffalo, Sunbury, and Northumberland, having never in these places had the stated administration of the Gospel ordinances,"* extended a caU to the Rev. Hugh Morrison, a licentiate of the Presbytery of Root, Ireland, who had been admitted to the Presbytery of Donegal in 1786. The call was intrusted to Reverend Wilson for presenta tion to the moderator of ♦Linn's Annals of Buffalo Valley, p 249. a.cZc<^^ ? SUNBUEY. 507 Carlisle Presbyteiy by William Gray and Abraham Scott, of Simbury; Will- iam Cooke and James Hepburn, of Northumberland, and William Clark, of Buffalo; it bore eight signatures from Sunbury, from which it is clearly evi- dent that the church at this place was very weak numerically. Mr. Morrison became pastor of the Buffalo church in October, 1787, and continued in that relation until November, 1801; Sunbury was included in his field of labor during this period, and perhaps later, as he died on the 13th of September, 1804, and is buried in the Sunbury cemetery. The next pastor was Eev. Isaac Grier, S. T. D., who died in 1814; since that date Eeverends Robert F. N. Smith, William E. Ashmead, WiUiam E. Smith, Wheelook S. Stone, William E. Smith, William Simonton, James Eeardon, Samuel W. Eeigart, Orr Lawson, Samuel J. MiUiken, Martin L. Eoss, and Andrew Brydie have successively served as pastors. The church became a separate pastorate dur- ing Mr. Simonton' s incumbency; previous to that time it had been connected with Northumberland, where the pastors, with the exception of Eev. William E. Smith, resided. The Presbyterians worshipped in the old church building at the north- west comer of Second and Chestnut streets from its erection until 1841, when they built a brick church edifice at the northwest corner of Third and Chest- nut. This was the place of worship until 1870. The deed for the site of the present church building, a two-story brick structure on the north side of Market street between Second and Third, was executed on the 11th of June, 1869, in favor of William L. Dewart, William M. Eockefeller, A. N. Brice, L. T. Eohrbach, and J. William Johns, trustees; building operations were begun on the 24th of the same month, and on the 25th of December, 1870, the completed structure was dedicated. The parsonage, a brick building at the southeast corner of Second and Eace streets, was erected by Eev. William E. Smith. It was long the resi- dence of Miss Mary Hunter, who devised the property to this church by her will. Judge Alexander Jordan was the first superintendent of the Sunday school, and filled that position many years. St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church. — The ♦Methodists of Sunbury worshiped at Northumberland for some years after the introduction of Method- ism into this section of the State. The year in which a local class was first organized can not be definitely stated; it is known, however, that WilUam Search and wife, Eli Diemer and wife, Mrs. Nancy PoUmer, Solomon Shaffer and wife, Jacob Dawson, and Jacob Heller were among its members, of whom Mr. Heller was the first leader, and the class meetings were held at the house of Mr. Shaffer. The grand jury room in the old court house was the place of public worship until 1838, when a one-story brick church edifice, now the property of the Catholics, was erected on Arch streBt near Third during the pastorate of Eev. Henry G. Dill. The corner-stone of the present church 29 508 HISTORY OF NOKTHUJilBEKLAND COUNTY. edifice, a two-story brick structure on the corner of Arch and Second streets, was laid, July 2, 1869; the building was rapidly approaching completion when the tower collapsed, involving a loss of seven thousand dollars; work was resumed, the tower was rebuilt, and on the 13th of March, 1870, the lecture room was dedicated, Bishop E. B. Ames, Rev. C. C. McCabe, and others officiating. The dedication of the entire building occurred on the 24th of October, 1873. The Shamokin circuit, extending from the Susquehanna river to Broad mountain between Mahantango and Nescopec creeks, was formed in 1812, and it is quite probable that the preachers appointed to it included Sunbury in their field of labor. From 1812 to 1830 the following clergymen succes- sively officiated on this circuit: 1812, James H. Baker, James Hickcox; 1813, Abraham Dawson, Nathaniel Eeeder; 1814, Marmaduke Pearce; 1815-16, Benjamin Bidlack; 1817, Abraham Dawson; 1818, Isreal Cook; 1819, Elisha Eibins; 1820, Marmaduke Pearce; 1821-22, John Ehodes; 1823, David Steel; 1824, Jacob E. Shepherd; 1825, John Thomas; 1826, John Taney- hill; 1827, Jonathan Munroe; 1828, Heniy Tarring; 1829, Edward E. Allen. In 1830 the name was changed to Sunbury circuit, which was served by the following ministers until 1868: 1830, Josiah Forest; 1831, Oliver Ege, James H. Brown; 1832, Wesley Howe, J. Clark; 1883, Thomas TaneyhiU, John E. Tallentyre; 1834, Thomas Taneyhill, John Guyer; 1835, Oliver Ege, J. Anderson; 1836, Ohver Ege, G. C. Gibbons; 1837, Henry G. Dill, Charles E. Brown; 1838, Henry G. Dill, John W. Haughawaut; 1839, John Rhodes, William Hurst; 1840, John Ehodes, John Ball; 1841, John Ball, Gideon H. Day; 1842, George Bergstresser, William S. Baird; 1843, Alem Brittain, Jacob Montgomery; 1844, Alem Brittain, John W. Tongue; 1845, John W. Haughawaut, Jacob S. McMurray; 1846, John W. Haughawaut, Thomas Bernhart; 1847, Peter McEnally, H. Huffman; 1848, James Ewing, J. P. Simpson; 1849, James Ewing, William Gwynn; 1850, John Stine, William Gwyan; 1851, John Stine, Albert Hartman; 1852, Joseph A. Eoss, T. M. Goodfeller; 1853, Joseph A. Eoss; 1854, J. G. McKeehan, James Curns; 1855, J. G. McKeehan, B. P. King; 1856, Thomas Taneyhill, N. W. Colburn; 1857, Thomas Taneyhill, M. L. Drum; 1858-59, George Warren, F. B. Riddle; 1860, E. Butler, J. P. Swanger; 1861, E. Butler, J. A. Dixon; 1862, A. M. Creighton, B. F. Stevens; 1863, A. M. Creighton, E. T. Swartz; 1864, B. P. King, J. M. Akers; 1865, B. P. King, W. H. Norcross; 1866, J. Anderson, E. Shoemaker; 1867, J. Anderson, W. Fritz. Since 1868 Sunbury has been a station with the following pastors: 1868-70, W. W. Evans; 1871, J. C. Clark; 1872-73, G. D. Pennepacker; 1874-76, J. A. DeMoyer; 1877-78, S. W. Sears; 1879-81, Hiles A. Pardoe; 1882, G. T. Gray; 1883-84, William G. Ferguson; 1885-87, Reuben E. Wilson; 1888, William V. Ganoe, present incumbent. The Sunday school was organized in 1841 with James Huston as super- intendent and Solomon Shaffer as secretary. SUNBUKY. 509 St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal Church. — Eev. Caleb Hopkins, who had. organized parishes at Bloomsburg, Milton, and Jerseytown, came to Sunbury occasionally as early as 1812 and conducted Episcopal services in the Lutheran church. It is entered of record that Reverend Bacon, after- ward a missionary to Africa, held one service in 1817; that Rev. Elijah Plumb, who had charge of a classical school at Northumberland, held regular services, 1819-22, at the public buildings or the Lutheran church; that Rev. William Eldred, of Muncy, held occasional services in 1825, and that Rev. James Depui, of Bloomsburg, administered the sacraments and conducted public worship in 1826. In that year, and doubtless through Mr. Dupui's instrumentality, the parish was organized, in the parlor of Mrs. Charles Hegins, now the residence of Mrs. Charles G. Donnel, on the north side of the public square in Sunbury; the following persons were among those pres- ent: Mrs. Charles Dering and her sister, Miss Giberson, Mrs. Charles G. Donnel (nee Hegins), John D. Hegins, and William Dewart. The first steps toward the erection of a church building were taken on the 10th of January, 1829, when the vestry authorized Mrs. Catharine Ogle, of Philadelphia, and William Dewart, of Sunbury, to receive subscriptions for that purpose. On the 8th of August, 1827, the vestry, composed of Charles Dering, Ebenezer Greenough, Charles G. Donnel, William Dewart, Jeremiah Shindel, John D. Hegins, and Jacob Painter, appointed Mrs. A. Greenough, Mrs. M. Dering, and Miss Amelia Hegins (Mrs. Charles G. Don- nel), to solicit and receive subscriptions. Their efforts were not rewarded with a large measure of success, however, and, although it is known that some materials were purchased in 1828, it was not until 1834 that a contract was entered into with Edward Gobin for the erection of a church building. The corner-stone was laid on the 2d of September, 1834, and the dedication occur- red on the 7th of December, 1836, Bishop Onderdonk officiating. This was originally a one-story brick structure fifty feet long and thirty-two feet wide ; it is situated on Front street between Market and Arch and constitutes the front part of the present church edifice. A brick building twenty by thirty- four feet in dimensions was erected on the same lot in 1854 as 'a Sunday school room, which was further enlarged in 1885 at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. An extension fifty by fifty -three feet to the rear of the original church edifice and connecting that building with the Sunday school room was erected in 1886-87 at an expenditure of four thousand six hundred dol- lars; the audience room and Sunday school apartment thus constitute a single building one hundred fifty feet in length, which was formally opened on the 10th of April, 1887. The Sunday school was organized on the 1st of January, 1825, by Mrs. Catharine Ogle and Miss Amelia Hegins at a house on Third street near Chestnut. This was the first denominational Sunday school at Sunbury. The parish was admitted to the diocesan convention in 1827. The rector 510 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. at that time and in the following year was Eev. Lucius Carter, who also taught a classical school at Sunbury. The first resident rector to devote his entire time to the parish was Eev. Christian Wiltberger, who was followed by Eeverends Isaac Smith, of Muncy, and Hopkins (not the Eev. Caleb Hop- kins) in the period from 1830 to 1836. The succession of rectors since 1837 has been as follows: Alfred Lauderbach, July 25, 1837, to June 21, 1841; William S. Walker, October 11, 1841, to October 24, 1842; Joshua Weaver, January 20, 1843, to September 1, 1845; B. Wistar Morris, August 23, 1846, to September 9, 1850; William B. Musgrave, November, 1850, to December 23, 1851; William Montgomery, October, 1852, to 1855; J. W. Gougler, 1856 to April 1, 1859; Theo. M. Eiley, July to October, 1859; Lewis W. Gibson, October, 1860, to December 31, 1866; Charles H. Vandyne, August 26, 1867, to March 2?, 1869; Gideon J. Burton, June 26, 1869, to May 21, 1872; Charles H. Vandyne, May 30, 1872, to June 3, 1873; H. Hewitt, July 25, 1873, to July 1, 1879; Henry A. Skinner, January 7, 1880, to April 16, 1882 ; and Charles Morison, the present incumbent, who took charge on the 2d of April, 1883. The First Baptist Church of Sunbury was organized by Eeverends John H. Worrell and J. B. Cressinger on the 15th of December, 1842, with eighty- one constituent members, among whom were John Budd, William Eeed, Dennis Wolverton, Washington Newberry, Mary H. Budd, Sarah H. Garri- son, Anna Wolverton, Malinda Wolverton, Eachel Eeed, and Susanna New- berry. The organization increased in numbers until 1850, when its prosper- ity began to decline, and from 1860 to 1867 no evidences of active existence were manifested. In September, 1867, Eev. A. B. Still, of Danville, Penn- sylvania, reorganized the society with fifteen or twenty members; this num- ber increased to one hundred seventy in 1886 and to two hundred fifty-four in 1890. Eeverends John H. Worrell, L. W. Chapman, A. J. Collins, A. J. Hay, J. Green Miles, George J. Brensinger, A. C. Wheat, B. B. Henshey, W. J. Himter, S. E. Eeading, D. W. Shepherd, and F. H. Shermer, present incumbent, have successively served as pastors. The court house of Northumberland county was the place of worship until January 1, 1843, when services were first held in a church building forty feet long and twenty feet wide erected on a lot on Fourth street below Penn, pre- sented by Aaron Eobins and now the site of the pubUc school building. The present brick chapel was erected in 1874, largely through the instrumentality of Truman H. Purdy and David Clement, on a lot at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut. The church also owns a parsonage, and a movement has been \ inaugurated for the erection of a church edifice. The present (1891) deacons are Truman H. Purdy, Ira Hile, J. E. Cressinger, and Erastus Hoffman. St. MichaeVs Catholic Church was organized in the autumn of 1863 by Eev. J. J. Koch, of Milton. Several years before that date, however, services were held for the few resident Catholic families by visiting missionaries and 8UNBURY. 511 the priests of neighboring towns. Father Koch celebrated Mass a few times in the house of a Mr. McNamara, which stood at the site of the Pennsylvania railroad depot, and subsequently at John JJeary's residence on Fourth street once a month. This continued until the autumn of 1866, when he became pastor at Shamokin. During this time he had collected three hundred dol- lars toward the erection of a church, and it was the nucleus of the fund used in purchasing the present property. Rev. Arthur McGinnis, of Danville, ministered to the mission during the next two years, and was succeeded by Eev. Mark A. O'Neill, of Milton, now of Mt. Carmel. Since that time the pastors of Milton have had charge of St. Michael's, viz. : Reverends Louis Grotemeyer, Thomas J. Fleming, W. F. McILhenny, and H. G. Ganns, who assumed charge on the 14th of November, 1881, and is the present incum- bent. In the meantime, Major James Malone was prominent in an effort to ob- tain a permanent place of worship. Accompanied by Rev. Michael McBride, of Harrisburg, he travelled along the line of the railroads and collected suf- ficient money to enable the congregation to purchase the old Methodist church on Arch street in 1872 for the sum of thirty-five hundred dollars. It was at once fitted up for Catholic worship and dedicated by Bishop Shana- han; it has since been used for that purpose, and services are held twice a month. Father Ganss has collected about two thousand dollars and has now in contemplation the erection o^ a new church edifice, more in harmony with the growth and spirit of the congregation, which numbers about thirty-five families. The cemetery of St. Michael's churcli is located at Northumberland, and was reserved for that purpose when the town was laid out. It was inclosed in 1864, during the pastorate of Rev. J. J. Koch. The Evangelical Church of Sunbury was organized in March, 1887, by Rev. G. A. Knerr, under direction of the East Pennsylvania Conference. The first minister of this denomination to hold regular services at Sunbury was a Mr. Maxwell, who preached in the Spruce Street school house in 1873 and organized a class; he was succeeded by Mr. Moore, who conducted services in the Caketown school house, and thus the work was continued until 1878, when, owing to a lack of missionary funds, it was abandoned and not resumed until 1887. The class of twenty members organized in that year increased to forty-five in 1889, when a subscription was started for the erection of a church building. This is a substantial and attractive frame structure, situated at the corner of Fourth and Vine streets; the comer-stone was laid on the 17th of August, 1890, and the dedication oc- curred December 21st in the same year. Rev. G. A. Knerr was succeeded as pastor by Eev. W. S. Harris, the present incumbent, in 1890. The First Church of Christ of Sunbury had its origin in a meeting held on the first Lord's day in October, 1885, at the hall of the hook and ladder 512 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. company on Fourth street, at which Francis M. Farra, John H. Shipman, Isaiah W. Hile, Mrs. Alcesta J. Hile, William Leeser, Mrs. Kate Leaser, and Charles M. Park were present. Eegular meetings for worship were con- tinued at that place, and in March, 1890, the following ofScers were appointed: Isaiah W. Hile, Francis M. Farra, and William Leeser, elders; John H. Shipman, Horace Tweed, and George Eundio, deacons. At that time the church numbered thirty-three members. On the 29th of September, 1890, it was incorporated with thirty-eight members, of whom the following were the first trustees: Isaiah W. Hile, Francis M. Farra, John H. Shipman, Horace Tweed, Alonzo L. Hile, James Hileman, John Masters, and William Leeser. A brick church building is in course of erection at the corner of Fourth and Arch streets, upon which the work of construction was begim, September 17, 1890. The First Sunday School at Sunbury was organized in 1815 by Mrs. Daniel Hurley and Miss Blake in the lower story of a building on Third street near the old Lutheran church. The Presbyterian catechism was taught and seems to have constituted the only text-book except the Bible. All the various religious denominations then represented at Sunbury sup ported the school, however, and within a few years it secured permanent quarters in the " state house," as evidenced by the following entry in the Appearance docket of Northumberland county (No. 92, January term, 1820) : — The court, at the request of the male teachers gated by which the limits of the borough were extended on every side. ■ Five wards were formed from its territory, May 12, 1890. - The Fire Department had its inception- in 1798. The Harmony Fire Company was incorporated on the 12th of August, 1841. The Miltonian Steam Fire Company and three hose companies constitute the preseiit organ- 554 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ized protection against the destructive element that has figured so prominently in the history of the town. THE POSTOrnCE. The Milton- postof&ce was established, January 1, 1800. The following is a list of postmasters, with the respective dates of their appointments: Samuel Hepburn, January 1, 1800; Jared Irwin, July 1, 1802; Bethuel Vin- cent, June 29, 1803; John Davison, February 22, 1822; Bethuel Vincent, July 13, 1822; William Jordan, June 23, 1829; Benjamin Morrison, May 11, 1831; Eobert H. Hammond, March 6, 1832; Stephen Wilson, April 4, 1837; Leonard Stoughton, February 22, 1841; WilHam C. Wilson, Novem- ber 21, 1844; Lyman H. Wilson, June 9, 1849; James H. McCormick, June 3, 1853; George W. Strine, March 26, 1858; George Lawrence, March 19, 1861; WiUis H. Lawrence, January 7, 1864; John Peterman, March 6, 1866; Carlton B. Davis, September 21, 1866; Daniel Bumman, May 4, 1867; Mrs. Mary Eckbert, February 12, 1868; William P. Wheeland, April 21, 1869; Leander M. Morton, December 8, 1873; William H. Bogle, June 23, 1879; J. A. Logan, June 21, 1882; Allen S. Hottenstein, July 26, 1886; Eobert W. Correy, June 26, 1890, took office, August 27, 1890. FACILITIES OF TEAVEL AND TEANSPOETATION. The opening of a public road on the eastern side of the West Branch was ordered at the first session of the court of quarter sessions after the organi- zation of Northumberland county. Some years elapsed before this order was carried into effect, owing to the state of the frontier, and during the inter- vening period a winding bridle-path, at no great distance from the river and subject to such changes in its course as individual preference might deter- mine, was the avenue of overland communication between the Limestone run settlements and the county seat. The public road as ultimately opened coin- cided with Front street. River navigation contributed in an essential degree to the prosperity of the town during the period preceding the construction of the canal. Eafts, flat-boats, and other varieties of river craft were loaded at the public wharves of the port of Milton with cargoes of grain, whiskey, etc., and consigned to Columbia, Baltimore, or other river points. After the canal was opened this traffic was transferred to it; packet-boats were also established, and the people of that day regarded themselves as highly favored with such facilities of rapid commuication at their command. The Susquehanna river bridge was first built in 1832-33, by a local com- pany incoporated by the legislature. The contractors were Abraham and Isaac Straub, and the contract was executed for the sum of twenty-four thousand dollars. In 1847 the middle section was carried away by a flood and rebuilt by Thomas Murdock. The entire structure was demolished by MILTON. 555 the flood of March 17, 1865 ; it was again rebuilt, however, and again carried away in June, 1889. The opening of the Philadelphia and Beading railroad to Milton occurred in 1851. It established railroad communication with Philadelphia, and was continued to Williamsport in 1871. In 1883 the Beading Company con- structed their line from West, Milton to Shamokin, thus giving Milton the advantage of a competing line in that direction. That part of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad between Milton and Williamsport was opened in 1854; it was then extended to Northumberland and Sunbury, giving to the town its present rail facilities by this great artery of the Pennsylvania system. GENERAL BXTSINESS INTEEESTS. Important business interests were developed at Milton at an early period in its history. Four merchants at this place advertised in the Northumber- land Gazette in 1794, viz. : John Teitsworth, Eobert Taggart, John Dickson, and Jared & Charles Irwin, while James Black, William FuUerton, George Calhoon, and Samuel Hepburn were also engaged in merchandising prior to 1800. Black's establishment occupied the site of J. B. Smith & Company's store on the east side of Water street above Broadway. During the fifteen years immediately following the opening of the first store no less than thir- teen merchants were engaged in business at Milton. Arthur McGowan's establishment, a small frame building on the river bank below the Front street bridge over Limestone run, was the first in that part of the town. James Moodie had a store on the east side of Front street above the bridge on the lot immediately below that occupied by the Methodist church. It was here that Charles and Thomas Comly conducted business many years as suc- cessors to Moodie. The store of Bums & McCann and that of George Cal- hoon and Isaac Cowden were also on Front street, the former in a small yellow frame house. The next was that of Teitsworth & Taggart, previously mentioned. The Sanderson brothers — Ezekiel, James, and William — occupied the present site of the Milton National Bank as their place of business. William and Thomas Pollock had a store on the west side of Front street above Broadway and nearly opposite the establishment of James Black, while the store of Jacob Seydell was situated still farther up Water street. There were four other stores on Front street, owned respectively by Josiah Gal- braith, Alexander McEwen, Mrs. Edith Hepburn, and Mrs. Lamperly. In 1794 there were three taverns at Milton. That of Daniel P. Faulk- ner was a log house on Broadway, subsequently owned by Dr. D. Waldron for some years and destroyed by fire in May, 1876. John Chapman's was on the east side of Front street, and that of Michael Gower on the northwest corner of Lower Market and Front. Faulkner was succeeded by John Brady, Jr.; the early successors of Chapman were David Derickson and 556 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. George Nagle. In 1798 Hugh Montgomery built a frame house at the present site of the Methodist church, and opened therein a hotel. He died in 1802, and was succeeded by John Brady, Jr. ; when the latter removed to Faulkner's he was foUowed at this place by Daniel Eckert, from Beading, cousin to George Eckert, the miller. In 1802 Joseph Hammond established a hotel in a frame house on Front street in the upper part of Milton, where he was followed in the same business by Jacob Seydell and others. Bethuel Vincent opened a tavern in 1804 in connection with the postofiice, at the southwest corner of Front and Broadway. In the upper part of the bor- ough hotels were established at an early date by Lemuel B. Stoughton, Henry Eckbert, Anthony Wilhelm, and Samuel Morrison; and in the opposite direction the hostelries of George Lawrence, Philip H. Schreyer, Daniel E. Bright, Abraham Schreyer, etc., were among the public houses of the town. The stores and hotels of Milton at the present time are a most con- clusive evidence of the enterprise and prosperity of the town. Every line of business is well represented, and many of the stores are among the largest in their respective lines in this part of the State. The hotels are also large and well patronized, and without instituting any invidious comparison, it may truthfully be stated that there are many towns of much larger popu- lation in which the facilities in this respect are much inferior to those of Milton. The Northumberland, Union, and Columbia Bank, the first in the county and one of the earliest in the northern central part of the State, derived its corporate existence under an act of Assembly passed March 21, 1814. Daniel Montgomery, John P. De Gruchy, James Sanderson, John Boyd, Daniel Lebo, Jacob Dentler, John Dreisbach, Matthew Colvin, John Cowden, and Bethuel Vincent were appointed commissioners for its organiza- tion. Seth Iredell was president, and William Cox Ellis cashier; the bank- ing house was on Front street. This institution became defunct in 1817 or 1818. The Milton National Bank was organized in 1858 as a savings institu- tion with a capital of twenty thousand dollars; the first board of directors, composed of James Pollock, William Heinen, Samuel Shannon, William C. Lawson, Thomas Swenk, William F. Nagle, and Moses Chamberlin, was elected, June 28, 1858. In December of that year business was begun at the corner of Broadway and Front. The bank building was burned in the fire of May 14, 1880, all the effects of the institution being saved, however, and three days later business was resumed at the house of E. F. Wilson. The present banking house, a brick building on the east side of Front street, was first occupied in 1881. Originally a savings bank, it became a bank of issue under the State law several years after its organization, and assumed its present name in 1863 with a capital of seventy-five thousand dollars, since increased by one third of that amount. The first president was James MILTON. 557 Pollock, elected in July, 1858; he was succeeded by William C. Lawson, the present incumbent, July 2, 1860. E. M. Frick has been cashier since the bank was first established. The First National Bank of Milton. — The charter of this institution was granted, February. 13, 1864, .and extended, February 24,1883. The first officers were J. Woods Brown, president; S. D. Jordan, cashier, and J. Woods Brown, William McCleery, Samuel T. Brown, John Datesman, James P. Armstrong, William H. Marr, William Savidge, Henry Frick, and John Bower, directors. The directory was increased to eleven members, January 6, 1865. Mr. Brown died, January 6, 1888, and H. A. Fonda was elected president, January 18, 1888. Mr. Jordan died, April 17, 1875, and J. M. Caldwell was elected cashier, April 19, 1875. Mr. Caldwell, the first teller, was elected to that position. May 14, 1866; Thomas L. Wilson was elected as his successor, April 19, 1875. Messrs. Fonda, Caldwell, and Wilson are president, cashier, and teller, respectively, at the present time. The original capital, eighty-five thousand nine hundred dollars, was increased, January 28, 1876, to one hundred thousand. The -first place of business was in the old Lawson building on Front street; the present banking house was erected in 1880. The Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company was incorporated, Feb- ruary 17, 1887, and organized with the election of the following officers : president, John McCleery; vice-president, S. J. Shimer; treasurer, Edmund Davis; secretary, M. H. Barr; directors: W. A. Schreyer, E. F. Wilson, S. J. Shimer, John McCleery, D. M. Krauser, D. Clinger, W. A. Heinen, S. W. Murray, A. P. Hull, E. H. Heaton, Cyrus HofEa, J. B. Godcharles, J. M. CaldweU, T. S. Moorhead, and C. W. Tharp. The authorized capital is two hundred fifty thousand dollars, ten per cent, of which was paid in when the company began business, March 15, 1887; the present paid-up capital is one himdred twenty-five thousand dollars. The banking . house on Front street was erected in 1888. The Milton Gas Company was organized, August 1, 1860, with William C. Lawson, president; William H. Frymire, secretary; William F. Nagle, • treasurer, and a directory composed of William C. Lawson, William F. Na- gle, Thomas Swenk, William H. Frymire, U. Q. Davis, Edward W. Chapin, and Thomas S. Mackey. At present E. F. Wilson is president, C. F. FoU- mer, secretary and treasurer, and the capital is thirty thousand dollars. The Milton Water Company was incorporated in 1883 and organized April 14th in that year, with E. F. Wilson, president; W. E. Kramer, treas- urer; H. E. Frick, secretary, and S. W. Murray, John McCleery, P. J. Criste, W. P. Dougal, John Jenkins, and E. Bickel, directors. The capital, originally thirty -five thousand dollars, has since been increased to fifty thou- sand. The Susquehanna river is the source of supply, and the reservoir, northeast of the botough at an elevated location, has a capacity of three 558 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. million barrels. Water was first supplied for general consumption in Jan- uary, 1884. INDUSTRIES OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. The earliest manufacturing establishment of Milton, as well as the town itself, was founded by Andrew Straub. A millwright by trade, he had doubt- less considered the eligibility of Limestone run as a mill site in selecting and purchasing his land, and in the summer of 1791 dug a head-race with the idea of diverting the waters of that stream to his mill and thence to the river. At that time the run approached the river in a westerly course, but when within a hundred yards from the bank it turned to the southwest and joined Housel's run some two miles distant. At the point where it came nearest the river there was a strip of low ground, which was cultivated but was frequently overflown; consequently, for the purposes of drainage, a de- pression was made at its lowest part. On one occasion when an open furrow had been left here, the run overflowed and opened a new channnel through this furrow, forever deflecting the stream from its former course and present- ing a mill site much superior to that contemplated by Straub. He improved the opportunity by erecting a log mill near the site of the present stone structure, and it at once received a large patronage. In 1816 the stone miU. was built by George Eckert, by whom it was operated until his death. The next owner was George Baker. The mill is no longer operated; its walls are still intact and give evidence of substantial construction, and the old build- ing is one of the few landmarks of the past that survive the great fire of 1880. Milton Steam Tannery. — The next industrial establishment, and one that has been continuously operated until the present time, was the tannery of John Armstrong. This business was begun in 1795. From Armstrong it passed to William Jordan, and then successively to Abraham Straub, Samuel T. Brown, William H. Eeber, and Thomas B. Gould, the present proprietor. A large part of the square bounded by Elm, Center, and Mahoning streets is occupied by this estabHshment. It was burned in 1880, and rebuilt with improved appliances under the name of the Milton Steam Tannery. The daily capacity is two hundred fifty sides of leather daily, or seventy-five thousand per year; six thousand cords of bark are consumed annually, and employment is given to fifty men. Arthur MoGowan's Carding Mills and Sickle Factory, at the mouth of Limestone run, were important and valuable adjuncts to the farming interests of this part of the county during the period of their operation. The building was considerably damaged by a flood in that stream in 1817. Five Distinct Distilling Establishments were in operation at Milton within a few years after the founding of the town. Moses and Samuel Teas, either in partnership or individually, had two, one of which was situated on Elm . MILTON. 561 street at the south side of Limestone run, and the other on the opposite side of that stream a little farther south. John McKisson's distillery occupied the southwest corner of the grounds of Shimer & Sons' machine shops, and drew its water supply from Eckert's mill race. John Sweney's was situated at the present site of the Milton Steam Tannery. These were all log or frame structures. John A. Schneider's, on the north side of Limestone run near the alley that extends from Center to Mahoning street, was a brick struct- ure of some pretensions, and in its arrangements and appliances was much more commodious than the others. These five distilleries were the earliest established, and were in operation many years. Two others were subsequently added, those of Fleming W. Pollock and John Davidson. Pollock's was built of Red Hill stone on the east side of the canal above Upper Market street, and was subsequently incorporated in a building of the Milton Car Works. Davidson's was on the east side of the canal at the extremity of Lower Market street. There was also a brewery, a large brick building on Mahoning street erected by William Nice and burned in the fire of 1880. Bickel & Bailey, founders and general machinists. Locust and Arch streets, are the present successors to Joseph Ehoads, by whom the first foundry in the vaUey of the West Branch was established in 1830. Nathan Mitchell was associated with Rhoads at the first or within a few years thereafter. It was subsequently operated by John and Jacob K. Trego, and passed to the present firm in 1875. The Milton Roller Mills, Kemerer Brothers, proprietors, were originally erected in 1832 by Fleming W. Pollock and were the first steam flour mills in this section of the State. Elias Bickel succeeded Mr. Pollock, and was followed by W. B. Kemerer. The present firm was formed in 1882, when the roller process was introduced and the builAing enlarged. It has a capacity of fifty barrels of flour per day, with other grain products. Abraham and Isaac Straub's Mills on the island opposite Milton were built in 1834. The proprietors were the inventors of a reaction water wheel, the flrst in the United States, and their lumber and grain mills at this point were quite extensive. Sufiicient fall was obtained by damming the outer channels of the river at the head of the island, but the construction of the Lewisburg dam in 1840 interfered with this to such an extent as to necessi- tate removal to a new location. The mouth of Muddy run, a mile above Mil- ton, was selected, and there the business was continued for some years. John Pattdn's Foundry, established prior to 1840, passed to White, Mer- vine & Lawson and ultimately to John S. Lawson; a variety of agricultural implements was manufactured, also engines, lathes, and mill-gearing, but the works were burned in 1880, and never rebuilt. The Steam Saiv Mills established in 1842 by William McCleery were the first in the valley of the West Branch. The original location was just above Locust street. Some years later Moses Chamberlin, John Runkle, and 562 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Charles Newhard became associated in the business, and a new mill was built on the opposite side of the canal some distance farther north. It was destroyed by fire and rebuilt, and ultimately absorbed by the Milton Car Works. E. F. Colvin's Foundry and Machine Shop was first placed in operation in 1843 by Joseph Sassaman, from whom it was purchased in 1885 by the present proprietor. D. dinger's Planing Mills, Arch street above Locust, established in 1855 by Balliet, Billmyer & Goodlander, were the first in this section of the State and have been continuously operated since their first inception, being almost the only industrial institution of the town that survived the fire of 1880. The present proprietor has operated the mill since 1866. R. F. Wilson & Company's Fly -net Factory, corner of Front street and Ferry lane, was established in 1856 by Robert Wilson, who originated the first machinery for the manufacture of leather fly-nets. His net was also the first patented, and early attained a large sale. Thirty men are employed. W. K. Wertman's Carriage Works were established in 1857 by the pres- ent proprietor on Broadway at the location of the Cathohc church, then occu- pied by the Kirjjpatrick academy building, which constituted the first factory. Here the business was conducted until its destruction by fire in 1880, when it was removed to Arch street. Employment is given to twelve or fifteen men. The Milton Car Works. — The firm of Murray, Dougal & Company was organized and the erection of the Milton Car Works was begun in 1864. During the first years of its existence a number of changes were made in the membership of the firm, which was finally composed of S. W. Murray, William P. Dougal, C. C. McCormick, and John McCleery, who remained associated and conducted the business until the retirement of John McCleery in 1875. C. C. McCormick withdrew in ffi78, and William P. Dougal a few months later in the same year. The business was still continued under the original firm name of Murray, Dougal & Company, and a reorganization of the firm was made in 1880, when C. H. Diokerman and E. C. Carter became associated with S. W. Murray as a limited partnership under the law of 1874. Soon after this reorganization William E. Kramer became a member of the firm and in 1881 E. M. Longmore, and under this organization the firm has existed until the present. The business of the firm has been principally the construction of all kinds of freight cars including oil tank cars, which has been an important branch, and of which they have built a very large number. The firm was engaged also for several years in the construction of iron bridges, but the bridge department of the works was destroyed in the great fire of 1880 and was not rebuilt. They also for a time had a large trade in the construction of oil tanks for storage purposes and also steam boilers. The manufacture of freight cars has, however, been the leading business of the firm, and there is no description of car used in the freight traffic which has not been turned out of the Milton Car Works. MILTON. 563 A large number of their cars have been exported to Cuba and the various countries of South America. The capacity of the works is ten sixty thousand-pound hopper coal cars per day, or three thousand cars per year, and employment is ordinarily given to about four hundred hands, though at times the number has reached nearly five hundred. Those portions of the works which were destroyed by the great fire of 1880 have been replaced by substantial stone and brick buildings, and every department is amply supplied with the most approved machinery and appliances. Connected with the plant is a saw m.ill for the manufacture of the oak lumber used in the business, and sixteen acres of pool for the storage of logs, which are purchased along the Susquehanna river and its tributaries and brought from Muncy dam by the canal. The works are located between the Philadelphia and Erie railroad and the West Branch canal, with a branch from the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad running to the premises, which gives unusual transportation facili- ties. The Milton Iron Company was organized, March 7, 1872, and incor- porated in the same year, with W. A. Schreyer, president; P. C. Johnson, secretary and treasurer; W. A. Schreyer, S. W. Murray, John McCleery, William P. Dougal, and John P. Harris, directors, and John Jenkins, super- intendent. Messrs. Schreyer, Johnson, and Jenkins still retain their re- spective positions. • The original capital was sixty thousand dollars, since increased to one hundred fifty thousand. The works were placed in opera- tion, November 29, 1872. The bar mill is one hundred twenty by eighty feet in dimensions, with a wing of nearly equal area. The plant consists of one fifteen-inch train and one eight-inch train, one gas heating furnace, and one blast heating furnace. There are three double and five single puddling furnaces, and the product of this department is five thousand tons of mer- chant bar iron aimually. The forge occupies a building sixty-five by one hundred thirty feet; it is equipped with three heating furnaces, one upright steam hammer, one helve steam hammer, two cut-ofiE and centering lathes, and boilers over the furnaces which supply steam for the engines and ham- mer. This department is devoted exclusively to the manufacture of car axles and shape- work, with a yearly capacity of ten thousand axles. The company also operates the Williamsport Nail Works. The C. A. Godcharles Company, manufacturers of iron and steel cut nails, spikes, muck bars, etc., was originally organized under the name of C. A. Godcharles & Company in 1875; the constituent members of the last named partnership were M. H. Taggart, S. A. Andrews, Charles D. God- charles, William H. Godcharles, E. A. Bostley, C. A. Bostley, E. Johnson, and C. A. Godcharles. As reorganized in 1888 under the present name 564 HISTORY OF NOETHOMBEELAND COUNTY. the firm is composed of C. A., C. D., J. W., and J. B. Godcharles; the original company controlled also the Northumberland and, Towanda nail works, but since the reorganization the present company has restricted its operations to the works at Milton. These consist of blacksmith, ma- chine, and cooper shops, and were placed in operation in the autumn of 1875. The plant comprises eighty-eight nail machines, nine double and two single puddling furnaces, three heating furnaces, one twenty-inch plate train and one three-high twenty-inch muck train, and employs from three to four hundred operatives. The full capacity is fifty thousand kegs per month, for which fifty tons, respectively, of muck iron and nail plate are required in every period of twenty-four hours. S. J. Shimer & Sons. — In 1872 the senior member of this firm, associ- ated with George Shimer, George Applegate, and C. L. Johnston, established a planing mill at the present location of their works in the Third ward of Milton. Although the business of the firm was the manufacture of lumber almost exclusively, a small machine shop was operated in connection with it, and here a matcher-head was originated by George and S. J. Shimer, for which they secured letters patent. The establishment was burned in the fire of 1880 and rebuilt as a machine shop, and as such it has since been oper- ated, almost entirely in the manufacture of matcher-heads and other special- ties. The main building, thirty-six by one hundred forty feet in dimensions, is thoroughly equipped with engine lathes, planers, shapers, miUers, drills, etc., and in another building, thirty-six by seventy-five feet, are the lathes and planers upon which the heavier product is manufactured. Seventy-five operatives are employed. The matcher-head made here is used in all parts of the United States, in Australia, England, Canada, and elsewhere, and has probably attained a wider circulation than any other of Milton's industrial products. The Milton Manufacturing Company, identical with S. J. Shimer & Sons in ownership and management, was incorporated several years since and buildings were erected between the Philadelphia and Erie and Philadelphia and Beading railroads for the purpose of developing such specialties in the iron trade as should be found advisable. The original idea was never suc- cessfully carried out, however, and it was not until the fall of 1888 that the works were placed in operation under the present managernent. The plant consists of two frame buildings; the smaller is forty-five by one hundred twenty-five feet, with engine room attached, and in this building are four double puddling furnaces and one train of muck iron roUs; the larger build- ing, sixty by two hundred seventy-five feet, contains one heating furnace and a ten-inch train of rolls, with other appliances for a complete rolling mill plant, and washer -cutting machines (originated and patented by Mr. Shimer in 1889) which cut from four to six standard washers at each stroke. The daily capacity is eight tons of plate iron and from ten to twelve thousand MILTON. 565 poimds of finished washers. The number of operatives varies from seventy- five to one hundred. Klapp & Lucas's Carriage Works, Arch and Wakiufc streets, were estab- lished in 1880 by the present proprietors, and receive a fair share of the car- riage trade of the borough and surrounding region. The Milton Steam Boiler Works, Shay & Berry, proprietors, occupy the former location of Lawson's agricultural works. Upper Market, and Arch streets, and were established in 1881. Steam boilers and sheet-iron work of every description are manufactured. Jacob F^etter's Planing Mill, Center street, occupies the former site of a furniture factory, the only building in this part of the town that survived the fire of 1880. When the work of rebuilding was begun it was converted into a planing mill and so used until 1881, when it was destroyed by fire. Two years later a local company erected a building upon this ground for the manu- facture of a patent sash weight, but before its completion the enterprise was abandoned; Mr. Fetter purchased the uncompleted building, transformed it into a planing mill, and has since operated it as such. The Milton Knitting Company was organized and incorporated in 1883. The first officers were W. A. Schreyer, president; H. G. Cohill, secretary and treasurer; W. A. Schreyer, E. F. Wilson, S. J. Shimer, S. L. Finney, A. Cadwallader, M. Lieberman, and Joseph Musser, directors. Operations were begun in February, 1889; the product consists of hosiery exclusively. The present president is S. J. Shimer; secretary and treasurer, A. Cadwallader. Miscellaneous Industrial Establishments include cigar factories, brick yards, etc., which, although relatively small individually, preceptibly increase the capacity of the community to famish employment, and swell the aggregate of local production. The repair shops of the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- road Company employ several hundred men. FLOODS AND FIEES. While immunity from calamity and disaster is the fortunate attribute of a very small number of towns, it is questionable whether there are many that have experienced a visitation of the destructive element to such an extent as Milton in the year 1880. Preceding this were several minor casualties, which may first receive attention. On Saturday, August 9, 1817, the waters of Limestone run, swollen to an unprecedented height by heavy and protracted rains in the region of its sources, swept away the three-arched stone bridge in Front street; the inn of Mr. Hill, occupied by George Nagle ; the dwelling and store house of Arthur McGowan; Mr. Markle's saddler shop; the store house of Daniel E. Bright, and the foundation of his tavern, occupied by Henry Wolfinger; the store house of Moses Teas, and one corner of George Eckert's stone mill. The force of the current was so great that two large mill stones were swept away 566 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and never recovered, and a gravel bar was formed at the mouth of the ruji, extending half-way across the river. Such was the first public calamity ex- perienced by the citizens of Milton. The river flood of 1847 carried away the middle section of the Susque- hanna bridge, and the great flood of March 17, 1865, demolished that struct- ure entirely, flooding the town and doing considerable damage to stores, residences, and streets. On the 1st of June, 1889, a repetition of these experiences occurred; the bridge was again carried away, residences and stores were flooded and their contents seriously damaged, and the water rose to a height never before attained within the recollection of the oldest inhab- itant. The great fire of Friday, May 14, 1880, was one of the most serious dis- asters that ever involved an inland town of the size and population of Milton. It originated in the framing shop of the Milton Car Works, just above Locust street, east of the canal and opposite D. dinger's planing mill, and the alarm was given at fifteen minutes before twelve o'clock by the blowing of the whistles. The day was bright and clear, but a high wind prevailed, and, although when first discovered the fire had just begun, it was rapidly com- municated by the combustible materials of the shops to the dry house and other buildings on the south; burning faggots were carried by the wind directly toward the business and residence portion of the town, and only a few minutes elapsed before several houses and the Lawson and Bickel & Bailey foundries were being rapidly consumed. By this time the alarrn had called out the citizens, and heroic efPorts were being made to suspend the progress of the conflagration. The utter futility of their work became ap- parent when it was seen that the Eeformed and Methodist churches were in flames, and with the increasing volume and velocity of the wind it became evident to the most sanguine that the work of the citizens was utterly inade- quate; telegrams were sent to neighboring places for assistance, and the people, abandoning efforts at united resistance, turned to their houses to save, if possible, their most valuable effects. Families left their homes, carrying with them such things as could be hastily collected, or, in many instances, glad to escape with life and Hmb unimpaired. At one o'clock in the after- noon the entire district lying between Locust and Broadway had been con- sumed, except the west side of Arch and either side of Front above Walnut. The Academy of Music, Associate Reformed, Methodist, Reformed, Presby- terian, and Catholic churches, with a number of residences and stores and several factories, were in ashes. , The desolating element had also included in the theater of its activities that part of the town soiith of Broadway; and soon after the Reformed church was found to be in flames, fire was discovered in the postoffice build- ing on the south side of Lincoln park, occupied by the Western "Union tele- graph office, the Miltonian, etc. Thence the flames spread to the opposite MILTON. 56T side of Front street, and down that street on both sides as far as the bridge, where their progress in that direction was stayed by the action of the wind and the efforts of the firemen. In an easterly direction, from Front street to the railroad, and from Broadway to Lower Market, scarcely a building re- mained except a planing and flouring miU and a few small houses between the canal and railroad at the Mahoning street bridge. Prominent among the buildings destroyed in this part of the town were the Baptist, Lutheran, and Evangelical churches, the Milton^ National Bank building, the principal stores and hotels of the town, with a number of residences and industrial establish- ments. Of the business of the place but two small groceries and one drug store remained. In three hours one hundred twenty-five acres had been burned over, involving a loss of property aggregating in value two million and a quarter dollars, six hundred sixty-five buildings of all kinds were Con- sumed, and six hundred families were rendered homeless. Immediate measures were taken for the relief and comfort of the desti- tute. A relief committee was formed, composed of Rev. S. H. Eeid, J. F. Bucher, George J. Piper, Eobert Eiddle, W. A. Schreyer, W. P. Dougal, J. M. Hedenberg, Alem Dieflenderf er, R. F. Wilson, C. C. Straub, C. H. Dougal, George W. Strine, Moses Chamberlin, 0. W. Tharp, Daniel Weidenhamer, J. F. Wolfinger, W. C. Lawson, A. Cadwallader, George Barclay, S. L. Fin- ney, W. H. Eeber, Cyrus Brown, Jacob Seydell, Frank Bound, and O. B. Nagle, by whom an appeal was issued to the country at large for assistance. This appeal met with a prompt response. Lewisburg and Williamsport were the first to send provisions; the next was a car from Harrisburg, and these, with wagon-loads from the adjoining farming region, supplied the immediate necessities of the people. On Saturday a consignment of tents was received from Harrisburg, and these afforded protection and temporary shelter. Cash contributions to the amount of eighty-seven thousand eight hundred nine- teen dollars, nineteen cents were received from various cities and towns through- out Pennsylvania and adjoining States, and distributed among the sufferers by the fire under awards made by Benjamin S. Bentley, James Gamble, and Samuel Linn, masters in chancery appointed by the court of common pleas of Northumberland county, August 12, 1880. The expenses of this com- mission were deducted from the relief fund, and a small balance, less than a hundred dollars, was placed to the credit of the borough for the benefit of the poor. Assistance from outside sources was also received in the rebuilding of churches, and the legislature made an appropriation to aid the directors in erecting a school building. While the town was thus almost completely demolished, its resources remained substantially unimpaired, and under the energetic efforts of its citizens the work of rebuilding was promptly begun and continued, with such results to the general material, religious, and edu- cational interests of the community as need no amplification here. 568 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES. The following is a list of secret societies, with dates of institution or or- ganization: Milton Lodge, No. 256, F. & A. M., September 13, 1851; Pil- grim's Encampment, No. 160, I. O. O. F., November 18, 1857, and May 17, 1880; Mutual Lodge, No. 84, I. O. O. F., June 1, 1880; Canton Mutual, No- 7, I. O. O. F., August 17, 1886; Henry Wilson Post, No. 129, G. A. E., April 12, 1881; Hepburn Pollock Camp, No. 21, S. of V., July 6, 1883; Washing- ton Camp, No. 188, P. O. S. of A., March 19, 1886; Milton Castle, No. 265, K. G. E., April 3, 1889; West Branch Council, No. 414, Jr. O. U. A. M., March 12, 1890. CHUECHES. The earliest religious services in the immediate vicinity of Milton of which there is any well authenticated account were held by a minister of the Eeformed church on the west bank of the river. They were attended by the families of Andrew Straub and others, who crossed the river in boats. The clergyman was from Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. St. Joseph's Catholic Church had its origin immediately after the close of the Eevolutionary war, and is the oldest parish in the valley of the West Branch. Although its early history is largely traditional, it is well authen- ticated that a rude log building was erected for religious purposes and some interments made on the farm of Martin KiefEer by the Catholics of Turbut township as early as 1787, and before the Lidian troubles of the frontier had subsided. A missionary priest would occasionally visit the settlement to cele- brate Mass, instruct and baptize the children, and preach the word of God to the little congregation, thus keeping alive the spark of Catholic faith in the hearts of these pioneer families. Among the pioneers of this faith at Milton and in the adjoining country districts were the families of Martin Kieffer and sons, John and Martin, Morris Lawrence, Jacob Spring, and the Buoys, Cauls, McGees, O'Donnells, Eiifles, Avels, Fillmans, Gibsons, McBrides, McEl- ameys, Murphys, Schells, Shadmans, Divels, Walters, Wolfingers, Yoegys> and others. The heads of these families were principally natives of Ireland and Germany, who had left the land of their forefathers to escape both religious and political persecution. Many of them died here and were buried in St. Joseph's cemetery, two miles east of Milton. Four acres of ground for parochial and burial purposes were finally deeded to Eev. Francis Neale of Georgetown, D. C, by John and Margaret Kieffer, May 13, 1805, adjoining the site of the primitive log church in which the congregation first worshiped, and early in the present century a more' pretentious log structure replaced the old building. The timbers were cut and prepared on Montour ridge by Jacob Spring, and hauled to their desti- nation by John, Dennis, Peter, and Daniel Caul, Dennis Buoy, and other members of the congregation. The building was in the form of a square, MILTON. 569 ■with the entrance on the northwest, the altar opposite, and a gallery over the entrance. In due time it was dedicated, and placed under the patronage of St. Joseph, by Rev. Francis Neale, who also consecrated the cemetery on the same occasion. A brick parochial residence was afterward erected by Rev. John Fitzpatrick, and many years later an orchard was planted in the north- em part of the grounds; of the church and residence scarcely a vestige remaitis, but the orchard is still in a flourishing condition. Jacob Spring was the most munificent benefactor of St. Joseph's church, and his memory should forever be held in grateful remembrance by the Catholics of the West Branch valley. On the 13th of September, 1836, he deeded to Et. Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, bishop of Philadelphia, a farm of two hundred twelve acres in Chillisquaque township, the annual income derived therefrom to be devoted to the maintenance of the pastor of St. Joseph's church. About one half of this farm is under cultivation, and to the wise foresight of its generous donor St. Joseph's largely owes its present prosperity. Mr. Spring also bequeathed at his death sufficient means to build a stone wall around the graveyard, which project was afterward car- ried out. The priests who first officiated here were from Philadelphia, and the Jesuit Mission of Conewago, Adams county, Pennsylvania. About the year 1820 Harrisburg became a parish, and included this congregation in its field of labors. Subsequently it was attached to Pottsville, and about 1825 Rev. John Fitzpatrick was appointed the first resident pastor of St. Joseph's church. The following is a list of the successive pastors since Father Fitzpat- rick: Reverends Father Curtin, EdwardMaginniss, Father McGlorian, JohnC. Flannigan, Father Fitzsimmons (under whose pastorate the first church at Milton was erected in 1844), Father O'Keefe, John Hannigan, Father Kin- ney, Basil Shorb, Michael Sheridan, George Gostenschnigg (who died while pastor. May 2, 1860), M. Muhlberger, Emil Stenzel, J. J. Koch, Emil Stenzel, M. A. O'Neill, Thomas J. Fleming, Louis Grotemeyer, W. F. MoElhenny, and H. G. Ganss, the present incumbent, who became pastor, November 14, 1881. For more than half a century the congregation continued to hear Mass and have the Gospel preached to them in the successive log churches on the KiefEer farm. But when a new church finally became a necessity it was de- cided to erect it at Milton, as a more convenient and desirable location. Father Fitzsimmons was then pastor, and in 1844 a site was purchased and a church erected thereon, at the brow of the hill on the north side of Broad- way, a short distance northeast of the old Milton Academy. It was a plain brick structure two stories high, costing twelve hundred dollars, and was the place of worship until its destruction by fire. May 14, 1880. A temporary frame building was then erected and occupied until the completion of the present church. On the 1st of March, 1882, Father Ganss bought the prop- 570 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. erty previously known as the old academy hill, lying south and east of the brick parochial residence built by his predecessor, and upon the exact site of the academy he erected the present handsome church at a total expense of about ten thousand dollars. The corner-stone was laid by Bishop Shanahan, September 3, 1882, and its dedication took place, September 23, 1883, Bishop Shanahan officiating, assisted by Eeverends McBride, Koch, McGovern, O'Neill, and Ganss. Father Ganss subsequently laid out the grounds in lawns and terraces, and the property is now one of the handsomest in Milton. All this was accomplished under the most trying difficulties, but with in- domitable zeal and perseverance Father Ganss carried the project to a suc- cessful completion. The interior of the church is a perfect gem in design and finish, and the whole building is in thorough harmony with the best and most approved ideas of English Gothic architecture. It is conspicuously lo- cated on the old acaderay hill, one of the most historic spots in Milton, and around which cluster many of the tenderest ties and most sacred memories of pioneer days. The Protestant Episcopal Church erected the first place of worship at Milton. There were a number of English families in the vicinity of the town at an early date, among them those of John Covert, WilHam Hull, Joseph Marr, — McOurley, Samuel Stadden, and Matthias Webb, who, with the fam- ilies of Hepburn, Eittenhouse, Seydell, and others in the village were early organized as a parish. In May, 1793, Matthias Webb appeared at the dioc- esan convention in Philadelphia as their representative with a petition requesting that Caleb Hopkins might be appointed minister of " Christ church in Turb;ut township." But as Mr. Hopkins had never studied the Greek and Latin languages, his qualifications were not deemed sufficient, and a committee was appointed to make further inquiry regarding his character and ability. At the convention in the following year Bernard Hubley appeared as delegate from Christ church in Derry township and Christ church in Turbut township, and repeated the request for Mr. Hopkins's services as rector. The committee having reported favorably, Mr. Hopkins was accordingly ordained. He re- sided at that time or at a date several years later at Bloomsburg, Columbia county; East street in that town was laid out by him, and was known for some years under the local name of Hopkinsville. He is represented as a man of tall and portly form, and although not a classical scholar, his dis- courses were often eloquent. His field of labor included that large part of Northumberland, Montour, and Columbia counties embraced between th© North and West Branches of the Susquehanna, with preaching places at half a dozen points, and to his work is justly due the honor of having estab- lished the churches of his denomination in this section of the State. On the 18th of August, 1795, Joseph Marr donated to Matthias Webb, Samuel Stadden, and John Covert, trustees of the Turbut or Milton "Christ Church," a small field from his farm for the double purpose of a church site MILTON. 571 and burial ground. A small log church edifice was erected thereon, with gallery, and pulpit of the style then in vogue, This was situated onMarr's lane, the boundary of the borough as, erected in 1817, and at the site of, the present Lincoln Street school house. It was just beyond the original north- ern limits of the borough, but may properly be regarded as a Milton church, although Mr. Hopkins occasionally preached in the afternoon under the trees on the bant of the river above Broadway to a promiscuous congregation com- ■ posed of his regular attendants at morning service and other residents of the' village. The Marr's lane church was occupied until the year 1849, when a brick edifice was erected on the north side of Upper Market street on a lot of ground donated for the purpose by Koland McCurley of Union county. Rev. B. Wistar Morris was pastor at the time, and the dedication occurred, July 17, 1849, Bishop Potter officia,ting. This was jthe only church edifice that was not destroyed in the great fire of 1880, and was appropriated to the use of the Ladies' Relief Committee during the period of destitution that followed that calamity. In the year 1820 Mr. Hopkins was succeeded by Rev. Elijah D. Plumb,r- who remained until 1826, and from that date the succession of rectors has- been as follows: James Depui, 1826-34; Isaac W. Smith, 1835-36; Joshua Weaver, 1844; B. Wiatar Morris, 1847^9; John G. Eurey, 1850; William White Montgomery, 1,853;, J. W. Gougler, 1858; John G. Furey, 1861-63; Lewis W. Gibson, 1863-64; R. HiU Browne, 1865; J. H. Hobart MiUet, Charles A. Vandyke, 1868; George F. Rosenmiller, 1872-73; B. R. Phelps, 1874; George. P. Rosenmiller, 1875-76; Charles L. Newbold, 1876; M. Karcher, 1877; W. H. Johnson, 1881; M. W. Christman, 1890, present incumbent. At various times throughout its history the parish has been without established pastoral service and dependent on. the diocesan mission- ary or the clergy of neighboring parishes for preaching and the administra- tion of the sacraments. Methodist Episcopal. — The itinerant system of this denomination is well adapted to the extension and sustentation of its organizations in sparsely settled districts, and hence at an early period in the history of the church in this section its enterprising clergy had penetrated the valley, of the West Branch and established small but permanent societies. One of these was at Milton, but the exact date of its organization and its constituent membership can not be ascertained, although it is known that the family names of Bennett, Buoy, Chamberlin, Clark, Covert, Cowden, Crouse, Evans, Forest, Gillespie, Goodlander, Harris, Henry, Hetherington, Hougendobler, HufE, Jones, Kepler, Longan, Markle,. Mears, Mervine, Murdock, Moody, Patterson, Randolph,, Reeder, Strine, Tharp, Sweney, Trego, Wheeland, White, Wilson, Woods, etc., were conspicuous in the early records, although few of them. are repre- sented at the present day. The first services were held at private houses, and the introduction of 572 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Methodism therefore antedates the year 1796, when the first school house of the town was erected. From that time until 1807 this school building was occupied; in the latter year upon ground donated by Andrew Straub a one- story log church was built on the north side of Lower Market street, and the first ministers who preached here were Eeverends Nicholas Willis and Joel Smith. This was the place of worship during the ensuing thirty years, and in a burial ground at the rear many of the older members were interred. The location of the building was somewhat elevated, and as the eastern wall was only partially constructed, there was an open space beneath the floor, in which it is related that a flock of sheep sometimes retired on sultry summer Sundays, confounding the eloquence of the pulpit in a manner scarcely less exasperating than amusing. The story is also told of a clergyman from Virginia, who remarked the number of dogs in the audience and the absence of children, admonishing his hearers that the canine element might well be dispensed with entirely and much more attention bestowed upon the juvenile portion of humanity. These incidents may serve to illustrate the humorous features of the somewhat uneventful current of religious life in an inland village half a century ago. But the growth of the congregation at length exceeded the capacity of this old church, and in 1837 it was sold to B. Bowers, by whom the materials were removed and converted iiito a dwelling house on the north side of Lower Market street, which was burned in 1880. A one-story brick church was built on the ground now occupied by Center street where it crosses Fil- bert on the east side of the canal; there was a basement beneath, in which the Sunday school was conducted, and here the congregation worshiped twenty-one years. In 1859 the lot was sold to the borough authorities, and in the same year the third church edifice of this congregation was built on Arch street above Broadway on the lot subsequently occupied by the resi- dence of John J. Fausnaught. In the construction of the second edifice Thomas Evans had been chairman of the building committee and the moving spirit; in the erection of the third this position devolved upon Moses Cham- berlin. The latter building was substantially constructed of brick, two stories in height, without tower or dome, and was the place of worship until destroyed by the fire of May 14, 1880, a period of twenty-one years. As it was thought that a more central location was desirable a site was secured on the east side of Front street below Center, and in the summer of 1880 the erection of the present church edifice was begun thereon. It is a stone structure in the Gothic style of architecture, ample in extent, and conveniently adapted to the various purposes of a large congregation. The chapel was dedicated November 27, 1881, Bishop Andrews, Eeverends Swallow and Yocum, offi- ciating. William K. Wertman, S. W. Murray, and Moses Chamberlin were largely instrumental in the success of this enterprise. The Northumberland circuit, embracing the entire West Branch valley MILTON. 573 with other extensive territory, was formed on the 6th of May, 1791, at a meeting of the Methodist Episcopal conference at Baltimore, Maryland. Milton circuit was formed in 1841, and this church became a station in 1853. Under these different arrangements the following clergymen have preached in this part of the county and at Milton at the respective dates: 1791, Eioh- ard Parrott, Lewis Browning; 1792, James Campbell, William Colbert; 1793, James Campbell, James Paynter; 1794, Robert Mauley, John Broadhead; 1795, James Ward, Stephen Tinmous ; 1796, James Seward, Eichard Sneath; 1797, John Lackey, Daniel Higby; 1798, John Lackey, John Leach; 1799, James Moore, Benjamin Ridlack, Daniel Stevens ; 1800, Ephraim Chambers, Edward Larkins, Asa Smith; 1801, Johnson Dunham, Gilbert Carpenter; 1802, Anning Owen, James Aikens; 1803, Daniel Ryan, James Ridgeway; 1804, Thomas Adams, Gideon Draper; 1805, Christopher Fry, James Saun- ders; 1806, Robert Biirch, John Swartzwelder; 1807, Nicholas Willis, Joel Smith; 1808, Thomas Curren, John Rhodes; 1809, Timothy Lee, Loving Grant; 1810, Abraham Dawson, Isaac Puffer; 1811, B. G. Paddock, J. H. Baker, R. Lanning; 1812, George Thomas, Ebenezer Doolittle; 1813, Joseph Kinkead, Israel Chamberlin; 1814, John Hazzard, Abraham Dawson; 1815, Renaldo M. Everetts, Israel Cook; 1816, John Thomas, Alpheus Davis; 1817, Benjamin Ridlack, Peter Baker; 1818, Gideon Lanning, Abraham Dawson; 1819, John Rhodes, Darius Williams; 1820, John Rhodes, Israel Cook; 1821, Marmaduke Pearce, John Thomas; 1822, John Thomas, Mor- decai Barry; 1823, Jacob R. Shepherd, Mordecai Barry; 1824, R. Oadden, P. McCartney, E. Bond; 1825, Robert Cadden, Richard Bond; 1826, John Thomas, George Hildt; 1827, John Thomas, David Shaver; 1828, Charles Kallfuss, William James; 1829, James W. Dunahay, Josiah Forest; 1830, James W. Dimahay, Alfred B. Eskridge; 1831, David Shaver; 1832, Mar- maduke Pearce, Isaiah Forest; 1833, Isaiah Forest, J. Reed, Jr. ; 1834, Henry Tarring, Oliver Ege; 1835, Henry Tarring, J. Guyer, R. Beers, T. Myers; 1836, Charles Kallfuss, J. T. Chaney; 1837, Charles Kallfuss, John Hall; 1838-39, James Sanks, Ira T. Stratton; 1840, Thomas Taneyhill, William Hirst; 1841, Thomas TaneyhiU, James W. Miles — John Bowen, William Hirst; 1842, John Bowen, Thomas M. Reese; 1843, George Guyer, George A. Coffey; 1844, George Guyer, Alfred Wiles; 1845, Alem Brittain, E. T. Busey; 1846, Alem Brittain, J. W. Tongue; 1847, H. G. Dill, J. J. Pearce; 1848, H. G. Dill, B. B. Hamline; 1849, M. G. Hamilton, David Castleman; 1850, M. G. Hamilton, John Moorhead; 1851-52, P. B. Reese; 1853-54, J, S. McMurray; 1855, Franklin Dyson; (Milton circuit: 1853, John Stine, S. Barnes; 1854, Thomas Taneyhill, C. C. Maybee; 1855, Thomas Taneyhill, Franklin Dyson); 1856-57, S. Barnes; 1858-59, P. Eescorl; 1860-61, John W. Langley; 1862-63, Eeuben Wilson; 1864^65, George W. Cooper; 1866 -67, S. W. Sears; 1868-69, E. W. Kirby; 1870-72, William A. Houck; 1873 -74, S. C. Swallow; 1876-77, A. D. Yocum; 1878-80, A. M. Barnitz; 1881, 574: HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. William C. Robbing; 1882-84, Samuel Creighton; 1885-87, John B. Pols- grove; 1888, Eichard Hinkle, present pastor. Presbyterian Church. — There was a considerable Presbyterian element among the early population of Milton and vicinity, connected with the organ- izations of Warrior Run and Chillisquaque, of which the Rev. John Bryson became the first regular pastor in 1789. After the erection of a school house at Milton he began to preach there occasionally, but it was not until the year 1806, ten years after these services were begun, that arrangements were made for their regular continuance. In this movement James P. Sanderson appears to have been the active spirit; he formulated a subscription paper for the support of preaching "every other Sabbath for one year from this date" (April 17, 1806), and in this manner the sum of sixty-two dollars, fifty cents was pledged by the following persons : John Armstrong, John Brady, Cal- hoon & Cowden, John Chestnut, David Derickson, John Gillespie, Elizabeth Gallagher, Robert Gray, Edith Hepburn, John Hetherington, James Humes, James Hutchinson, Polly Housel, Jane Irwin, Samuel Jordan, Henry Kirk, James McCord, Arthur McGowan, James Miller, Isaac Osmond, William and Thomas Pollock, John Quin, Ezekiel and James P. Sanderson, James Ser- inger, Daniel Smith, Robert Taggart, Moses Teas, and Bethuel Vincent. It is probable that this list includes all the Presbyterians of the town, and also others without the pale of that church. In the following year the subscrip- tion paper was again circulated, and the following new names appear: Guy an Arthur, John Davison, John L. Finney, Philip Goodman, James Moodie, George Searles, and Samuel H. Wallis. Mr. Bryson continued to preach at Milton under this arrangement, probably until 1812, and was connected with religious and educational work in this and adjoining comities until his death, August 3, 1855. In 1810 Rev. Thomas Hood succeeded him, and in 1811, with the approbation of Nprthumberland Presbytery, he organized a church at Milton, of which James P. Sanderson, Lazarus Finney, and Arthur Mc- Gowan, the first elders, were installed, December 3, 1811. The school houses on Lower Market street and Broadway and the Episcopal church in Marr's lane were the places of worship until 1817, when the Pres- byterians united with the Lutheran and Reformed congregations in the erec- tion of Harmony church. This was abandoned in 1832, and from that time until 1838 the Baptist and Associate Reformed churches were occupied. On the 29th of August, 1836, a congregational meeting was held to devise meas- ures for the erection of a church building, and a committee was appointed to solicit stibscriptions, but the movement subsided without definite results. It was renewed at a congregational meeting on the 8th of August, 1837, and pushed to a successful consummation; July 29, 1838, a one-story brick edifice on Front street above Broadway was dedicated, and in this building the con- gregation worshiped until 1856, when it was superseded by a two-story brick edifice oh the same site, dedicated August 16, 1857. This was burned MILTON, 1 in the fire of May 14, 1880. Services were then held under a tent on Upper Market street, in the Episcopal church, the building of J. E. Smith & Com- pany, and the armory on Upper Market street, successively, until the 25th of June, 1882, when the first service was held in the lecture room of the pres- ent church edifice, and on the 21st of January, 1883, the audience room was occupied for the first time. This is a stone structure; the main entrance is on Walnut street, and the spire rises to the height of over one hundred fifty feet. The entire cost was forty-two thousand dollars, and the dedication oc- curred, November 20, 1887, Eeverends E. F. Sample, D.D., and E. M. Pat- terson, D.D., officiating. Eev. Thomas Hood was installed as pastor of this church, October 7, 1812, and dismissed, April 21, 1835; James Williamson, installed, November 27, 1838, was dismissed, October 8, 1845; David Longmore, D. D., installed, November 17, 1846, was dismissed, April 16, 1854; James C. Watson, D. D., installed, December 14, 1854, died, August 31, 1880; S. Henry Bell, installed, February 22, 1882, was dismissed, April 17, 1889; W. P. Breed, present pas- tor, was installed, February 10, 1890. The following is a list of elders, with dates of ordination or installation, and of death or removal from other cause: James P. Sanderson, December 3,1811, died, September 2, 1852; Lazarus Finney, December 3, 1811, died, 1833; Arthur McGowan, December 3, 1811, died, December 24, 1838; Eob- ert Gray, August 14, 1819, ceased to act, 1843 ; William Nesbit, August 14, 1819, died, 1863; Joseph Marr,May 17, 1827, died, August, 1881; William L. Housel, May 17, 1827; Thomas Candor, May 17, 1827; John Vandyke, May 17, 1827, ceased to act, November 27, 1838; Thomas Pollock, July 25, 1839; Joseph Bound, July 25, 1839, died. May 12, 1873; John Sample, No- vember 23, 1839, ceased to act. May 20, 1849; John Murray, November 16, 1849, died, July 8, 1866; Eobert Candor, November 16, 1849, died, January 10, 1881; Eobert Hayes, November 16, 1849, ceased to act. May 2, 1863; John Finney, April 29, 1859, died, July 3, 1877; William C. Lawson, April 29, 1859; David Krauser, April 29, 1859, died, August 11, 1875; William Stedden, April 29, 1859, died, November 7, 1889 ; Samuel McMahan, January 14, 1871, ceased to act, September 29, 1876; Samuel Oaks, January 14, 1871, died, January 3, 1887; Spencer L. Finney, January 14, 1871; Isaac D. Kase, March 29, 1885, died, February 12, 1888; Eobert M. Longmore, March 29, 1885. William C. Lawson, Spencer L. Finney, and Eobert M. Longmore constitute the present session. St. John's Reformed Church. — It has been stated that the first religious services in the immediate vicinity of Milton of which there is any record were held by a Eeformed minister. This denomination was early represented among the German element, and although there is no record of the organiza- tion it was doubtless among the first religious bodies that secured regular pastoral services. The school house on Lower Market street was the first 576 HISTORY OF NORTHDMBEBLAND COUNTY. place of worship. In 1807, uniting with the Lutherans, a small one-story log house on the south side of Mahoning street was purchased for school and church purposes, and here the Eev. Justus Henry Fries and other early Be- formed preachers conducted worship and administered the sacraments agree- ably to the usages of their church. In 1817, neither the Presbyterian, Reformed, or Lutheran congregations being strong enough numerically or financially to undertake the erection of a church edifice individually, they united in the construction of a union church building near the foot of the hill at the eastern end of Mahoning street. In this movement Daniel E. Bright was the leading spirit; associated with him as building trustees were Adam Follmer and Adam Gundekunst, and under their supervision the carpenter work was done by Conrad Heniy, and the stone and brick work by James Shearer and John Snyder. The corner-stone was laid, October 5, 1817, by the Eeverends Hood, Repass, and Fries, in the presence of Lutheran, Eeformed, and Presbyterian people. The work did not progress very rapidly, however, and it was not until the 23d and 24th of May, (Sxmday and Monday), 1819, that Harmony church was dedicated. At that time the Eeformed congregation was fully organized with Christian Markle as elder and Joseph Ehoads as deacon, and Mr. Fries became its regularly in- stalled pastor. As thus completed. Harmony church was a large two-story brick edi- fice, fronting toward the west, and surmounted by a cupola and bell. Spacious galleries extended around three sides of the church; the pulpit was at the east side, made of beautiful carved work, and elevated considerably. There were four entrances, two oh the west and one each on the north and south. The completion of , so expensive a work of architecture as this was considered at that day left the joint owners a debt of several thousand dollars, for the liquidation of which resort was had to a lottery. The tickets were sold at three dollars; but from various causes the necessary amount was not realized. This was in 1822, and in the month of June of that year, while the lottery scheme was being energetically pushed, a singular natural phenomenon occurred. On the afternoon of a clear day a small cloud was observed to rise in the west; it crossed above the town, and without any of the other accompaniments of a storm a single flash of lightning struck the steeple of Harmony church, tearing a crooked furrow in the plastering of the southeast side from the ceiling to the floor. This was regarded by many as an indication of divine displeasure at the discord then prevailing among the three churches, and disapproval of the methods resorted to in raising money. At all events, the lottery was abandoned; the Lutheran and Reformed churches paid the debt in 1827, and instituted civil proceedings to compel the Presbyterians to contribute their share, obtaining judgment in the sum of one thousand two hundred sixty-two dollars. On the 27th of January, 1831, the interest of the Presbyterians was sold at sheriff's sale and pur- ^ti^-«a-:^,;igA'A'^/J'«nWi''/^''-'-' MILTON. 579 chased by Adam Follmer for eight hundred dollars. The Eeformed and Lutheran congregations thus secured exclusive possession, and for nearly a score of years were the joint occupants of the church, during which period the name was somewhat more appropriate than during its previous history. In 1850 the Lutherans withdrew, and from that date the Eeformed congre- gation owned and occupied the church individually until 1866. At a congregational meeting in January, 1866, the desire for the erection of a new church edifice was formally expressed by the appointment of a building committee composed of Levi Truckenmiller, William H. Frymire, J. M. Follmer, Charles Newhard, Aaron Keber, John Houtz, and Jacob Houtz. The consistory at that time consisted of WiUiam H. Frymire, Charles New- hard, Jacob M. Follmer, and Levi Balliet, elders; deacons: John J. Faus.- naught, William D. Snyder, Simon Gheris, and Aaron Keber. The corner- stone was laid. May 17, 1866, and the dedication occurred on the 18th of November following. The materials of the old church were largely utilized, and the new building, two stories high and constructed of brick, occupied the same site as the present place of worship on the west side of Arch street above Broadway. It was destroyed in the fire of May 11, 1880. July 24, 1881, the comer-stone of a new church was laid; Charles Newhard, Israel Scott, Levi Balliet, John Houtz, Peter Eangler, and Eev. S. B. Schafer, the pastor, constituted the building committee. This edifice was completed in due time, but owing to defective construction it was removed in 1887. The corner-stone of the present church was laid on the 4th of September, 1887,. and the basement was used for the first time on the first Sunday in May, 1888. This is a handsome brick structure with a seating capacity of eight hundred, and cost seventeen thousand dollars. The Eev. Justus Henry Fries continued to serve this church as pastor until 1823. He was followed by Samuel Gutelius, 1824r-27; Henry Wagner, 1827-3^; Daniel Gring, 1835- 46; Ephraim Kieffer, English colleague to Mr. Gring, 1840-44, followed by Henry Harbaugh, 1844—46, when he succeeded to the pastorate entirely and remained until 1849; Edwin M. Long, 1849-52; Albert G. Dole, 1853-65; Samuel H. Eeid, 1866-73; F. F. Bahner, 1873-77; S. B. Schafer, 1878-82; F. C. Yost, 1883-89; D. W. Ebbert, 1890, present pastor. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Among the first Lutherans at Milton were the families of Augstadt, Bastian, Beckley, Beidleman, Bright, Burrman, Kreitzer, Dressier, Egner, Eckbert, Fidler, Follmer, Freed, Gehrig, Goodman, Haller, Hartman, Hill, Kohr, Leib, Markle, Morrison, Noriconk, Overpeck, Peeler, Peterman, Eobins, Schreyer, Stine, Strine, Swenk, Trout, Wilhelm, Wolfinger, etc. The first clergy of this denomination who held services at Milton were traveling preachers who visited this part of the State at irregular and infrequent intervals, and their first place of worship was the school house erected on Lower Market street in 1796. After the Broadway school house was built it became the meeting place. In 1807, uniting with 33 580 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the Eeformed congregation, a small one-story log house on the south side of Mahoning street was purchased for school and church purposes; but the school was not a success, although occasional worship was conducted here by the Eeverends Eyer, Stock, and Engle. In 1817 the Lutherans were repre- sented by Adam FoUmer in the building committee of Harmony church, and at its dedication. May 23, 1819, they were regularly organized as a church with Philip H. Shreyer as elder, John Hill as deacon, and Eev. Philip Ee- pass as pastor. When the interest of the Presbyterians in Harmony church was sold it was purchased by Adam Follmer, a member of this church, for the Lutheran and Eeformed congregations, who worshiped there until 1850, when the former disposed of their interest and erected a two-story brick edi- fice on the south side of Mahoning street near the central part of the town. It was dedicated. May 4, 1851. In 1868 this was sold to the Evangelical church. On Sunday, August 25, 1867, the corner-stone of a new church had been laid at the southeast corner of Mahoning and Second streets, and on the 1st of November, 1868, the lecture room of this edifice was dedicated. It was a brick building, erected at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, and was justly regarded as one of the most commodious churches in central Penn- sylvania. The fire of May 14, 1880, having destroyed this building, the pastor, Eev. W. H. Gotwald, called a meeting of the council three days later, at which it was resolved to undertake at once the work of rebuilding. Assistance from the church at large was generously given in the sum of five thousand five hundred thirty-three dollars, twenty-two cents ; the Lower Market Street and Center Street school buildings were occupied imtil May 13, 1881, when the first service was held in the lecture room of the new church. The architect was C. Gr. Wetzel, the contractor, Charles Krug, and the cost, ten thousand dollars. The lecture room was dedicated. May 15, 1881 ; the first service was held in the audience room, March 19, 1882, and on the 26th of that month it also was dedicated. The first regular pastor was Eev. Philip Eepass, who resided in Union county and preached at Milton only at long intervals. His successor, Eev. F. Waage, was the first resident pastor at Milton; his field of labor included also Williamsport, Turbutville, FoUmer's, Muncy, Chillisquaque, Strawberry Eidge, and Hall's. He had charge three years, 1826-29, and from that date the pastoral succession has been as follows: William Garman, 1829-30; C. P. Miller, 1831-33; J. G. Anspach, June 19, 1836, to June, 1837; C. F. Stoever, September 2, 1837, to 1842; Eli Swartz, 1842-44; Frederick Euthrauf, April 1, 1845, to November, 1850; J. J. Eeimensnyder, April 17, 1851, to April 1, 1854; C. C. Culler, June 30, 1854, until death, August 19, 1860; T. T. Titus, March, 1861, to April, 1863; S. P. Spreecher, May, 1863, to April, 1865; George Parsons, July 1, 1865, to October 1, 1868; U. Graves, October 2, 1868, to September 24, 1870; A. Buhrman, April, 1871, to 1873; MILTON. 581 W. H. Gotwald, May 1, 1873, to 1887; J. M. Beimensnyder, present pastor, assumed charge in 1887. Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized, July 5, 1888, at the Milton opera house, with about one hundred members, of whom the fol- lowing were elected as of&cers: Peter Oliphant, Edward Hoy, elders; Will- iam Wetzel, Charles Gast, John Noriconk, Thomas Brooks, deacons. Bev. J. A. Flickinger, then of West Sandlake, New York, preached his first ser- mon to this congregation, July 8, 1888; he accepted a call to become its pastor in September, removed to Milton November 27th, and assumed the pastoral functions December 1st of the same year. The congregation wor- shiped at the opera house during the erection of the present church edifice on Center street east of Elm, of which the corner-stone was laid, February 27, 1889, and the dedication occurred on the 6th of October following. It is a brick building, with Sunday school rooms in the rear; the audience room has galleries at the front and sides, and a seating capacity of eight hundred. The Associate Eeformed Church was organized in 1818 by Bev. George Junkin, and included among its membership the families of Pollock, Arthur, Davison, Dieffenderfer, Dougal, Fleming, Hepburn, Hutchinson, Kelchner, Landisj Mackey, Marr, Eittenhouse, Bhoads, Seibert, Teas, Tweed, Yanlew, etc., most of whom had previously been connected with the Presbyterian church and separated from it because of a preference for Bouse's version of the Psalms and various other considerations. The school houses of the town and the Episcopal church were the first places of worship. In 1820 a frame church edifice was built in Church lane, now called Filbert street, and the first meeting therein was held, January 19, 1821. This received the name of Shiloh church. In 1854 it was sold to the Philadelphia and Erie Bailroad Company, and a brick edifice was erected on Walnut street at a cost of nine thousand dollars. 'J' Bev. George Junkin, the first pastor, and the first resident clergyman at Milton, resigned in 1830, and was succeeded by the following ministers: William Wilson, 1831-36; John McKinley, 1837-39; J. A. Crawford, 1840- 45; Matthew Smith, 1847-48; W. H. T. Wylie, 1854-65. From the latter date there was no regular pastor. The church edifice erected in 1854 was burned in 1880 and the site was sold- to the Presbyterians. And thus this church, for many years a prominent factor in the religious life of the town, ceased to exist. The Milton Baptist Church originated in the labors of the Bev. Eugenio Kincaid, a missionary of that church who visited this place in 1826 while on a preaching tour through the West Branch region. There was then but one membei* of his church here, Miss Susanna Thomas, but Mr. Kincaid at once entered upon the work of preaching, and on the 25th of August, 1826, organ- ized a society with nine members, viz., Eugenio Kincaid and Almy his wife, WiUiam Thomas and Catherine his wife, Susanna Thomas, Nathan and 582 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Martha Delany, Sarah Watts, and Harriet Geddis. The first service of bap- tism by immersion in the Susquehanna at this point occurred on Sunday, September 10, 1826, immediately after the morning sermon, when the mis- sionary pastor baptized his recent converts in the presence of a large con- course of people assembled on the river banks. The first deacons of this church, James Moore, Sr., and William Thomas, were ordained in August, 1832. , The first church building, a plain one-story brick building of medium size, with steeple and bell, was built in 1829 on the west side of Church lane (Filbert street), upon ground donated for the purpose by James Moore, and served as a place of worship until 1868. In that year a two-story brick edifice was erected at the southeast corner of Elm and Center streets. It was burned in 1880, and was succeeded by the present church building, a brick structure with tower in front, one of the most substantial and attractive places of worship in the borough. The following is a list of pastors since the organization of the church: Eugenio Kincaid, 1826-30; George Higgins, 1830-34; Thomas B. Brovm, 1835-37; David C. Wait, 1838-89; Collms Hewitt, 1840-45; Joel E. Brad- ley, 1846-52; Howard Malcolm, D. D., president of Bucknell University, 1853-56; Thomas F. Curtis, D. D., professor in Bucknell University, 1856— 63; James Parker, T. E. Clapp, and WiHiam B. Thomas, 1864^68; A. C. Wheat, 1868-70; Joseph Green Miles, 1871-78; E. C. Houck, A. H. Em- mons, and W. C. McNaul, present pastor. Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, as an organized body, dates from the year 1849, when the old Broadway school house was purchased and removed to its present location on the hill east of the railroad; there it has since been the place of worship for this congregation. Traveling clergymen had occasionally visited Milton prior to the date given, but the society did not enjoy the advantages of regular pastoral care until the arrival of the Eev. Philip Lum, who has been succeeded by the following ministers : Reverends Jacob Trusty, Shadrach Golding, Samuel Gray, J. P. Laws, John Scott, John Carter, Basle Macall, Joseph Sinclair, John Carter, John Cox, John Ander- son, Isaac Coleman, Charles Wallis, Mr. Spence, H. H. BasMston, James Barnes, James Henry, John Price, Bluford Powell, Taylor Brown, Mitchell, Tillman, Dangerfield, Ephraim Frisbee, and John H. Williams, present pastor. The Evangelical Association established a mission at Milton in 1866 under the Eev. Samuel Davis, who labored here for two years with marked success in the old Lutheran church on Mahoning street. A society was reg- ularly organized in the spring of 1869 under Eev. J. M. Pines. In 1870 a lot of ground on Lower Market street was purchased for a church site, and a log house thereon fitted up for temporary occupation as a place of worship. This was removed in 1872, and the erection, of a frame church building, forty by seventy -four feet in dimensions, was begun ; it was dedicated, January 31, 1875, MILTON. 583 by Bishop Eudolph Dubs, and at that time the society numbered eighty-four members. This church was burned, May 14, 1880; the erection of the present edifice was at once begun, and it was dedicated, December 18, 1881. The fol- lowing is a list of pastors: Reverends Samuel Davis, J. M. Pines, A. H. Irvin, Henry B. Hertzler, Adam W. Schenberger, S. P. Eemer, Henry A. Stoke, J. A. Irvin, C. W. Pinkbinder, A. H. Irvin, and G. W. Curran, the present pastor. Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church was organized in 1878 by Rev. WiUiam Williamson, and worshiped until the fire of 1880 in a warehouse on Broadway at the canal. Then for two years their services were held at the house of Edward Carter, and after several years' effort the present frame church edifice was erected on Willow street. The trustees in 1881 were Edward Carter, James Bond, Cyrus Woodson, and George Hector. Reverends Williamson, Henderson, Pahner, Riley, Skinner, Steward, Wood- son, and Thomas have, successively served as pastors, Mr. Thomas being the present incumbent. SUNDAY SCHOOLS. The first Sunday school in Milton was commenced in the spring of 1815 in the Broadway Street school house, subsequently the African Methodist church. The names of the teachers and officers were as follows : superin- tendent, Benjamin Vincent; teachers: B. Vincent, Thomas Chestnut, Joseph B. Anthony, James Armstrong, Thomas Armstrong, Fleming W. PoUock, James P. Sanderson, Henry P. Sanderson, Sally Vincent, Eleanor Sander- son, Katy Chestnut, Ann Chestnut, Hannah Reese, Polly Armstrong, and Nancy Reese. Each scholar furnished his own books, which included the Bible, hymn book, and catechism. Regular attendance was encouraged by the distribution each Sunday of blue pasteboard cards, upon each of which a verse of Scripture was printed, and a certain number of these entitled the holder, by a species of arithmetical progression, to a Testament or Bible. The second Sunday school was organized in the spring of 1816 at the frame dwelling house of David Derickson on Front street. It was conducted entirely by ladies, and the executive authority was vested in two directresses, elected monthly. The teachers were Mary Vincent, Eleanor Sanderson, Hannah Reese, Mrs. David Rittenhouse, Mrs. Samuel Hepburn, Mrs. Jeannie Brady, Mrs. Mary Jones, Mrs. Joseph Campbell, and Martha Johnson. Misses Vincent and Sanderson were the first two directresses. The Derick- son room having been found too small, more commodious quarters were found at the house of David Rittenhouse, then in course of erection. The school was composed principally of very young children, and with the approach of winter its sessions were suspended, never to be again resumed. Sunday school work was not again undertaken until 1825, when a third organization came into existence at the suggestion of Rev. Thomas Hood, 584 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. pastor of the Presbyterian church. This school met at the Lower Market Street school house, and Arthur McGowan was its first superintendent. Among the first teachers were Joseph Marr, Phineas B. Marr, Daniel Gaston, Samuel F. Headley, David Hull, Hannah Eeese, Mary McGowan, Martha Jones, and others. In 1826 Mr. McGowan was succeeded by William Housel; alt that date John M. Patton was secretary of the school, and its teachers were Daniel Gaston, Samuel F. Headley, David Hull, John F. Wolfinger, Hannah Eeese, Mary McGowan, Martha Jones, Hannah Maria Hepburn, Maria Buchanan, and Elizabeth Moore. Subsequently the school met at Harmony church, then again at the school house; in 18S3 it was moved into John Chestnut's frame building on Front street, then to the Lancasterian school house on Ehn street, and in 1838 to the Presbyterian church. At the latter date it became a Presbyterian school, with Joseph Bound as super- intendent, and has since continued its career of prosperous usefulness. The fourth Sunday school of the town, organized exclusively for very young children, was commenced in the spring of 1826 in the east room of a frame house that stood at the corner of Elm and Mahoning streets. The first superintendent was Samuel F. Headley, and his immediate successor was David Hull. The place of meeting was subsequently changed to John Chestnut's saddler shop on Front street, but the school disbanded when Mr. Hull retired from the superintendency. In the spring or summer of 1826 the Associate Reformed Sunday school was organized in the Eev. George Junkin's church with Matthew Laird and Daniel Gaston as superintendents. The first teachers were Daniel Gaston, Joseph Marr, Phineas B. Marr, Samuel F. Headley, David Hull, Samuel Pol- lock, James Pollock, James Ireland, William Ireland, Ellen Sanderson, Sarah McCleery, Jane McCleery, Jane Hutchinson, Ellen (or Eleanor) Hutchinson, Hannah Rittenhouse, and Mary Rittenhouse. May 26, 1833, it gave place to another school organized in the same church with Dr. Samuel Pollock as super- intendent. From 1833 to 1839 it had an average attendance of seventy schol- ars, and was continued with varying success until April 1, 1865, when it disbanded entirely. The Baptist Sunday school was organized in March, 1833, with William Thomas and James Moore, Sr., as superintendents. Among the first teachers were Robert M. Seydell, James Ward, and Mrs. Harriet Markle. It is still continued with a large measure of usefulness, and has been a sectarian organ- ization throughout its history. The Methodist Sunday school was organized in 1837 with Robert Moodie and John Nevins as its first superintendents. Among the teachers at an early period in its history were Thomas Evans, Moses Chamberlin, Thomas Mervine, James White, John Clark, Katy Hougendobler, and Rachel Correy. This school has always been distinctively denominational in its chaiycter, and has shared in the prosperity of the flourishing organization with which it is connected. MILTON. 585 In the spring of 1838 the Lutheran and Keformed congregations estab- lished Harmony Sunday school under the superintendency of Daniel Vanlew. July 20, 1840, it was reorganized under the name of the "New Har- mony Sunday School," with Daniel Vanlew, superintendent; Abraham T. Goodman, librarian; Daniel Sterner, secretary; Daniel S. Goodman, treas- urer, and L. L. Beidleman, John Datesman, Frederick Goodman, and Thomas Strine, managers. On the 16th of October in the same year the name was changed to "Union Sunday School," and under this name it was continued until August 9, 1847, when it became a distinctively Lutheran school and has so continued. In the year ending July 26, 1847, it numbered one hundred thirty scholars and twenty-two teachers, and had a library of three hundred fifty volumes. The Bible class was organized^ July 18, 1854, and the infant department, November, 5, 1854. The Reformed Sunday school was organized, June 1, 1851, under William H. Prymire as its first superintendent, and is still continued with a fair degree of prosperity. The first African Sunday school was started in 1850 under the manage- ment of John Chambers and Mrs. Sarah Carter. A second was begun in 1878. The Evangelical Sunday school was organized in 1868, with Rev. Sam.uel Davis as first superintendent, and, although one of the most recently formed in the town, has proven a useful adjunct to that church. A Lutheran mission school was established in 1873 with Isaiah Ditzler as superintendent. This is still continued as the Sunday school of Christ Lutheran church. / MISCELLANEOUS MOBAL AND HUMANITAEIAN OEGANIZATIONS. The Susquehanna Bible Society was formed in 1815, embracing the coun- ties of Northumberland, Columbia, Lycoming, and Union, and its first meet- ing was held at Milton, October 20, 1816. It sustained an existence of fluct- uating vitality for twenty-three years, and doubtless subserved a useful pur- pose. The Milton Bible Society, auxiliary to the Susquehanna Bible Society, was originally organized in 1816. It became extinct in 1829, but was reorgan- ized, August 20, 1839, with Rev. James Williamson, president; Reverends John McKinley, Charles F. Stoever, and John Miller, and Samuel Hepburn, vice-presidents; John F. Wolfinger, secretary, and James Pollock, treasurer. Its expressed object was " to distribute the sacred Scriptures without note or comment, and to aid the Susquehanna Bible Society with its surplus funds." It was superseded after six years of active existence by the Female Bible Society^of Milton, organized August 23, 1845, which became a valuable ad- junct to the churches of the town in disseminating religious truth. The Northumberland Missionary Society was formed in October, 1818; 586 HISTOEY OF NORTHUStBEELAND COUNTY. it was coextensive with the Susquehanna Bible Society in territorial extent, and was designed to provide preaching for destitute or indifferent localities as well as to extend the circulation of the Bible. The first officers were Eev. John Bryson, president; Eev. Thomas Hood, secretary, and James P. San- derson, treasurer, in addition to whom there were three vice-presidents and nine laymen as managers. The Auxiliary Missionary Society of Milton was organized, October 8, 1824, for the purpose of promoting the interests of the parent body. The Milton Sunday School Union was organized in 1826, and included all the Sunday schools in Northumberland, Columbia, Union, and Lycoming counties. Meetings were held annually for several years, and tabulated statements transmitted to the Ajnerican Sunday School Union at Philadel- phia. These embraced a summary of the condition of each school, numerical and financial, its officers, literature, etc. It does not apjDear that this asso- ciation enjoyed a very long period of active existence. The Susquehanna Tract Society was formed at Milton in 1828. The first tract depositarian and the active spirit in the movement was Eev. George Junkin; he was successively followed by Eliza McGuigan and John F. "VVol- flnger, and the latter, under direction of the Philadelphia Tract Society, wound up its affairs. There was a Milton society auxiliary to this and formed about the same time. The Milton Temperance Society was organized in 1830, mainly through the efforts of Eev. George Jxmkin, its first president. Two years later Eev. John Ehodes was president and John F. Wolfinger, secretary. "While this society denounced the use of ardent spirits as a beverage, it permitted the use of ^ine, beer, ale, and cider, and it was not until March 20, 1835, that a total abstinence organization, the Milton Eeformed Temperance Society, was formed, its first president being Joseph Bound and first secretary John F. Wolfinger. They sustained the same official connection with the other society, and by the united efforts of the two organizations temperance meetings were held and addressed by the best local talent as well as by speakers from a dis- tance. They also co-operated with similar societies at other points in a series of " Northern Temperance Conventions," which were held at various points in the "West Branch valley and formed an important part of the temperance propaganda in this section of the State at that period. The Milton Association for the Better Observance of the Christian Sabbath was formed in 1844 with Joseph Ehoads as president and John F. "Wolfinger as secretary. It was designed to secure the enforcement of civil enactments regarding Sabbath observance and to promote the growth of ixiblic sentiment favorable to such observance, in both of which objects it met the expectations of its friends. The Young Men's Christian Association of Milton had its inception in 1872. An organization under that name was formed at the Presbyterian ^"■H-by. '«;vMs FIJay.'A Stms.P"^^- ^h^^^^^-^^^^^-^^^ . MILTON. 587 church on the 9th of April, 1858, but through lack of competent leadership it disbanded after a brief career. The present association was originally or- ganized, March 3, 1872, as the " Young Men's Prayer Meeting of >Milton " ■with seventeen members, of whom John A. Bright was elected president and John M. Caldwell secretary. This was effected at the study of the Lutheran pastor. In the following year the name was changed to " The Young People's Prayer Meeting of Milton," and on the 16th of April, 1876, it became "The Christian Association of Milton," with a membership including both sexes and all ages. The present name was adopted, June 30, 1878, when the officers were as follows: president, Spencer L. Finney; vice-presidents: William P. Wheeland and William B. Snyder; secretary, John F. Wolfinger; treasurer, George T. Gawby, and librarian, John M. CaldweU. Hitherto it had been purely a local organization, but became associated with the district and State movements on the 1st of March, 1887. In April, 1889, A. Murrman, assistant secretary at Harrisburg, was sent to Milton by the State committee and effected an organization, upon the present basis with a board of managers composed of John M. Caldwell, president; B. B. Cannon, vice-president; E. M. Longmore, treasurer; John M. Correy, recording secretary, H. E. Frick, S. W. Murray, D. Clinger, A. A. Koser, J. M. Hedenburg, J. D. Hartzel, John Y. Buoy, U. G.. Beck, S. J. Shimer, W. H. Beck, and A. L. Swartz. For some years the meetings were held at the different churches, and it was not nrit.l1 1887 that rooms were secured specially for the use of the association. The present quarters on Front street were first occupied in September, 1889, when Mr. Murrman assiuned charge as general secretary, and from that date the usefulness of the association in its social features may properly be said to have begun. The membership in June, 1890, was seventy-two. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. Educational effort at Milton, no less than the material development of the town, received its early impetus from Andrew Straub. On the 30th of August, 1798, he conveyed to John Teitsworth, John Cochran, John Chest- nut, John Armstrong, and George Calhoon, trustees, lot No. 90 of the town plot, "for and in consideration of the great desire" he had "to promote the education of youth in the town of Milton" and at the nominal sum of five shillings. It was expressly stipulated that the lot in question should be used "for the only purpose of a school house being erected thereon and a regular English or other school being kept for the education of youth in the town of Milton and whatsoever other uses may be considered as beneficial to said school by the trustees thereof." At the time this deed was executed a school house had already been erected. It was a small log building, and stood on the triangular lot of ground on Lower Market street near the location of a brick school building erected there in 1872. The first teacher was James Cochran, and his im- 588 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. mediate successors were James McGuigan and William H. Sanderson. This was the only school house in the lower part of the town from the time of its erection in 1796 until the year 1807. It continued to be used for educational purposes until 1838. In 1802 a one-story frame school building was erected on Broadway at the site of the school house burned at that place in 1880. This was attended by the school population of the upper part of the village, and the first teacher was John L. Finney, subsequently register and recorder of Northumberland county. Hitherto no provision had been made for the education of the German element, which formed a considerable part of the population. In 1807 a log school house was built on Mahoning street by the joint efforts of the Re- formed and Lutheran congregations ; it was designed to serve for both school and church purposes, and the school conducted here combined religious and secular instruction. But it did not prosper, perhaps because the English schools offered superior advantages, and the enterprise was abandoned. In 1838 the log school house originally erected on Lower Market street was sold and removed to the vicinity of the old stone mill at the mouth of Limestone run, where it was rebuilt and used as a blacksmith shop. Its former site was marked by a depression in the ground, which formed a pond and in the winter afforded skating for the juvenile population that congre- gated at its successor, a brick school house of two rooms erected in 1838 by Thomas S. Mackey under the auspices of the local board of directors. Secondary education early received attention at Milton. In 1815 Joseph D. Biles established an English school at the Broadway school house, adding Latin and Greek to his curriculum in the following year. This gained for his school the name of " The Milton Academy," thus for the first time ap- plied to an educational institution at this place. In 1817 it numbered among its students John F. Wolfinger, for many years a member of the Northimi- berland county bar, Samuel Pollock, and James Pollock, afterward Governor of Pennsylvania. But this school did not long continue, and other peda- gogues succeeded Biles whose inclination did not impel them to continue the advanced course of study that he established. The Broadway school house continued in use for educational purposes until 1849, when it was sold by the directors and rebuilt at a different location as an African Methodist church. In the same year it was replaced by a new brick school building, which was destroyed in the fire of 1880. The Lancasterian system was introduced in 1830, and was the next at- tempt to establish a school of advanced standing. This was so called from Joseph Lancaster, an English educator by whom it was elaborated, and its distinguishing feature was the employment of pupils in the higher classes, or the most proficient pupil in each class, as assistants to the teacher. The Milton Lancasterian Association, of which Hen.ry Frick and Joseph Rhoads MILTON. 589 were the leading members, introduced the system at this place. The school was conducted in a building at the site of the Center Street school house, owned by the association and erected in 1830. The first principal was A. T. W. Wright, a gentleman of fine education from Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania, and under his administration the school attained a fair degree of pros- perity and popularity. He was succeeded by Charles Guenther, who did not, unfortunately, possess the qualifications of his predecessor ; the associa- tion became involved financially, and its property was sold at sheriff's sale. It was purchased by Henry Frick, and subsequently passed to the school directors; they divided it into three rooms, two of which, those on the east and west, were used for school purposes, while the apartment in the center was appropriated to the purposes of an armory. The Milton Academy, the leading educational institution of the West Branch valley during the period of its existence, originated with the Rev. George Junkin, pastor of the Presbyterian church and the moving spirit in many public enterprises of a moral and educational character. Through his efforts a stock company was formed, composed of Samuel Hepburn, Joseph Rhoads, William H. Sanderson, Samuel Teas, Sarah Pollock, and others, by whom a plain, one-story brick building was erected at a cost of four hundred dollars at the brow of the hill on the north side of Broadway, and a short distance to the east of the frame school building previously mentioned. The entrance was on the western side, and from its elevated location the academy commanded a view of the town, the river, and the valley. The interior was divided into two rooms by a narrow entrance hall. The apartment on the north was the smaller of the two; it was occupied by the students in Latin and Greek, the higher mathematics, rhetoric, etc., while the other room was set apart for those who had not advanced beyond the ordinary English branches. A small cupola surmounted the building, but the necessary appendage of a bell was never provided. The first principal of the academy, to whom its usefulness as an institu- tion of learning and the high character it maintained were principally due, was the Rev. David Kirkpatrick. He was employed as a teacher of the clas- sics at Oxford, Chester county, Pennsylvania, when Mr. Jtmkin formed his acquaintance and prevailed on him to change the field of his labors; he accordingly came to Milton, and on the second Monday of May, 1822, opened a classical school at a frame building that occupied the site of Dr. James Mc- Cleery's residence on Front street. In the following October he removed his school to the academy building, where he taught until November, 1834, assisted at different times by a Mr. Mayne, Thomas C. Hambly, and others; Among his students were many who subsequently acquired honorable rank in the legal and medical professions, and as clergymen, teachers, civil engineers, etc. The Milton Classical Institute was the next institution of advanced char- 590 HISTOKT OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. aoter in the borough. It was founded by a company of citizens in 1859, and placed in charge of Eev. William H. T. Wylie, pastor of the Eeformed Pres- byterian church. The building was a two story brick structure, erected at a cost of six thousand dollars, and situated on Prospect Hill at the site of a school house erected there in 1845 by the school board. After Mr. Wylie retired the owners disposed of the property to Colonel Wright, of Rochester, New York, by whom the school was continued until the building was de- stroyed by fire in 1867. The first school building on Center street, as previously stated, was that erected by the Lancasterian Association. It was used for school purposes until 1859, when it was replaced by a brick structure two stories in height and containing four rooms. The main entrance was on the south side, with side-doors on the east and west, and the building was raised somewhat above the level of the lot. This school house was doubtless creditable to the town at the time when it was built, and was the largest in the borough at the time of its destruction by fire in 1880. It was immediately replaced by the pres- ent Center Street building, a brick structure of ample and symmetrical pro- portions, convenient arrangement, and careful adaptation to the purposes required. It was dedicated on the 25th of February, 1881, with appropriate musical and literary exercises, including an address by J. P. Wickersham, State superintendent; the cost was eleven thousand eight hundred doUars. The Lower Market Street school house, a one-story brick building contain- ing two rooms, was built in 1872, and is the only school house of the borough that escaped destruction in the fire of 1880. It is situated upon the lot originally deeded for school purposes by Andrew Straub in 1798, and is the third building there erected. The borough high school was organized in 1878, and embraces in its course of study the higher mathematics, Latin, chemistry, botany, physics, mental science, and the English branches. The principals have been as fol- lows: WilHam Foulk, J. Elliott Eoss, William Deatrick, E. R. Deatrick, and S. O. Goho; the last named is the present incumbent, and was first elected to this position in 1883. Its duties include also the supervision of the other departments of the schools, and a district superintendency is contemplated. LOCAL PAPEES. The newspapers of Milton have been a factor in its literary activity and material development since 1816. Henry Frick issued the first niunber of The Miltohian on the 21st of September in that year, and the journal thus established has been continuously published longer than any other in the county. The succession of local newspapers since that date has been as fol- lows: The States Advocate, The West Branch Farmer and True Democrat, The Northumbrian, The Milton Ledger, The Advocate and Day-Spring, The Milton Democrat, The Northumberland County Herald, The Milton SHAMOKIN. 591 Argus, The Milton Economist (consolidated with the Argvs under the name of The Milton Record), and The Standard. Three papers are published at present, the Miltonian and Record (weekly), and the Standard (tri-weekly). CEMETERIES. The earliest place of interment in the vicinity of Milton was south of Ferry, lane between Front street and the river. The next was the Reformed burying ground, donated by Andrew Straub in 1793, and the third was the Episcopal graveyard, ground for which was given in 1794 by Joseph Marr. Straub also gave the ground for a Methodist burial place. The old Pres- byterian cemetery grounds were conferred upon that congregation by Daniel Soudder. All these places of interment have been abandoned, and the re- mains buried there have been removed. The Milton Cemetery Association, incorporated in 1853, controls what is popularly known as the " upper cemetery," a tract of land east of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, possessing great natural beauty of scenery, enhanced by tasteful and artistic arrangement of shrubbery, etc. Among the recent interments here was that of ex-Governor James Pollock. The Harmony Cemetery Association, incorporated in 1860, controls the burial ground formerly attached to the old Harmony church, and hence the place of interment of many of the German families of the community through several generations. CHAPTER. XVII. SHAMOKIN. Bkibf op Title — The Town Plat — Pioneers — Shamokin in 1839 — Subsequent Growth Summarized — The First Stores and Hotels— Early Physicians AND Lawyers — Municipal Organization and Government — The Riot of 1877 — Facilities of Travel and Transportation— The Shamokin Coal Trade — General Industrial Interests — The Postofficb— Banks— Water, Gas, and Electric Light— Board of Trade— Secret and Other Societies— The Press — Churches — Educational Interests — Cemeteries. ALTHOUGH the old Eeading road, opened in 1770 to connect the incipient settlements of the upper Susquehanna with the Schuylkill valley, passed through the present limits of Shamokin borough, this locaHty was for many years practically unmarked by the influences of civil- ization. There were numerous varieties of timber, but its value was trifling and a long period elapsed before the waters of Shamokin creek at this part 592 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of its course were made to subserve a useful purpose in furnishing the power for a single saw mill; and there was coal in practically inexhaustible quanti- ties, but its existence was scarcely known and the time had not yet arrived for its profitable development. And when, at length, the miner's pick and shovel began the work of prospecting, the immediate results were not such as to encourage sanguine expectations. The railroad and mining industries of this country had not yet passed the experimental stage, and it was not until adequate transportation facilities had been provided, with the growth of a demand for the distinctive product of the region, that the way was opened for its unrestricted development. Then followed a rapid influx of population, diverse in language, nationality, and creed, but homogeneous in the purpose of lending their common energies to the work, and thus Sha- mokin, the largest town in Northumberland county, has reached its present proportions. It has sixteen churches, an efficient system of public and parochial schools, water, gas, and electric light companies, three lines of railway, two banks, and an ample quota of stores and hotels, while the coll- ieries of the surrounding region and a variety of local industrial establish- ments furnish employment for the population. BRIEF or TITLE. The following brief of title of the town plat of Shamokin is presented through the courtesy of John P. Helfenstein: — Survey to Samuel Clark, August 3, 1773; patent to Samuel Clark, April 11, 1776. Samuel Clark and wife to Thomas Lightfoot; deed dated November 6, 1776; con- sideration: twenty-seven pounds, nine shillings, two pence, for the undivided one third of the Samuel Clark survey. — Entered, February 6, 1832, in Deed Book Y, p. 190. Thomas Lightfoot and wife to Jacob and Mary Tomlinson; deed dated November 3,1803; consideration: thirteen pounds, fourteen shillings, seven pence, for the undi- vided one third of the Samuel Clark survey. — Entered, February 6, 1832, in Deed Book Y, p. 192. Samuel Clark to Francis Johnston; deed dated April 18, 1792; consideration: five shillings, for the undivided two thirds of the Samuel Clark survey. — Entered, April 39, 1792, in Deed Book E, p. 375. Francis Johnston to Abraham Cherry; agreement dated Februarj' 3, 1801; consid- eration: eight hundred forty-three dollars, to sell the undivided two thirds of the Sam- uel Clark survey. — Entered in Deed Book X, p. 394. Abraham Cherry to John Cherry; assignment dated April 10, 1803; consideration: five hundred sixty-two dollars, for his interest in the foregoing agreement on the Sam- uel Clark survey. — Entered iu Deed Book X, p. 394. Roger Wolverton, administrator of John Cherry, deceased; commission and return of proceedings in the common pleas court, January, 1831; recites that Francis Johns- ton died in 1801, seized of the undivided two thirds interest in the Samuel Clark sur- vey, having, on the 3d of February, 1801, agreed to convey said interest to Abraham Cherry for eight hundred forty-three dollars, and that Abraham Cherry agreed to con- vey said interest to John Cherry by agreement dated the 10th of April, 1803, for five hundred sixty-two dollars.— Entered, January 20, 1831, in Deed Book X, p. 394. Alexander W. Johnston, executor of Alice Johnston, executrix of Francis Johnston, SHAMOKIN. 593 by Ms attorney In fact, Ebenezer Greenougli, to Eoger Wolverton, administrator of John Cherry, deceased; deed dated November 22, 1831; consideration, five hundred sixty-two dollars, for the undivided, (now the divided) two thirds interest in the Samuel Clark survey.— Entered, May 19, 1882, in Deed Book Y, p. 265. Jacob Tomlinson and ]V^p,ry Tomlinson with John Cherry; agreement dated De- cember 6, 1803; contract mutual (five hundred pounds forfeit) for a division of the Samuel Clark survey by a line " beginning at a stone corner near the road, thence north seventy-three degrees west thirty perches to a white-oak, thence south eighty-four degrees west thirty-four perches to a white-oak, thence south seventy-six degrees west sixteen perches to a stone, thence south one degree east to the back line." — Entered, July 12, 1830, in Deed Book X, p. 271. Jacob Tomlinson, survivor, to John Housel;* deed dated May 12, 1826; considera- tion: five dollars, for all his interest in the undivided portion of the Samuel Clark sur- vey which was allotted to the Tomlinsons. — Entered, June 29, 1826, in Deed Book W, p. 41. John M. Housel to John C. Boyd; deed dated June 15, 1826; consideration: one hundred dollars, for the Tomlinson portion of the Samuel Clark survey. — Entered, June 38, 1836, in Deed Book W, p. 40. James R. Shannon, sheriff of Northumberland county, to Jesse Major; deed dated August 30, 1834; consideration: twelve dollars, for all the interest in the Samuel Clark survey belonging to Walter Brady. — Entered, March 1, 1836, in Deed Book V, p. 667. Jesse Major and wife to John C. Boyd and John Housel; deed dated May 1, 1836; consideration: two hundred thirty dollars, for the Brady interest previously mentioned. —Entered, June 38, 1826, in D?ed Book W, p. 38. John M. Housel and wife to John C. Boyd; assignment dated June 15, 1836; con- sideration : one hundred dollars, for all his interest in the Brady interest. John C. Boyd to David McKnight; deed dated June 7, 1836; consideration: five hundred dollars, for the undivided one half of his interest in the Samuel Clark survey, called Boyd's stone coal quarry. — Entered, August 4, 1836, in Deed Book Z, p. 670. David McKnight to Richard Richardson; deed dated January 28, 1840; consider- ation: six thousand dollars, for the undivided one half of eighty acres of the one hun- dred six acres jointly owned by Boyd and McKnight. — Entered, February 1, 1840, in Deed Book BB, p. 83. Richard Richardson to John C.Boyd; deed dated April 10, 1841; consideration: twenty thousand dollars, for the undivided interest in the eighty acres. — Entered, June 35, 1841, in Deed Book BB, p. 543. John C. Boyd to the Shamokin Coal and Iron Company; deed dated October 18, 1841; consideration: fifty thousand dollars, for ninety-six acres sixty perches of the Samuel Clark survey, all lying south of Spurzheim and east of Grant street. — ^Entered, December 30, 1841, in Deed Book CC, p. 140. Felix Maurer, sheriff of Northumberland county, to William Piatt; deed dated January 8, 1846 ; consideration : six thousand dollars, for the ninety-six acres sixty perches previously mentioned. — Entered, November 11, 1843, in Sheriff's Deed Book, BB, p. 363. William Piatt and wife to William L. Helfenstein; deed dated December 16, 1854; consideration: eight thousand dollars, for the ninety-six acres sixty perches previously mentioned.— Entered, April 17, 1855, in Deed Book LL, p. 266. John Cherry with George Derk; agreement dated April 38, 1813; consideration: eight hundred dollars, to sell inter alia all the western end of the Samuel Clark survey —one hundred acres.— Entered, August 30, 1814, in Deed Book S, p. 372. Sheriff of Northumberland county to John Speece; one hundred acres, sold as the property of George Derk. — Bellas m. McCarty, 10th of Watts, p. 13, etc. 594 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. John Speece to Philip Moore; one hundred acres — the western part of the Samuel Clark survey. Sheriff of Northumberland county to Samuel Sigfried; deed dated August 17, 1839; consideration: one hundred dollars, for one hundred acres — ^the western part of the Samuel Clark survey— sold as the property of Philip.Moore. Administrator of Samuel Sigfried to William McCarty; sale dated April 19, 1833; consideration: five hundred sixty-five dollars, for the undivided half of one hundred acres— the western part of the Samuel Clark survey.— Entered in Orphans' Court Docket, No. 7, p. 300. Samuel Sigfried to Alexander .Jordan; deed dated February 4, 1830; consideration: fifty dollars, for the undivided half of one hundred acres — ^the western part of the Samuel Clark survey.- Entered, Jun^ 15, 1830, in Deed Book X, p. 343. Alexander Jordan and wife to William McCarty, Thomas Davis, and Joseph Warner; deed dated January 5, 1831; consideration: forty-five hundred dollars, for the undivided one fourth of one hundred acres — the western part of the Samuel Clark sur- vey.— Entered, July 7, 1836, in Deed Book X, p. 643. John Cherry to Benjamin Campbell; deed for one hundred acres — the middle portion of the Samuel Clark survey. — Entered in Deed Book S, p. 373. Jacob McKinney, sheriff of Northumberland county, to William McCarty, Thomas Davis, and Joseph Warner; deed dated August 18, 1830; consideration: two thousand dollars for one hundred acres, sold, April 34, 1830, as the property of Benjamin Camp- bell and in occupation of John Templin. — Entered in Deed Book X, p. 353. William McCarty and wife, Thomas Davis and wife, and Joseph Warner and wife to Alexander Jordan; deed dated March 7,1838; consideration: twelve hundred fifty dollars i&c the undivided one fourth of one hundred acres of the Samuel Clark survey, bounded on the north by J. Brady, on the east by John C. Boyd, on the south by Will- iam Green, and on the west by other lands of the grantors. — Entered, June 17, 1840, in Deed Book BB, p. 380. Thomas Davis and wife, Joseph Warner, and William McCarty, by their attorney in fact, Joseph Warner, to William L. Helfenstein; deed dated February 6, 1850; con- sideration, nine thousand dollars, for three fourths of the western part of the Samuel Clark survey and two other smaller tracts, excepting certain specified lots. — Entered, June 17, 1858, in Deed Book 00, p. 411. The researches of Dr. J. J. John have developed some very interesting- particulars regarding the transfers immediately preceding Boyd's purchase in 1826. Walter Brady, sheriff of Northumberland county, 1815-18, sub- sequently became embarrassed financially, and the upper part of the Clark tract, of which he was then the owner, was attached upon an execution in- volving eighty-three dollars fifty cents, entered in favor of Michael Zuern. It was several times offered at sheriff's sale and at length found a purchaser, August 19, 1824, in Jesse Major, a gentleman of uncertain occupation, variously accredited as a burglar, counterfeiter, and horse thief. Tradition asserts that he had been but recently released from jail, and happened to be passing by at the time of the sale; no one seemed disposed to bid on the property, and, having made an offer of twelve dollars, he was forth- with declared to be the purchaser. To the surprise of every one present he produced the money in gold; but to a person unaccustomed to the acqui- sition of property by honorable means its possession was more of an in- iz:. SHAMOKIN. 597 cubus than a pleasure, and after making several visits to his purchase he next endeavored to sell it. About this time Mr. Major evinced a strong desire to own a horse — an aspiration not foreign to his nature, but v?hioli, proba- bly for the first time in his life, he was prepared to gratify according to the ordinary methods of purchase. As Dr. J. J. John aptly expresses it, he oifered his " kingdom for a horse." Having found several specimens of coal in the creek, between Clay and Webster streets, he induced a black- smith at Paxinos to give them a trial; they were accordingly placed on the charcoal fire, but had no sooner become hot than fragments exploded in every direction, and the new fuel was pronounced a failure. Undismayed by this, he continued to exhibit his mineral samples in the course of his peregrinations over the country, and, while his efforts as a real estate agent were doubtless persevering, and did more to attract public attention to this locality than anything else at that time, they were not rewarded with im- mediate success. At length, in the spring of 1826, Major found himself one evening at the hotel of Joseph Snyder, in Rush township. Mr. Snyder had an old gray horse, not a very desirable specimen to the ordinary observer, but sufficiently so in the eyes of Major to prompt him to suggest the trans- fer of his land to Mr. Snyder and take the horse in payment. The propo- sition was respectfully declined, but Snyder directed the impatient and im- pecunious real estate owner to John C. Boyd, who, he said, was disposed to speculate. Major promptly interviewed Boyd, and as the result of their conference his double purpose was accomplished — he sold his land, at the consideration of two hundred thirty dollars, and secured a horse, valued at fifty dollars. And, with the object of his ambition at last attained, Mr. Major had no further connection with the history of Shamokin. The growth of a town in its incipient stages was not calculated to interest a man of his tastes. THE TOWN PLAT. The speculative tendencies that had induced Mr. Boyd to purchase the Shamokin tract also caused him to dispose of parts of it, and thus an inter- est (but of what nature does not appear) passed about the year 1830 into the hands of Jacob Graeff, of Eeading. It was with him that the idea of laying out a town originated. In 1830 he had a part of the land surveyed and one street was opened through the brush, but beyond this the attempt was not followed by any immediate or definite results. It was reserved for Mr. Boyd to found the town on a permanent basis. In 1834 the Danville and Pottsville railroad between Sunbury and the gap was placed under con- struction; it was the prospect of railroad facilities for the transportation of coal and of increase in population naturally incident to the establishment of railroad facilities that decided Mr. Boyd in making a second attempt to found a town. The plat was accordingly surveyed on the 1st of March, 1835, 34 598 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. by Kimber Cleaver, an engineer on the Danville and Pottsville railroad, assisted by Ziba Bird, who was then operating a saw mill at Locust Gap, and his son, Joseph Bird, afterward a prominent citizen of Shamokin and North- umberland, who carried the chain. The street cut out by GraefE was still distinguishable. The part laid out included the Major tract; it received the name of Marion, but a town in the West having that designation had recently proven a failure, and in his quest for a more propitious title Mr. Boyd wisely selected Shamokin. This was probably suggested by the creek. It is an Indian word, and signifies " Eel Creek " or " Eel Pond." At the earliest period in the history of this region to which authentic information relates, the name was applied to an Indian town at the site of Sunbury. From this circumstance, in all probability, it attained a wide popular significance as the unofficial designation of the purchase of 1768. In 1789 it was substituted for Ealpho as the name of an extensive township including the eastern part of the present territory of the county, and shortly after the opening of the Centre turnpike became a postofiice designation as applied to the hamlet of Snufftown, now Paxinos. Although the choice of Mr. Boyd doubtless com- manded considerable respect, it was not at once accepted in popular usage, and not until 1840, when the name of Coal postoffice was changed to Shamo- kin, was it finally and permanently engrafted upon the place. The lower part of the Clark tract was platted as a town by McCarty, Davis, Warner, and Jordan about the time that Boyd laid out Marion. It received the name of Groveville, in honor of Mrs. William McCarty, nee Grove, but both places were more generally known as Newtown for some time. In order from the west, the principal streets of the borough extending north and south are First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Market, Seventh, Eighth, Grant, Marshall, Orange, Liberty, Washington, Kock, Shamokin, Franklin, Pearl, Vine, Cherry, and Lombard. In order from the north, the principal streets extending east and west are James, Kase, Packer, Cameron, Dewart, Sunbury, Commerce, Independence, Shakespeare, Spurz- heim, Clay, Webster, Eace, Chestnut, Spruce, Pine, Mulberry, Willow, Wal- nut, Arch, Church, Elm, Spruce, Pine, State, and Montgomery. Lincoln street extends from Market to Spurzheim parallel with Shamokin creek, which was turned into its present channel on the 20th of September, 1872. The principal additions to the original town plats within the borough limits are the Cameron addition, on the north, Baumgardner's and Graeber's on the east, and Cruikshank's, on the southeast, while Springfield adjoins on the east, Uniontown on the northwest. West Shamokin on the west, and the Bellas addition on the isouth. PIONEERS. The Cherry family was early represented in this locality, and is said to SHAMOKIN. 599 have suffered in the Indian depredations of the Eevolutionary period. The name of James Cherry appears as a taxable in Shamokin township in 1788 ; he was probably the first settler, and cleared land at Luke Fidler, Spring- field, and elsewhere, residing at a house subsequently known as Irich's. By the division of the Clark tract in 1803 John Cherry was assigned the lower or western portion. Joseph Cherry settled on the plat near Eagle Eun brewery, where vestiges of his improvements were visible long after his resi dence there had terminated. Prior to the war of 1812 Abraham Cherry built a saw mill on Shamokin creek opposite the Cameron colliery, and near it stood an old dwelling house, for many years a landmark in this section. Another member of this family had a distillery on the hill east of Shamokin. The Tomlinsons, Solomon Duhkelberger, and William Ducher were also among the early settlers at the site of Shamokin. Of the Tomlinsons but little is definitely known, and that is not to their credit. Solomon Dunkel- berger built the first house upon the present site of the borough; it was a log structure, and was situated where the brick residence of Benjamin F. Lake now stands. William Ducher is said to have been murdered ; in 1824 the Brady tract was described as " bounded by lands of Benjamin Campbell, late Benjamin Tomlinson, on which there is a stone coal quarry; a small part of the land is cleared, on which is erected a small log dwelling, occupied by the widow of the late William Ducher, deceased." On the same day that Cleaver began to survey the town plat, Ziba Bird had the lumber for a house hauled from his saw mill at Locust Gap, and at once inaugurated building operations. Parts of the framework had already been put together and the remainder was sawed and mortised ready for use. Alexander Caldwell was one of the teamsters. The house was set on posts in the ground, and had no stone foundation. It was commenced on the 1st of March, and had so far approached completion as to be occupied as a dwell- ing on the 5th of April. It occupied part of the site of the National Hotel, corner of Shamokin and Commerce streets, and forms the front part of that structure. Mr. Bird then began the erection of another house on the opposite side of Commerce street; after its completion he moved into it, and finished the first by the addition of a cellar and foundation waUs. The following let- ter, published in a Philadelphia paper and unearthed by Dr. J. J. John, con- veys a fairly accurate idea of the appearance and extent of the place at that time: — Shamokin P. O., July 9, 1835. I have just returned from a short ride of six miles to the termination of the graded part of the western section of the — allow me to call it " G-irard railroad " — being accom- panied by the assistant engineer, Mr. Totten, to whose polite attentions I am much in- debted for much of the pleasure of the trip through the mountains. The road from this point (which is on the Shamokin creek, thirteen miles east of Sunbnry) passes up the creek, principally through an almost uninhabited country — the population, at least, is very sparse. Some three or four miles up we came into the Shamokin coal region, 600 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. by the mines of which the country below, as far as Sunbury, is supplied, and from which, when the road is completed, large quantities will be sent to the Susquehanna river for exportation. On arriving at Mr. Boyd's mines, near the terminus of the graded part of the road and amidst the solitary mountains, we were gratified to see a large two-story dwelling house, a large store, barn, and other out-houses erected and nearly completed in a neat and handsome style. But if our surprise was great at ob- serving such buildings in such a place, judge what it must have been when, on our return, we met five or six wagons loaded with furniture, women, children, cats, dogs, and chickens, and accompanied by cows, calves, sheep, and pigs, wending their way up the railroad, to these very buildings, where, Buddy informed us, he was about to open a tavern. From whence his guests were to come I could not, for the life of me, con- ceive, at least until the road should be completed to his place and the mines should be worked. The next building erected, I suppose, will be a blacksmith shop, when the place will have all the attributes of a town in a new country, and will be entitled to a postoffice. In 1836 there were five families at Shamokin. Ziba Bird and Joseph Snyder resided at the Boyd town plat, and Dr. Robert Phillips, James Porter, and Jacob Mowry at the lower part of the town. John C. Boyd, the founder of Shamokin, was born in West Fallowfield township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1793, youngest son of John and Mary (Cowen) Boyd; the former was a soldier in the Continental Army dur- ing the Revolution, brigadier general in the State militia, and member of the legislature. He was reared to agricultural pursuits, but left the farm to enter the office of his brother, a broker in Philadelphia, for whom he subsequently traveled as agent and collector. In 1820 he married Hannah, daughter of General Daniel Montgomery, of Danville, and shortly afterward removed to that place, where he opened a store. In 1824 he relinquished merchandising and located at the "Boyd farm," two miles above Danville on the opposite side of the river. There he built a grist mill and mansion house, and purchased adjoining land until he owned nearly a thousand acres. In the midst of his extensive agricultural operations he was also connected with vari- ous enterprises designed to promote the development of the internal resources of the State, notably the Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company and the Susquehanna Canal Company, in both of which he was a corporate member. His early mining operations and the circumstances under which he laid out the original town plat of Shamokin have been detailed in the preceding por- tion of this chapter. He was also largely interested in the old Shamokin furnace, and experienced serious financial loss by the failure of that enter- prise. The remaining years of his life were spent in an arduous struggle to retrieve his fortunes, and he had about reached a point where his embarrass- ments would have terminated, when his death occurred, August 18, 1856. Seven children survived him: Mary L., who married William Neal, of Blooms- burg, Pennsylvania; D. Montgomery; H. Eliza; James; J. Alexander; Chris- tiana J., who married Colonel William M. McClure, and Joseph C. Kimber Cleaver, the distinguished engineer by whom Shamokin was laid SHAMOKIN. 601 out, was a native of Roaring Creek township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, where he was born on the 17th of October, 1811. He began his career as an engineer during the construction of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, located at Shamokin shortly after the town was laid out, and was a member of the firm of Fagely, Cleaver & Company until 1844. During this period he was also connected with the Mount Carbon railroad, constructed a map of the Middle anthracite coal field from personal surveys, and located the route for a railroad from Shamokin to Pottsville. He was principally engaged in professional work in SchuylkiU county from 1844 to 1850, and in the latter year laid out Trevorton. He was chief engineer in the survey and construc- tion of what is now known as the Herndon branch of the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad, and was subsequently connected in a similar capacity with the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad; he also performed a large amount of very important engineering work at the various collieries of the Shamokin coal field. In politics he was closely identified with the Native American party, of which he was the candidate for Governor, surveyor general, and canal commissioner of Pennsylvania, member of Congress, etc. The sugges- tion of the Atlantic cable was originally due to him, and a variety of ingen- ious and useful inventions also emanated from his fertile brain. He died on the 19th of October, 1858. Ziba Bird was born in Warren county. New Jersey, a son of James Bird, who immigrated to Rush township. There he engaged in farming on Little Roaring creek and was so occupied when he formed the acquaintance of John C. Boyd, who induced him to take charge of his mining operations at Sha- mokin. He was thus one of the earliest residents of that town. He erected the first buildings that occupied the sites of the National and Vanderbilt Hotels, two double houses on the south side of Commerce street between Franklin and Pearl, and probably others. When the town began to decline after its first period of prosperity he returned to his farm, and afterward removed to .Red Point, on the Susquehanna river below Danville, where he died. Mr. Bird was three times married, and was the father of nineteen children. Joseph Snyder, the pioneer hotel keeper of Shamokin, settled in Rush township, Northumberland county, in 1818, and engaged in farming, but subsequently became proprietor of a hotel at Paxinos, whence he removed to Shamokin in July, 1835, as described in the letter previously quoted in this chapter. The "large two-story dwelling house" referred to by the writer stood upon the present site of the Hotel Vanderbilt and has been partly in- corporated in that structure; here John B. Snyder, the first white child born at Shamokin and oldest native resident of the town, was born on the 3d of April, 1836. Having met with but little encouragement Mr. Snyder resumed business at Paxinos, whence he again returned to Shamokin, but relinqiiished hotel keeping several years later to accept the office of resident land agent. 602 HISTOEY OP NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTy. which position he held for some years. He was born in New Jersey, October 10, 1796, and died at Shamokin, February 1, 1867. Benjamin McClow was born near Bear Gap, Northumberland county, June 25, 1812, son of Joseph and Mary (Campbell) McClow. He was brought up in the vicinity of Elysburg and learned the trade of carpenter. In 1835 he came to Shamokin and was employed at his trade until the fol- lowing year, when he took charge of a saw mill on Coal run. In the spring of 1838 he erected his present residence at the corner of Pearl and Commerce streets, and brought his family thither in June of that year. Here he has resided almost continuously ever since. Jacob Mowry came to Shamokin in 1836 and took up his residence in a small log house of which the site is now covered by the refuse from the Came- ron colliery. In the spring of 1838 he built the first house in the lower part of Shamokin, and engaged in business as a butcher. During the years 1836-37 he was principally employed in exploring the surrounding region and locating the outcrops of the coal veins of this basin. It was he who " drove " the first drifts in Buck ridge, now known as Big moimtain, and also the first drifts in the ridge opposite the old furnace. Subsequently he engaged in hotel keeping, farming, etc. Mr. Mowry was twice married, and was the father of nineteen children. He died on the 9th of April, 1875, in the seventy-third year of his age. Jonas L. Gilger arrived at Shamokin on the 20th of March, 1838, and is one of the oldest residents of the borough. During the first three years after he came here he was employed as a journeyman carpenter by George Martz, under whom he worked on the construction of the furnace, railroad shops, the first blocks of miners' houses, etc. He then engaged in business individually, and was for some years a builder and contractor on an exten- sive scale. He built the first Methodist and Lutheran churches, and was associated with Stephen Bittenbender in the construction of the First Pres- byterian church. He was elected burgess in 1866, serving one term, and served as school director fourteen years. William and Keuben Fagely were born in Shamokin township, North- umberland county, the former, January 5, 1806, the latter, July 25, 1814. Upon arriving at the age of manhood William engaged in merchandising at Snufftown, whence he removed to Paxinos, where Eeuben was associated in the business. In April, 1838, they located at Shamokin, and in 1839 opened one of the first stores in that town. They entered the coal business in 1841 ; their early operations were confined to the Gap (now Cameron) mines, but they subsequently operated the collieries at Green Eidge, Locust Gap, Luke Fidler, and the Gap, while Reuben was also interested in the Big Mountain mines. From 1842 to 1852 they leased the Danville and Pottsville railroad between Shamokin and Sunbury and operated it by horse-power ; during this period the laboring classes of Shamokin were employed almost entirely by SHAMOKIN. 603 them, and their enterprises alone prevented the depopulation of the town. They enjoyed in an exceptional degree the good-will of their employees, among whom and in the community generally they were familiarly known as " Uncle Will- iam " and " Uncle Eeuben." In addition to their mining operations they also established extensive coal yards at Baltimore, Maryland, and made large shipments to that city; they were well knovm railroad contractors, and con- structed portions of the Philadelphia and Beading and Northern Central railways. William was the first postmaster of Shamokin, serving from 1838 to 1844, and Reuben was burgess two terms, 1868-69. Both died at Sha- mokin, William, February 17, 1874, and Eeuben, February 21, 1880. Stephen Bittenbender came to Shamokin in 1838 through the influence of Patrick Keilly, master mechanic of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, who had formed his acquaintance at Tamaqua; there he was engaged in business on an extensive scale as a builder and contractor, and it was with the purpose of placinig the construction of the turn-tables and other ter- minal facilities at Shamokin in competent hands that Mr. Reilly induced him to locate at Shamokin. He also found lucrative employment in manufactur- ing cars, and built many of the first houses at Shamokin, including the first Catholic and Presbyterian churches. In 1851 he purchased the Shamokin foundry and in 1855 the machine shop and car shop; he conducted this establishment sixteen years, employing a large number of men. He was one of the organizers of the Shamokin Bank in 1857; from 1864 to 1871 he operated the Burnside colliery; in 1865 he put down cast-iron water-pipes through a portion of the borough, and when the Shamokin Water Company was organized he was one of its charter members. He died at Shamokin on the 19th of February, 1885, in the seventieth year of his age. Samuel John was born in Ralpho township, Northumberland county, February 27, 1807. After reaching manhood he engaged in farming, sur- veying, and conveyancing, and also operated the old forge below Shamokin. In April, 1839, he located at that town and engaged in merchandising; in this pursuit he continued twenty-five years, and during a large part of this period operated large general stores at Shamokin, Mt. Carmel, and Mt. Com- fort. He was appointed postmaster at Shamokin in 1844 and served two years. In the various railroad enterprises which were so largely instru- mental in the early development of the Shamokin coal field he was actively concerned. Shortly after locating at Shamokin he entered the coal business by operating what was then known as Buck Ridge colliery. In 1863 he leased Green Ridge colliery (to which he gave the name of Green Mountain), and his operations at this point were quite successful. In 1860 he estab- lished the Shamokin Register, the second newspaper of the town, of which he was proprietor, editor, and publisher. He was also cashier of the Sha- mokin Bank and a director in the Shamokin Banking Company. His death occurred on the 23d of July, 1877. 604 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Solomon Martz was born in Upper Augusta township, Northumberland county, March 22, 1818. At the age of eighteen he entered the employ of the Messrs. Fagely, his uncles, as clerk in their store at Mauch Chunk. There he remained sixteen months, and then entered the store of William and Eeuben Fagely at Shamokin in a similar capacity. He continued with them one year, and next found employment with Solomon Fagely, proprietor of a hotel at Mt. Carmel. About this time a stage line was established be- tween Shamokin and Mt. Carmel, and he was appointed driver and mail carrier, subsequently serving in a similar capacity on the line between Potts- ville and Northumberland. Of those who were connected with this method of transportation in central Pennsylvania at that period he is now the last living representative. After leaving the stage line he served as supervisor of Coal township two years and engaged in hauling coal from Shamokin to Sun- bury under contract with William and Reuben Fagely seven years. He then located at his present residence in Shamokin tovrciship, and has now reached an advanced age. Peter Boughner, a native of Snydertown, Northumberland county, was born on the 23d of January, 1816. He learned the trade of carpenter under his father, after which he located at Shamokin in the employ of the railroad company. In 1850 he was placed in charge of the construction and grading of the streets of Trevorton. When the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville (now the Shamokin division of the Northern Central) railroad was extended from Shamokin to Mt. Carmel he, in connection with John Dunkelberger, laid the rails between those points under contract. Boughner & Gilger built the first breaker at Luke Fidler colliery and Cleaver & Boughner the first two at Locust Gap. Mr. Boughner now lives a retired life upon his farm in Ralpho township. Judge William L. Helfenstein, whose connection with the development of the Shamokin coal field was probably more intimate than that of any other individual, was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1801, and educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Having accompanied his par- ents to Dayton, Ohio, he entered the legal profession at that place, and served as judge of the courtof common pleas from 1835 to 1842. He was subsequently located at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Chicago, Illinois, in the practice of his profession, but came East in 1849 and was the principal promotor of the company that founded Trevorton in the following year. He subsequently organized a number of coal companies, among which were the Zerbe Run, Mahanoy Improvement, Carbon Run, Big Mountain, Green Ridge, Locust Gap, and Locust Summit; he was also the leading spirit in the construction of the railroad from Trevorton to the Susquehanna river, in the purchase of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, the organization of the Philadelphia and Sunbury Railroad Company, the rehabilitation of the line from Sunbury to Shamokin, and its extension to Mt. Carmel. He was a member of the com- SHAMOKIN. 605 pany that laid out Mt. Carmel, and proprietor of the towns of West Shamokin, Helfenstein, and Gowen City. He was largely interested in nearly all the most valuable coal lands between Mt. Carmel and Trevorton, and was one of the first to appreciate their immense value. He resided at Shamokin and Trevorton until 1860, when he removed to Pottsville and thence in 1872 to New York. His death occurred at Durango, Mexico, in March, 1884. John B. Douty came to Shamokin in 1852. He was born near Lambert- ville, New Jersey, May 30, 1812, and at the age of ten years removed to Rush tovmship, Northumberland county, with his parents, who located at Pottsville in 1826. There his father at once became the owner of a line of five boats on the Schuylkill canal, and John B. was placed in charge of one of them. He continued at boating until 1842, when he entered the coal trade at the East Delaware mines. Several years later he went to the West Delaware mines, where he remained until the failure of the company in 1851, by which he lost the accumulations of years of toil. He came to Shamokin comparatively poor, and engaged in mining at the Gap (now Cameron) coll- iery on a small scale as a member of the firm of Kase, Douty & Reed. In 1856 he joined Dr. J. J. John and Joseph Bird, and the firm of Bird, Douty & John leased the Big Mountain colliery, which, after various vicissitudes, was finely made a successful enterprise. In 1859 Mr. Douty withdrew and took charge of the Henry Clay colliery, which became a highly remunerative property under his management. He subsequently opened the Brady coll- iery and operated it several years ; in 1873 Douty & Baumgardner began working the Ben Franklin colliery, in which Mr. Douty was interested until his death, November 15, 1874. SHAMOKIN IN 1839. The town laid out by John C. Boyd in 1835 enjoyed but little more than a nominal existence until 1838, when the western section of the Danville and Pottsville railroad was completed, terminal facilities at Shamokin were pro- vided, a machine shop and foundry were placed in operation, and the erec- tion of dwelling houses received a quickened impulse, so that the town had reached the proportions of a small village in 1839. At the latter date Sun- bury street, which coincided very nearly with the course of the old Heading road, was opened throughout its whole extent, Shamokin street was passable from Sunbury street to Casper SchoU's residence between Clay and Spurz- heim, and Commerce, from Shamokin to its intersection with the Reading road; the remainder of the town plat was covered with a dense growth of timber, the creek pursued a winding course, and on the alluvial deposits ad- jacent to its banks the underbrush was almost impenetrable. The Catholic church, a small frame building at the present site of the knob factory, and a one-story itame school building on the south side of Dewart street con- stituted the conveniences for religious worship and educational effort. The 606 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. following with reference to the inhabitants at that date (1839) and their respective residences and occupations is given as the reminiscences of Daniel C. Smink, one of the oldest citizens of the borough: — Sunbury Street. — North side: Joseph Snyder, land agent, small frame house at the corner east of Pearl street; George Shipe, machinist, the south- ern part of a long frame double-house at the corner west of Franklin street; Samuel Smink, blacksmith, the northern part of the house just mentioned; James Wallace, helper in the smith shop, small frame house, with shed roof, between Franklin and Shamokin streets; Jeremiah Zimmerman, small frame house at the corner east of Shamokin street; James Dyer, hotel keeper, large two-story frame house at the corner west of Eock street (Franklin A. Clark became proprietor later in the same year). South side: William and Reuben Fagely, merchants, two-story frame house between Shamokin and Eock streets; George Martz, contractor and builder, two-story frame house between Washington and Liberty streets; John Boughner, carpenter, small frame house between Liberty and Orange streets; Jacob Mowry, butcher, two-story frame house at the corner west of Carpenter street. Shamokin Street. — East side: William and Eeuben Fagely's store, be- tween Sunbury and Commerce streets; Jacob Bear, merchant, two-story frame house at the corner north of Independence street; Joseph Zuern, blacksmith, two-story frame house between Independence street and Coal run; Joseph Zaner, carpenter, small frame house on the second lot north of Spurzheim street; Jacob Smink, blacksmith, two-story brick house, the first in Shamokin, half-way between Spurzheim and Clay streets. West side : Stephen Bittenbender, carpenter, small frame house one story and a half high, between Sunbury and Commerce streets; Ziba Bird, agent for John B. Boyd, two-story frame building which now forms the front part of the National Hotel; Jacob Kram, hotel keeper, two-story f name building partly incorporated in the Hotel Vanderbilt; Eichard Wolverton, teamster, frame house with shed roof, one story and a half high, between Independ- ence street and Coal run ; Samuel John, merchant, frame house at the corner north of Spurzheim street; Casper Scholl, carpenter and subsequently as- sociate judge of Northumberland county, two-story frame house between Spurzheim and Clay streets. Commerce Street. — North side: Benjamin McClow, carpenter, the two- story frame house at the corner west of Pearl street in which he now resides; Stillman Eaton, mason, two-story frame house between Pearl and Franklin streets; Joseph Bird, small frame house between Franklin and Shamokin streets; Ziba Bird, at the corner west of Shamokin street. South side: Sylvanus S. Bird, two-story frame house east of Pearl street, subsequently the location of the postoffice; two frame double-houses between Pearl and Franklin streets, erected in 1839 by John C. Boyd; Matthew SHAMOKIN. 607 Brannigan, railroad employee, small frame house between Pearl and Frank- lin streets; Kimber Cleaver, two-story frame house at the corner east of Franklin street; Jacob Kram, hotel keeper, at the corner west of Shamokin street. Indefinite Locations. — Joseph Morrissey, miner, small frame house near the southeast corner of Spurzheim and Pearl streets; James Porter, saloon keeper, two-story frame house on Water street between the Beading and Northern Central railways; Dr. Robert Phillips, hotel keeper, two-story frame house at the gap on the west side of the creek and of the public road; Peter Wary, farmer, log house one story and a half high (the oldest of the build- ings mentioned in this enumeration), west of First between Pine and Spruce streets. Single Men. — Peter Boughner, carpenter, who boarded with his father, John Boughner; William Cherington, blacksmith, who boarded with Joseph Zuern; Chauncey Eaton, mason, who boarded with Stillman Eaton, his brother; Jonas L. Gilger, carpenter, who boarded with George Martz; Wash- ington B. Smink, blacksmith, who boarded with Samuel Smink, his brother; Daniel C. and Isaac Sniink, employees in the smith shop, and John Smink, mail carrier between Shamokin and Paxinos, who boarded with Jacob Smink, their father; Samuel R. Wood, superintendent of the Danville and Pottsville railroad, who boarded at Kram's hotel; Daniel Zuern, blacksmith, who boarded with Joseph Zuern. Patrick Reilly, m^aster mechanic at the railroad shops, also resided in the town, but his residence has not been ascertained. SUBSEQUENT GBOWTH SDMMAEIZED. In 1842 the locomotives were withdrawn from the Danville and Pottsville railroad, which was leased by William and Reuben Fagely and operated by horse-power until 1852; during this period many of the inhabitants were obliged to seek work elsewhere, as the furnace had been banked in 1842 and the coal operations of the Messrs. Fagley, which constituted almost the only dependence of the town, were not sufficient to employ its laboring class. The reopening of the railroad in 1853 and the development of this region which resulted therefrom caused a rapid influx of population, and the growth of the town from that date has kept pace with the expansion of the mining industry. By the census of 1890 the population was fourteen thousand four hundred three. THE FIBST STORES AND HOTELS. The first store at Shamokin was opened in 1838 by Jehu John and Ilef Houseworth in the frame building at the northwest comer of Shamokin and Commerce streets which forms the front part of the National Hotel. The proprietors were brothers-in-law. Houseworth was from the vicinity of 608 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Snydertown, Northumberland county; after relinquishing the mercantile business he engaged in farming in the valley of Plum creek, near Sunbury, where he now resides at an advanced age. John subsequently taught school at Shamokin, but removed to the West and died there. The first store in the lower part of the town was established by Henry Yoxtheimer, a prominent merchant of Sunbury and pioneer coal operator at Shamokin. It was conducted in a frame building opposite the present site of the Eagle Hotel. After Mr. Yoxtheimer failed the business was continued a year or two by Samuel John. William and Eeuben Fagely opened a store on the east side of Shamokin street between Sunbury and Commerce in 1839. This was the location of the first postoffice of the borough. At this site a store has since been conducted by different members of the Fagely family, George K. Fagely being the present proprietor. Samuel John located at Shamokin in April, 1839, and established a store at the northwest corner of Shamokin and Spurzheim streets. He suc- ceeded to Toxtheimer's business when the latter failed. In 1844 he was appointed postmaster, and during his incumbency of two years the office was conducted at his store. Mr. John was connected with the m.ercantile interests of Shamokin for many years. John & Houseworth were succeeded by Jacob Bear, from Lancaster, who removed the establishment to the northeast corner of Shamokin and Inde- pendence streets. His immediate successors were Zuern & Ammerman; Ben- jamin Wolverton, who had a store in the extreme western part of the tovsm, may also be classed with its first merchants, and there were, no stores of any importance established in the place except those mentioned until after the reopening of the railroad in 1853. The first hotel was opened in 1835 by Joseph Snyder in a frame build- ing since incorporated in the Hotel Vanderbilt, but lack of patronage shortly afterward compelled him to relinquish the business at this point. He sub- sequently resumed, however, and continued in the hotel business several years. Jacob Kram was the successor of Mr. Snyder and second proprietor of the hotel that occupied part of the site of the Vanderbilt, which was variously known as the Shamokin Hotel and the United States Hotel before it re- ceived its present name. The first marriage in the town was that of Rebecca Kram, daughter of the proprietor, and Joseph Bird, subsequently a well known coal operator. Mr. Kram conducted this hostelry with fair success for several years, after which he removed to Minersville, Schuylkill county. Dr. Eobert Phillips, who resided in a two-story frame house at the gap as early as 1836 and five or six years after that date, kept a hotel that received a fair patronage from persons traveling over the old Eeading road and from the workmen employed on the construction of the railroad. This was beyond the borough limits, however. SHAMOKIN. 609 In 1839 John and Jacob Gearhart erected a large two-story frame hotel at the present site of the First National Bank, northwest corner of Sunbury and Rock streets. The first landlord was Jacob Dyer, who removed to Catawissa and was succeeded in the same year (1839) by Franklin A. Clark, who con- tinued as proprietor many years. The property was subsequently purchased by John B. Douty, from whom it received the name of the Douty House. It was eventually destroyed by fire. Jacob Dyer and Joseph Snyder were the first to keep hotel at the present site of the National Hotel, which was established in 1851 by William M. Weaver and has since been one of the well Imown hostelries of the town. Sheriff Weaver conducted this hotel until his retirement in 1886, with the exception of the years 1863-66 and 1878-81, when he was sheriff of North- umberland county. EAELY PHYSICIANS AND LAWYEBS. Dr. Joseph C. Robins, of Elysburg, was the first physician who practiced at Shamokin to any extent; Dr. Robert Phillips resided there and enjoyed a professional title, but it does not appear that he ever engaged in the practice of his profession at this place. It was impossible, however, to obtain prompt medical attendance from Elysburg in cases of emergency, and very inconvenient to send for Doctor Robins under any circumstances, and in 1842 the citizens of Shamokin entered into a joint subscription for the support of a resident physician. The services of Dr. John K. Robins, who had recently graduated from Jeffer- son Medical College, were secured, and in April, 1842, he located at Sha- mokin, where he was in active practice until January, 1846; he then removed to Catawissa, where he now resides, and is one of the oldest physicians of Columbia county. Doctor Robins was the only physician at Shamokin dur- ing the period of his residence here. After the departure of Doctor Robins the services of Dr. George Weiser were secured. He arranged to stay one year, but a more favorable opening having been presented at Georgetown, Northumberland county, he removed thither, and Dr. Charles Weiser filled the remainder of the unexpired term. The town was then without a resident physician until 1852, when Dr. Galen S. Robins, a son of Dr. Joseph C. Robins and a graduate of the Penn- sylvania College of Medicine, located here; he was in active practice until his death in 1856, associated during a part of this time with Dr. J. J. John and with his brother. Dr. E. S. Robins. The first resident lawyer of Shamokin was Spencer M. Kase, a native of Rush township, Northumberland county, a graduate of Bucknell University, Lewisburg, and of the Easton Law School, who read law with Joshua W. Comly at Danville and located at Shamokin in the practice of his profession in 1853. His office was a one-story frame building at the southeast corner 610 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of Sunbury and Shamokin streets. After a residence of three or four years at Shamokin he removed to East St. Louis, Illinois, where he became a well known criminal lawyer. He was elected to the legislature of that State, and was once the nominee of the Democratic party for judge of the district court, when, although the minority candidate, he was defeated by only a small majority. His death occurred in 1890. William Lattimer Scott, the second resident attorney, was also a native of Hush township. He read law with John Cooper, of Danville, located at Shamokin shortly after his admission to the bar, and had his office at the northeast corner of Shamokin and Independence streets. He served as dis- trict attorney of Northumberland county, and resided at Shamokin until his death. MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT. Shamokin borough was incorporated by decree of court at November term, 1864. The first borough election was held on the 2d of December in the same year; it resulted in the choice of E. B. Douty as burgess and John Esher, Daniel Weaver, Henry Van Gasken, John Dunkelberger, William H. Gilger, and John Shipp as councihnen. The following is a list of bur- gesses: 1864-65, E. B. Douty; 1866, Jonas L. Gilger; 1867, E. B. Douty; 1868-69, Eeuben Fagely; 1870-71, J. H. Zimmerman; 1872, William H. Marshall; 1873, WiUiam H Douty; 1874-75, Charles P. Helfenstein; 1876, J. H. Zimmerman; 1877, E. B. Douty; 1878-80, Samuel E. Martin; 1881, J. A. Weaver; 1882-83, Joseph Henninger; 1884-86, J. H. Zimmerman; 1887, Mahlon Koch; 1888, John J. W. Schwartz; 1889, J. A. Weaver; 1890, Ga- len F. Holshue; 1891, Henry Eeese. The Borough Building on Lincoln street was erected in 1878-79 under the supervision of a building committee composed of Chief Burgess Samuel E. Martin and Councilmen Simon HofPman, Isaac Eaup, W. B. Bird, and George Eobertson. It is a substantial stone building, two stories high, with lock-up in the basement, council chamber on the first floor, and apartments for the warden and his family on the second floor. The erection of this building was formally decided upon by the borough council, July 20, 1878, but it was not until the 4th of August, 1879, that the committee on public property was instructed to finish the second story. John Simmonds has filled the position of warden for some years. The Fire Department, under its present organization, was established by ordinance of the borough council, October 7, 1880. The individual compa- nies retain their respective rights and privileges, but for the purpose of har- monious and united action they are governed by a board of representatives, composed of three members elected from each company. This board elects an executive officer and two assistants, with the approval of the borough council, the present offioers being Joseph B. Womer, chief of the fire depart- SHAMOKIN. 611 ment; Samuel Snyder, first assistant, and Charles Schlegel, second assist- ant. The volunteer department was originally organized some years previ- ously, with Wesley Van Gasken as chief engineer. At present it is com- posed of the following organizations: Lincoln Hose Company, corner of Lincoln and Liberty; Independence Fire Association, instituted and incor- porated in 1873, corner of Lincoln and Grant; Rescue Fire Engine and Hose Company, instituted, March 10, 1873, incorporated, January 20, 1874, corner of Liberty and Lincoln; Friendship Fire Engine and Hose Company, instituted, July 1, 1873, incorporated, November 6, 1873, corner of Pearl and Spurzheim; and West End Fire Company, organized, November 1, 1888, incorporated, January 7, 1889. The Police System of the borough was, until a few years since, of the voluntary character. Policemen were appointed for each ward, furnished with weapons and the insignia of civil authority, and empowered to make arrests, but received no compensation except for special services. With the growth of the town this was found inadequate for the preservation of public order, and on the 2d of April, 1889, the paid police system was established by ordinance of council. The force consists of a chief and four officers; the chief of police in 1889 was J. A. Weaver, who was succeeded in 1890 by William Eeppard, the present incumbent. THE RIOT OF 1877. Many men v/ere unemployed at Shamokin during the great railroad strike of 1877, and meetings were frequently held at Union hall and Slope hill to discuss measures for the redress of grievances. The climax was reached on the evening of July 25th, when, after a meeting at Union hall, &■ crowd of men and boys moved down Shamokin street, not, it appears, with any riotous intentions at first, but as they passed E. Shuman & Company's store some one threw a stone through the window; this caused a momentary excite- ment, followed by a general movement toward the Reading station, which was completely looted. The mob then crossed over to the Northern Central depot, but at this juncture a company of citizens who had collected in re- sponse to the tolling of the Presbyterian church bell, a signal that had been agreed upon when acts of violence first became probable, marched down Lib- erty street with the burgess, Richard B. Douty, at their head. Upon arriv- ing at the station he summoned the mob to disperse, but the order was utterly disregarded and the citizens then opened fire, with such execution that four- teen of the mob were wounded, one, Philip Wiest, a ringleader in the dis- turbance, quite seriously. This had the desired effect and the rioters retreated with great precipitation. Two vigilance companies were forthwith organized, with J. A. Weaver and W. C. Huntzinger as captains; they cleared the streets and performed guard duty during the next two weeks, but there was fortunately no recurrence of riotous demonstrations. 612 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. FACILITIES OP TRAVEL AND TEANSPOETATION. The old Beading road, the first public highway passing through the site of Shamokin, was opened in colonial days. The course through the borough can be indicated with a fair degree of accuracy by present landmarks. Crossing Coal run nearly opposite the Luke Fidler colliery, it continued in a westerly direction to the north side of Sunbury street in the rear of^ the Central school building and at the base of the mountain to the gap, whence it followed the course of the creek to Paxinos. It is described in 1803 as having been lined on either side with a dense growth of laurel. The Danville and- Pottsville Railroad sustained an important relation to the early prosperity of Shamokin. It was opened to Paxinos in 1835 and completed to Shamokin three years later. The road was leased in 1842 by William and Eeuben Fagely and operated by hoirse-power ten years; the track was relaid in 1853 and the road was formally reopened on the 25th of August in that year. In 1854 it was extended to Mt. Carmel; this extension is now operated by the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, the entire line from Sunbury to Mt. Carmel being leased by the Northern Central Railway Company. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, Williamsport division, is com- posed in this county of the Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven, Mahanoy and Shamokin, and Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroads. The Maha- noy and Shamokin, formed by the consolidation of the Enterprise, the Sha- mokin and Trevorton, the Zerbe Valley, and other roads in Schuylkill county, was merged into the Reading system in 1871. The Enterprise railroad extends from Locust Gap to Shamokin, and was opened in 1868; the Sha- mokin and Trevorton, now a part of the Herndon branch, was opened on the 2d of August, 1869; and the Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroad, extending from Shamokin through Sunbury and Lewisburg to West Milton, was opened in July, 1883. The Shamokin Street Railway Company was organized on the 23d of July, 1889, and incorporated on the following day with a capital of thirty thousand dollars. The present officers are as follows: president, E. C. Ham- ilton; secretary, Dr. J. J. John; treasurer, Martin Markle; directors: E. C. Hamilton, Dr. J. J. John, R. S. Aucker, Ferdinand Tretter, John H. Gable, E. G. Seller, H. Rothschilds, John Clifford, H. Rohrheimer, J. H. Conley, and John Schabo. An electric street railway is in course of construction, the line extending from the power-house at the corner of Pearl and Pine streets to the intersection of Spruce and Second, by way of Pine, Shamokin, Independence, Market, and Spruce streets. THE SHAMOKIN COAL TRADE. In 1826 John C. Boyd opened a stone coal qiiarry on Shamokin creek opposite Yost's planing mill. Ziba Bird was the miner, John Runkle wheeled .%^^^g.^^ SHAMOKIN. 615 the coal to the bank of the creek, and Casper Eeed and Samuel Startzel hauled it to Boyd's place near Danville, whence it was transported in arks to various points on the Susquehanna river. The growth of this great in- dustry is exhaustively treated by Dr. J. J. John in Chapters X and XI of this work. The collieries of Coal township, upon which the prosperity of Shamokin so largely depends, are the Cameron, Luke Fidler, Neilson, Bear VaUey, Sterling, Burnside, Henry Clay, Buck Eidge, Eoyal Oak (Alpha), Enterprise, Excelsior, Corbin, Hickory Eidge, Hickory Swamp, Garfield, Lancaster, Eureka, and Big Mountain. GENEBAL INDUSTBIAL INTEEESTS. At an early period in the present century Abraham Cherry built a saw miU on Shamokin creek at the gap, opposite the Cameron colliery. This was the first industrial establishment at Shamokin; about the year 1828 it passed to a Mr. Hoots, who furnished ties and rails for the Danville and Pottsville railroad. The next owners were J. H. Purdy and Lewis Dewart, who pur- chased the property with a view to its mineral development. Furnace run, an affluent of Shamokin creek from the west, derives its name from an iron furnace conducted there by Henry Myers. This land was purchased by Mr. Myers from Solomon Dunkelberger, and about the year 1825 he erected thereon a small charcoal furnace. Bog ore, obtained in the vicinity, constituted the raw material; the charcoal used was burned from timber on the furnace tract, and the product was hauled in wagons to Sun- bury for shipment to forges in the surrounding country. Considerable diffi- culty was experienced in procuring limestone, and this ultimately led to the abandonment of the works. The development of the ore deposits continued, however, and until the next furnace was placed in operation an appreciable amount of ore was hauled to different furnaces in Columbia county. The location of Myers's furnace was at the west end of Walnut street at the cross- ing of the run. The Shamokin Coal and Iron Company was an important factor in the early industrial development of the town. It was formed by the amal- gamation of the Shamokin Coal Company and the Shamokin Iron Company; the former was incorporated by act of the legislature, June 15, 1836, and the latter organized under a charter granted by the Governor under date of March 18, 1840. The corporators of the coal company were James Hep- bum, John C. Boyd, Lewis Dewart, Joseph M. Sanderson, William Boyd, and Charles Mowry; the authorized capital was three hundred thousand dollars, of which subscriptions to the whole amount and the expenditure of fifteen per cent, were necessary to obtain the charter; the company was limited to three thousand acres of land, situated in Northumberland county. The necessary preliminaries having been successfully accomplished, the charter was accordingly granted, and the organization was affected, Novem- 35. 616 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ber 19, 1839. The iron company was incorporated for the specific purpose of building a furnance for the manufacture of iron. The two were united in one, with the privileges of both, by a supplement to the act incorporating the coal company, March 23, 1841. The furnace was erected in 1841 by the amalgamated corporation, and "blown in" in the autumn of that year. The officers at that time were as follows: president, George W. Eichards; secretary and treasurer, Benjamin H. Yamall; superintendent, Samuel E. Wood; directors: George W. Eichards, Algernon S. Eoberts, Edward Yar- nall, John W. Claghorn, Benjamin H. Yamall, Samuel E. Wood, and John 0. Boyd, all of whom resided at Philadelphia, except Mr. Boyd, of Danville. The following description appeared in a newspaper in 1842 : — This furnace, erected on the property of the company at the village of Shamokin, is now in full blast, under the charge of William Primstone, turning out pig metal of the very best quality. The machinery performs admirably. The forest has given place to the march of civilization, and the wilderness has been made to blossom as the rose. The village of Shamokin now contains more than six hundred inhabitants, nearly three hundred of whom are scholars in the Sunday school, and it is destined, at no dis- tant period, to become a large and flourishing town. Few places possess greater advan- tages for prosecuting the coal and iron business. The furnace is thirty-eight feet square, bore built up eleven feet plumb, then battered two and one half inches to the foot to the top of the stack, which is forty-seven and one half feet high from the com- mencement of the base. Foundation under the whole, five feet deep and forty-two feet square. Engines, one hundred and eighty horse-power. Ten boilers, each thirty feet long and thirty inches diameter. Engine house, sixty by thirty feet. Boiler house, sixty by forty-five feet. Boiler stack, seventy feet high. Casting house, forty- five by forty-eight feet. The worts continued in successful operation until the 24th of May, 1842, when the water-hoisting machinery, the casting house, and part of the boiler house were destroyed by fire. The company had been involved financially, and this loss precipitated the failure which occurred several months later. Benjamin H. Yarnall took charge of the property as assignee; in 1843 it was leased by the Messrs. Poastly, who were succeeded a year later by a Mr. Bryant, but neither the original projectors nor their lessees had so far met with any success, and in 1845, having been sold at sheriff's sale, the furnace was abandoned. In 1853 the property was purchased by Henry Longenecker, of Lancaster, who at once began making improvements and repairs, and established oormec- tion with the Big Mountain railroad. As thus rehabilitated it received the name of the Shamokin Iron Works, Henry Longenecker & Company, pro- prietors. The furnace was "blown in" on the 15th of August, 1854, but many difficulties were encountered, and in the following December it again suspended. The iron trade being dull, nothing was done until May, 1855; repairs were then begun, and on the 6th of July the comer-stone of a new draft stack was laid. At that time the proprietors were Henry Longenecker and Alfred E. Fiske, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania; clerk, Franklin B. Gowen, SHAMOKIN. 617 of Mt. Airy, Philadelphia; founder, Thomas M. Collins, of Phoenixville, Penn- sylvania; store clerks, Cyrus E. Brobst, of Milton, Pennsylvania, and George B. Genther, of New York. Thirty-four persons were employed as masons, bricklayers, carpenters, blacksmiths; and laborers. The ores used were as follows: No. 1, fossil. Union county, Pennsylvania; No. 2, hematite, Adams county, Pennsylvania; No. 3, magnetic, York county, Pennsylvania; No. 4, magnetic, Cornwall, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania; No. 6, bog and ball, Shamokin. The foregoing particulars have been obtained principally from a manu- script deposited, with samples of the ores mentioned and various other articles, in a tin box imbedded in the wall of the stack about twenty feet above the ground. It was placed there with ceremonies appropriate to the event. Mr. Gowen, W. P. Withington, and others made speeches, and the exercises closed with the singing of the doxology under the leadership of Captain Henry Van Gasken. Mr. Gowen's manuscript closed with the following address to pos- terity : — Those "n-lio may find these lines, wliether in a spirit of improvement or act of vandalism, know, that on the 6th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1855, and the seventy-ninth of American independence, this was deposited in the draft stack of the works of the Shamokin furnace, just fourteen years and a day since the erection of the old draft stack and deposit of a somewhat similar memoranda by Kimher Cleaver, Esquire, civil engineer. The stack was constructed of brick, and stood at the upper end of Frank- lin street. In 1879 it was purchased by Lincoln Post, G. A. E., and demol- ished; the tin box with Mr. Gowen's memoranda were thus brought to light, after nearly a quarter of a century of concealment, revealing much of curious interest regarding the furnace and the town. Mr. Gowen was connected with the establishment only two years; it experienced frequent changes in owner- ship and management, and was never continuously operated any great length of time. It was, however, throughout its checkered history, a source of pros- perity at different times when the mining industry was temporarily straitened, particularly at its first inception, when the business of the place was derived almost entirely from the furnace. The Shamokin Iron Works, John Mullen & Son, proprietors, had their inception at an early period in the history of the borough. Upon the com- pletion of the DanviUe and Pottsville railroad to Shamokin in 1838, the rail- road company established shops for the repair of cars, tools, etc. ; John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird added a foundry for the manufacture of hollow- ware, stoves, etc., the power for this department being furnished by the engine in the railroad shops. It was subsequently operated by Bear & Dering, Samuel John, and others. Stephen Bittenbender purchased the foundry in 1851 and the entire establishment in 1855. He inaugurated the manufacture of coal cars for use in the mines and in railroad transportation, and con- ducted the business on a larger scale than any of his predecessors. After 618 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. continuing these operations successfully for a period of sixteen years, he leased the works in 1867 to Cruikshank & Brother, who were succeeded in 1870 by Mullen & Hufman, formerly of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania. The new firm built a steam engine in 1871, the first ever manufactured at Shamo- kin; it was a twenty horse-power engine, and was used by Andrew Robert- son for operating a fan at the old Henry Clay colliery. From that time en- gines have been an important part of the product of the works, and the trade in this respect extends to many of the States and Territories, with an in- creasing demand from the South and Southwest. Mining, rolling miU, furnace, saw mill, and powder mill machinery are also manufactured, and AUison's patent cataract steam pump receives some attention as a specialty. The works embrace two acres of ground, intersected by Pearl and Franklin streets, with direct connection with the Philadelphia and Eeading, Lehigh Valley, and Northern Central railroads. The plant comprises the following buildings: foundry, fifty by eighty feet; machine shop, forty by one hundred feet; blacksmith shop, forty by sixty feet; pattern shop, thirty by sixty-five feet; store-house, forty by eighty feet; boiler shop, fifty by sixty feet, and offi-oe building, all of brick except the pattern shop and office. Ninety-five operatives are usually employed. Two other iron foundries have been absorbed by the Shamokin Iron Works. Of these, the Anthracite Foundry and Machine Works were estab- lished by John Shipp, at the corner of Rock and Clay streets. Mr. Shipp was succeded by Fisher & Medlar, who were followed by WiUiam Y. Cruik- shank. After experiencing several other changes of proprietorship, the plant was purchased in 1882 by Mr. Mullen. The Industrial Iron Works were located at the corner of Independence and Eighth streets; WiUiam Renny- son removed the plant from Sunbury to this place in 1864, and conducted the business until 1868. He was succeeded by several different individuals or firms, and in 1883 the works were purchased by Mr. Mullen. The style of the firm was changed in 1876 froin Mullen & Hufman to John Mullen & Company, and in April, 1889, to John Mullen & Son. A Rolling Mill was erected and partially equipped with machinery in 1858; the funds were principally supplied by the Shamokin Town Lot Asso- ciation, aided by private subscriptions of stock and capital from abroad. The machinery was brought from Camden, New Jersey, and the works were located near the old furnace. The plant was never placed in operation, owing to complications that arose between the local and foreign investors, and the machinery was returned to its former location. J. B. Zimmerman's Carriage Works on Independence street were origi- nally established in 1869 by J. H. Zimmerman on Market street. The busi- ness was begun in a building twenty by thirty feet, but rapidly expanded, and now requires blacksmith and carriage shops and a large repository, em- ploying twenty-five operatives. SHAMOKIN. 619 Eagle Run Brewery, two miles from Shamokin near Weigh Scales station on the Northern Central and Philadelphia and Beading railroads, was estab- lished by Gottlieb Fritz. He has been succeeded by John Geywitz, Swenck & Lehner, John B. Douty, Markle & Schweibenz, and Martin Markle, indi- vidually, the last named being the present proprietor, whose connection with the establishment began in 1871. A twenty-ton ice machine, fifty-six-barrel brewing kettle, and engines of sixty-five and twenty-five horse-power are the principal features of the plant. The annual capacity is six thousand barrels of beer, which finds a market at Shamokin, Mt. Carmel and Trevorton. The Shamokin Planing Mill was established in 1873 by George Marshall, from whom it passed in May, 1890, to W. A. Marshall, the present proprietor. It consists of a two-story frame building forty feet square and three stories high, erected in 1875 and located on Independence street. The machinery is propelled by engines of fifty horse-power, and every variety of planing mill work receives attention. Twenty-five men are employed. The West End Planing Mill, Aucker, Slayman & Company, proprietors, was established in February, 1882. E. S. Aucker had conducted a large business on an individual basis for some years previously. The mill, a two- story frame building forty by eighty- six feet, is situated at the corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, and was erected by the present firm in 1883. The power is derived from an engine of forty horse-power. Seventy-five workmen are employed in their several lines of work, and all kinds of plan- ing mill and contract work are done. The Rock Street Planing Mill was established by J. A. Yost & Company in a building formerly occupied as a foimdry and machine shop. The pres- ent business dates from 1882. The building is a two-story frame structure, forty by seventy-five feet, and the engines have a capacity of twenty horse- power. Eight operatives are usually employed in the mill. Robertson & Osier' s Flour Mill and Grain Elevator, Independence and Washington streets, have developed from a small mill on Liberty street, first operated in 1880 by Nathan Robertson. He was succeeded about a year later by the firm of Eobertson & Parmley, by whom the present mill property was first occupied. This is a three-story brick structure, forty by seventy- five feet in dimensions, and was built by Andrew Eobertson. The grain elevator in the rear is one hundred by thirty-six feet. The mill has a capacity of one hundred barrels of flour and four tons of chop per day. In 1887 the style of the firm was changed to Eobertson, Parmley & Company, who were succeeded by Eobertson & Osier, the present proprietors, about a year later. O. F. Holshue's Flour Mill, corner of Commerce and Market streets, was established by the present proprietor in 1888. It is a three-story frame building, forty by sixty feet; the machinery is operated by a twenty horse- power engine, and the product consists of standard grades of flour and feed. 620 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The Shamokin Powder Mills, William Beury & Company, proprietors, were erected in 1877, and are located in Coal township a mile and a quarter north of Shamokin borough. The daily capacity is one hundred fifty kegs, and the product is sold principally in the Shamokin coal region. Mr. Beury first engaged in the manufacture of powder in 1868 at Little Mahanoy, and has since been interested in Cameron township and at Trevorton. The Sha- mokin mills are therefore successors to some of the first operated in this locality. The Shamokin Powder Company was incorporated, March 10, 1887. The first and present of&cers are as follows : president, John Mullen ; secretary, treasurer, and manager, Thomas J. Mullen; directors: Andrew Eobertson, Thomas Gillespie, John Mullen, George Eobertson, and Thomas J. MuUen. The works are located in Coal township near Trevorton, three and one half miles from Shamokin on the Herndon branch of the Philadelphia and Read- ing railroad. The original projectors were Gillespie, Crone & Company, by whom the works were erected in 1880 and operated until they passed to the present owners. The plant consists of an engine of forty horse-power, three boilers of seventy horse-power, one set of seven-ton chasers, one incorporator, two dry-houses, one glazing mill, packing house, magazine, two large store- houses for charcoal, and twenty acres of land. The daily capacity is one hundred seventy-five kegs. An addition for the manufacture of pressed powder for the western trade is now (1890) in course of erection. The Shamokin Manufacturing Company was organized and incorporated in 1888 with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars and the following offi- cers: president, A. A. Heim; secretary, Addison G. Marr, and treasurer, J. H. Conley. In 1888 a building was erected on Sunbury street at the former location of the Catholic cemetery for the manufacture of the Davis patent door knob. The works are now operated under lease by Heim & Deibert. The Shamokin Steam Bakery, H. C. Beury & Company, proprietor's, was placed in operation on the 4th of August, 1890. It occupies a three-story frame building, thirty by seventy-five feet in dimensions, located on West Commerce street. Twelve operatives are employed. The product consists of cakes, crackers, and biscuits. The Shamokin Industrial Company was organized in 1890 for the pur- pose of promoting the general industrial interests of the town. The follow- ing officers were elected by the board of directors at its organization on the 7th of November, 1890: president, E. S. Aucker; vice-president, John MuUen, and secretary, Addison G. Marr. I. W. Forry & Son's factory for the manufacture of knit hosiery is a two- story frame building on Fifth street, erected by the Shamokin Industrial Company and leased to the Messrs. Forry for a term of years. The plant was placed in operation on the 27th of January, 1891. Miscellaneous Industries include the brick works of Mc Williams & Mc- SHAMOKIN. 621 Connell, a mile west of the borough, which employ twenty-eight men and have a capacity of thirty thousand per day; an overall factory, cigar fac- tories, etc., which add to the volume of local production to an appreciable extent. THE POSTOFFICE. The postoifices nearest Shamokin at the time when it was laid out were Bear Gap and Shamokin (Paxinos), both of which were established soon after the opening of the Centre turnpike. As the place began to attain vil- lage proportions local facilities became imperatively necessary, and on the 17th of May, 1838, WiUiam Fagely was commissioned as postmaster of Coal postoffice. General Hammond was then Congressman from this district, and it was through him that the people of this locality communicated with the department. Mr. Fagely opened the office at his store on Shamokin street in the building now occupied by George K. Fagely & Company. Mail was received several times a week, by stages over the turnpike and car- rier from Snufftown. In 1840 a special route was established from Paxinos to Shamokin, with Solomon Martz as contractor, the compensation being the net proceeds of Coal postoffice, provided they did not exceed thirty-one dollars fifty cents per quarter. For some time Mr. Martz carried the mail himself, and then employed John Smink, a boy, who made the trip three times a week on foot. At the expiration of his contract, June 30, 1844, Mr. Martz was succeeded by Casper SchoU. The first daily mail was introduced by Thomas Doman, who had a contract for carrying the mails between Sun- bury and Philadelphia.* As a postoffice designation, Shamokin was first applied to the village of Snufftown, the mail distributing point for a large part of the extensive township of Shamokin. On the 28th of December, 1840, the name of Coal postoffice was changed to Shamokin, and that of Paxinos substituted for the latter at SnufPtown. William Fagely continued in charge, and his succes- sors have been appointed in the following order: Samuel John, February 21, 1844; Joseph Zuern, March 26, 1846; James Thomas, February 26, 1849; Sylvanus S. Bird, July 13, 1852; Joseph Zuern, January 3, 1855; Syl- vanus S. Bird, December 3, 1855; Lewis L. Bevan, March 24, 1856; F. P. Stambach, December 18, 1860; Darius S. Gilger, March 25, 1864; WiUiam A. Sterling, April 6, 1888; Simon C. WagenseUer, August 13, 1890. The free delivery system was established on the 1st of December, 1890. BANKS. The Shamokin Bankf had its inception in 1854. At that date the town was at the height of its early prosperity. The railroad was in successful *The above particulars regarding early postal facilities have been derived from articles contrib iited to the Shamokin Herald by Dr. J. J. John. tThe facts relating to this institution have been derived from a series of articles contributed to the Shamokin Herald by Dr. J. J. John. 622 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. operation; several collieries had initiated coal shipments to distant points, and others were about to be opened; the furnace was in blast, and with a growing population it was apparent that banking facilities were necessary for the normal expansion of the business of the commimity. The popular senti- ment was formally expressed at a meeting of citizens at Weaver's Hotel, when the first preliminary steps were taken, July 6, 1854. A second meet- ing was held, January 31, 1855; J. H. Zimmerman was twice elected to the legislature as a pledged supporter of the project, and through his efforts and those of David Taggart, State Senator, an act of incorporation was secured, May 15, 1857. The capital was placed at one hundred fifty thousand dollars, with the privilege of increasing it to double that amount. A meeting of the corporators was held on the 9th of June, 1857, with John Taggart, president, and W. P. Withingtoji, secretary, at which committees were appointed to solicit stock. Owing to the financial stringency of that year, their efforts were unsuccessful; and, not willing to permit the charter to expire, recourse was then had to other than local sources, and the firm of B. S. & N. Thayer, of Buffalo, New York, were induced to purchase fifteen hundred twenty shares of stock, for which they deposited seven thousand dollars in specie and twenty-seven thousand dollars in notes of the Tioga and Crawford banks. The charter was accordingly issued by Governor Pollock, January 18, 1858 ; on the 23d of that month the stockholders elected J. H. Zimmerman presi- dent, Daniel A. Eobinson cashier, and a Mr. Richardson teller. Shamokin was represented in the directory by W. M. Weaver, W. P. Withington, and Joseph Bird. Business was begun in the Bittenbender building, March 2, 1858. Within a brief period the control passed from the Thayers to the Eobin- sons and from them to E. E. and J. Woods Underhill. In April, 1858, the affairs of the bank were investigated by a legislative committee, which re- ported in^terms of strong censure and disapproval. In order to make a cred- itable June statement, the Underbills placed five thousand dollars in specie in the vault with the intention of afterward withdrawing it, but in this design they were thwarted by the local directors. About this time one Street in- duced^ the' bank to issue twenty thousand dollars for him, promising to pro- vide adequate'coUateral for its redemption; this he failed to do, and when the notes^were presented to the Philadelphia correspondent for redemption, the funds for that purpose were soon exhausted. Inquiry developed the fact that eighty thousand dollars of the bank's notes were in circulation, with but fifteen thousand to redeem it, and that a stock note of thirty-eight thousand dollars Jrom the Underhills constituted a large part of the assets of the insti- tution. When they next visited Shamokin they were met by the local direct- ors with a demand to substitute available funds for their stock note or assign all their^^interest to Stephen Bittenbender in trust. This they declined to do; and when'it became known that they proposed leaving by the Trevorton SHAMOKIN. 623 stage on the following morning, President Zimmerman secretly secured a locomotive, went to Sunbury, and as the resultof his visit the sheriff arrested the obstinate magnates just as they were about to take their departure. The bank was accordingly signed over to Mr. Bittenbender as trustee, the Underhills to have four weeks in which to redeem it by producing sufficient funds to carry on the business properly. This they never did; and on the 11th of August, 1858, the requisite amount of stock having been subscribed, a reorganization was effected with the election of the following officers: president, J. H. Zimmerman; cashier, Samuel John; teller, Eobert Under- hQl; directors: Joseph Bird, William H. Marshall, William M. Weaver, Elias Eisenhart, George Schall, Felix Maurer, William Deppen, Elida John, H. J. Wolverton, William T. Grant, William Elliott, and Joseph Hoover. The institution thus passed into local control. Its officers were business men of standing and means, and notwithstanding the incubus of previous bad management, confidence in its integrity was gradually restored. The first dividend, two and one half per cent., was declared in November, 1860. President Zimmerman resigjied, September 27, 1858, and was succeeded by Felix Maurer; he died in the following year, and F. W. Pollock was elected to the position, November 30, 1859. Charles W. Peale succeeded Mr. John as cashier, November 30, 1859, and was followed in January, 1863, by Thomas C. Trotter, who was superseded by Thomas D. Grant in the following Decem- ber. "Northumberland County" was substituted for "Shamokin" in the name about this time. On the 1st of February, 1865, it became a national bank, and as a State institution, after experiencing the scrutiny of several legislative committees and a variety of vicissitudes unparalleled in the finan- cial record of this part of the State, the bank passed into history. The Northumberland County National Bank was incorporated, February 1, 1865, with F. W. Pollock, president, and Thomas D. Grant, cashier; the latter was succeeded in April, 1865, by T. G. Bogle, who was followed in June, 1869, by F. S. Haas. In 1868-69, a three-story brick bank building was erected at the comer of Sunbury and Washington streets. The business was begun under favorable auspices, and the management for some years enjoyed the confidence and patronage of the business community. But in the financial stringency of 1877 it was compelled to suspend, and its affairs were placed in the hands of W. H. M. Oram as receiver. Its existence terminated with the business necessary to the distribution of its assets among it creditors. The Miners' Trust and Safe Deposit Company orginated in a private banking house established in 1868 by Addison G. and J. C. Marr. Their office was on Shamokin street, in the Bittenbender building. Legislative incorporation was secured. May 18, 1871, the corporators being Johi» B. Douty, Andrew Eobertson, Isaac May, Sr., Henry Guiterman, Andrew Lang- don, Alexander Fulton, and Addison G. Marr. The authorized capital was two hundred thousand dollars, and business was begun with a paid-up capital 624: HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. of twenty-six thousand dollars. Andrew Robertson was president; Isaac May, Sr., vice-president; Addison G. Marr, cashier, and Withington Lake, teller. The bank erected the substantial brick building at the corner of Rock and Shamokin streets now occupied by the Shamokin Banking Company, and there its business was conducted until the 17th of February, 1877, when it suspended. Some months later Withington Lake was appointed assignee, and the final settlement of its affairs has been the source of considerable lit- igation. The Shamokin Banking Company was incorporated by legislative enact- ment. May 24, 1871, with an authorized capital of one hundred thousand dollars. Conrad Graeber, Alfred J. Medlar, Gfeorge W. Ryon, Charles F. Rahn, George McEliece, and Levi Huber, the corporators, organized on the 30th of June, 1871. The first board of directors was elected, August 4, 1871, and was composed as follows: Levi Huber, A. J. Medlar, Charles F. Rahn, Conrad Graeber, George W. Ryon, George McEliece, Samuel John, Charles P. Helfenstein, A. A. Heim, and William H. Marshall; on the same day, George W. Ryon was elected president, Conrad. Graeber, vice-president, and L S. Huber, cashier. Business was commenced, September 4, 1871, on the east side of Sunbury street near the corner of Washington; the present bank- ing building, at the northeast aorner of Shamokin and Rock streets, was first occupied, March 28, 1879. Conrad Graeber became president, January 6, 1873 ; David Llewellyn, September 14, 1888, and George W. Ryon, the pres- ent incumbent, January 20, 1891. I. S. Huber, the first cashier, still retains that position. D. W. Heim, the present teller, is also the first person elected to that office. The paid-up capital, originally twenty-five thousand dollars, was increased to fifty thousand dollars, at which it has since remained, November 15, 1873. The surplus fund amounts to thirty-five thousand dollars. The First National Bank was organized, September 1, 1888, with Con- rad Graeber, president; Alexander Fulton, vice-president; George C. Grae- ber, cashier, and a board of directors consisting of Conrad Graeber, Alexan- der Fulton, George C. Graeber, Isaac May, Sr., John Mullen, George Hack, and John S. Graeber. It was incorporated, September 12, 1883, and com- menced business, September 17, 1883. The present banking building, a substantial brick and stone structure at the northwest corner of Sunbury and Rock streets, was first occupied in June, 1888. The following is a list of presidents since the organization of the bank: Conrad Graeber, Isaac May, Sr., and John Mullen. George C. Graeber has filled the office of cashier since his first election to that position. The present directory is composed of ^hn Mullen, president; Andrew D. Robertson, vice-president; George C. Graeber, cashier; William C. Smith, Daniel Eisenhart, Charles A. Graeber, Martin Markle, and John Schabo. The present teller is Frederick Lorenz, who has filled that position since September, 1887. The capital is one hun- SHAMOKIN. G25 died thousand dollars, and the surplus (October, 1890), forty-five thousand dollars. WATEK, GAS, AND ELECTBIO LIGHT. Prior to the opening of the mines there were a number of fine springs on the mountain north of Shamokin and others at various places within the lim- its of the borough, thus obviating for many years any necessity for an arti- ficial system of water supply, the first introduction of which occurred about the year 1850 when William and Reuben Fagely laid a line of pine logs with two-inch bore on Sunbury street. The boring was done by Michael HofE- man, a pump maker of Ralpho township in the vicinity of Elysburg. Sev- eral years later a line of similar construction was laid on Sham.okin street from a spring on the mountain to the railroad crossing, where there was a public fountain from which the United States and National Hotels and pri- vate dwellings in that vicinity derived their supply. This was probably con- structed by the Philadelphia and Sunbury Eailroad Company. Iron pipe was first introduced in 1858, when William and Reuben Fagely laid a line on Liberty street from Cameron to Sunbury, and on Sunbury street from Orange to Shamokin, and in 1865 Stephen Bittenbender constructed a line of similar material on Pearl street from Dewart to Sunbury, thence on Sun- bury street to Shamokin, and on ShamoMn street to the railroad crossing. The works mentioned were entirely the result of private enterprise, and, although crude in design and construction, they doubtless proved a means of public utility and convenience. It became evident, however, that an ade- quate supply could be obtained only by corporate agency, and in 1869 an effort was made to organize a water company. A meeting of citizens was held at the office of Reuben Fagely, corner of Sunbury and Shamokin streets; William H. Marshall was elected president and Dr. J. J. John secretary, but the project never developed beyond the incipient stage. The Shamokin Water Company was incorporated, August 7, 1872, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars. The corporators were William H. Marshall, W. R. Kutzner, Daniel Yost, W. M. Weaver, F. J. Anspach, Reuben Fagely, Daniel S. Miller, Isaac May, Sr., John B. Douty, Matthias Emes, John Rosser, Thomas Rosser, and Withington Lake. Their first meeting was held, August 9, 1872, W. H. Marshall presiding; the first elec- tion of directors occurred, August 19, 1872, resulting in the choice of John B. Douty, William H. Marshall, Isaac May, Sr., Reuben Fagely, F. J. Anspach, W. R. Kutzner, William Brown, Matthias Emes, and Conrad Graeber. At a meeting of the directors, August 23, 1872, Isaac May, Sr., was elected president of the board; John B. Douty, vice-president; F. J. Anspach, secretary, and William H. Marshall, treasurer. The works were constructed under the supervision of F. J. Anspach as engineer, with Trout run as the source of supply; a reservoir was constructed on that stream, and the water passed by gravity through a twelve-inch wooden main to a tank 626 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. near the comer of Sunbury and Eighth streets, whence it was pumped through a sixteen- inch iron main to a wooden tank on the side of the moimtain near the culm bank of the Cameron colliery, thus obtaining suffi- cient pressure for distribution to aU parts of the town. Water was first sup- plied for public consumption in 1873. In 1875 a new route was laid out for the main pipe to a point thirty-nine himdred feet further up the run, thus giving sufficient vertical height for a gravity service and doing away with the expensive and irregular pumping system. The present plant includes four reservoirs, one of thirty-five million gallons, the others of one million gallons each, situated in Brush valley three miles from the borough, the largest at an altitude of one hundred forty feet above the level of Sunbury street at the intersection of Shamokin. There are about thirty miles of mains, extending to every part of Shamokin borough and the adjoining portions of Coal township, and a daily consumption ranging from two to two and one half millions of gallons. The present officers are as follows: president, W. C. McConnell ; secretary, George O. Martz, and treasurer, C. Q. McWilliams. The Roaring Creek Water Company was incorporated, November 11, 1884, with a capital of one him.dred forty-eight thousand dollars, and organ- ized, October 1, 1884, with the following officers: president, D. E. Kulp; secretary, W. C. McCoimell; treasurer, C. Q. McWilliams; directors: John Haas, W. C. McConnell, C. Q. McWilliams, D. R. Kulp, and H. M. McClure. The rapid increase in the population of Shamokin in the decade immediately following the organization of the Shamokin Water Company created a demand for which Trout run was inadequate as a source of supply, hence the forma- tion of this company, for the purpose of extending the receiving mains to Roaring creek, a distance of ten and one half miles. The work of construc- tion was begun in 1886, under the supervision of A. B. Cochran as engineer, and a line of sixteen-inch pipe was laid from Roaring creek to the headwaters of Trout run, a distance of twenty-seven thousand nine hundred fifteen feet, involving the opening of two tunnels, one forty-five hundred, the other nine hundred feet in length. The waters of Roaring creek were first turned into ■ Trout run on the 2d of September, 1886, and on the 2d of October a con- tinuous flow from Roaring creek to Shamokin was established. The reservoir is situated in Mt. Carmel township; it has a superficial area of five acres, and an altitude of two hundred eighty feet above the level of Shamokin street at the railroad crossing. In June, 1887, the mains of this company were con- nected with those of the Shamokin Water Company by a line of fourteen- inch pipe four and one half miles in length, thus making a continuous line of pipe ten miles in length, and consummating one of the most extensive engineering projects ever attempted in connection with the water supply of an inland town. It has been attended with results that amply justify the work. Ade- quate provision is made for a practically inexhaustible supply of pure water sufficient to meet the demands of the consuming community for years to come. SHAMOKIN. 627 The watersheds of both the Trout run and Eoaring creek reservoirs are owned by the respective companies, which are thus enabled to guarantee absolute freedom from contaminating influences. The elevation of the reservoirs gives sufficient pressure to afford protection in case of fire; and the abundance of the supply constitutes one of the most important of the many advantages offered by Shamokin as a manufacturing site. The Anthracite Water Company was organized, April 15, 1885, with the following directors: president, D. E. Kulp; secretary, W. C. McConnell; treasurer, C. Q. McWilliams ; H. M. McClure, and George H. Neff, who, with John Haas, were the corporators, and received a charter, May 18, 1885, with a capital of eight thousand dollars. This company supplies Coal township, and its plant was constructed in 1888. A reservoir on Trout run is the source of supply. The Bear Gap Water Company was organized, December 17, 1888, and incorporated, January 15, 1889, with a capital of forty thousand dol- lars, since increased to one hundred thousand. The first officers were George O. Martz, president, W. C. McConnell, secretary, and John Haas, treasurer, who, with C. Q. McWilliams, John H. Fulton, and George H. Neff, were the original members of the company, which was formed for the purpose of sup- plying Mt. Carmel township with water from Roaring creek A dam is now in course of construction on that stream five miles below the dam of the Roaring Creek Water Company. At this point a Worthington high-duty pumping engine will be placed; the capacity of this engine will be sufficient to pump one and one half million gallons of water every twenty-four hours through forty-two hundred sixty feet of ten-inch pipe to the mountain top north of Hickory Ridge, a vertical height of seven hundred sixty-four feet. Here two reservoirs with a capacity of one million gallons each will be con- structed, from which ten miles of distributing mains wiU lead to Locust Gap, Locust Summit, and the principal collieries and villages in Mt. Carmel township. The Shamokin Gas Light Company. -waa organized, July 23, 1874, and incorporated in the same year with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars. Charles P. Helfenstein was the first president. The works, situated on Inde- pendence street between Market and Eighth, consist of one holder with a capacity of eighty-five hundred cubic feet, with the necessary accessories, and the mains extend through the principal streets of the town. The present officers are as follows: directors: president, Holden Chester; vice- president, John Mullen; treasurer, George W. Ryon; A. Robertson, L. B. Morganroth, John P. Helfenstein, and J. J. John; secretary and superin- tendent, A. A. Heim. The Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Shamokin, Pennsylvania, was incorporated, November 29, 1882, with a capital of twenty-seven thou- sand dollars, and the following directors: president, William H. Douty; 628 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. secretary, William Beury; treasurer, John Mullen; A. Eobertson, C. C. Leader, P. B. Shaw, and Holden Chester. The present directory is com- posed as follows: president, Holden Chester; secretaiy, George O. Martz; treasurer, John Mullen; A. Eobertson, William C. Smith, C. C. Leader, and W. C. McConnell. The Shamokin Arc Light Company was incorporated, August 17, 1887, with a capital of ten thousand dollars. The first directory consisted of Hol- den Chester, president; C. C. Leader, secretary; William Beury, treasurer; A. Eobertson, John Mullen, W. C. McConnell, and George O. Martz. The two companies last mentioned are practically identical in manage- ment. The plants are located on Independence street; that of the Edison company has engines of two hundred forty horse-power, and its illuminating capacity is twenty-three hundred lights of ten candle-power. The Arc Light company has engines of one hundred horse-power, and its illuminating capacity is one hundred lights oi two thousand candle-power. The superin- tendent of both companies is John McEliece. BOARD OF TEADE. The Shamokin Board of Trade is an organization designed to promote the general commercial and industrial interests of the borough by calling attention to its advantages as a place of residence and for the investment of capital; to solicit manufacturers to locate here, or in the territory immedi- ately contiguous ; to obtain an extension of its transportation facilities, and, in a general way, to encourage enterprises conducive to the prosperity of the business community. In pursuance of a call signed by a number of citizens, a meeting was held at the Hotel Vanderbilt, Monday, Jantiary 24, 1887; W. C. McConnell presided, and D. L. SoUenberger was chosen secretary. The object of the meeting was stated by the chair, and the following gentlemen were appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws: Addison G. Marr, William H. Douty, D. E. Shuster, John Weir, C. C. Leader, F. E. Ammer- man, E. S. Aucker, and E. G. Seiler, whose report was adopted, January 31, 1887. On the 14th of February, 1887, a permanent organization was effected with the election of the following directors: William H. Douty, W. C. Mc Connell, Addison G. Marr, H. Floyd, D. E. Shuster, John Mullen, J. A. Weaver, Francis Hoover, C. C. Leader, George O. Martz, A. A. Heim, F. E. Ammerman, E. G. Seiler, E. S. Aucker, H. S. Zimmerman, and Levi Shoop. The first president was William H. Douty; first vice-president, E. S. Aucker; second vice-president, C. C. Leader; secretary, D. L. SoUenberger, and treas- urer, J. H. Conley. The present president is John Mullen; vice-president, William Beury; secretary, John P. Helfenstein, and treasurer, J. H. Conley. SECRET AND OTHER SOCIETIES. The following is a list of secret and other societies, with dates of organization or institution: Mount Tabor Lodge, No. 125, I. O. O. F. SHAMOKIN. 629 August 18, 1845; Shamokin Lodge, No. 664, I. O. 0. F., April 12, 1869; Susquehanna Encampment, No. 60, I. O. O. F., July 12, 1867; Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, P. & A. M., August 4, 1851; Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, E. A. M., June 13, 1883; Shamokin Council, No. 71, 0. U. A. M., Decem- ber 22, 1865; Shamokin Lodge, No. 156, K. of P., June 9, 1869; Lincoln Post, No. 140, G. A. E., June 23, 1868, reorganized, June 20, 1870; J. Wei- mer Young Command, No. 7, Union Veterans' Legion, September 22, 1887; General George Washington Camp, No. 72, Sons of Veterans, September 25, 1882; Ladies' Aid Society, No. 18, Auxiliary to General George Washington Camp, No. 72, Sons of Veterans, February 2, 1889; Ivanhoe Conclave, No. 9, Sovereign Patriotic Knights, November 9, 1869, reorganized, September 23, 1889; Washington Camp, No. 30, P. O. S. of A, November 29, 1869; Washington Camp, No. 149, P. O. S. of A., 1874; Washington Camp, No. 187, P. O. S. of A., June 29, 1887; Anthony Wayne Commandery, No. 13, P. O. S. of A., October 7, 1880; Shickalamy Tribe, No. 148, L O. E. M., 1870; True Workers' Lodge, No. 541, I. O. G. T., June 6, 1879; Shamokin Council, No. 959,E. A., March 15, 1886; Naomi Council, No. 12, 1. O. E. M., Novem- ber 30, 1889. THE PBESS. The first newspaper at Shamokin was the Journal, of which the first issue appeared. May 1, 1858. It was a six-column folio, edited and pub- lished by John Eobins, but the project was relinquished before the close of its first volume. The materials of the office were purchased by Samuel John, under whose proprietorship the Register made its first appearance, March 8, 1860. After a period of suspension, he was followed by Daniel Bower, June 6, 1861, and with his' retirement, April 29, 1862, the paper was finally dis- continued. On the 10th of June, 1862, the Herald made its debut with Daniel Bower and J. J. John as editors. J. Stewart McEwen succeeded Messrs. Bower and John, December 25, 1862, and S. B. Sisty, July 2, 1862. On the 23d of July, 1863, Owen M. Fowler assumed the proprietorship, and to him belongs the honor of first establishing a local paper on a permanent basis. He continued in charge until his death. May 9, 1874. From that date until the 1st of July the Herald was conducted by Dr. J. J. John; it was then purchased by HefEelfinger & Coder, both of whom had previously been in Mr. Fowler's employ. After a time Mr. Coder retired, and the pub- lication was continued by Mr. Heffelfinger individually until February 9, 1889, when the paper was transferred to the present proprietors, John J. W. Schwartz and E. F. Howard. The daily edition was established, October 22, 1888. The Times had its inception in January, 1872, when J. A. Gilger started the Advertiser; it assumed the proportions of a regular newspaper, July 13, 1872, when the name was changed to the Times, with J. L. Gilger & Son as 630 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. proprietors. They were successively followed by Gilger & Fagely, the Sha- mokin Times Company, and D. L. SoUenberger & Company, the present proprietors, who assumed charge in November, 1879, the present constituent members of the firm being D. L. SoUenberger and W. S. Guiterman. The Daily Times was started, October 17, 1883, and discontinued, October 14, 1884. The Daily Dispatch was first issued, November 21, 1886. The National Greenback, Sentinel, Talk of the Day, etc., are among the defunct journals of recent years. CHUKCHES. St. Edward's Catholic Church is the oldest religious organization at Shamokin, and built the first church in the town. During the construction of the Danville and Pottsville railroad a large number of Catholics were employed on that work, and as early as 1838 Catholic services were held in Shamokin by the pastors of PottsviUe and Minersville. About one acre of land for a church and cemetery was secured in the west end of the village (the present site of the knob factory), and in the spring of 1839 sufficient money had been raised to erect a small unplastered frame church twenty by thirty- two feet in dimensions on the southwest corner of the lot. Patrick Eeilly, master mechanic in the railroad shops, and Matthew Brannigan were the leading spirits in the enterprise, and Stephen Bittenbender put up the build- ing. It was dedicated as St. Edward's, October 11, 1840, by Bishop Ken- rick of Philadelphia. The little congregation was visited occasionally by the pastors of the Pottsville, Minersville, Danville, and Milton churches and sometimes a missionary would put in his appearance, and thus the faith was kept alive in the hearts of the early Catholics of Shamokin. From October, 1854, until October, 1857, Rev. Michael Sheridan, pastor of St. Joseph's church at Danville, had charge of the congregation. He was succeeded by Rev. Edward Murray, who served the Shamokin congregation nearly nine years. In September, 1866, Rev. J. J. Koch, then pastor of St. Joseph's of Mil- ton, was appointed the first resident pastor of St. Edward's, with Trevorton and Locust Gap as missions. He immediately began the work of build- ing up and infusing new life into his congregation. The present church site was purchased at a cost of thirty-four hundred dollars ; the old building was torn down in November, 1866, and rebuilt, considerably enlarged, on the new site. In the spring of 1867 it was again enlarged to accommodate the growing congregation. In the spring of 1869 a lot adjoining the church was bought for nine hundred dollars and the present substantial parochial residence erected thereon at a cost of eight thousand five hundred dollars. The congregation increased so rapidly that a new church became an imper- ative necessity, and in the summer of 1872 ground was broken for the foun- dation. On the 14th of September following Father Koch laid the first SHAMOKIN. 633 stone in the walls of the present imposing structure, of which the corner- stone was laid, May 23, 1873, by Bishop O'Hara of Scranton,-in the presence of a large assemblage which gathered to witness the impressive ceremonies. The pastor let the contract for the entire stonework, but after working six weeks the contractor abandoned the work. Not to be thwarted in his cher- ished plans, Father Koch at once took charge of the construction of the building, and, notwithstanding his numerous pastoral duties, he hired the masons and daily superintended the work until the massive stone walls were ready for the roof. By December, 1873, the building was roofed, and on Christmas morning Father Koch celebrated Mass in the basement. Though much was accomplished, much still remained to be done, and in the follow- ing spring work was resumed. The walls were finished, the massive tower built, a pavement laid around the church, and the basement, which is ten feet high in the clear, plastered and fitted up for divine worship. The en- tire structure is built of white cut sandstone, quarried from the mountain about one mile from Shamokin. It is sixty -four by one hundred twenty-five feet in size, and the tower is two hundred seven feet high. The interior is fifty-six by one hundred nineteen feet in dimensions, and the ceiling is forty- two feet hiffh. The building is finished in the Corinthian and Romanesque style, and is the largest and costliest church edifice in Northumberland county. The lack of funds prevented Father Koch from completing the interior, and from Christmas, 1873, until June, 1880, the congregation worshiped in the basement. In November, 1876, a chime of four bells was hung in the tower, weighing, with mountings, eight thousand five hundred pounds. In 1879 the contract for finishing the interior (except frescoing) was given to Joseph Nesbit, of Lewisburg, and on the 1st of January, 1880, it was ready for the painter's brush. The frescoing required four months, and was done by a weU known Philadelphia artist. Over the main altar are life-size paint- ings of the Crucifixion, St. Patrick, and St. Edward, the patron of the church. In the center of the ceiling is a fresco twenty-two feet in diameter represent- ing the resurrection of Christ, surrounded by figures of the four Evangelists, and around the walls are paintings of the twelve Apostles. Handsome altars, beautiful stained glass windows, and a new pipe -organ were also put in at this time. The church was dedicated with imposing ceremonies, June 6, 1880, by Bishop Shanahan, who delivered the dedicatory address, his theme being "The Infallibility of the Church." A large number of priests were present, and special trains brought to Shamokin hundreds of people who were anxious to witness the dedication. Many costly improvements have since been made, which add to the artistic appearance and beauty of the interior. Two fine pieces of statuary, repre- senting, respectively, "Christ meeting His Mother on His way to Calvary" and "The Descent of the Cross," one on each side of the sanctuary, are 36 634 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. especially noticeable. These were imported from France by Father Koch. The whole building is lighted with electricity and heated with steam. Its seating capacity is over one thousand, while as many as fourteen hundred people have been gathered within its walls. The total cost of the entire build- ing and furniture as it stands to-day was about fifty thousand dollars. The congregation numbers over three thousand souls, and takes pride in its very large and prosperous Sunday school, which meets in the basement of the church. This was organized soon after Father Koch assumed the pastor- ate, and has kept pace with the growth of the congregation. To Father Koch's indefatigable labors and wise management is principally due the rapid growth of the Catholic church in ShamoMn. From the day he came to the town until the present he has toiled faithfully in this portion of God's vine- yard. He is loved by the Catholics of the borough, and respected by all for his high Christian character and the grand work that he has accomplished for his people. St. Stanislaus Kostka Catholic Church. — About thirty years ago a few Polish immigrants located at Shamokin and soon after organized the St. Stanislaus Kostka Beneficial Society, which ultimately formed the germ of the present church. Eev. Joseph Juszkiewicz was finally sent to Shamokin by the bishop of the diocese for the purpose of organizing a congregation from the Polish Catholics previously connected with St. Edward's church. A site on the corner of Vine and Race streets containing a frame house was purchased by that gentleman, and a small frame building was erected thereon in which to hold services. In 1874 he laid the foundation of the present brick edifice, but lack of funds prevented its completion for more than seven years, during which time the small frame church was used. The new struct- ure was finally dedicated by Bishop Shanahanon the 8th of December, 1881. Eev. Florian Klonowski succeeded Father Juszkiewicz, July 13, 1876, and has been pastor to the present time. When the parochial school was estab- lished Father Klonowski gave up his house to the Sisters, and erected the present commodious parochial residence. Since the coming of Father Klo- nowski he has made many improvements in the church property, and worked hard and successfully for the spiritual and material prosperity of his congre- gation, which now embraces over four hundred families. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first Methodist sermon at Shamokin was preached in 1837 by Eev. Charles E. Brown, junior preacher on the Sunbury circuit. He was led through the woods from Oak Grove, then known as Dark Corner, by Benjamin McClow, and on his arrival was enter- tained by Ziba Bird. The first service was held in a school house on Dewart street, and the audience was composed of nearly all the inhabitants of the place, about twenty in number. Mr. Brown favored his hearers with a discourse lasting over an hour. The organization of a class was effected in June, 1838, by Eev. Henry Dill, minister on the Sunbury circuit; the SHAMOKIN. 635 members were Sylvanus S. Bird, leader, his wife Sarah Bird, Benjamin Mc- Clow and wife Rebecca, Jehu John and wife Patience, Joseph Bird, and Pem- berton Bird. Eegular services were conducted on alternate Sundays iji the old school house and the prayer meetings were held at the house of Benjamin McClow. The first Methodist revival was held in the new school house on Sunbury street soon after its completion. In the fall of 1841 a camp meet- ing, conducted by Beverends John Ball and Gideon H. Day, was held in a grove near the intersection of Commerce and Mt. Carmel streets, at which many members were added to the church. On the 21st of August, 1856, a meeting of the male members was called in the school building to consider the advisability of erecting a church edifice. Pemberton Bird presided and acted as secretary; it was decided to erect a church building sixty by forty-five feet, the height of the basement to be twelve feet and that of the audience room seventeen feet, and to accept Judge William L. Helfenstein's offer of building lots. On the 27th of the same month a special meeting was called by Rev. John Taneyhill to make further arrangements ; on that date the first board of trustees was appointed, consist- ing of Pemberton Bird, George Weaver, John Shipp, F. A. Clark, Benjamin McClow, George H. Coder, David Chidister, Joseph Reader, and D. S. Miller, of whom the last named still retains that office and is now president of the board. September 13, 1856, a meeting was held in the school house, Rev. N. W. Colburn presiding, when a draft for the new building was presented by Ben- jamin McClow, and approved by all present. The first subscription books were circulated by Pemberton Bird and John Shipp; July 6, 1857, a church seal was adopted bearing the inscription " The M. E. Church at Shamokin," with the device of an open Bible in the center. In 1857 Rev. M. L. Drum with his own hands broke ground for the new church building. The enterprise was postponed, however, from time to time, on account of disputes . as to location among the members. At a meeting on the 20th of April, 1859, the pastor, H. Van Gasken, F. A. Clark, John Shipp, G. H. Coder, and D. S. Miller were added to the committee to secure subscriptions, and J. L. Gilger was awarded the contract for two thousand three hundred dollars. In 1866 a parsonage was built at a cost of twenty-five hundred dollars, and the church was remodeled at a cost of about two thousand dollars. Measures were first taken for the erection of the present church edifice, April 2, 1882, when A. M. Osmun, Charles Latham, Oscar Strombach, John B. Douty, William Umpleby, James Smith, Mrs. D. S. Miller, Mrs. J. P. Miller, and Miss Emma Bird were appointed to assist the trustees— D. S. Miller, W. L. Gilger, A. A. Heim, M. Emes, Robert Goodwill, Isaac May, Sr., J. F. Eisenhart, William K. Snyder, and William H. Moore — in secur- ing subscriptions. At a meeting on April 30th, the following building com- mittee was appointed: Withington Lake, Philip Thomas, Anthony Smith, A. M. Osmun, and T. H. Lippiatt. The contract was awarded to Jacob 636 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Mutchler and John P. Miller, who commenced work, June 4, 1883, under the direct supervision of A. A. Heim. The comer-stone was laid, August 2, 1883, by. Presiding Elder M. L. Smyser, assisted by Rev. John Donahue, who delivered the address. During the progress of the work the congrega- tion worshiped in the Evangelical church on Sunbury street, and the class meetings were held in a small building erected from timbers of the old church. The lecture room or basement was dedicated and occupied as a place of worship, December 23, 1883, Rev. M. L. Smyser preaching both morning and evening. The finances were in charge of Rev. S. C Swallow, and over five thousand dollars were collected. After the dedication of the basement, work on the building ceased until the winter of 1885-86, when, upon the strong solicitation of the Ladies' Aid Society, and their offer to assist in raising money to complete the edifice, the trustees were induced to resume work, and a new committee, composed of D. S. Miller, A. A. Heim, and William K. Snyder, was appointed to carry out the project. The main audi- ence room was finished and at length dedicated, February 6, 1887, Rev. George W. Miller presiding, when the amount realized was somewhat in excess of the remaining debt — six thousand five hundred dollars. The total cost of the whole structure was about twenty-five thousand dollars. The following is a list of pastors since the first class was organized: 1838, H. G. DiU, John Hall; 1839, John Rhodes, William Hirst; 1840, John Rhodes, John BaU; 1841, John Ball, G. H. Day; 1842, George Bergstresser, William Baird; 1848, Alem Brittain, Jacob Montgomery; 1844, Alem Brit- tain, John W. Tongue; 1845, J. W. Haughawaut, J. McMurray; 1846, J. W. Haughawaut, Thomas Barnhart; 1847, Peter McEnally, H. Huffman 1848, James Ewing, J. P. Simpson; 1849, James Ewing, WilhamGwinn; 1850 John Stine, William Gwinn; 1851, John Stine, Albert Hartman; 1852 Joseph Ross, T. M. Goodfellow; 1853, Joseph Ross, Asbury Guyer; 1854. J. G. McKeehan, James Curns; 1855, J. G. McKeehan, B. P. King; 1856, Thomas Taneyhill, N. W. Colburn; 1857, Thomas Taneyhill, M. L. Drum 1858, George Warren, F. B. Riddle; 1859, George Warren, F. B. Riddle; 1860, Blisha Butler, J. P. Swanger; 1861, Elisha Butler, J. A. Dixon; 1862, A. M. Creighton, B. F. Stevens, S. C. Swallow; 1863-66, J. F. Porter; 1866-69, F. B. Riddle; 1869-72, N. S. Buckingham; 1872-75, J. C. Clark; 1875-77, W. Lee Spottswood, D. D. ; 1877-80, Thomas M. Reese; 1880-82. J. S. McMurray, D. D; 1882-85, F. B. Riddle; 1885-88, S. M. Frost, D.D.; 1888-90, John B. Polsgrove. The semi-centennial of this church was celebrated, June 23-25, 1888. At this service quite a number of the former pastors were present, and, after a very interesting program of three days' duration, the meeting closed by a cancellation of the church debt and the burning of the bonds. The Sunday school was first organized by Rev. James Curns, junior preacher on the circuit, with twenty- five scholars and Pemberton Bird as SHAMOKIN. 637 superintendent. It now numbers nearly twelve hundred scholars, has a fine library, and is in a very flourishing condition. Second Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first movement toward the establishment of this church was made by Kev. F. B. Riddle, who began to preach in a Coal township school house near the western limit of the borough (the region then known as Scotch Hill), in August, 1882, A great religious interest had been awakened in this neighborhood during the spring of that year by Kev. George J. Byer, an itinerant evangelist, who held a series of revival services there, and the converts thus made were the nucleus around which the congregation gathered. Through the influence of Eev. F. B. Kiddle, Presiding Elder Eev. M. L. Smyser appointed Rev. M. J. Kunyan to West Shamokin circuit, formed of West Shamokin, Uniontown, Springfield, and Bear Valley. The church was connected with this circuit until March, 1890, since which time it has supported a minister individually. A lot was purchased on the corner of Third and Chestnut streets for four hundred dol- lars, Aucker, Slayman & Company contracted for the erection of the building, and the audience room was dedicated by Reverends S. 0. Swallow and J. A. De Moyer, February 18, 1883. In the spring of 1888 a vestibule was added and the basement finished for a Sunday school room. Rev. M. J. Runyan was pastor from August 6, 1882, to March 21, 1883; E. H. Witman, from March 21, 1883, to March 27, 1884; R. S. Taylor, from March 27, 1884, to March 27, 1885; D. F. Stiles, from March 27, 1885, to March 15, 1887; V. W. Rue, from March 15, 1887, to March 25, 1890, when the present pastor. Rev. J. Horning, took charge. The Sunday school was organized with A. M. Osmun as superintendent. The Primitive Methodist Church was first organized as a mission, through the efforts of Rev. Daniel Savage, November 20, 1873. There were but eleven original members: James T. Harris, Thomas Lovel, William Owens, Anthony Smith, Jonathan Tillet, Benjamin Hudson, Ellen Hudson, Lizzie Hudson, Thomas James, Job Lovel, and David Tillet. Their first place of worship was the United Brethren church, where services were conducted until 1875. At this time a house of worship was erected which was occupied until 1880. In 1876 the membership numbered sixty, and in July of that year they were organized as a self-sustaining church by Rev. Francis Gray, pastor at that time. At this meeting the following board of trustees was elected: Leonard Rogers, president; James McEndoe, secretary; John Childs, treasurer; James Chatman, James Williams, George Bennett, George Tuckett, and E. R. Bartel. From 1880 until 1882 services were held in Bennett's hall; it was in the latter year that the present church edifice was erected on land purchased from Anthony Smith; The work was completed and the church dedicated, August 27, 1882, on which occasion Rev. W. L. Barringer officiated. It is a frame structure located on Seventh street between Arch and Chestnut, and 638 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. has a capacity for seating two hundred thirty persons. The trustees at the time of its erection were Leonard Eogers, James Gilton, Eichard Tuckett, and John Banghart. The following are the names of some of the ministers : Eeverends James Millington, E. Humphries, Francis Gray, Thomas Philips, H. G. Barringer, H. Eeily, A. Humphries, George Ball, and J. C. Ludgate, the present pastor. The Sunday school connected with this church was organized in 1871. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was organized about the year 1870, and met for worship at various places until the frame church edifice that now constitutes the place of meeting was built. The society has never had a large representation at Shamokin, and is without regular pastoral service at the present time. The First Presbyterian Church was organized by Eev. William E. Smith and Euling Elder John C. Boyd, a committee of the Northumberland Pres- bytery, April 8, 1845, when the following persons were received into member- ship: Jacob Smink, Mary Ann Eunnion, Mary Cauterman, Mary Evert, Martha Caldwell, Sarah Ann Eied, Eve Smink, Harriet S. Eckert, Mary Black, Sarah Hamilton, Elizabeth Beppard, Daniel Eckert, Solomon Eckert, and Alexander Caldwell; the three persons last named were chosen as ruling elders. The organization received the nam.e of " Shamokintown Presbyterian Church." The designation was not changed until 1876, when the church was incorporated under its present name. The first minister was Eev. James J. Hamilton, who was appointed as supply by the presbytery and took charge, April 20, 1846. He held services in the old Central school building one year, but in 1847 a frame house of worship was erected by Stephen Bittenbender and Jonas L. Gilger on the site of the present church property, the lot having been presented by Lewis Dewart. Mr. Hamilton continued his labors here until 1855. The following pastors have succeeded him: Eev. Phineas Marr, 1855—60, who served this church in connection with Elysburg and Hollowing Eun; A. D. Hawn, 1860-67, during whose pastorate (1864-65) the church edifice was remodeled; Eev. John P. Conkey, 1867-70; T. S. Dewing, 1870-72; Samuel P. Linn, 1872; A. C. Clark, 1873-83, and J. W. GiUand, 1884, present incumbent. The question of erecting a new church building was presented to the congregation early in Mr. Gilland's pastorate. Joseph C. Nesbit, of Lewis- burg, was employed as architect, and the board of trustees was appointed a building committee and authorized to push the work forward as rapidly as possible. The old house of worship was demolished during the month of February, 1887 ; at that time the subscription list amounted to only a small sum, but the energy and confidence of the trustees was strengthened from the fact that the Ladies' Aid Society had succeeded in building the fine parsonage on the rear end of the lot. The work was placed in the hands of SHAMOKIN. 639 George Marshall & Brother as contractors; the trustees appointed a special building committee, consisting of Alexander Fulton, George W. Eyon, Charles P. Helfenstein, J. W. Gilland, and A. H. Storrs; the work was advanced as rapidly as possible, and the chapel was furnished and ready for occupancy by the spring of 1888. During the winter and spring the congregation wor- shiped in the Lutheran church and the opera house. It was early apparent that the chapel would not accommodate the needs of the congregation; therefore, in the spring of 1889, steps were taken for the completion of the entire build- ing, and the contract was awarded to Matthias Geist, June 25, 1889. It was finished at a cost of forty thousand dollars, and dedicated, March 16, 1890, on which occasion the pastor, Eev. J. W. Gilland, was assisted by Eev. Will- iam C. Cattell, D. D., LL. D., and Rev. Andrew Brydie. The Sunday school was organized in 1854, when the Union Sunday school of the place dissolved. Dr. "William Atwater was the first superin- tendent. It is now one of the most prosperous schools in the town, and has a fine library. United Brethren in Christ. — Although services had been conducted at Shamokin by Rev. Joseph Young, a clergyman of this denomination, no organization was effected until 1846, when, through the efforts of Rev. Sam- uel Seiders, a church was formally organized with Jeremiah Zimm^man, S. S. Bird, George Krieger, and H. Hagey as trustees. A frame" church edifice was erected on Sunbury street in 1848; it was remodeled and enlarged in 1869, rededicated on the 1st of August in that year, and served as the place of worship imtil 1890, when it was removed to make way for the new brick structure now approachiug completion. The succession of pastors has been as follows : Reverends Samuel Seiders, Jacob Brewer, Joseph Young, Israel Carpenter, George Hoffman, George Gilbert, P. L. Zimmerman, Wesley Detrich, A. F. Yeager, John Swenk, G. W. M. Rigor, G. A. Snapp, J. P. Long, G. A. Lee, W. B. Evers, J. F. Mower, J. R. Reitzel, J. D. Kilian, George Brickley, W. H. S. Keys, D. D., E. P. Funk, J. G. Stiner, Solomon Merrick, E. W. Etter, D. D., W. H. Uhler, M. J. Heberly, J. H. Vonedia, H. B. Spayd, and J. P. Cowling, pres- ent incumbent. The Sunday school was organized in 1861 with Mahlon Scholl as first superintendent, and has been successfully continued to the present time. St. John's Church of the Evangelical Association. — In May, 1848, Rev- erends M. S. Reber and John Koehl visited Shamokin as missionaries representing the Evangelical Association. Their first protracted meeting was held from the 7th to the 12th of February, 1849, and resulted in eight conversions. Shortly after this the first class was organized with the follow- ing members: Henry and Mrs. Keiser, Isaac and Mrs. Yoder, John and Mrs. Martin, Benjamin and Mrs. Startzel, Elias and Mrs. Eisenhart, Mrs. Mary Myers, and others, of whom Isaac Yoder was chosen class leader. From 640 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. that date until 1867 the class was connected with Mahantango charge, for which the following appointments were made: 1849, Abraham Shnltz, Jacob Gross; 1850, Jacob Gross, H. Eusse; 1851-52, William Heim, Samuel Gau- mer; 1853, C. Loose, Nicholas Gabel; 1854, Andrew Zeigenfus, James O. Lehr; 1855, Andrew Zeigenfus, J.W. Emer; 1856, Lewis Snyder, J. W. Erner; 1857, Eeuben Deisher, Elias B. Miller; 1858, Joshua Frey, Elias B. Miller; 1859, George Knerr, D. Yingst; 1860, George Knerr, S, S. Chubb; 1861, Joseph Gross; 1862, Joshua Frey, Isaiah E. Knerr; 1863-64, C. Gingrich, David Lentz; 1865, Theodore Plattenberger, Davis Hambright; 1866, Joseph Steltzer, W. K. Wieand; 1867, Theodore Plattenberger, W. K. Wieand. From 1868 to 1870, inclusive, the class was annexe4 to Trevorton mission, with the following pastors: 1868, Eev. C. Gingrich; 1870, Eev. S. S. Chubb. Since this time it has constituted a separate appointment with the following pastors in charge: 1871, Eobert Mott; 1873-74, B. J. Smoyer; 1875-77, W. A. Leopold; 1878, J. C. Bliem; 1879-81, W. A. Shoemaker; 1882-84, D. Z. Kembel; 1885-87, A. A. De Long; 1888, H. D. Shultz, present pastor. The first places of worship were the Central school building and the United Brethren church, for which the lecture room of the Eeformed church was substituted in 1869. In 1870, under' the administration of Eev. S. S. Chubb, a church building was erected and dedicated, in which an organ was placed in 1874. It was remodeled in 1886, and in 1888 a commodious par- sonage was erected. The congregation now worships in an attractive church edifice free from debt, with seating capacity of seven hundred. Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Among the earliest supporters of this faith at Shamokin were William and Eeuben Fagely, and through their efforts the Eev. J. P. Shindel, of Sunbury, was induced to institute oc- casional services at the Central school house about the year 1840. Several Mormon missionaries were endeavoring to proselyte at the little mining town, and the immediate object of the Fagelys in introducing Lutheran worship was to counteract the influence of their work. It had the desired result, without, however, effecting anything immediate or definite in the way of Lutheran church organization. The Eeverend AUeman, of St. Peter's and St. Jacob's churches in the Shamokin valley, partially effected an organization in 1842, and regular services were held under his administration and that of his suc- cessor, Eev. Philip Williard. On the 11th of October, 1854, the church was fully organized under Eev. C. J. Ehrhart as pastor. His incumbency was principally noticeable in view of '^the educational project undertaken — ^the erection of a college, now the Academy school building — which was not a success, and depleted the resources of the congregation to a serious extent. Mr. Ehrhart also conducted a private school of an academic grade. He was succeeded, October 11, 1857, by Eev. J. F. Wampole. Under his adminis- tration services were held in "the Presbyterian church one year; in 1858 a room was fitted up in the Odd Fellows' hall by the Lutheran and Eeformed SHAMOKIN. 641 congregations, and used by them on alternate Sundays for divine worship. Eev. J. B. Keller became pastor in 1865, and in the summer of that year a project for the erection of a church edifice assumed tangible form. C. S. Wetzel was the architect, and Jonas L. Gilger the contractor. The corner- stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 8th of October, 1865, Eev. H. Zeigler, D. D., officiating, assisted by the pastor. The basement was first occupied for public worship on the 20th of January, 1867, and on the 11th of August, 1867, the completed edifice was dedicated, Eev. A. C. Wedekind, D. D., preaching the dedicatory sermon. On this occasion the contributions aggregated two thousand dollars. On the following Monday the Susquehanna Conference of the church assem^bled herei Since the resignation of Mr. Keller in 1869 the following clergymen have served as pastors: Reverends 'J. E. Williams, S. Domer, D. D., H. 0. Haithcox, P. S. Hooper, J. A. Flickinger, L. D. Wells, and 0. F. Steck, the present pastor, who assumed charge in the autumn of 1889. The church edifice is a substantial brick structure on Sunbury street. It was originally fifty by seventy-five feet in dimensions, and in 1884 an addition of twenty-five feet was erected at the rear. Steam heating apparatus was provided in 1887, and in 1891 a fine pipe-organ was secured. The height of the tower is one hundred eighteen feet. Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church. — Several attempts were made to start a mission among the German Lutherans of Shamokin but none were successful until 1885, when Eev. H. Weicksel began to hold German services in Trinity Lutheran church every fourth Sabbath in the afternoon. As the hour proved inconvenient, a congregational meeting was held at Seiler's hall, October 31, 1885, and at this first business meeting of the church ten persons were present: Christian Lehner, Samuel Wagner, Martin Hoffman, Mrs. Sarah Mack, Lewis Marquart, John Myer, John W. Kessler, WiUiam H. Mack, Miss Ida Mack, and Eev. H. Wicksel; among the results of the meet- ing was a decision to hold German services every fourth Sabbath in Seiler's hall, to install Christian Lehner and Samuel Wagner as deacons, and have Lewis Marquart as treasurer. The congregation was served for some time by Eev. J. W. Early, after which Eev. H. Weicksel returned; the latter was succeeded by his son, Eev. W. Weicksel, who was installed by his father, assisted by Eev. A. P. Pfleugfer, September 16, 1888. A constitution was adopted, January 1, 1888, and the organization was incorporated as the "German Evangelical Lutheran Grace Church of Shamokin" on the 11th of the following May. Eev. W. Weicksel is the present pastor, and through his efforts the church has now a membership of seventy -five communicants. Two large lots at the corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets have been secured for the future location of a church building. The first effort to establish a Sunday school was made, August 14, 1887, by Luther Early, but for three successive Sabbaths the announcement for 642 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Sunday school was attended with no results. On the afternoon of the fifth appointment fourteen children were present and an organization was effected. St. John's Reformed Church was organized in 1855 by Kev. Henry Hoffman, with Benjamin Martz and Jacob Smink, Sr., as elders, Daniel Yost and D. C Smink as deacons, and thirty-eight members. The first services of this church at Shamokin were held in 1839 by Rev. Eichard A. Fisher, of Sun- bury, who preached in the school house on Dewart street. He was succeeded by Eev. E. Duenger, who served from 1843 to 1846, when Mr. Fisher again re- sumed pastoral work and served from 1846 to 1854. In 1854 the Shamokin charge was formed, composed of St. Jacob's and St. Peter's churches, Sha- mokin township, and this church; Eev. Henry Hoffman was pastor from 1854 to 1857, Eev. Henry Losch, D. D., from 1857 to 1858, and Eev. C. A. Eittenhouse, from 1858 to 1861. In 1858 the Lutheran and Eeformed peo- ple rented a room in the Odd Fellows' hall, where services were held by both denominations on alternate Sabbaths. During Mr. Eittenhouse's pastorate two lots were secured on Eighth street and considerable lumber purchased for the erection of a church edifice, but the project was abandoned, owing to the ineligibility of the location and the resignation of the pastor. The church was without a pastor from 1861 to 1864, and when Eev. H. H. W. Hibschman took charge (1864) but five members remained: William. Wary and wife, D. C. Smink and wife, and Mrs. Wary. Services were successively conducted in the school house on Dewart street, the school house on Sunbury street, the Presbyterian church, the United Breth- ren church. Odd Fellows' hall, and the Academy. It was not long, however, until the question of erecting a church edifice was presented. Money was collected through the personal efforts of Mr. Hibschman, with the exception of some thirteen hundred dollars which were raised by a fair. The building was erected by Daniel Yost and dedicated, May 5, 1867. Mr. Hibschman re- signed in 1868 and was succeeded by Eev. 0. Scheels, 1868-71, and Eev. D. W. Kelly, 1871-75. During this time the congregation had increased to such an extent that it was separated from the other churches of the charge, St. Jacob's and St. Peter's, and became a pastorate individually. As such it called Eev. D. O. Shoemaker, who was pastor until 1879. Rev. T. J. Hacker was ordained and installed, June 17, 1879. During the next year the church and parsonage were repaired, and on Christmas day, 1883, the pastor an- nounced to the congregation that their property was entirely free from debt. In 1885 a frame building thirty-six by fifty feet was temporarily erected at the rear of the church building for the use of the infant department of the Sunday school. At a congregational meeting in 1888 the consistory, composed of Elders Samuel Yost, C. C. Leader, E. S. Aucker, D. Eisenhart, and E. G. Seller, and Deacons J. S. Haas, F. G. Seiler, 0. J. Lessig, J. S. Zimmerman, J. Zart- 8HAM0KIN. 643 man, and T. H. Paul, were empowered to erect a new church edifice. Charles W. Bolton, architect, designed the church and chapel in such a manner that the latter could be erected without interfering with the old church building. The contract was awarded to Aucker, Slayman & Company, and the chapel was dedicated. May 11, 1890, Eev. Joseph H. Dubbs, D. D., assisting the pastor. This building, fronting on Grant street seventy-one feet, with a depth of seventy-four feet, is built on a quarter-circle plan; it is particularly adapted to Sunday school purposes, with department rooms and class alcoves .in the gallery, and was erected at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. The pastorate of Eev. T. J. Hacker has extended over eleven years with the fol- lowing as the present (1890) statistics of the congregation: members, seven hundred thirty, unconfirmed members, six hundred fifty, of whom one hundred fifteen are Geman, necessitating German services every alternate Sabbath; Sunday school: officers and teachers, forty-two; pupils, seven hundred fifty, with a mission, school at Excelsior of one hundred twelve pupils. The Sunday school was oormected with other schools from 1858 to 1865, but since the latter date has been a separate organization. Early in the year 1858 the Reformed and Lutheran congregations organized a Sunday school in Bittenbender's hall, with D. C. Smink, Reformed, and Solomon Weaver, Lutheran, as superintendents. They remained in this hall only six or eight months, when the school was removed to the Odd Fellow's hall on Sunbury street. The two separated in 1864, when the Reformed element of the old school was merged into a union of Reformed and United Brethren, with D. C. Smink as Reformied superintendent and Mahlon Scholl as United Brethren superintendent. In 1865 a distinctively Reformed school was or- ganized in the Penrose public school building; R. Williard was superintend- ent one year, and was succeeded by D. C. Smink, who served until 1872. In 1867 the school occupied the basement of the church on Eighth street. Will- iam Wary, R. S. Aucker, and John K. Haas were superintendents at different times after Mr. Smink until 1881, when C. C. Leader, the present incum- bent, was elected. Trinity Episcopal Church. — The first Episcopal services at Shamokin were held in the Lutheran church in 1854-55 by Rev. D. Washburn, of Pottsville. In the spring of 1865 Rev. Rowland H. Brown, of Lewisburg, held Episcopal services in the Presbyterian church; an organization was effected not long after through the efforts of Reverends Brown and G. W. Shinn, of Philadelphia. The latter became the first rector, remaining a little over a year. During the summer of 1865 a contract was awarded J. B. Gib- son for the erection of a church edifice; in the meantime services were held in the Presbyterian church and Central school house. It was decided to erect a building twenty-eight by seventy-eight feet on the lot presented by Charles P. Helfenstein, and the comer-stone was laid, November 7, 1865, at which service Rev. G. W. Shinn officiated, assisted by the Reverends Brown, 644 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Gibson, and Allen. The building was almost completed when it was entirely destroyed by a violent wind storm: timbers were obtained from the ruins, however, with which a chapel was erected at a cost of fifteen hundred dollars. Although services had been held and an organization effected in 1865, there is no record of any communion until January, 1866. On this occasion but five persons partook of the sacrament: Charles P. Helfenstein and wife, William A. Eichardson and wife, and Mrs. Abbie Slocum. From the early part of January, 1866, until May of the same year, worship was held in the Central school building. The first service in the new chapel occurred. May 11, 1866, when the rite of confirmation was administered by Bishop Vail, of Kansas, to fifteen persons. Mr. Shinn resigned on the 10th of February, 1867, and since that date the succession of rectors has been as follows : Rev- erends I. N. Spear, I. H. H. Millett, F. M. Bird, H. H. Boyle, D. Washburn, Joseph Wright, Samuel Cheevers, Wilber F. Watkins, Jr., and John Graham, the present incumbent, who assumed charge in March, 1890. During Mr. Cheevers's administration the chapel was enlarged, a tower was erected, and a bell was placed therein. This building was removed to the southern part of the lot in 1890, placed upon a stone foimdation, and adapted to the pur- pose of a Sunday school room and general "church workshop." The erection of a handsome stone church edifice at the corner of the lot was begun in the same year and it is now approaching completion. First Baptist Church.— 'So effort was made to form a Baptist church at Shamokin until 1870, when Eev. A. B. StiU, pastor at Sunbury, preached at Shamokin occasionally, and on September 3d of that year a meeting of thirty- two persons with letters of dismissal from the churches at Sunbury, Danville, Trevorton, and Shamokin township was held, at which it was decided to issue a call for a council formally to constitute them a church. Pursuant to this call a council met on the 15th of September, 1870, and resolved to recognize them as the "First Baptist Church of Shamokin." The following were the first officers: pastor, Eev. A. B. Still; deacons: John Renn, Aaron Eoadarmel; trustees: J. D. Roadarmel, William McConnell, John Renn, Withington Lake, and J. W. Young. Among the pastors and supplies prior to the year 1884 were Reverends Still, Johnson, Rush, Brensinger, Nathan Thomas, O. R. Thomas, and Giles. Rev. W. G. Watkins, the present pastor, assxmaed charge in April, 1884; after considerable search he found six persons who considered themselves members, but accessions were numerous and frequent, and in 1890 the present church edifice, a substantial two-story brick structure on Lincoln street, was erected. It was dedicated on the 21st of December, 1890, Reverends J. H. Harris, Ph. D., and J. Green Miles officiating. A flourishing Sunday school is connected with this church. The Welsh Baptists of Shamokin enjoyed religious worship for some time as a mission of the Ashland congregation, and erected a frame church build- ing on the east side of Rock street between Clay and Webster. In May, SHAMOKIN. 645 1884, they were organized as a church by Rev. W. G. Watkins, who became their pastor but resigned in the following year ; the membership then united with the English Baptist and Welsh Congregational churches. The Welsh Congregational Church was organized by Rev. Henry C. Harris; seven deacons were elected at that time, but one of whom, John W. Thomas, is still an active member of this church. A hall on Sunbury street was occupied for religious worship until 1864, when a frame church edifice was built on Rock street. The present church building, a frame structure on Grant street, was erected in 1870 under the supervision of a building committee composed of John W. Thomas, John Phillips, and Henry Sim- mons. Since 1875 the pastors have been Reverends D. T. Davis, Henry Whitby, Morris Hughes, David D. Davis, and D. T. Davis, present incixmbent. This church originally included nearly the entire Welsh population of Shamokin. The Baptists and Methodists withdrew; the former erected a church on Rock street, the latter on Independence street, and since these organizations disbanded a large proportion of their membership has again become connected with the Congregational church, which is the only Welsh organization at Shamokin at the present time. Ecce Homo Greek Catholic Church. — The Rev. John Wolansky, from Gallieia, Austria, established the first Greek church in the United States in 1884 at Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, and celebrated Mass for the adherents of his faith at Excelsior in the same year. During his absence in Europe the affairs of his recently established congregations were conducted by Rev. Constantino Andrushowitch. The erection of a church edifice was undertaken by Pather Wolansky upon his return; ground was secured in the southeast- ern part of the borough of Shamokin, and a frame structure, presenting some of the characteristics of the Byzantine style of architecture, has been erected thereon. It was dedicated with imposing ceremonies, August 19, 1889, on which occasion a large concourse of people was present, including excursions from. Shenandoah, Preeland, and Hazelton. The membership of the parish is two hundred. The St. Cyril and Metody Beneficial Society, organized June 20, 1888, is an important social adjunct. EDUCATIONAL INTEBESTS. The fourth or fifth house at Shamokin was erected in 1837 for school purposes, and thus early in the history of the town its educational record begins. This first school house was a one-story frame building of diminutive proportions, situated on Dewart street; it was subsequently occupied as a dwelling, a shop, and as the armory of the Shamokin Guards. In its last years it was used as a stable, and ultimately met destruction in a fire that swept over that part of the town. The first school was opened in the winter of 1837-38, principally through 646 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the efforts of John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird, by whom Abia John, of Shamokin township, was employed for a three months' term at the munificent salary of eight dollars per month and board. But the school was small, and no great degree of professional skill was required in those days. The furniture was of the most primitive character, and of ^apparatus it is not probable there was any. But the teaching seerns to have been satisfactory, and when the adop- tion of the public school system was voted upon in 1838, it was decided in the affirmative by an almost unanimous vote from the citizens of the embryo borough. This was the first school within the present limits of Coal, Mt. Carmel, Cameron, and Zerbe townships, embracing the boroughs of Shamo- kin and Mt. Carmel, with a school population of four or five thousand and school property aggregating in value several hundred thousand dollars at the present time. The pupils at this school were Hannah Bird, Ziba Bird, David Snyder, Kachel Snyder, Ephraim PhilHps, Ellen Phillips, William W. Wary, Catharine Wary, Perry J. Eaton, Lydia , Ann Porter, Elizabeth Porter, Ephraim^ Mowry, Marie Mowry, Emmeline Mowry, and Morgan Mowry. The public school system was adopted in Coal township in 1838. The sentiment was strongly in its favor among the mechanics and laborers em- ployed at Shamokin, and equally strong in its opposition in the territory that now constitutes Cameron township. The first board of directors was com- posed of Sylvanus S. Bird, Kimber Cleaver, Jehu John, James B. Porter, George Long, and David Billman, of whom Messrs. Bird, Cleaver, and John were president, secretary, and treasurer, respectively. It does not appear that any active measures whatever were taken that year. The composition of the board was unchanged by the election of 1839, except that William Pagely succeeded Mr. Porter; the same president, secretary, and treasurer were chosen as in the previous year, and Benjamin McClow was appointed tax collector. A local tax of two hundred one dollars, thirty-five cents, was levied, which, with the State appropriation of six hundred thirty dollars, placed a total sum of eight hundred thirty-one dollars, thirty-five cents, at the disposal of the board. Eight sub-districts were formed. At that period in the educational history of this region, the position of tax collector was not a sinecure. Mr. McClow encountered great difficulty in the discharge of his duties, especially in Cameron township, where the tax was regarded as tyrannical and uajust, and the sentiment of the people was almost unanimously opposed to the system. He was threatened with violence, but pursued his work unmolested, traveling, it is said, more than five hundred miles for the purpose of making collections, and received a little more than five dollars for his services. Building operations were begun by the board in the summer of 1839. A two-story brick building was erected on Sunbury street at a cost of six hundred dollars, and completed in February, 1840; it subsequently formed the eastern part of the Central school building, and was ample at that time SHAMOKIN. 647 for the requirements of No. 2 district, comprising the present territory of Shamokin borough and Coal township. In No. 5 district a small frame building was erected at a cost of ninety-four dollars, eighty-seven cents. This was in Cameron township; John Fidler and William Stizes taught therein during the following winter, but the practical application of the sys- tem does not seem to have popularized it, and in 1840 Coal township was divided into two general school districts by act of the legislature. The citi- zens of South Coal promptly defeated the system, while the withdrawal of a hostile minority tended greatly to establish it permanently in North Coal. There a tax of three hundred twenty-seven dollars, eighty cents, was levied, and a State appropriation of one hundred forty-five dollars was received, sufficient to place the system in operation and sustain the schools several months. The first teacher at Shamokin under this regime was John T. Rood, of New York; he resigned after teaching fourteen days, for some reason that does not appear upon the minutes of the board, and was suc- ceeded by Mary Shipman, who also taught only a few weeks. The first teachers who remained any length of time were Amos Y. Thomas and Jehu John. While the town of Shamokin formed part of North Coal and of Coal town- ship school district the buildings erected or secured for permanent use as school houses were the Central, previously noticed, the Penrose, the Newtown, and the Academy buildings. In 1865, when the borough became a separate school district, eight schools were in operation, for which the following teachers were appointed for the term of 1865-66, respectively: No. 1, the high school, in the Academy building, John B. Savidge; No. 2, intermediate, Central building, Samuel Wood; No. 3, intermediate, Penrose building, Hud- son Sober; No. 4, intermediate. Central building. Miss Hay; No. 5, primary, Penrose building, Emma Eaup; No. 6, primary. Central building. Miss Martz; No. 7, primary, Newtown building, John Haas, and No. 8, primary. Academy building, Samuel Reeder. Their salaries ranged from thirty to sixty dollars per month. The first school board of the borough, composed of Frederick S. Haas, Dr. J. J. John, Pemberton Bird, Daniel S. Miller,, Matthias Emes, and Will- iam K. Erdman, organized, June 9, 1865, with Messrs. Bird, John, and Haas as president, secretary, and treasurer, respectively. The school buildings of the borough are knovm by the respective names of the Academy, Penrose, Stevens, Garfield, Washington, and Lincoln. Of these the Academy is the oldest. It was originally projected in 1852 by the Lutheran congregation and its pastor. Rev. C. J. Ehrhart, encouraged and assisted by William L. Helfenstein, William Pagely, Kimber Cleaver, Jonas L. Gilger, Joseph Bird, and other public spirited citizens of that period. The Shamokin Collegiate Institute was incorporated, April 28, 1854, with an authorized capital of twenty-five thousand dollars and the following officers: 648 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. president, Kimber Cleaver; secretary, Dr. William Atwater; treasurer, Jonas L. Gilger; who, with Eev. 0. J. Ehrhart, William Fagely, and Daniel Yost were the first trustees. Bonds were issued and a sufficient amount of stock subscribed to erect the large brick building on the square bounded by Eighth, Arch, and Grant streets, agreeably to plans prepared by Kimber Cleaver. But the anticipated indorsement of the movement by the Lutheran synod was not secured, and after the walls and roof of the building had been com- pleted the enterprise collapsed. Local resources had been exhausted, and for some years the building remained unfinished and unused. In 1857 Lewis L. Bevan, postmaster of the town and an ardent supporter of the public school system, suggested the feasibility of purchasing the building and adapting it to the purposes of an academy or high school. A public meeting was held at the Central school house to consider the proposition, but it was not regarded favorably. No further action was taken until the 16th of July, 1863, when, at a special meeting of the school board of Coal township, Dr. E. S. Robins, George McEliece, W. F. Roth, Jonas L. Gilger, and Freder- ick S. Haas, members present, it was resolved to purchase the property if a clear title could be obtained. Messrs. Roth, McEliece, and Gilger were appointed a committee to secure legal advice on the subject. At that time the surviving trustees of the old academy association were W. H. Marshall, W. M. Weaver, and Charles P. Helfenstein, and Messrs. Gilger, McEliece, and Harper were appointed by the board to confer with them. On the 26th of September, 1863, Messrs. Haas and McEliece were appointed to bring the purchase to a final consTommation, but legal obstacles intervened, and it was not until March 14, 1864, that the property was secured by the board, at coroner's sale for ithe sum of twenty-nine hundred fifty dollars, in pursuance of action taken by the board, March 7, 1864. Several of the rooms were finished for immediate occupancy, and others as the growth of the school population required; the last apartment was adapted for use by a resolution of the board passed on the 19th of July, 1871. At the present time there are nine school rooms and four class rooms in this building; the high school, two grammar schools, three intermediate, and two primary schools are con- ducted here. The Penrose building is a brick structure on the east side of Franklin street south of Chestnut. One grammar school, two intermediate, and four primary schools are conducted here. The ground was purchased in 1857, when Pemberton Bird, William H. Cherington, Dr. J. J. John, W. P. With- ington, F. A. Clark, and John Shipp composed the board. An addition twenty-five by forty feet in dimensions was authorized by the board, June 12, 1874, and the contract 'was awarded, August 4, 1874, to Daniel Yost at twenty-three hundred ninety dollars. Messrs. Aucker, John, and Schwartz constituted the building committee. A further addition was made in 1887. The Stevens building received its present name, January 10, 1876, by SHAMOKIN. 651 resolution of the board, "in honor of the great defender of the common school system," Thaddeus Stevens. Prior to that date it was known as the Newtown school. On the 5th of May, 1857, the township school board decided to purchase lots No. 3 and 4 in block No. 61 from C. P. and E. 0. Helfen- stein, and on the 19th of June it was resolved to build. A building tax of sixteen hundred doUars was levied, June 26th; the contract was awarded, July 13, 1857, to Benjamin MoClow at his bid of eighteen himdred twenty- five doUars, and the work was prosecuted undei: the direction of Messrs. John and Shipp, building committee. For various reasons this location was not found to be entirely suitable, and on the 5th of June, 1869, the building and grounds were sold to Henry Morgan for five hundred dollars. Frederick S. Haas, Withington Lake, and M. Ernes, a committee of the board, reported in favor of a new location, June 4th ; on the 1st of July, 1869, the contract was awarded Joseph E. Thompson at his bid of twenty-two hundred seventy-five dollars, and the building was erected agreeably to plans prepared by Daniel Yost. It was completed in August, 1870, and with extra work the entire cost was twenty-three hundred fifty-six dollars, ninety-five cents. An addition to this building, similar to that erected at the Penrose building in the previous year, was authorized by the board, July 12, 1875, and a week later Messrs. Schwartz, John, and Robins were appointed a building committee. The work was done by R. S. Aucker under contract for the sum of twenty-seven hundred ninety-five dollars. As again enlarged in 1887 this building com- prises eight rooms, in which four intermediate and four primary schools are taught. It is located on Third street at the comer of Spruce. The site of the Garfield building — four lots extending from Sunbury to Dewart street east of Franklin — was purchased by action of the board, June 25, 1881, for the sum of thirty-six hundred dollars. A frame building, for- merly used by a hose company, occupied this ground ; it was enlarged and adapted for school purposes, and received the name of the Garfield school building by resolution of the board, October 12, 1881. In April, 1885, plans for a new building were prepared and considered by the board, but not adopted, owing to lack of funds. At length, however, the growth of the town and the dilapidated condition of the old building rendered improvement a matter of necessity, and in compliance with a strong public sentiment favorable to such action, the erection of a new building was unanimously decided upon, February 18, 1888. The contract was awarded. May 4, 1888, to Aucker, Slayman & Company, at their bid of fourteen thousand eight hundred seventeen doUars. They also supplied the steam heating and ven- tilatiag apparatus for nineteen hundred fifty dollars, and the aggregate cost approximated twenty-seven thousand dollars. The building is constructed of brick, with slate roof, tower, and bell, and is supplied throughout with every appliance for health, comfort, and convenience. It was publicly opened, 652 HISTOEY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. January 31, 1889, and during the winter of 1889-90 two grammar schools, three intermediate, and three primary schools were taught here. The policy of the board inaugurated in the erection of the Garfield build- ing received an overwhelming popular indorsement at a special election on the 18th of June, 1890, when, by a majority of five hundred eleven votes, the board was authorized to increase the indebtedness of the district to seven per cent, of the valuation of assessed property. June 24, 1890, the board resolved to erect two new buildings — one at the site of the Central building on Sun- bury street, the other on the west side of Market south of Pine — ^uniform with the Garfield building in general arrangements and appointments. The com- pletion of these buildings has given ShamoMn borough school facilities superior to those of any other district in the county. The office of borough superintendent was created in 1878, with Francis M. Bates as its first incumbent. He was succeeded in 1880 by William F. Harpel, who has held the position since that date. Dr. J. J. John, secretary of the board from 1865 to 1876, exercised the functions of a district super- intendent during that period, and much of the efficiency of the system is due to methods and improvements introduced by him. The high school was established in 1869. A school had been conducted by this name under the township dispensation, but it possessed few of the attributes of a high school, the curriculum fluctuating with the qualifications of the teacher in charge and the degree of advancement made by the pupils in the lower grades. In 1869 a definite course of study was arranged, from which that pursued at present has developed. Three years are required for its completion; Latin to Virgil, higher mathematics to trigonometry, physics, natural philosophy, chemistry, geology, general history, book-keeping, rhetoric, drawing, and physical geography are among the principal features of the course. The following is a list of principals in the order in which they served: S. J. Barnett, A. B. Orr, S. P. Fink, George W. Campbell, F. S. Glass, George W. Campbell, Francis M. Bates, John B. Savidge, Reuben A. Zimmerman, and George A. Farrow, present incumbent. The library was established by resolution of the board, April 22, 1875, and now numbers two hundred twenty-five volumes. St. Edward's Parochial School was established by Father Koch in Sep- tember, 1874, and was opened in the old Catholic church under lay teachers. In September, 1875, five Sisters of Charity from Mount Si Vincent, New "York, took charge of the school, and their number has since been increased to nine. As the growth of the school necessitated more room, three lots on Shamokin street opposite St. Edward's church were purchased, upon which Father Koch erected a substantial three-story brick building forty by seventy feet in dimensions in 1883, and occupied it in the autumn of that year. The site, building, and furniture cost eighteen thousand dollars. Connected with the parochial school is a high school in the convent build- SHAMOKIN. 653 ing, also under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. In 1871 Father Koch purchased over an acre of ground on what is now known as " Convent Hill." In 1876 he erected thereon a large three-story brick convent building for the Sisters employed in the schools. It overlooks the valley of Shamokin creek, and from its site a fine view of the town may be obtained. The ground and convent are valued at over ten thousand dollars. Only young ladies who have passed a satisfactory examination in the parochial school are admitted to the convent or high school, the number being always limited to twenty- four. Both the parochial and high school are free, and are open to rich and poor alike. They are graded, and the same branches are taught as in the public schools, while the curriculum of the high school is equal to that of any first-class academy. The average attendance is between four and five hundred. The boys and girls occupy and receive instruction in separate rooms. Besides a good secular education, the children receive daily instruction in Christian morals and Catholic doctrine. St. Stanislaus Kostka Parochial School was opened in the basement of the present church soon after its dedication, in December, 1881, under the charge of Sisters of the Order of St. Francis. In 1889 a large brick school building was completed, wherein five Sisters are engaged in teaching. About three hundred children receive instruction in this school, which is doing a good work for the parish. The Shamokin Business College v/a,8 established on the 1st of Novem- ber, 1888, by the Wilkesbarre Business College under the local management of W. L. McCuUough. A change of proprietorship occurred on the 1st of February, 1890, when this school passed to McCuUough & Ernest. The course embraces shorthand and typewriting in addition to the branches usu- ally taught in a regular business college. CEMETERIES. Irich's Graveyard, a mile east of Shamokin on the public road leading to Mt. Carmel, was the first place of interment in this part of the county. Rude headstones without mark or inscription of any kind indicate the loca- tion of some of the early graves, while there are doubtless others of which no visible indication exists. This was the place of burial for the Cherry family and other early settlers; at a later date it was also used by the early population to a limited extent, and the present tombstones are principally of the decade beginning with 1850. No interments have been made here for some years, and the ground is sadly desecrated. The Shamokin Cemetery Company was incorporated by the court of com- mon pleas of Northumberland county, August 13, 1859. The managers elected for the first year were William H. Marshall, William M. Weaver, C. A. Eittenhouse, Charles P. Helfenstein, Joseph Bird, Solomon Weaver, and 654 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Pemberton Bird. Their first meeting was held, April 28, 1860, when Charles P. Helfenstein was elected president, Joseph Bird, vice-president, Pemberton Bird, secretary, and William H. Marshall, treasurer. Ground was selected in the southern part of the borough, an elevated location, con- veniently accessible from all parts of the town, and possessing great natural beauty. It was secured upon favorable terms, from William H. Marshall, William M. Weaver, and Charles P. Helfenstein, who retained an interest as mortgagees, this lien being gradually exting^shed by the payment annually of half the receipts from the sale of lots. Subsequently Mr. Marshall ac- quired the interests of Messrs. Weaver and Helfenstein, and on the 16th of Jime, 1874, an adjoining tract of seven and one half acres was secured upon the same terms. The grounds were laid out by Kimber Cleaver, and the symmetry of the design, as well as its adaptiveness to the natural features of the inclosure, are a high tribute to his engineering abilities. A noticeable feature is the soldiers' monument, erected under the auspices of Lincoln Post, No. 140, G. A. R., in 1871. The first superintendent was Amos Y. Thomas, who has been succeeded by John Geywitz and Solomon Long. The im- provement of the property may be properly said to have begun in 1867, under a board of managers composed of C. A. Hanly, president; Dr. J. J. John, secretary; WiUiam H. Marshall, treasurer, Frederick S. Haas, John Smink, John B. Douty, and John Dunkelberger. Mr. Hanly was succeeded by John Smink in 1871, and he by Alexander Fulton, the present president, in 1878. Dr. J. J. John has served as secretary continuously since 1867. Mr. Marshall was treasurer until his death in 1878, when he was succeeded by George Marshall. The present directory is composed as follows: presi- dent, Alexander Fulton; vice-president, Isaac May, Sr. ; secretary. Dr. J. J. John; treasurer, George Marshall; H. A. Shissler, E. S. Aucker, and W. H. M. Oram. St. Edward's Cemetery. — For more than forty years the Catholics of Shamokin and vicinity interred their dead in the old graveyard near the west end of the town. It was low and wet and poorly adapted for a cemetery, but it was the only place used until 1872, when Father Koch purchased four acres of elevated land about one mile east of Shamokin and adjoining the village of Springfield at a cost of one thousand dollars. He inclosed and laid it out, and Bishop Shanahan consecrated it in November, 1872. He commenced at once the work of beautifying and this good work has been con- tinued, so that the ground is now in a very satisfactory condition and in harmony with the church and school properties. The old cemetery was abandoned, and the bodies gradually removed to the new one, and in 1886 the last remains were reinterred. In 1888 the ground was sold, and nothing now remains to attest that it was once a sacred resting place of the dead. St. Stanislaus Kostka Cemetery.— In 1880 Father Klonowski purchased one acre of land adjoining St. Edward's cemetery for a burying ground. He MT. OAEMEL. 655 laid it out for that purpose, and it haa since been used by St. Stanislaus's congregation. The Greek Cemetery adjoins that of St. Stanislaus on the east. It com- prises one acre of ground, which was purchased and laid out in 1890. CHAPTEK XVIII. MT. CAEMEL. Old Hotels — The Town Plat — First Improvbmbnts and Subsequent Growth — The First Merchants, Physicians, and Lawyers — The Postoppice — Rail- roads — Municipal Organization and Government — The Mt. Carmbl Coal Trade — General Industrial Interests — Financial Institutions — Water and Electric Light Companies — Secret and Other Societies — The Press — Schools^Churches^Cbmeteries. THE borough of Mt. Carmel is situated in the extreme southeastern part of Northumberland county. The site is an elevated plain, extending from the ShamoMn creek on the west to Locust mountain on the east, and sur- rounded by a moimtainous region of vast mineral wealth and natural scenery of the most picturesque character. OLD HOTELS. The old Reading road, which leads from Sunbury to Reading, was opened in 1770 and passes through the present site of Mt. Carmel. Although thus situated upon the liae of an important public highway, this locality presented few inducements to invite settlement, as it possessed but meager agricultural advantages and its mineral resources were unknown. The first permanent improvements within the borough limits were made by Lawrence Lamerson, whose daughter, Mrs. Rebecca Reeder, died at an advanced age. Several years previous to her death she was interviewed by Dr. J. J. John, of Shamo- kin, to whom she gave the following interesting particulars: — / A man by tie name of Cartwriglit was the first settler at Mt. Carmel. He lived in a small house on the Yarnall tract. I knew but little about him. My father was the second- settler. My father, Lawrence Lamerson, emigrated from Holland some years previous to the Revolutionary war. He first settled in Virginia, but soon after moved to New Jersey. About 1776 he joined the American army and served through the war. William Tiets- worth, of Shamokin township, was his comrade in these campaigns. Upon the close of the war he married in New Jersey, and, with many others from that State, immi- grated to Northumberland county. He first settled at Sunbury, but soon- afterward purchased a tract of two hundred acres of land in what was then Shamokin township. 656 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. but now the southern part of the town plat of Mt. Carmel. He built a log house near where the old Reading depot stood. The orchard may still be seen near the present park. I was born in 1803 at the old house in " the Orchard." We had no schools in those days. Our nearest neighbors for some years were Isaac Tomlinson and John Thomp- son, who had settled down the valley some miles towards Shamokin. We visited each other occasionally, and were always glad to meet each other. We felt like neighbors toward each other. Game was very plentiful at that time. My father in one year shot forty deer, six bears, and three panthers, besides smaller game. At nights we would hear these wild animals scream. Their noise was frightful to hear. Wolves were very troublesome to us. One night they dug under the stable, dragged out a sheep, and took it away. It was not safe to be out after night without fire-arms. Shamokin creek abounded with fish, and in a very short time we could catch a nice string. We fol- lowed the Indian paths in traveling to Catawissa and other points. My father kept a number of cattle for the farmers of Maiden creek, Berks county, during the summer seasons. The pasture in the mountains was good, and the animals fattened on it. He charged fifty cents per head to take care of them. They were under complete control, and would come home when he would call them. It was the custom for each farmer to bring a fresh cow and some salt with his herd. We had plenty of milk in those times. Shortly after we started the hotel a quack doctor from Philadelphia with two or three Indians spent some time at our- place in searching and collecting medical plants. Indians stopped with us several times when we first settled here. They ate at our house and spoke in broken English. They traveled over Indian paths that passed through Mt. Carmel. Lawyer Bradford, of Sunbury, who was a noted attorney of those times, frequently stopped at our hotel. When the turnpike was opened large numbers of Conestoga teams stopped with us over night. Bradford once watched one of those teamsters eating his supper; he said that he drank fourteen cups of cofEee and ate in proportion. Richard Yarnall was the next settler. His father, Jesse Yamall, kept a hotel on the old Minersville road at the crossing of Mahanoy creek, near Otto's forge, Schuylkill county, about four miles south of Mt. Carmel. He married Hannah Penrose, of Roaring Creek township, Columbia county; an Indian path led from that locality to his hotel, and in the early official rec- ords of Northumberland county it is referred to as " Yarnall' s path." Rich- ard Yamall, son of Jesse and Hannah (Penrose) Yarnall, was born on the 10th of April, 1791. He learned the trade of carpenter, and married Mary, daughter of John King, of Ralpho township. About the time he reached manhood the Centre turnpike was constructed, resulting in a large increase in the travel between Danville and Sunbury on the north and Reading and Pottsville on the south. A favorable opportunity was presented for the erec- tion of a hotel on this important thoroughfare at the present site of Mt. Car- mel, which is about equidistant from Danville and Pottsville, and, prompted by these considerations, Mr. Yamall erected the Mt. Carmel Inn, a two-story log structure situated on the southeast side of the turnpike immediately northeast of the Commercial Hotel. He opened a hotel therein and con- ducted the business with fair success for several years, when, having become MT. OARMEL. 657 surety for a friend who failed to meet his obligations, the property was sold and he removed to the vicinity of Bear Gap, where he was variously em- ployed for several years. He then located on a small cleared tract on the old Minersville road, and also resided at the Tomhnson farm, after which he engaged in hotel keeping at the EifEert tavern, where he died on the 14th of October, 1847. Jesse and John Yarnall, two of his sons, reside at Mt. Car- mel and are among the oldest citizens of the place. The former was born near Bear Gap, July 7, 1815, and the latter at the Tomlinson farm, February 15, 1828. Who erected the EifEert tavern can not be definitely stated. It was a log structure, situated on the east side of the turnpike and north of the Lehigh Valley depot. John EifEert and a Mr. Kunkle were among the first who conducted this hotel, which bore a bad reputation throughout the surround- ing country. It was not until Mr. Yarnall became proprietor that it received the confidence and patronage of the traveling public. The Mt. Carmel Inn, which had become the property of E. G. Bradford, a weU known attorney of Sunbury and subsequently judge in York county, was conducted by various parties after Mr. YarnaU left it. Oscar and Albert Bradford, sons of the proprietor, had the management of the property after their father removed from Sunbury. Oscar Bradford inserted the following advertisement in the Sunbury Oazetteer of February 25, 1832 : — For Kent. — A valuable tavern stand, situate on the Centre turnpike, now in the occupancy of Thomas Oshorne, known by the name of the Mt. Carmel Inn, containing two hundred acres, about thirty of which are cleared and in good farming order. For terms apply to the subscriber, near the premises, or E. Gr. Bradford, Columbia, Lancas- ter county, Pennsylvania. OscAE Bhabfobd. This advertisement was responded to by Felix Leroh, a native of Lower Sau- con township, Northampton coimty, Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1794. He was employed as a blacksmith and farmer in his native county until 1826, when he located at Bloomsburg, Columbia coimty, and engaged in farming and teaming. Thence he removed to Elysburg, Northumberland county, in 1830, and opened a hotel, and in the spring of 1882 he leased the Mt. Carmel Inn at an annual rental of two hundred dollars. At that date the hotel sign bore the legend, "Mt. Carmel Inn, 1824." Water was conducted to the buildings by underground wooden pipes from springs on Locust mountain, to which Bradford is said to have claimed a right "as long as the sun shines and water runs." The patronage was considerable. This was the regular stopping place at dinner for persons traveling between Danville and Potts- viUe; the stages between Sunbury and Eeading also stopped here, and, although surrounded by a comparatively uninhabited mountain region, the old hotel was often a scene of great bustle and activity. In 1839 Mr. Lerch removed to Paxinos, where he kept hotel ten years; he was then proprietor of 658 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. the Douty House at Shamokin one year, and in 1850 again took charge of the Mt. Carmel Inn, which he conducted until his election as justice of the peace in 1855. He performed the duties of this office until his death, August 6, 1857. Abraham and William H. Lerch, two of his sons, reside at Mt. Carmel. When Felix Lerch left the Mt. Carmel Inn in 1839 he was succeeded as proprietor by his brother-in-law, Solomon Fagely, formerly a farmer in Sha- mokin township and a brother of William and Reuben Fagely, the well known coal operators of Shamokin. He was followed by Paul Rhoads, from Nu- midia, Columbia county, J. C. Perkins, Joseph Keeler, Felix Lerch, William H. Lerch, Abraham Lerch, Joseph Keeler, Charles Culp, etc., which brings the history of this old hostelry down to about the year 1865. After its removal the Commercial Hotel was erected, which, although it does not occupy the same site, is virtually the successor to the old Mt. Carmel Inn. The Mt. Carmel House is the oldest of the present hotel buildings of the borough. Its erection was begun in 1853, but the framework was com- pletely demolished by a wind storm on the 14th of March, 1854. The work of rebuilding was at once begun, and in the following August the hotel was occupied by its first landlord, Joseph Feger, now proprietor of the St. Ehno Hotel, Philadelphia. This building was erected by the Mt. Carmel Plot Company under the superintendence of John H. James. THE TOWN PLAT. Tradition asserts that the idea of laying out the town of Mt. Carmel originated with the Bradfords. The earliest town plat that has come to the knowledge of the writer is a large and handsomely printed map now in the possession of Professor E. E. White. It bears the following indorsements: — Plan of the town of Mt. Carmel, in the Middle coal region, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 1848. Application for lots to be made to C. W. Hegins, Esquire, Potts ville, Pennsylvania. The town [of] Mt. Carmel is situated on tableland on the north side of Locust mountain in the center of the Middle coal region and midway between the towns of Pottsville and Danville, eighteen miles from each place. The Centre turnpike passes through the town. Mt» Carmel is supplied with an abundance of pure water from a never-failing spring on Locust mountain. The situation of the town is most healthy, the land is good for cultivation, for gardens, etc., and good clay for making bricks exists on the premises. This plat shows Creek, Mill, North, Taylor, Market, Webster, South, Oak, and Locust streets extending east and west in order from the north, intersected at right angles by Clay, West, Columbia, Main, Washington, East, and Penn, in order from the west. A map on a smaller scale shows the location of the town with reference to the Schuylkill and Susquehanna valleys, and the railroads "made or contemplated to be made in its vicinity." It is needless to remark that the word "contemplated" was a very necessary modifier. MT. CABMEL. 659 In 1853 the plat of the town was relocated by P. W. Sheafer, of Potts- ville, and the plan is recorded in Northumberland county Deed Book S. S, p. 584 Mt. Carmel avenue, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth streets extend east and west in order from the north ; Vine, Maple, Oak, Hickory, Market, Chestnut, Walnut, Locust, Spruce, and Pine streets extend north and south in order from the west. All the streets are seventy-five feet wide, except Market, of which the width is one hundred feet The sur- vey of 1853 was made under the auspices of a company, composed, as accu- rately as can be ascertained, of Charles W. Hegins, William L. Dewart, Alex- ander Jordan, Francis W. Hughes, William L. Helfenstein, Thomas Baum- gardner, David Longenecker, John Anspach, and John M. Bickel. Hough's and Baumgardner's additions, both situated west of the original town plat and adjacent thereto, are the only regularly laid out additions to the, town. Stuartville, Diamondtown, Bell's Tunnel, The Mountain, and Beaver Dale, all of which are smaU mining hamlets, adjoin the borough and are virtually part of it in everything except political organization. FIKST IMPEOVEMSNTS AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH. When the town plat was resurveyed in 1853 the improvements in this locality consisted of the Mt. Carmel Inn, of which Felix Lerch was proprietor ; Bradford's steam saw mill, then in full operation; a small frame building east of the mill, occupied by the teamster; a frame double-house near the Inn, also erected for the employees at the miU; and the old Riffert tavern (no longer kept as a public house), in which Jesse Tarnall resided. The Lamerson improvement had been abandoned. Three buildings were erected in 1853. Alexander W. Rhea and George Schall built a two-story frame office nearly opposite (the Mt. Carmel. Inn: Rhea was a civil and mining engineer in the employ of the Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company, and was killed by MoUie Maguires, for which Hes- ter, Tully, and McHugh were hung at Bloomsburg; Schall was general agent for the New York and Middle Coal Field Company, and subsequently a member of the firm of Schall, Donohoe & Company, pioneer coal operators in the Mt. Carmel region. David J. Lewis built a two-story frame house at the southeast corner of Mt. Carmel avenue and Oak street and opened therein the first store in the town; and David Davis, a miner, erected a two-story frame house at the southwest comer of Market street and Mt. Carmel avenue. "These three buildings were erected in the year 1853; they were completed about the sanie time, and were the first houses built at Mt. Carniel after the resurvey of the town plat. For some years the growth of the town was very slow. Mining hamlets were built at the different collieries of the surrounding region, and the uni- form policy of the coal companies in this respect was not favorable to the concentration of population at any one point. In 1860 the collieries upon 660 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. which Mt. Oarmel depended were Colonel Hough's, Green Eidge, Diamond- town, Stuartville, and Coal Eidge, and the villages of Stuartville, Green Ridge, and Beaver Dale were scarcely inferior to Mt. Carmel in size and im- portance. At that date the Centre turnpike crossed the borough diagonally from southeast to northwest. A growth of scrubby underbrush covered a large part of the town site, with cleared fields between Third and Fourth, Oak and Poplar, and Chestnut and Oak streets, respectively. The improve- ments were principally on Oak street. There was one church edifice, a brick structure at the present site of the Methodist building on Hickory street, and one school house, a one-story frame structure at the present site of the Second Street building. There were two hotels, the Mt. Carmel Tnn and the Mt. Carmel House, and three stores: David J. Lewis's, Samuel John's, and David Heiser's. The Northern Central was the only railroad. With the exception of the coal mines, the only local industrial establishment was the blacksmith shop of David Evert, which stood near the Mt. Carmel Inn. Bradford's steam saw mill was not in operation. The following is a list of residents of the town in 1860* : — • Maple Street. — West side: Jacob Malick, carpenter, between Second and Third; Anthony Buddinger, carpenter, corner north of Fourth; Isaac Dut- tery, butcher, corner south of Fourth. East side: Jesse Tarnall, teamster, between Mt. Carmel avenue and First street; John YarnaU, carpenter, corner north of Second; David D. Davis, miner, corner south of Second; John Blair, engineer, between Third and Fourth. Oak Street. — West side: Mt. Carmel House, corner south of Mt. Carmel avenue ; George Schall, of Schall, Donohoe & Company, who operated Coal Eidge colliery, between Mt. Carmel avenue and Second street; Frederick Fahrion, butcher and hotel keeper, corner north of Second street; Samuel John's store, corner south of Second street; George Kehler, teamster, between Second and Third; Enoch Musselman, tailor, between Second and Third; William Ewing, shoemaker, between Second and Third; Amelius F. Stecker, foreman of repair work on the railroad and at^the collieries, between Second and Third; Abraham Lerch, between Second and Third; John Dietrick, laborer, between Second and Third; Dr. William J. Haas, corner north of Third; George Artz, teamster, between Third and Fourth; Abraham Martin, mason and plasterer, between Fourth and Fifth; Joseph Hughes, blacksmith, between Fourth and Fifth. East side: David J. Lewis, merchant, corner south of Mt. Carmel avenue; Jonathan Klinger, outside foreman at Colonel Hough's colliery, between Mt. Carmel avenue and Second street; Jonas Stine, between Mt. Carmel avenue and Second street; David Heiser, merchant, corner north of Second; Charles *It Is possible that some of the persons -whose names appear In this list did not become res- idents until later, and also that the names of some who resided In the town temporarily have been omitted. MT. OAEMEL. 661 Bolich, shoemaker, between Second and Third; Samuel Sohmeltz, teamster, between Second and Third; Frank Persing, teamster, between Third and Fourth; David Evert, blacksmith, between Fourth and Fifth. Hickory Street. — West side: Isaac HoUister, shoemaker, between Mt. ■Carmel avenue and Second street; John Raup, outside foreman at Schall, Donohoe & Company's colliery, between Second and Third; Henry Sharpe, mason, between Second and Third; William Biles, mason, between- Second and Third. Market Street. — West side: David Davis, miner, corner south of Mt. Oarmel avenue. East side: Alfred Ford, miner and engineer, corner north of Second; Thomas East, miner, between Fourth and Fifth. At that time (1860) there were but two brick buildings in the town, the Methodist church, on the west side of Hickory street between Second and Third, and David Heiser's store building, at the northeast corner of Oak and Second. With these exceptions the houses were all constructed of wooden materials and almost uniformly two stories high. The town received considerable additions to its population as the result of the great impetus which the coal trade experienced during the civil war, but for some years thereafter it remained practically stationary. On the 24th of July, 1873, all the houses on the west side of Oak street between Second and Third, with two exceptions, were destroyed by fire; they "were replaced by buildings of improved appearance and more substantial construction, and the calamity thus resulted indirectly to the advantage of the town. While the prosperity of the town is dependent entirely upon the coal trade, building and loan associations have probably contributed to its growth more than any other agency. As a result of the operation of these associa- tions improved property is almost entirely in the hands of resident owners, a condition of affairs highly conducive to the stability and permanence of gen- eral business interests. By the census of 1890 the population of the borough was eight thousand two hundred fifty-four. THE FIRST MERCHANTS, PHYSICIANS, AND LAWYERS. The first store at Mt. Carmel was opened in 1853 by David J. Lewis at a two-story frame house which he erected in that year at the southeast corner of Mt. Carmel avenue and Oak street. His first consignment of goods was hauled from Pottsville by wagon. The next stores were those of Samuel John and David Heiser; the former occupied a frame building at the south- west comer of Second and Oak streets, and was in charge of U. F. John, a son of the proprietor; Heiser's store was located at the northeast corner of Oak and Second streets in the second brick building erected at Mt. Carmel. 662 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Dr. Joseph C. Eobins, of Elysburg, was the first physician who practiced at Mt. Carmel. There was no resident physician until 1855, when Dr. William J. Haas located here and continued in practice until his death. The first resident lawyer was Jefferson M. John, a son of Samuel John, who was admitted to the bar in 1874 and was in active practice at Mt. Carmel until his death. THE POSTOFPICE. Paul Eoth was appointed postmaster of Mt. Carmel, June 13, 1846; Eichard Yarnall, May 5, 1847; Jeremiah C. Perkins, November 26, 1847. The office was discontinued on the 6th of July, 1849, and not re-established until April 26, 1850; since the latter date its incimibents have been appointed in the following order: Felix Lerch, April 26, 1850; WiUiam H. Lerch, March 23, 1855; David J. Lewis, September 1, 1856; Frederick Fahrion, September 8, 1858; James B. Welch, July 2, 1860; John Hough, Decem- ber 26, 1860; David Heiser, April 4, 1861; Abraham Lerch, December 21, 1863; Charles Bolich, September 27, 1865; AmeHus F. Stecker, February 10, 1868; Andrew J. Gallager, August 4, 1868; Abraham Ayers, December 4, 1868; Ann Ayers, June 14, 1879; John Brophy, April 6, 1886; George A. Stecker, August 17, 1889. BAILEOADS. A section of the Danville and Pottsville railroad was partially graded between the Bellmore and Morris Eidge collieries, two miles ■ east of Mt. Carmel, probably as early as 1833. The first railroad opened to the town was the Northern Central (1854), and the next was the Lehigh VaUey (1866); the latter now operates the line of the Northern Central as far as Shamokin. A branch of the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad, terminating at Mt. Car- mel, connects at Alaska with the main line of the Williamsport division of that great system. MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT. The borough of Mt. Carmel was incorporated by decree of court on the 3d of November, 1862. The first election for borough officers was held at the Mt. Carmel Hotel on the third Friday in December, 1862; Frederick Fahrion acted as judge and William J. Haas and Abraham Camp as inspect- ors. The following is a list of burgesses since the incorporation of the bor- ough: 1863, William J. Haas; 1864, Jonas L. Stine; 1865, Jonathan Hoover; 1866, William Biles; 1867, Frederick Fahrion; 1868, H. T. John; 1869, Jonathan Hoover; 1870, J. B. Eeed; 1871, H. T. John; 1872, William J. Haas; 1873, Joseph Blanch; 1874-75, William J. Haas; 1876, George E. Moser; 1877, Henry Werntz; 1878, C. B. Zimmerman; 1879, William H. Lerch; 1880, Thomas J. Woodside; 1881-82, W. H. Stecker- 1883 D. MT. OAEMEL. 663 H. Fisher; 1884-85, J. B. Reed; 1886-8i7, Jesse Q. John; 1888, M. B. Smith; 1889, William T. Burkert; 1890, Daniel Camp; 1891, Eobert Smith. The borough building, a one-story brick structure on Mt. Carmel avenue, was erected in 1883. Anthracite Steam Fire Company, No. 1, was organized on the 12th of May, 1882, and incorporated September 4th of the same year. The com- pany owns and occupies a frame building on the southeast corner of Market and Hickory streets, erected in 1890. THE MT. CARMEL COAL TRADE. The coUeries of Mt. Carmel township are the Pennsylvania, Black Dia- mond, Mt. Carmel, Rehance, Alaska, Merriam, Monitor, Locust Gap, and Locust Spring, of which a full history is given in Chapters X and XI of this work, by Dr. J. J. John. GENERAL INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS. Albert Bradford erected a steam saw miU at Mt. Carmel about the year 1843 ; it occupied the site of the G. A. E. hall and adjoining groim.d on the east side of Hickory street. From eight to twelve men were usually employed at the mill, in cutting timber in the woods, and in hauling the product to PottsviUe, where it found a market until the Opening of the mines and erec- tion of the breakers in the Mt. Carmel region created a local demand. The operation of this saw mill was finally discontinued prior to 1860. The Mt. Carmel Iron Company, composed of Howel Green, David Lamont, J. W. Forney, and Thomas Rogers, removed the plant of a foundry and machine shop from Miners ville, Schuylkill county, to Mt. Carmel in 1867 and rebuilt it on the line of the Lehigh Valley railroad. They employed twenty or twenty-five operatives. Greenwood & Gilmore became proprietors in 1870, but the establishment was destroyed by fire in December of the fol- lowing year and never rebuilt. Greenwood subsequently manufactured screens for the breakers on a small scale, but only for a short tinje. Geiger, Hinkel & Company' s Planing Mill, a frame structure forty-five by one hundred feet in dimensions, is situated on the north side of town between Market and Hickory streets, and was erected in 1889. The business was established in 1883 by Geiger Brothers in a mill forty by sixty feet, located a short distance west of the present -structure. The firm name was changed to its present style in March,' 1887, when William H. Hinkel and John P. Gibson were admitted to partnership. A twenty-five horse-power engine sup- plies the power for the establishment, which employs fifteen operatives. All work connected with a planing mill and contract building is done. The Mt. Carmel Manufacturing Company, Oak street, employs six men and manufactures one thousand dozen miners' caps per month. The pro- prietor is Isaac Goldschmidt, by whom the business was established in 1889. 664 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. The Progress Hat and Capt Manufacturing Company occupies a two- story frame building at the southeast corner of Oak and Sixth streets. The business was established in June, 1889, by Thomas Scott, with whom W. H. Engle is now associated. Fifty girls and eight men are employed ; all kinds of cloth hats and caps are manufactured, and the daily output is one hun- dred eighty dozen. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. The Mt. Carmel Savings Bank was incorporated on the 9th of April, 1872, and organized with the following oificers: president, Amos Vastine, vice-president, S. A. Bergstresser, and cashier, H. D. Eothermel, who, with Joseph Eeeder, Eobert Davison, David LleweUyn, A. M. Montelius, Henry Hile, and Joseph Deppen, constituted the first board of directors. Mr. Vastine served as president until his death in 1889, after which the vice- president, S. A. Bergstresser, performed the duties of that office until the ensuing annual election, when William Schwenk was chosen president. H. D. Eothermel was cashier from 1872 to 1878, H. J. Meixell from 1878 to 1881, and William Schwenk from 1881 to 1889, when H. B. Lukens, the present incumbent, was elected. The capital was originally one hundred thousand dollars, of which one half was paid in. The bank suspended temporarily in 1878, but an assessment of ten per cent, enabled it to resume about a month later. In 1882 the capital was reduced to fifty thousand dollars, of which thirty thousand is paid in. The First National Bank of Mt. Carmel commenced business on the 8th of April, 1889, with a capital of fifty thousand doUars, distributed in one-hundred-dollar shares among seventy-four stockholders, of whom the principal ones were the business men of the borough. The first officers were B. 0. Tier, president; John T. B. Gould, vice-president; M. K. Watkins, cashier; and W. H. Heaton, W. A- Phillips, George W. Davis, William McFee, L. W. Johnson, S. E. Bergstresser, Bernard Harvey, and E. C. Herb, directors. The surplus' and undivided profits amount to five thousand four hundred dollars. The Citizens' Building and Loan Association was organized in August, 1882; the first directory was composed as follows: William Schwenk, president; H. T. John, treasurer; M. K. Watkins, secretary, and John Stine, J. T. B. Gould, James H. Smith, Joseph H. Smith, W. T. Williams, Alex Schmeltz, John Weir, Joe Gould, and John Carl. The present president is Frederick Gross ; vice-president, Thomas Dawson ; treasurer, J. T. B. Gould, and secretary, M. K. Watkins, who has served in that position continuously since the organization of the association. The first series was closed out in August, 1890, in a little less than ten years; the fifth series was started in August, 1890, and four series, consisting of about four thousand shares, are now in operation. The aggregate receipts for the ten years ending August MT. OAEMEL. 665 1, 1890, were over half a million dollars, principally invested in the erection of houses at Mt. Carmel. The Anthracite Building and Loan Association was organized in April, 1882, with the following officers: president, David J. Lewis; vice-president, Joseph Blanch; secretary, C. D. Wright; directors: C. D. Wright, Isaac Goldschmidt, John Jefferson, Thomas Morton, Bernard Bresslin, John Carl, William T. Montelius, Jacob Ehoads, and W. C. James; auditors: O. H. Sillyman, T. J. Horan, and K. T. John. Messrs. Lewis and Wright have served in their respective positions to the present time, and also several of the directors. This company has six series in operation, the first of which expires in 1892. The receipts are uniformly sold on the monthly pay-day; the annual receipts are seventy thousand dollars, and are invested exclusively in real estate. WATEE AND ELEOTHIC LIGHT COMPANIES. The Mt. Carmel Water Company was incorporated on the 17th of No- vember, 1883. The first officers were A. M. Montelius, president, M. K. Watkins, secretary, George Bobertson, treasurer, and William Schwenk, Thomas Scott, Thomas M. Righter, Joe Gould, S. E. Bergstresser, O. H. SiUyman, J. B. Beed, and H. T. John, directors. The capital is twenty-five thousand doUars, distributed in twenty-five-dollar shares among seventy-four stockholders, nearly all of whom are property holders in Mt. Carmel. The distributing service comprises seven miles of mains, radiating from two reser- voirs located on the north side of Locust mountain within half a mile of the center of the town. The capacity of the reservoirs is five million gallons. The supply is derived from springs not five hundred feet from them, and is sufficient for the town ten months in the year. During extremely dry weather water is purchased from the Locust Mountain Water Company. The Edison Electrical Illuminating Company of Mt. Carmel was incor- porated on the 17th of November, 1883, with an authorized capital of sixteen thousand dollars, of which fifteen thousand was paid in. In November, 1890, the capital was increased to thirty thousand dollars, of which twenty- five thousand is paid in. The plant was originally located on Fourth street west of Maple, and had a capacity for five hundred lights ; it was removed to South Oak street in 1891, when the capacity was increased to twenty-five hundred lights. The first officers were William Schwenk, president, M. K. Watkins, secretary, and Thomas M. Eighter, treasurer. The present direct- ory is composed of M. K. Watkins, president, E. C. Tier, treasurer, Isaac Goldschmidt, S. E. Bergstresser, Joe Gould, Peter Jennings, H. T. John, and L. W. Johnson. William Keiser is the secretary of the company. This was the first isolated electrical plant in the world {i. e. , Mt. Carmel was the first town lighted exclusively by electricity) ; it was also the fifth electrical plant constructed upon the Edison system. 666 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. SECRET AND OTHEE SOCIETIES. The following is a list of secret and other societies of Mt. Oarmel, with dates of organization or institution: Mt. Carmel Lodge, No. 378, F. & A. M., November 29, 1866; Bnrnside Post, No. 92, G. A. R., November 1, 1867; James A. Garfield Camp, No. 34, S. of V., August 9, 1883; Mt. Carmel Lodge, No. 630, L O. O. F., May 19, 1868; Washington Camp, No. 116, P. O. S. of A., March 9, 1870; Washington Camp, No. 231, P. O. S. of A., July 25, 1882; Sons of St. George, No. 175, April 23, 1885; Division No. 1, A. O. H., May 1, 1887; Mt. Carmel Commandery, No. 22, Ancient and Illus- trious Order of Knights of Malta, December 27, 1887; Eoyal Arcanum, September 14, 1888; Mt. Carmel Castle, No. 324, K. G. E., August 14, 1889. THE PEESS. The Mt. Carmel News, of which R. J. Wilson is the present editor and proprietor, was originally established by Owen Fowler in December, 1877, under the caption of Mt. Carmel Progress. The Weekly Item, Will B. Wil- son, proprietor, was first issued on the 7th of January, 1888, by L. W. Gheen, and is distributed gratuitously as an advertising medium. The Mt. Carmel American is published by Burke & Thomas, and first appeared on the 30th of August, 1890. The Tri-Weekly American was published in January, 1891, by Curtis Sterner. The first school house within the present borough limits occupied the site of the Second Street building and was erected in the summer of 1856. It was a one-story frame structure as originally built, but a second story was siibsequently added in which the high school was first taught. As the popu- lation of the town increased it became necessary to provide additional accom- modations, and a frame building subsequently used as a United Brethren church, on Third street between Hickory and Market, was occupied for school purposes. Two schools were taught there and one in the second story of the school building, the lower floor of which was regarded as un- healthy and therefore temporarily abandoned. The Hickory Street building is a two-story brick structure at the north- east corner of Hickory and Third streets and contains two rooms on each floor. Its erection was begun in 1870, when the board of directors, consist- ing of John Lazarus, John B. Eeed, Simon Light, David Heiser, H. W. Gulick, and H. D. Eothermel, awarded the contract for its construction to Jacob Einehart. The building was completed in 1871 and the first term of school within its walls was opened in the autumn of that year with W. T. Eightmire, Sanford Lewis, Eebecca Eeed, and Sallie Burkert as teachers. Between 1870 and 1882 there were five schools for a time, four in the Hickory Street building and one in the Second Street building; both rooms of the latter were ultimately occupied, thus increasing the number to six. :^^^^^ MT. CA.BMEL. 669 On the 14tli of Oet»ber, 1882, Daniel Camp, William Schwenk, Jesse G. John, David J. Levds, Joseph H. Smith, and James H. Smith, who composed the board at that time, awarded the contract for the erection of the Park school building to A. S. Tovey at the consideration of five thousand nine hundred dollars. This is a two-story brick structure with four main rooms and two recitation rooms. It was first occupied in March, 1883 ; the first teachers were W. N. Lehman, E. E. White, and Ella Malone. The Second Street building occupies the site of the first school house of the town. It is a two-story brick structure with four rooms, two of which were erected by Bernard Harvey for two thousand four hundred ninety dol- lars, agreeably to contract entered into on the 14th of October, 1884; the directors at that time were Daniel Camp, E. C. Tier, David J. Lewis, Jacob B. Ehoads, Thomas M. Righter, and James H. Smith. School was opened in these rooms in February, 1885, with Ella Malone and Jennie Jennings as teachers. The contract for the completion of the building was awarded to M. McGee, September 20, 1886, at the consideration of one thousand five hundred fifty dollars; the board was composed of Jacob B. Ehoads, O. H. Sillyman, Thomas M. Righter, E. C. Tier, James H. Smith, and George Rob- ertson at that time. Only one room was occupied when the building was completed; the first teacher therein was Emily Spinney. In 1887 the borough limits were extended, whereby two township school houses became the property of the towa. Both were one- story frame struct- ures. One was located on Sixth street and the other on Third; the former had two rooms, the latter, one. The Vine Street building is the most recent addition to the educational facilities of the borough and the most commodious of its school properties. The erection of this building was begun on the 29th of April, 1889, and school was opened therein for the first time on the 10th of March, 1890, with W. N. Lehman, J. E. Bastress, E. E. White, Morris W. Tucker, Jennie Jennings, and Dora O. Sando as teachers. Thomas M. Righter, E. C. Tier, David Camp, O. H. Sillyman, George Robertson, and James H. Smith composed the board of directors under which its construction was begun, and awarded the contract to Bernard Harvey at the sum of sixteen thousand dollars. He also furnished hot-air heating apparatus (the Smead, Wills & Company system), for which eight hundred sixty dollars additional was paid. There are eight rooms in this building, two of which are occupied by the high school, two by grammar grades, and four by primary grades. The following statistics are presented for the term of 1890-91 : pupils in attendance, sixteen hundred; high school teachers, two; grammar school teachers, three; primary teachers, eighteen — total, twenty three. The course embraces six grades — three in the primary department, two in the grammar department, and one in the high school. The curriculum of the high school includes arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physics, physical 38 670 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. geography, rhetoric, English literature, etymology, book-keeping, general history, and drawing. Professor W. N. Lehman became principal in 1882 and has filled that po- sition continuously to the present time. St. Joseph's Parochial School was started under the supervision of Sisters of the Order of St. Francis and continued by them several years. It was then conducted by lay teachers from 1887 to 1891. A frame building in the rear of St. Joseph's church was the school house, but plans have now (1891) practically matured for the erection of a substantial brick structure. CHUBCHES. Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized on the 18th of May, 1855, by Eev. C J. Ehrhart with the following members: Peter Stroh, John Dreher, Frederick Fahrion, George Homberger, Catherine Klinger, Sarah Dreher, Catherine Stroh, Mary Ann Fahrion, Christian Knapp, Lewis Knapp, Jonathan Klinger, George Long, Elizabeth Klinger, Magdalena Fagely, and Maria Steel. The first commimion was held on the 20th of May, 1855. The congregation was reorganized in 1867 under the discipline and formula of governm.ent recommended by the General Synod with the follow- ing constituent members : Frederick Fahrion, Mary Ann Fahrion, Catherine Persing, Isaac Miller, Sarah Miller, Ellen McWiUiams, Frederick Miller and wife, John Dreher, Sarah Dreher, Catherine Stahr, Elizabeth Biles, Anna Dreher, J. H. Yarnall, Sarah Feisher, Catherine Christopher, Rebecca Schmeltz, Augustus Zimmerman, CaroHna Zimmerman, A F. Stecker, Mary A. Stecker, Elizabeth Lerch, Sarah Jane Raup, and EHzabeth Stillwagner. The first council was elected pn this occasion and consisted of John Dreher and J. H. Yarnall, elders, and Isaac Miller and Frederick Fahrion, deacons. The new congregation was first represented in the Susquehanna Synod by Frederick Fahrion. Decisive action for the erection of a church edifice was first taken on the 15th of June, 1863, when J. H. Yarnall, A. F. Stecker, Frederick Fahrion, David Llewellyn, and P. Van Horn were appointed as a committee to secure lots,, prepare plans, and construct a frame church building forty -two by twenty-eight feet in dimensions. Mr. Llewellyn secured the location and Mr. Yarnall prepared the draft. Prior to this time the congregation wor- shiped at a frame school house on the southeast corner of Second street and Grape alley. On the 18th of October, 1863, the comer-stone of the new building was laid, Reverends P. Williard, R. A. Fink,.D. D., and F. A. Barnitz, ofiiciating. This structure was completed at a cost of seventeen hundred dollars and dedicated in the spring of 1867. It is a frame build- ing located on the south side of Mt. Carmel avenue, and is the present place of worship. The parsonage, a substantial frame building adjoining the church on the west, was erected in 1879-80 at a .cost of thirteen hundred dollars. MT. OAKMEL. 671 The first pastor was Rev. C. J. Ehrhart, who served from the organi- zation of the church until the 27th of April, 1856, residing at Shamokin. His successor at that point, Eev. J. F. Wampole, became pastor of the Mt. Carmel church in 1858 (June 15th), and continued in that relation until the 1st of October, 1859. The church then became a part of the Ashland pas- torate, sharing as such in the labors of Rev. W. L. Heisler, October 1, 1859, to January 1, 1862, Rev. F. A. Barnitz, February, 1862, to February, 1867, and Rev. J. R. Sikes, February to December, 1867. The congregation was irregularly supplied by Rev. J. A. Adams from December 1, 1867, to April 19, 1868. At the meeting of the Susquehanna Synod in that year Mt. Car- mel was attached to the Shamokin Valley pastorate, of which Mr. Adams was pastor from the 1st of June, 1868, until the 1st of December, 1876. Rev. O. D. S. Marclay, of Ashland, was then pastor from June 3, 1877, to May 31, 1878. He was followed by Rev. C. W. Seohrist, the first resident pastor, who served from the 1st of February, 1879, to March 31, 1881. Rev. M. V. Shadow was pastor, October 1, 1881, to August 31, 1884, and Rev. J. C. Schindel, December 7, 1884, to 1891. St. Matthew's Slavic Church, Lutheran and Calmnist, was erected in 1889. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized on the 9th of June, 1889, with twelve members, of whom Henry Schweinhart and Jacob Lupoid were elected as elders and John Lupoid and Andrew Wetzel as deacons. They were installed on the 7th of July following. The first steps for effect- ing this organization were taken by Rev. J. C. Shindel, at whose instance Grace Lutheran church was placed at the disposal of the German Lutherans of the borough for rehgious worship. The mission was formally begun on the 17th of February, 1889, by Eev. Henry Weicksel, pastor of Grace Lu- theran church, Shamokin, whose son and successor. Rev. William Weicksel, is the present pastor. Since October, 1889, services have been held in pri- vate houses. Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first Methodist sermons at Mt. Car- m^el were preached by Joshua Potts and John H. James, local preachers. Regular services were first instituted in the fall of 1856 by Rev. Joseph Y. Rothrock, of Catawissa circuit; he was succeeded by Reverends John A. De Moyer and H. S. Mendenhall. The former held a protracted meeting in May, 1858, as a result of which a Methodist church was regularly organized on the 23d of that month with the following members: Abraham Camp, Olive Camp, David J. Lewis, Daniel Heiser, John H. Yamall, Edward C. Murray, John J. Esher, Mary A. Knittle, Amanda Lewis, Henrietta Yamall, Adam J. Miller, Phebe A. Heiser, Richard Phillips, Mary Jones, Carolina Esher, George A. Keeler, Mary Powell, Joanna Perry, Wilhelmina Neidig, David Camp, Lovina Camp, and Tacy Keeler, of whom David Camp was appointed leader. 672 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The first place of worship was the old Second Street school house. The erection of a church building was indirectly due to Rev. F. B. Riddle, of Shamokin; Mr. Riddle visited Philadelphia in 1859 to solicit funds for the erection of a Methodist church at Shamokin, and called upon John Ans- pach for that purpose. Mr. Anspaoh had large interests in real estate at Mt. Carmel and offered to contribute two hundred fifty dollars for the build- ing of a church at that place. A local subscription was at once begun; a building committee was appointed, August 8, 1859, composed of Daniel Heiser, A. F. Stecker, Joseph Ramsey, John Yarnall, and David Heiser. A brick edifice, the first at Mt. Carmel, thirty-five by forty-five feet in dimen- sions, was erected on the west side of Hickory street; it was dedicated on the 29th of January, 1860, Reverends Thompson Mitchell, D. D., T. M. Reese, and S. W. Sears officiating. The cost of the building approximated fifteen hundred dollars. This was the place of worship until 1884, when the present substantial two-story brick church edifice was erected. The build- ing committee, appointed on the 23d of April, 1884, was composed of John Stine, Frederick Gross, William A. Phillips, Benjamin F. Fagely, H. T. John, M. K. WatMns, and William Schwenk. The corner-stone was laid on the 26th of July, 1884, and the dedication of the Simday school room occurred November 23d of the same year; the completed edifice was finally dedicated on the 19th of September, 1886, Reverends E. J. Grey, D. D., M. L. Ganoe, S. M. Frost, D. D., and S. W. Sears officiating. This building is seventy-eight by forty-eight feet in dimensions, and cost eleven thousand dollars. The succession of pastors since 1868, when Mt. Carmel became a station, has been as follows: 1868, J. A. Dixon; 1869, E. T. Swartz; 1870-72, P. F. Eyer; 1873-74, S. W. Sears; 1875, Alem Brittain; 1876-78, N. W. Col- burn; 1879-81, S. M. Frost, D. D.; 1882-83, W. W. Reese; 1884^85, S. W. Sears; 1886-88, M. L. Drum; 1889-91, W. G. Ferguson. The Primitive Methodist Church was organized at the old Second Street school house. Among the leading early members were George Harvey, Moses Harvey, Thomas M. Thomas, David Harris, John Green, Josiah Bough, and William Flew. The present church edifice, a brick structure on the east side of Market street, was erected in 1872 and dedicated in 1873. Services were first regularly conducted by James Stoney, a local preacher; the succession of pastors has been as follows: Reverends John H. Acornley, Daniel Savage, Charles Miles, Benjamin Whillook, John A. James, Stephen Hancock, Samuel Penglase, John Mason, W. H. Acornley, and John P. Bar- low. A commodious parsonage adjacent to the church building was erected in 1887. Congregational Church. — A Sunday school was organized in 1856, of which Rees Davis and W. W. Davis were superintendents; its meetings were held at the public school house, where Welsh preachers held services occa- MT. OAEMEL. 673 sionally for some years. A church was organized in 1858 by Rev. Thomas Eees, but disbanded two years later. The Sunday school also disbanded, but was reorganized in 1863 with W. W. Davis as superintendent. A per- manent church organization was formed, March 26-27, 1870, by Reverends W. W. Davis and W. B. Williams, with the following members: Thomas Williams, Messach Watkins, Morgan Davis, William Watkins, Benjamin Thomas, Margaret Williams, Sarah Watkins, Deborah Davis, Martha Thomas, Rebecca Respach, Elizabeth Evans, and Rachel Lewis. Thomas Williams, deacon, Messach Watkins, secretary, and Morgan Davis, treasurer, were the first officers. The Second Street school house was the place of worship at that time. The present frame church edifice, on the west side of Market street between Second and Third, was dedicated on the 23d of July, 1871. The following pastors have served this church: Rev. R. D. Thomas (1870- 72), B. R. Lewis, William Thomas, D. T. Davis, D. Todd Jones, W. W. Davis, Anthony Howels, and D. D. Davis, who was installed. May 31, 1886, and resigned in 1890. Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel. — The first Catholic services in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel were held at Beaver Dale school house in the autumn of 1866 by Rev. J. J. Koch, pastor of St. Edward's church, Shamokin. He organized the congregation and had charge of it until November, 1868, when it was placed under the care of Rev. Daniel I. McDermott, then pastor of St. Ignatius's church at Centralia. Father McDermott soon afterward began the erection of a church edifice, which was completed and dedicated in Oc- tober, 1869; it was a one-story frame structure, forty-two by forty-four feet in dimensions. Soon after the dedication the parish was again placed in charge of Father Koch, who, in September, 1870, purchased two acres of land at Beaver Dale for a cemetery for the congregation. In October, 1871, Rev. E. T. Fields, Father McDermott's successor at CentraHa, took charge of the Church of Our Lady ; he was followed by Rev. J. J. O'ReiUy, the first resi- dent pastor, who erected the present parochial residence in 1879-80. Rev. Mark A. O'Neill became pastor in the spring of 1887, and has served to the present time. Under his administration a substantial brick church edifice, beautifully frescoed, has been erected on Market street at a cost of thirty thousand dollars; it was dedicated by Bishop McGovem, May 80, 1888. The congregation comprises about two hundred fifty families. St. Joseph's Catholic Church at Mt. Carmel was organized by Rev. Florian Klonowski in 1876 from the Polish Catholics formerly connected with the Church of Our Lady. He subsequently erected the present church edifice, a brick structure at the corner of Hickory and Sixth streets, and had charge of the parish until 1886, when he was succeeded by his brother, Rev. Jerome Klonowski, the present pastor. The parochial residence was built in 1885 on a lot adjoining the church edifice, in the rear of which is a parochial school house which accommodated one hundred forty children during the 674 HISTORY OF NOKTHOMBBBLAND COUNTY. term of 1889-90. It is taught by lay teachers, and is doing effective work. Since coming to Mt. Carmel Father Klonowski has had the parochial resi- dence painted, a fence built around the property, steam-heating apparatus put into both church and house, and has recently had the church beautifully frescoed. He has now (1890) in contemplation the erection of a new brick school house on the site of the present frame in the near future. The con- gregation numbers about fifteen hundred souls, while the church has a seat- ing capacity of only about five hundred. The United Brethren Church was organized in 1866 by Rev. F. List, at the house of John Deitrick, with five members, viz. : Evan Frey, Henry Yeager, Catherine T. Deitrick, Rebecca Yeager, and Elizabeth Artz. The house of John Deitrick was the place of worship for several years, after which a frame building on the north side of Third street between Hickory and Market, formerly used for school purposes, was occupied until 1874; the present frame church edifice at the southwest comer of Vine and Third streets was then built at a cost of two thousand doUars. Rev. Thomas Gar- land, Lewis Deitrick, and John Byerly were the trustees at that time. The following pastors have served this church: Reverends F. List, 1866; J. Shoop, 1867-68; William B. Evers, 1869; A. P. Kaufman, 1870; Reverends Harts- horn and Nelson, 1871; S. R. Gipple, 1872-73; Thomas Garland, 1874-75; M. P. Sanders, 1876; S. R. Gipple, 1877-79; L. Kreamer, 1880-81; H. S. Gable, 1882-83; H. B. Spayd, 1883-84; J. G. Fritz, 1885-88; M. J. Heberly, 1889. Mt. Carmel became a mission station iti 1883 and a self-supporting station in 1886. The parsonage was built in 1884, and the church edifice was remodeled in 1888. Welsh Baptist Church. — Reverends Thomas Thomas and David Evans organized a Welsh Baptist church in 1871, of which Daniel Evans and Philip Thomas were the first deacons. After worshiping at a school house near the old Reading depot eighteen months the society disbanded. A reorganiza- tion was effected in 1879, and in 1880 a frame church edifice was built at the comer of Market and Third streets; it was dedicated on the 20th of June in that year, when ' William W. WatHns and William Lawrence were the dea- cons, and Evan Davis, William W. Watkins, and John P. Edwards were the trustees. The subsequent pastors were Reverends Jeremiah Griffith and Richard Edwards. The congregation finally disbanded in 1886. Church of God. — Elders A. Snyder and Jacob Hepler were the first min- isters of this denomination who preached at Mt. Carmel. An organization was effected in 1880 by Elder J. C. Hoover, and the first members were Levi Werntz and wife, William S. Eyers and wife, and Benjamin Hepler and wife. Services were first held at private houses and at a school house near the old Reading depot. A building site on the east side of Chestnut street between Second and Third having been donated by Elizabeth Clouser, the present frame church edifice was erected thereon and dedicated on the 21st of Octo- MT. CAEMEL. 675 ber, 1883. It has since been, materially enlarged. Elders J. C. Hoover, D. H. Mummah, S. Smith, F. Y. Weidenhammer, and J. W. MiUer have suc- cessively served as pastors.,. St. Paul's Church of the Svangelical Association. — The present church edifice was erected in 1871, at which time this was a preaching point on Ash- land circuit, of which Eev. James Lantz was preacher in charge. ■ In 1872 Mt. Carmel was made a mission and placed in charge of Eev. James Bow- man. The membership at that time was twenty-five, and the society was burdened with debt. Fifty-seven accessions were made during, the year; and under the next pastor, Rev. L. N. Worman, the membership increased to one hundred two. The official boards of the organization at that time were constituted as follows: trustees: Simon Light, Joseph Delcamp, Emanuel Kehler, William Shively, Jacob Eissinger, and Jonathan Hoover ; stewards : Joseph Delcamp, Simon Light, Isaac Keiser, Emanuel Kehler, and Jonathan Deitrich; leaders: Simon Light, Jonathan Deitrich, Emanuel Kehler, and Joseph Schwartz. The following is- a list of pastors since the mission was estabhshed: 1872, Eev. James Bowman; 1873-75, Eev. L. N. Worman; 1876, Eev. N. B. Sherk; 1877, Eev. A. M. Sampsel; 1878, Eev. N. A. Bair; 1879, Eev. A. Dilabar; 1880-82, Eev. J. W. Woehrle; 1883, Eev. J. S. Over- holser; 1884-86, Eev. J. E. Hensyl; 1887-88, Eev. G. 0. Knobel; 1889-90, Eev. D. S. Stauffer. The Sunday school was organized in Jim.e, 1871. There are two other auxiliary organizations: a Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor and a Mission Band, all, like the church in general, in a prosperous condition. Grace Reformed Church was organized on the 14th of June, 1886, with the following members: C. T. Dechant and wife, George Becker and wife, Isaac Wolfgang and wife, Ben Wirt and wife, Henry Geist, Mary Dechant, Ada Dechant, EUa Dechant, Thomas Dechant, and Mr. Hawk. C. T. Dechant, Isaac Wolfgang, and George Becker were the first elders. The first trustees were Dr. J. G. Eaessler, C. T. Dechant, Henry Geist, Frederick Klawitter, Nathan Haubenstein, WiUiam Euths, and John Zutka. A Sunday school was •organized on the 13th of May, 1888, with Dr. J. G. Eaessler as superin- tendent. Services were first held in the G. A. E. hall on Hickory street, after which the Welsh Baptist church, corner of Market and Third streets, was rented and subsequently purchased. The present church edifice, a frame structure twenty-five by forty feet in dimensions, was erected in 1890 under the supervision of a building committee cornposed of Dr. J. G. Eaessler, Henry Geist, and C. T. Dechant. The corner-stone was laid on the 27th of March, 1890. Eev. George Dechant was pastor from June, 1886, until May, 1888, and Eev. H. H. Sando from May 13, 1888, to April 6, 1890. First Presbyterian Church. — Eeverends Caldwell, Milliken, Eeardon, and other Presbyterian clergymen preached at Mt. Carmel occasionally under the 676 HISTOKY OP NOBTHDMBEKLAND COUNTY. auspices of Northumberland Presbytery, but no organization was eifected until the 10th of July, 1887, where a presbyterial committee, composed of Eev. H. G. Finney, Eev. J. W. Gilland, and S. A. Bergstresser, organized the First Presbyterian church with the following members: Thomas M. Righter, Mrs. Gertrude L. Righter, S. A. Bergstresser, Mrs. Voris Auten, Mrs. George B. Renn, Mrs. Emily Heiser, Mrs. Mary Benson, Charles J. Siegfried, Mrs. Kate Siegfried, Robert Penman, William Hillhouse, Mrs. Mary Hillhouse, Mrs. Mary Reid, William Mcllwain, Mrs. Emily H. Bolich, Mrs. Margaret Lawson, Mrs. Agnes Ramage, John Reid, William' Reid, Henry F. Freeze, Alexander Taylor, Peter E. Jones, Mrs. Mary Ann Jones, Miss Margaret Penman, Miss Phyllis Jones, Mrs. Janet Reid Taylor, Mrs. Louisa Still- wagner, Miss Rebecca Gibson, Eli H. Snyder, William Finley, Mrs. Mar- garet Finley, Miss Margaret Reid, and Mrs. Elizabeth J. Jennings. S. A. Bergstresser, Robert Penman, and William Hillhouse were the first elders, and Thomas M. Righter, John Reid, and Eli H. Snyder were the first dea- cons. The first regular pastor, Rev. Stuart Mitchell, D. D., was installed on the 11th of June, 1889, and is the present incumbent. The G. A. R. hall was the place of worship until the 22d of December, 1889, when the present church edifice at the southeast corner of Fifth and Hickory streets was occu- pied for the first time. The comer-stone was laid, August 8, 1889, and the dedication occurred on the 11th of May, 1890. Dr. J. S. Lazarus, Thomas M. Righter, and Robert Muir composed the building committee. The Sun- day school was organized on the 2d of January, 1887, with Eli H. Snyder as superintendent. CEMETERIES. The Catholic Cemetery comprises ten acres and is situated at Beaver Dale, west of Mt. Carmel. The ground was purchased and inclosed by Rev. J. J. Koch in 1870, and has since been the burial place for the entire Cath- olic population of Mt. Carmel and vicinity. The space available for inter- ments has now been entirely utilized, and a movement is in progress for the purchase of additional ground. The Mt. Carmel Cemetery Company was organized on the 29th of March, 1883, with O. H. Sillyman, president, Thomas Scott, secretary, and Charles Wightman, treasurer, who, with John Stine, Morgan Davis, Michael Hinkel, David J. Lewis, William McFee, and John Jefferson, were the charter mem- bers of the company. A plat of ground five hundred feet square, situated near Alaska, a mile and a half from the borough, was donated by the Phila- delphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, and has been inclosed and improved. This had been a buriaV ground for some years previously, but the title was not vested in local hands. WATSONTOWN. 677 CHAPTER XIX. WATSONTOWN. PlONBEK HlSTOKT — ThE FiKST StIRVETS — EABLY INDUSTRIES, StOBES, AND HOTELS — The Town Plat — Railhoads — The Postoffice — Mantjfactuking, Past and Pbesbnt — Banks — Electric Light and Watbb Companies — Borough Organi- zation AND Government — Secret and Fraternal Societies — Educational and Litbrart Effort — Churches — ^Watsontown Cemetery. THE history of Watsontown commences in the latter part of the last century. The place may be said to have had two beginnings, the fir^t of which resulted in the establishment of a small country village, while the second and more successful was the means of bringing into existence the pleasant and enterprising town on the east bank of the West Branch and in the extreme northern part of Northumberland county. By the census of 1890 the popidation was twenty-one hundred fifty-seven. The borough has a creditable system of public schools, five churches, two newspapers, two banks, extensive manufacturing interests, water and electric light companies, a number of stores representing the various lines of business, ete., etc. pioneer history. The first title to any part of the land upon which the borough is situated was acquired by Lieutenant Daniel Hunsicker by virtue of military services in the French and Indian war. The application was marked No. 1 and dated February 3, 1769. The tract was surveyed in the succeeding May, and was situated between Delaware run on the north and a diagonal boundary on the south which extended from the east end of Pear alley to the opposite terminus of Apple alley. The most remarkable and interesting feature of this application is the fact that it was the first granted under the land office system established by the Proprietary government for the disposition of the purchase of 1768. To the south of Hunsicker's warrant the land was granted to Lieutenant Nicholas Houssegger, for services rendered in the same war; his tract extended for some distance beyond the southern limits of the town. On the 13th of May, 1792, John Watson, then a resident of Londonderry township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, purchased from John Harris, of Cumberland county, and Blair McClenachan, a merchant of Philadelphia, a tract of six hundred nine acres and allowance, known as "Elmdon," embracing the larger part of the site of Watsontown. The consideration was eleven hundred 678 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. pounds specie. Harris and McClenachan had secured this land in 1780 by purchase from Jacob Shallus, a merchant of Bristol, Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania, for the sum of seventeen thousand pounds, and Shallus, in partner- ship with Amos Wickersham, acquired the tract in 1779 by purchase from Thomas Willing, to whom it was originally patented, March 23, 1774. Watson was of Irish descent. He resided on the land thus purchased until his death; his remains were interred in the old Warrior Eun graveyard, but have been removed to the Watsontown cemetery. The idea of locating a town near the mouth of Warrior run first occurred to John Watson, who laid it out in 1794, and in honor of whom it received its name, although, by some who regarded his effort to establish a town with disrespect, it was for a long time called Slabtown. The only streets in the original plat were Main and Front; Main was the road leading from Sun- bury to Muncy, and Front street is what is now termed First, still called Front by many. At their intersection ground was reserved for a public square. At the time of Mr. Watson's death the town consisted of some half- dozen houses, situated on Front street between where the railroad now crosses it and the river bank. Its diminutive proportions were due to lack of enterprise on the part of the projector rather than any disadvantge of loca- tion ; for, after disposing of some half-dozen lots, although they were sold at several hundred dollars each, he suddenly became alarmed lest the growing village should iaterf ere with his farming operations, and, at a great sacrifice to himself, began to purchase the lots sold, ultimately securiag them all. The first hotel and store were kept by David Watson, and stood on the south side of Front street at the canal. There was another hotel at the time of Mr. Watson's death, which was erected by James Watson (no relative of the former, however), and stood on the north side of Front street directly opposite the residence of A. J. Guffy. Upon the death of David Watson his house was closed, but the one built by James Watson was continued for some years under the successive proprietorships of Robert Brown, James Brown, George Fox, and others. The industrial features of the place at that time were a distillery, estab- lished by John Watson, a hattery, and a scythe factory, located in the vicinity of the David Watson hotel. Between the years 1830 and 1840 the land upon which the main portion of the town is situated was used as a race course. What was then called " the mile heat" commenced on the north of town, near the residence of the late Silas Eambach, and extended south to First street. A third hotel was built on the northeast corner of First and Main streets by William Cooner in 1857 and opened in August of that year. The build- ing is still used as a public house with Mr. Cooner's sons as proprietors. The owners of the land after the death of John Watson were his three sons, David, John, and George. The lands of David and John adjoined WATSONTOWN. 679 the river, with First street as a mutual boundary, while the youngest son, George, inherited the land to the east of his brothers'. The rough-cast house on the north side of First street at the canal was erected by John Wat- son, and was his residence until death. Two of David's sons, David C. and Robert, were captains in the Northumberland Troop, and the former reached the rank of brigadier general, which position he held at the time of his death. A great convenience for the settlers in the vicinity of Watsontown in crossing the river into Union county, and vice versa, was afforded by the ferry, which was established in 1800 by Dan Caldwell, an enterprising and wealthy citizen of White Deer valley. This was the most important outlet until the canal was completed. The growth of the town was much retarded from the fact that David and John Watson, on account of some trouble which existed among the inhabit- ants at that time, refused to sell lots on the plea that it would only result in contention. Thus it happened that at their death the town was, if anything, in a less flourishing condition than when their father died. The battery and scythe factory of his day had become things of the past, and no manufactur- ing interests had developed to take their places. The opening of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad gave a quickening impulse, and the years immediately following may be regarded as the period in local history when the country village passed out of existence to give way for a more enterprising and extensive town. In 1868 the town extended on Main street from where the Mansion House now stands to the depot, and on First street from the railroad to the canal. It contained two dry-goods stores and two groceries. The most important business house at that time was on the comer of Main and First streets and was conducted under the ' firm name of A. T. Goodman & Brother. The other dry-goods store was in the building now owned by George Burns, on the west side of Main near Second street, and was conducted by C. O. Bachman; T. G. CaldweU had a grocery along the canal, and Thomas Barr conducted a business of the same kind near the depot. There was but one hotel in the place, the house of William Cooner, which was erected in 1857 and opened as a public house in August of ' that year. The next hotel established was the Mansion House, on the northwest corner of Main and Second streets, which was erected by John Forgeman in 1867 and is now conducted by Allen I. Kremer. The first doctor to locate in the place was H. D. Hunter, a young man who was reared in White Deer Hole valley. He practiced here before the opening of the civil war and continued in the active discharge of professional duties until his death. The first resident attorney was Oscar Foust. THE TOWN PLAT. In the original town plat there was a commodious public square at the 680 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. intersection of Main and First streets. It is to be regretted that this feature was not retained in the modem plat. The land owned by John and David Watson passed into the possession of Moses Chamberlin, a son-in-law of the former, and E. L. Piper, who bore the same relation to the latter. The modem town plat between its southern limit and Fifth street was laid out in 1858 and 1859 under the auspices of Moses Chamberlin, E. L. Piper, and the executors of John Watson, deceased, by Abraham Straub, a surveyor of Milton. Between Fifth street and the line of the Hunsicker and Houssegger warrants the plat was surveyed in November, 1866, by James Armstrong and A. J. Guffy under the auspices of Moses Chamberlin and Ario Pardee. Above the line of the Htmsicker and Houssegger tracts the plat was surveyed in 1867 by A. J. Guffy for Joseph HoUopeter, S. M. Miller, and Samuel Caldwell. The principal addi- tions since that date are those of Joseph Everitt, John H. Goodman, A. B. Seller, Samuel Caldwell, and James A. Dinehart. The principal street is Main, the Milton and Muncy road, which extends north and south (approximately), with Ash and Liberty streets parallel on the east and Elm street parallel on the west. The cross streets, beginning with First on the south, are numbered consecutively to Tenth on the north. BAILROADS. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad was opened on the 18th of December, 1854, and the Wilkesbarre and Western on the 13th of December, 1886. The latter has its western terminus at Watsontown. The Philadelphia and Reading railroad, on the opposite side of the river, was opened in 1871. THE POSTOrriCE. The following is a list of postmasters since the ofSce was established, with the respective dates of appointment: David Watson, January 10, 1828; Edmund L. Piper, July 18, 1854; Joseph P. Hogue, July 12, 1861; E. Everitt, March 25, 1868; Philip Shay, November 16, 1868; Joseph Wagner, April 29, 1869; John D. CaldweU, July 5, 1871; Philip Shay, January 16, 1879; Mary V. Shay, February 9, 1885. MANUFACTUEING, PAST AND PEESENT. The earliest industrial establishments at Watsontown were the battery and scythe factory previously mentioned. These were perhaps of relatively local importance at the time, but very meager information regarding them is attainable at this late date. Higbee & Wagner's Saw Mill was originally established in 1856 by Moses Chamberlin and William Follmer for the manufacture of "bill" lumber, and therefore marks the beginning of the recent industrial development of the place. At that time the Catawissa Railroad Company was constructing ex- WATSONTOWN. 681 tensive trestle-works and bridges, and a considerable part of the product of this mill was used by that company. The business was conducted by Cham- berlin & Follmer until 1857, when Joseph HoUopeter was received into the firm, which continued to operate the mill successfully until it was destroyed by fire on the Saturday night previous to Abraham Lincoln's second election to the presidency. It was immediately rebuilt and successively operated by Chamberlin, Follmer & HoUopeter, Chamberlin & FoUmer, Cook, HoUopeter & Everitt, and Cook & Pardee — Ario Pardee and E. 0. Cook. Cook & Pardee ran in connection with the saw mill a match factory and employed sixty operatives. After continuing business ten or twelve years in this way Pardee purchased Cook's interest and took his son into partnership, when the style of the firm became Pardee & Son. After the flood of 1889 the mills were closed; operations were suspended until May, 1890, when they were pur- chased and reopened by the present firm. Pardee's Saw Mill. — In 1866 Ario Pardee erected a large saw mill in the southern part of the town at a cost of seventy-five thousand doUars. Mr. Pardee is interested in the mining of coal at Hazelton, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, and the product of the mill consisted principally of prop tim- bers for use in the mines. He also owned a large tract of undeveloped land in Union county, from which the timber for this mill was derived. This estabUshment, the largest of its kind in the coimty, gave employment to a number of men, and was a most important feature of the manufacturing in- terests of the borough until its destruction by fire, April 17, 1882. The Watsontown Steam Tannery was, originally established in 1866 by HoUopeter & Wagner. The plant subsequently passed to Miller, Faust & Caldwell, who were succeeded in 1879 by W. T. and C. B. McKean. The works were destroyed by fire on the 28th of July, 1881, but have been rebuilt, and the present capacity is four hundred fifty hides per week. Cutler, Fos- ter & Company are the present proprietors. Watsontown Planing Mill Company. — In 1867 Wagner, Starr & Com- pany erected a planing mill on the bank of the river at the present site of the water-works pumping station. It was destroyed by fire, and replaced by another of enlarged capacity; the latter was burned in 1874, and in the fol- lowing year the present mill on the east side of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad between Sixth and Seventh streets was built by the Watsontown Planing MiU Company, of which J. H. Wagner, J. W. Muifly, and D. F. Wagner were the constituent members until the retirement of Mr. Muffly in 1890. The mill is one of the largest and best equipped in the West Branch valley. Thomas H. Kistner has been foreman since 1870. The Watsontown Steam Flour Mill was built by John McFarland, who conducted the business for some years. The present firm, Follmer, Fowler & Company, became proprietors in April, 1890. The building is situated on Eighth street, and is a three-story structure; the daily capacity is one hundred barrels of flour and ten tons of chop. 682 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The Watsontown Boot and Shoe Company. — The factory of this company was originally established by Joseph HoUopeter, William Wagner, Samuel Caldwell, Frederick Heihnan, D. C. Hogue, Samuel Millei, George Burns, and Silas Kirk in connection with the Watsontown Steam Tannery. The business of the tannery and shoe factory was jointly conducted by the same firm until 1872, when the present factory building, a three-story brick struct- ure on the east side of Main street between Second and Third, was erected. After experiencing several changes of ownership it became the property of Ario Pardee, the present owner, who was also at one time individual pro- prietor of the factory. The Watsontown Boot and Shoe Company was formed in 1885, and is composed of H. F. Algert and Edward Waldschmidt. Eighty operatives are employed. The Pardee Car and Machine Works were established in 1872 by a com- pany known as "The Watsontown Car Works," composed of Joseph Hollo- peter, president, Ario Pardee, Levi Linn, J. H. Wagner, H. T. Goodman, Samuel M. Miller, and a Mr. Ten Brook. This company was succeeded ia 1880 by Pardee, Snyder & Company, Limited, and upon the expiration of this limited partnership, June 1, 1890, Ario Pardee became sole owner. The plant is located on the east side of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad be- tween Fourth and Sixth streets ; it has a capacity for building five cars per day, and employs two hundred fifty men when in fuU operation. The Watsontown Furniture and Table Works were started by Joseph HoUopeter and James W. McLain in the buildings erected for the car shops, which were not then in operation. Samuel Miller, George Burns, and Isaac Stryker were afterward admitted to the firm, and Ario Pardee subsequently became individual proprietor of the works, which he removed to his lower planing mill. From Mr. Pardee the establishment passed to Frank Miller and J. G. Bower, by whom the present plant on the west side of Main street in the southern part of the borough was erected and has since been operated. Starr, Durham & Company operated a planing mill on South Main street from 1883 to 1890. The miU was built by John Bly & Son, and first leased by Kline & Meckley. The Watsontown Nail Works were established in 1886 and occupy the site of Ario Pardee's first saw mill, which was destroyed by fire in 1882. The building is eighty-five by two hundred twenty-five feet, and contains rolling mill and nail factory combined. The works have a capacity to employ eighty men and manufacture three hundred kegs of nails per day. BANKS. The Watsontown National Bank was originally organized as a State institution, December 31, 1872, under the name of the Watsontown Bank. The first directors were J. H. Goodman, J. B. Leinbach, Silas Eambach, Samuel Caldwell, Simon Schuyler, James D. Barr, Joseph Nicely, Jr., and WATSONTOWN. 683 Martin Powell. Samuel Caldwell, the first president, was elected on the 2d of January, 1873, and De La. Green was the first cashier. The bank commenced business on the 2d of January, 1873. The original capital was one hundred thousand dollars, which was increased (July 2, 1874) to one hundred twenty thousand dollars, at which it remained while the bank con- tinued' as a State institution. At a meeting of the stockholders on the 4th of May, 1880, the directors were authorized to surrender the State charter and take the necessary measures to convert the institution into a national bank. It was accordingly incorporated as such, June 17, 1880, under its present name, with a capital of sixty thousand dollars and the following offi- cers: president, Silas Eambach; cashier, G. W. Eombach; teller, W. A. Nicely; directors: Silas Eambach, Joseph G. Durham, Andrew M. Lowry, Thomas Kirk, John B. Leinbach, Thompson Bower, Ario Pardee, and John P. Dentler. At its organization as a national bank the institution was pay- ing annual dividends of six per cent., which have steadily increased and have been eight per cent, since 1889. A surplus fund of thirty-four thousand dollars has also been accumulated. The present bank building, a brick structure at the northeast corner of Third and Main streets, was first occu- pied in the spring of 1880. The succession of officers since the organization of the bank as a State institution has been as follows: presidents: Samuel CaldweU, Ario Pardee, Silas Eambach, Joseph G. Durham, and Thompson Bower, present incumbent; cashiers: De La. Green, Eobert B. Claxton, Jr., and G. W. Eombach, present incumbent; tellers: G. W. Eombach, J.' G. Bower, and W. A. Nicely, present incumbent. Farmers' National Bank of Watsontown. — The first meeting for the organization of this institution was held, January 11, 1886. The charter was granted, February 27, 1886, and the doors were first opened for business March 29th of the same year, with a capital of fifty thousand doUars distributed among sixty-four stockholders in shares of one hundred dollars each. The first board of directors consisted of Charles Heilman, Samuel Everitt, Simpson Smith, J. H. Harley, D. P. Wagner, Thomas L. Clapp, W. H. Nicely, Daniel Lerch, Alem Mauser, E. L. Matchin, Y. S. Truckenmiller, Hiram Dunkel, and Enoch Everitt. The first election of officers resulted in the choice of Simpson Smith as president; Charles Heil- man, vice-president, and Hiram Dunkel, cashier, the latter still retaining that office. During the two years immediately following the first nine months of business the bank declared an annual dividend of six per cent. Since that time the annual dividend has been uniformly seven per cent. The surplus now amounts to seventeen thousand dollars. ELECTEIC LIGHT AND WATEE COMPANIES. The Watsontown Electric Light, Gas, Power, and Heating Company was chartered, September 1, 1886. J. G. Bower, Thompson Bower, Samuel M. 684 HI8T0BY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Miller, and C. B. McLain were the original stockholders, of whom J. G. Bower was chosen as first president and Samuel M. Miller as secretary and treasurer. The charter was purchased by L. C. Kinsey & Company, of Williamsport, July 1, 1887 ; they erected an electric light plant, and increased the capital stock to fifteen thousand dollars, associating with them J. H. Wagner, J. I. Higbee, T. G. Caldwell, Hiram Dunkel, S. H. Hicks, Lorenzo Everitt, and others^ The capacity of the plant is one thousand incandescent lights, with a power to supply arc lighting. It is situated at the western terminus of Third street. The Watsontown Water Company was incorporated, March 18, 1886, with a capital stock of forty thousand dollars, and the following persons as stockholders: Eobert Buck, I. N. Messinger, S. B. Morgan, J. H. Wagner, W. Brady Piatt, WiUiam Field Shay, J. F. McClure, S. E. Slaymaker, L. T. Rohrbach, and J. E. Mathews. The company owns the mouth of White Deer creek, in Union county, near which they have erected a filter, forty- eight feet long and eight feet square, which leads from their dam to large wells near the bank of the stream. From these wells it is transferred by gravity to the east side of the river, where a pumping station is located, which forces it to a reservoir at a vertical altitude of one hTindred fifty feet above Main street. This has a capacity of two million gallons, and from it the water is distributed to the town, through seven miles of mains. BOBOnSH ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT. The borough of Watsontown was incorporated by decree of court, Novem- ber 4, 1867, and on the 16th instant the first borough election occurred, resulting in the choice of the following officers: burgess, Joseph Hollopeter; council: Thomas Carl, Frederick Whitman, C. O. Bachman, John Bly, D. C. Hogue; high constable, Eli Lochner; justice of the peace, John Orr; school directors: John Y. EUis, .WiUiam Cooner, H. K. Whitman, Joseph Ott, H. W. Kremer, Thomas Barr; overseers of the poor: Peter SchaefEer, Robert Johnson; inspectors of election: Philip Winterstein, I. N. Messinger; judge, David Teas. The following persons have successively served as burgess since the borough was incorporated: 1867, Joseph HoUopeter; 1868, J. P. Starr; 1869, Nicholas Ganger; 1870, C. O. Bachman; 1871, Philip Shay; 1872, S. M. Miller; 1873, William M. Wagner; 1874, J. P. Starr; 1875^ Phineas Leiser; 1876-80, John R. Cooner; 1881-82, W. Brady Piatt; 1883- 84, J. H. Wagner; 1885-86, D. C. Hogue; 1887-88, Lorenzo Everitt; 1889- 90, E. Sherman FoUmer; 1890, Alfred Hockley; 1891, J. F. McClure. Hope Hose Fire Company, No. 1, was organized on the 11th of June, 1873; the frame building at the foot of Second street occupied by this com- pany was erected in 1875. SECRET AND FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. The following is a list of societies at Watsontown with dates of organization ^^ /la^tnJcuJ,. WATSONTOWN. 687 or institution: Watsontown Lodge, No; 401, F. & A. M., January 16, 1868; Warrior Eun Chapter, No. 246, K. A. M., January 23, 1874; Watsontown Lodge, No. 619, I. O. O. ¥., January 25, 1868; Bryson Post, No. 225, G. A. E., September 30, 1881; Washington Camp, No. 229, P. O. S. of A., May 19, 1884; Freeland Castle, No. 217, K. G. E., November 3,1887. EDUCATIONAL AND LITERARY EFFORT. The first school house in the vicinity of Watsontown was erected in 1790. It was a log structure, and was situated near the bank of the run which flows a short distance south of where the Philadelphia and Erie depot now stands. The name of the first teacher in this pioneer school house is not ascertainable, but, whoever he may have been, the youth of the community received the rudiments of an education in this old log school house until 1800, when the second building was erected. This was a somewhat larger structure and w^s situated on an elevation south of the present residence of E. C. McKee. It served as a place of instruction until 1833, when a more elaborate frame building was erected at the intersection of the Sinking Spring and Bald Eagle roads, now the corner of Fifth and Liberty streets. It was used for school purposes until 1859, when it was destroyed by fire and an academy was built east of the railroad on Front or First street by Joseph Hogue, Peter Schaeffer, Joseph Everitt, Joseph HoUopeter, William H. Folhner, Daniel Kremer, and others. Here the educational work of the town was con- ducted until 1882, when the building was closed and remained unoccupied until 1889 ; it was then reopened and has since been used as a borough poor- house. The present public school building was erected on the corner of Eighth and Elm streets in 1882. It is a brick structure two stories high, and con- tains eight school rooms with two additional recitation rooms. The corner- stone was laid with Masonic ceremonies May 27th of that year, on which occasion Professor G. W. Wrightmyer was orator and Eobert H. McCormick chief marshal for the ceremonies of the day. The directors were Oscar Foust, Eobert Buck, Samuel M. MiUer, Thomas H. Kistner, E. B. Hogue, and Dr. S. L. Van Valzah, and the building committee consisted of Eobert Buck and Thomas H. Kistner. The first term of school in the new building was opened in the fall of 1883 with George W. Wrightmyer as principal, S. C. Hartranft, assistant principal, and the following teachers: Misses Mae Een- ninger, Jensie M. Kriner, Bardilla Kautz, Sue H. McCarty, and Alma S. Kerstetter, and Mr. J. D. Nimick. The First Literary Society at Watsontown was organized in 1860, with D. C. Hogue, J. P. Starr, A. S. Lamm, Worthing Maxiel, John E. Cooner, George Piper, and C. M. King as its original members; the first president was D. C. Hogue with A. S. Lamm as secretary. At the outbreak of the civil war the society was abandoned; in 1869 it was reorganized with 39 688 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. renewed energy and zeal. Quite a number of new names were added to the roll at that time, and by a vigorous financial policy the society succeeded in erecting the hall at the corner of Second and Main streets. This building now constitutes the Watsontown opera house. The Watsontown Lyceum was the next literary society. Principally through the efforts of Dr. J. J. Leiser a stock company was formed and a suitable building erected, after which a formal organization Was effected on the first Monday of May, 1876, with H. F. Algert as first president; he was succeeded in this office by William F. Shay. Local Papers. — There was no newspaper at Watsontown until 1870, when a company was formed and a paper established. The name adopted was the Watsontown Record, which was conducted by a company for some time, afterward experiencing numerous changes in ownership and manage- ment until its purchase by the proprietors of the Star, Fosnot & Burr, in 1884. The Star was the second paper established, and was started in 1882, the first copy being issued on the 1st of April in that year. The first pro- prietors were Fosnot & Fisher. After the purchase of the Watsontown Rec- ord in 1884, the name was changed to the Record and Star, which it still retains. L. C. Fosnot is the editor and proprietor. The Blade was established by J. Ward Diehl, and the first copy was issued, May 13, 1889. The Agricultural Epitomist was published at Watsontown from its inception in 1882 until its removal to Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1886. CHUECHES. The second story of the academy building was designed as a place of worship for all denominations, and was so used until the erection of the dif- ferent church edifices. The first Sunday school of the town, a union organ- ization, was held here ; the first superintendent was Joseph Hollopeter, and the first assistant superintendent was William H. FoUmer. The Watsontown Baptist Church is the oldest organization of that denom- ination in the northern part of Northumberland county. It originated in the labors of William S. Hall of White Deer valley, who, with the assistance of W. B. Bingham, commenced a series of religous meetings in the school house at Watsontown in May, 1840. Mr. Hall continued services at Watsontown, Scott's school house, and Abram Steamer's grove for some time, and at fre- quent intervals administered baptism. As a result of these efforts the fol- lowing members at White Deer valley and Clinton were organized as a reg- ular Baptist church, August 12, 1841: John Snyder, John Oyster, Joseph Everitt, Sr., Joseph Everitt, Jr., Eobert Everitt, Samuel Dougherty, Lansing Burrows, William W. Burrows, Thomas Crawford, Amos Anderson, Benja- min Oyster, Mary McCoy, Esther Oyster, Lucy Ann Everitt, Elizabeth Ever- itt, Margaret Guffy, Mary Ann Mackey, Mary Burrows, Catherine Hays, WATSONTOWN. ■' 689 Elizabeth Anderson, and Catherine Oyster. The sermon at this service was delivered by Elder T>. C. Waite, prayer, by Elder J. G. Miles, right hand of fellowship, by Isaac Jones, and charge to the newly organized church, by W. S. Hall, who became the first pastor. The first place of worship was a small frame building situated near the center of Delaware township on Delaware run. Here the congregation met until 1870, when they erected a church edifice at Watsontown. The con- tract was drawn up between the building committee, Joseph Everitt, George Bums, Theodore Carey, and James W. Johnson, and the contractors, Conrad Springer and Lewis Koch, July 14, 1870. The church building is a two- story frame structure, and was erected at a cost of thirty-five hundred dol- lars. It stands on Main street at the corner of Fifth. The history of the church has been marked by frequent pastoral changes. The Methodist Episcopal Church had its origia, in the vicinity of Watson- town, at the Swamp school house, where a class was formed in 1858. In the foUowiag year the society was organized at the incipient village of Watson- town, with Joseph HoUopeter as leader; among the first members were Mrs. Susan Hollopeter, Benjamin Grier and wife, John Shadel and wife, and Mrs. Martha Stover. The society worshiped at the school house, the academy building, and elsewhere until 1872, when the present two-story brick church edifice on Third street was erected under the supervision of a building com- mittee composed of Joseph HoUopeter, John Goodman, and John Seiler. The lecture room was dedicated, November 10, 1872, but the audience room re- mained unfinished for some years. The last payment of the church debt was made, February 22, 1883. The parsonage, a frame building at the corner of Fourth and Liberty streets, was purchased in 1883. The following is a list of pastors since the organization of the first class: 1858, Samuel Barnes, A. E. Taylor; 1859, John A. De Moyer, A. E. Taylor; 1860, George Warren, J. A. Dixon; 1861, C. F. Thomas; 1862, P. Gearhart, H. C. Pardoe; 1863, * S. C. Swallow; 1864-65, John W. Haughawout, E. Shoemaker; 1866, B. P. King, Elial L. Chilcoat; 1867, H. Wilson, W. W. Eeese; 1868, H. Wilson, Thomas O. Cleese; 1869-70, F. Gearhart, J. Comp; 1871-73, J. W. Olewine, C. W. Burnley; 1874r-75, J. A. Woodcock; 1876, A. W. Gibson; 1877-78, B. P. King; 1879-80, Benjamin H. Crever; 1881-83, Andrew E. Taylor; 1884-85, David H. Shields; 1886-87, William McK. Reily; 1888-89, John W. Buckley; 1890, W. W. Reese. Trinity Reformed Church. — The first service of the Ref ornxed church at Watsontown was held in the academy building, June 20, 1864. For two years services were conducted by Rev. S. H. Reid, but no organization was effected until June 24, 1866, when thirteen persons presented certificates of membership, and the following officers were elected: Peter SchaefEer and William Brumbaoh as elders, and William H. FoUmer and Simon Lantz as deacons. During the same year negotiations were made with the Lutheran ^90 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. congregation for the erection of a house of worship to be used by both churches. The building was erected on the northeast corner of Main and Fourth streets. The corner-stone was laid, July 15, 1866, but owing to the death of William H. Folhner, one of the most influential members, and finan- cial embarrassments, the building was not dedicated until May 12th in the following year. During this time the congregation was without a pastor and its interests languished; the membership became small and virtually disbanded. At this juncture a reorganization was effected, July 23, 1867, by Eev. H. Mosser, and the church was attached to the Paradise charge. The members at this time were Peter Schaeffer, Daniel Carl, S. L. Hilliard, Charles Bealor, Alexander Rodgers, Mrs. Catherine Everitt, D. J. Krebs, Simon Lantz, Mrs. Catherine Eambach, Mrs. EHzabeth Follmer, William Brumbach, Rachel Brumbach, and George Mull. The same officers were elected as at the former organization, except that D. J. Krebs was chosen to fill the office before intrusted to William H. Follmer, who died, July 17, 1866. The interest of this congregation in the union church building was sold to the Lutherans, May 1, 1886, and on the following day a congregational meeting was held, when Thomas Mast, Mahlon Metzger, H. Wagner, D. A. Engle, and George W. Hess were appointed to purchase a lot upon which to erect a church edifice. The present location was secured, and the comer- stone of the new church was laid, July 4, 1886, with appropriate ceremonies. The building committee consisted of H. F. Algert, Thomas Mast, Mahlon Metzger, J. H. Wagner, D. A. Engle, G. W. Hess, and J. W. Muffly. The church was erected at a cost of twelve thousand dollars, and dedicated, Feb- ruary 20, 1887, Rev. J. H Bomberger, D. D., officiating. Since that time a parsonage has been erected on the adjoining lot at a cost of three thousand five himdred dollars. Prom the time of its reorganization the congregation has been served by Reverends H. Mosser, J. K. MiUett, and George S. Sorber, the present pastor. The First Lutheran Church was organized in 1866. The first council consisted of Samuel M. Miller, Samuel W. Hitman, Abram Goodman, and Silas Rambach. An arrangement was effected with the Reformed congre- gation for the erection of a union church edifice, which was completed in 1867, as stated in the history of Trinity Reformed church. This imion was dissolved in 1886, when the church property was purchased by the Lutheran congregation. The old building was removed and the present church edifice erected at its former site during the same year. It is a brick structure, and was finished at a cost of twenty thousand dollars, under the supervision of G. W. Rombach, J. H. Harley, Samuel M. Miller, Charles Heilman, Isaac Stryker, and J. G. Bower, who constituted the building committee. The corner-stone was laid, July 25, 1886, and the church was dedicated, March 6, 1887. The following is a list of pastors since the erection of the union WATSONTOWN. 691 church: Keverends Thomas C. Billheimer; Mr. Keller; P. S. Mack, July 1, 1871, to July 1, 1873; S. P. Orwig, October 1, 1873, to October 1, 1878; A. K. Zimmerman, June 1, 1879, to November 1, 1881; Samuel G. Shannon, June 1, 1882, to March 1, 1883; and F. W. Staley, May 1, 1885, to May 1, 1890; M. H. Fishburn, 1890. First Presbyterian Church. — In compliance with a petition presented at a meeting of the Northumberland Presbytery at Lewisburg, April 17, 1872, requesting the organization of a Presbyterian church at Watsontown, the following committee was appointed to perform that duty if they should deem it advisable: Eev. J. 0. Watson, D. D., Eev. B. L. Jones, and Elder Eobert Laird. On the first Sabbath of the following June a meeting was held at Watsontown for this purpose. After a discourse by Rev. J. C. Watson, D. D., the following persons organized as a Presbyterian church according to the regulations of the presbytery : William B. Bryson, Dr. J. H. Hunter, Martha Hunter, William Bryson, Mary Bryson, Samuel Bryson, Martha Bryson, Reuben Bryson, Sarah Bryson, Elizabeth Hunter, James L. Schooly, Charles Sterner, Elizabeth Campbell, Rebecca McKee, Mary E. Lowry, Mary Camp- bell, Ellen Hughes, Emily Hughes, Ellen Campbell, Jane M. Lowry, Sarah McKee, Emund H. Russell, Almira RusseU, Philip Shay, Emma Shay, Anna R. McKean, Elizabeth McKean, Lucinda McKean, Margaret McKean, Samuel W. Riddle, Margery Guffy, Mary Ann Weiler, Stephen J. Braley, Mary Braley, and Francis Hammond, On the same day William Bryson, Joseph H. Hunter, and Samuel W. Riddle were elected elders, and Samuel Caldwell, Philip Shay, and James Schooly were chosen as trustees. The name of "First Presbyterian Church of Watsontown" was adopted, and the minutes of its organization were approved by presbytery, September 30, 1873. In 1874 a one-story brick church was erected on the northwest corner of Main and Fourth streets at a cost of thirteen thousand dollars. The building committee were Samuel Caldwell, Robert M. McKee, Enoch Everitt, Enos Ever- itt, and Isaac Yincent; the trustees at that time were James L. Schooly, William B. Bryson, Isaac Vincent, Enoch Everitt, and Samuel Caldwell The church was dedicated, January 5, 1875, Eev. James C. Watson, D. D., officiating. During the twenty years of its history the following pastors have served the church: Reverends George Eliott, David Kennedy, and George S. Van Alen. WATSONTOWN CEMETEET. The first meeting for the organization of a cemetery association was held. May 28, 1866, when George Burns was elected president, A. B. Latchaw, secretary, and Silas Rambach, treasurer. A charter of incorporation was granted, November 5, 1866, to the following persons: Silas Rambach, Christian Gosh, Simon Lantz, Samuel Whitman, Samuel Miller, George Burns, F. S. Whitman, Joseph HoUopeter, Enos Everitt, A. T. Goodman, Peter Shaeffer, A. B. Latchaw, John Ely, William Cooner, Robert Johnson, 692 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. D. S. Kremer, Joseph Albright, Joseph Everitt, John Y. Ellis, and Cyras Brumbach. The tract lies to the east of the borough, and contains eight acres. CHAPTER XX. TURBUT TOWNSHIP. EEECTIOIf AND OkIGINAL BOUKDAKIBS — SUBDrVISION AND PkEBBNT AbEA — PlONEEKS — Mills — Chtjrches — Schools — Cembtekies. THE present area of Turbut township is but a small fraction of the ter- ritory comprised within its limits more than a century ago. It was one of the original subdivisions of the county, and was erected on the 9th of April, 1772, at the first court of private sessions in Northumberland coimty, with the following boundaries: — Beginning on tlie east side of Susquehanna at Fort Augusta; thence up the easterly side of the Northeast Branch to the old line formerly run for a division be- tween Berks and Northampton counties; thence by the same line northwest to the top of Muncy Hill; thence along the top of the same westerly to the West Branch of Sus- quehanna, and crossing the same to the west side, and down the same to the junction of the branches, and crossing Susquehanna to the place of beginning so as to include the forks and island. These limits comprised all of Northumberland and Montour counties north of the Susquehanna, with a large part of Columbia. It is doubtful, however, whether "the old line formerly run for a division between Berks and Northampton counties" was ever regarded practically as the eastern boundary of Turbut. At February sessions, 1775, a petition was presented for the consideration of the county court of quarter sessions, setting forth that Turbut was "too extensive for the management of one constable, col- lector, or assistant assessor," whereupon a division was ordered by a line — Beginning opposite the mouth of Chillisquaque creek on the AVest Branch of Sus- quehanna, and crossing the same to the mouth of Chillisquaque creek, and up the south side of the said creek to the forks; thence'up the east branch of the said Chil- lisquaque creek to the head thereof, thence by an east line to Fishing creek. The territory between this line and the North Branch, bounded on the east by Fishing creek and on the west by the West Branch, received the name of Mahoning township. This deprived Turbut of nearly half its for- mer territory, but it still retained its position as the most northerly township within the present limits of Northumberland county. At May sessions, 1786, Derry was formed from that part of its remaining area east of the road TUEBUT TOWNSHIP. 693 leading " from Muncy Hill to Montgomery's mill " (Danville) ; and at the same term of court it was further curtailed by the erection of Chillisquaque, with Limestone ridge as the line of division. By the act erecting Columbia county (March 22, 1813), Turbut, with the remaining part of Northumber- land north of Montour's ridge, was assigned to the new county, of which it remained a part until February 21, 1815. It was then reannexed to North- umberland, but on the 22d of January, 1816, the present line of Northum- berland and Montour was established, again depriving Turbut of a portion of its territory on the east. The division of Turbut was first agitated in 1836. As reduced by the act of 1816 it had an area of about, one hundred square miles, with an extreme length of thirteen miles from north to south and an average width of eight miles ; and in 1836 the population is represented as having been five or six thousand, with eight or nine hundred voters. It was suggested that the line of division should begin at the mouth of Warrior run and extend in a general easterly direction, but the viewers appointed by the court returned an unfavorable report. In November, 1838, division was again petitioned for by an east and west line; as reasons for this it was urged that the town- ship sustained twenty-six public schools, "which require more attention than any six directors are willing to bestow upon them without a compensation;" and that important public roads traversed its territory in every direction, for which the care of the present number of supervisors was entirely inadequate. The effort was again unsuccessful, but the agitation was resumed in November, 1842, and reached the desired consummation at April sessions, 1843, when William Nesbit and Frederick Lazarus, commissioners to whom the matter was referred, reported favorably to the formation of two additional townships from that part of Turbut north of the following described line : — Beginning at a point on tlie West Brancli of the Susquehanna eighteen perches north of the north line of the farm of George Good; thence south eighty-seven and a half degrees east sixteen hundred five perches to a point on the Derry road near the house of ; thence along said road north sixty-eight degrees east four hundred four perches to the line of Columbia county. The two new townships received the respective names of Delaware and Lewis; the division was confirmed, April 15, 1843, thus establishing the present northern boundary of Turbut. In 1817 Milton was incorporated from its area, and the enlargement of that borough in 1890 reduced the township to its present limits. It is now one of the smallest subdivisions of the county. PIONEEES. After the formation of Chillisquaque and Derry townships Turbut included, in addition to its present area, the tovmships of Delaware and Lewis and a portion of Montour county (Limestone township) ; the taxable inhabitants of this terri- tory in 1787 were as follows: James Anderson, Eobert Allen, William Boyd, 694 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. William Brown, Jacob Bniner, Daniel Backus, Samuel Blair, Thomas Barr, James Blaine, James Biggars, Mathew Bradley, Peter Brugler^ Matthew Curry, Silas Cook, Eobert Carrigan, Eobert Cairns, Samuel Clark, John Covert, Charles Clark, Titus Doane, Stephen Drake, Thomas De Armond, John De Armond, Philip Davis, William Davis, Neal Davis, John Durham, John Eason, Eobert Eason, James Espy, Barnabas Farran, John Eulkerson, John Fitzsimmons, William Fitzsimmons, James Fitzsimmons, Eobert Fitzsimmons, John Foll- mer, James Ferguson, George FoUmer, Jacob FoUmer, Michael Folhner, Fred- erick Follmer, Alexander FuUerton, Michael Freeland, Alexander Guffy, William Gilmore, Thomas Gilmore, Ephraim Garrison, John Gibbons, Sam- uel Gold, John Gilliland, Alexander Gibson, William Howell, James Hays, George Hammond, Archibald Hume, Hugh Hamilton, William Hutchison, Joseph Hutchison, Aaron Hemrod, James Hammond, James Harrison, David Hammond, George Hood, John Hood, David Ireland, Peter Jones, Eobert Ken- nedy, JohnKennedy, John Kerr, Martin Kieffer, Nathaniel Landon, Jacob Lang, Cornelius Low, John Livingston, WilHam Layton, Thomas Love, John Lytle, Gaun McConnell, Neal McCoy, Charles McClung, James McClimg, Mat- thew McClung, William McCormick, James McAfee, John McGowan, Sam- uel McGhee, George MoGhee, John MaxweU, Alba McMath, Eobert Miles, William Miles, James Mecldem, John Montgomery, John Montgomery, Jr., Eobert Montgomery, Barney Murray, Abigail Moodie, William Mc Williams, William McKnight, John McKnight, Felix McCloskey, Michael Minegar, John Nelson, James Patton, Adam Prunner, Daniel Perrine, Thomas Phillips, Samuel Pollock, William Eussell, Andrew Eussell, Edward Eyan, John Eyan, Eobert Ehea, Eobert Smith, Catherine Swisher, John Scott, John Smith, Ealph Swartwout, Jacob Smith, Jacob Shipman, Matthew Smith, Thomas Stadden, Philip Schultz, Garret Sickles, John Shearer, Henry Ster- ritt, William Shaw, Thomas Toner, John Tweed, Eobert Taggart, Frederick Taylor, William Taylor, Daniel Vincent, Eiohard Vanderhoof, Garret Van- reper, John Vanreper, John Vandegrift, Peter Vandeevnor, John Vandyke, James Watt, John Watt, John Wood, John W. Wilson, John Wilson, John White, William Wykoff, Bernard Winteringer, Isaac Williams, James Wil- son, Samuel Wilson, Fleming Wilson, Samuel Wilson, James Welsh. Eobert Carrigan was assessed with one servant; David Ireland, with one negro; William Shaw with one servant and one negro woman; Garret Van- reper, with one negro. MILLS. Hawkins Boone erected the first mill in the township; it stood on Muddy run, and was built prior to the year 1779, when the proprietor lost his life in an attempt to relieve Fort Freeland with a company of rangers under his com- mand, and his property was destroyed. In 1840 Abraham and Isaac Straub removed their extensive grain and TUBBUT TOWNSHIP. 695 lumber mills from the island opposite Milton to the month of Muddy run. They were the inventors of a reaction water-wheel, the first in the United States, and their operations were quite extensive. Their water power was derived from the river, dams having been constructed on both sides of the island; but the erection of the Lewisburg dam interfered with these arrange- ments, and hence the selection of a new location at 'the mouth of Muddy run. Chamberlin & Bisel, Yager & Bisel, John Ott, and W. B. Kemerer succes- sively continued the business; on the 28th of March, 1874, the mill was burned, involving a loss of twenty thousand dollars. It was immediately replaced by the present building, a substantial frame structure. William Folhner erected a mill on Limestone run in the southeastern part of the township and operated it for several years ; it was then removed to Pottsgrove, and subsequently destroyed by fire. » CHURCHES. Follmer's Evangelical Lutheran Church derives the name by which it is popularly and generally known from the FoUmer family, by whom it was founded. The following extract is taken from the will of Michael Folbner, dated October 7, 1793 : " Fifteen pounds to the Dutch Lutheran church, and ten pounds toward the building of a school house, and ten pounds shall be disposed of toward the teaching of the poor children which may belong to the church above mentioned, which will be built in the township of Turbut." . That it was accordingly built is sufficiently evidenced by the following ex- tract from a deed from Conrad Cook to John FoUmer, dated April 13, 1 799 : " Conrad Cook and John FoUmer by their article of agreement [dated Au- gust 28, 1796], did agree that agreeably to the will of Michael FoUmer, de- ceased, two acres of ground should be given for the use of the Lutheran congregation, whereon the Lutheran meeting house now stands, agreeably to marks and bounds made in the survey by William Davis." This first church building was a one-story log structure, with galleries to which an outside stairway ascended. It was replaced in 1859-60 by the present sub- stantial two-story brick building. Eev. J. P. F. Kramer was pastor in 1803, and on the 16th of October in that year the foUowing list of communicants, the earliest extant, appears in the records: Conrad Menges and wife, William Gauger, Catherine FoUmer, Bernard Stein, John Stein, Henry Stein, Peter Menges, Peter Derr, Conrad Menges and wife, Jacob Menges, Tobias Schutz, Michael Schmidt and wife, Eva Stahl, Catherine Stahl, John Schmidt, Jacob Schmidt, Peter Fogelman, Catherine FoUmer, Elizabeth Schniedler, Peter Gerlacher, John Hauer, Ja- cob Lilly and wife, Barbara Hauer, Peter Lilly, John Schuck, Elizabeth (FoUmer) Schuck, Christian Zerbe and wife, Peter Schwartz and wife, Eliza- beth MuUer, Elizabeth (Fogelman) MuUer, and Anna Fogelman. Twenty- four persons were confirmed on that occasion. 696 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. There is a hiatus in the records from 1803 to 1837; the succession of pastors since the latter date has been as foUows: Eev. C. Stoever, 1886-41 S. E. Boyer, 1846-51; B. P. AUeman, 1851-52; Jesse WyncofE, 1852-56 John Williams, 1856-58; C. C. Culler, 1858-60; Augustus Babb, 1860-62 A. E. Home, 1863-65; E. J. WoH, D. D., 1865-6- ; George SiU, 1869-70 J. B. Bergner, 1870-76; Conrad Huber, 1876-82; J. A. Adams, 1883-88, and G. E. Paber, the present incumbent, who assumed charge in 1889. Paradise Reformed Church is situated about two miles southeast of Tur- butville, on the Washingtonville and Milton road. EeHgious services were held in this vicinity as early as 1804 by Eev. John W. Ingold, who made occasional visits through this region. The place of worship was a barn in the summer and a dwelling house in the winter. On the 27th of August, 1808, a congregational meeting was held at which a constitution was adopted and a resolution passed to erect a church edifice on ground already purchased from John Christ for that purpose. The land, two acres, had been bought by John Stahl, Michael Koons, and John Dieff- enbacher for the sum of fifteen poimds. A large one-story log building was at once erected, which was so arranged as to serve for both church and school house, by means of a sliding partition which was closed for school purposes and opened for church services. The building was completed in 1809, at a cost of thirty-seven pounds and eighteen shillings. The purchasers of the land were made first trustees of both church and school. This building is still standing near the church and is used as a sexton's house; during its early history it was known as Eshbach's school house. In 1810 Eev. Jacob Dieffenbach became pastor and served the congrega- tion until 1815, when he was succeeded by Eev. Justus Henry Fries. He preached in the old log school house every fourth Sabbath until 1822, during which time he baptized one hundred five children and confirmed seventy-one persons. In 1824 the brick church building, now owned by the Lutherans and situated near the Eeformed house of worship, was erected through the united efforts of the Eeformed and Lutheran people. The most active members at this time were Andrew Cashner, George and Peter Krouse, Daniel Frymire, and Peter Eishel. The church was dedicated in August, 1824. Eev. Samuel Gutelius became the next pastor and was the first to conduct services in the new church building. In 1861 the Eeformed people withdrew from this union and sold their interest in the building to the Lutherans. They at once proceeded, however, to erect a two-story brick edifice not far from the old place of worship. Daniel Eshbach and Levi Linn served as a building com- mittee, and they, with David FoUmer, were the elders at that time. The following ministers have served the congregation since 1828: Eev- erends Henry Wagner, Daniel String, George Wolfe, Lucius Court, A. B. Albright, Henry Mosser, John K. Millett, and George S. Sorber. TUEBUT TOWNSHIP. 697 Paradise Imtheran Church. — This congregation was organized as early as 1824, when its members participated in the erection of their present church edifice, which was dedicated in August of that year. In 1861 the Reformed congregation withdrew from this union and the house of worship became the property of the Lutheran people. It is a brick structure and was repaired in 1873 at a cost of eleven hundred dollars. Eeverend Sheets was one of their first pastors. SCHOOLS. Perhaps the earliest provision for education within the present limits of Turbut township was the bequest of Michael FoUmer; by will, dated October 7, 1793, he devised ten pounds for the erection of a school house and an equal sum for the education of poor children belonging to the Lutheran church. Parochial schools were conducted in connection with many of the German Lutheran churches of Pennsylvania at that period, and a desire for the establishm.ent of such a school doubtless prompted the donor in his bequest. The public school system was adopted in 1834, and has been creditably sustained, with the exception of one year, to the present time. CEMETEEIBS. St. Joseph's Catholic Cemetery, two miles east of Milton, is the oldest consecrated burial ground in the valley of the West Branch. A small piece of ground was given by the KiefEer family for burial and parochial purposes at an early period in the history of this region, and, owing to the fact that the ground was afterwards consecrated, interments were made here from distant points throughout the central part of the State'. May 13, 1805, John and Margaret KiefEer finally deeded to the church four acres adjoining the original site. It is impossible to state when the first burial occurred, but no doubt as early as 1787 ; the earliest inscription is that of Morris Lawrence, who departed this life on the 14th of June, 1792, aged one hundred nine years, six months, and twenty-one days. The Follmer and Paradise Cemeteries are the last resting places of the German families of this part of the county through several generations. Many of the oldest graves are unmarked, and the earliest inscriptions are usually in German and scarcely legible. 698 HISTOEY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXI. UPPEE AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. Ekection of Augusta Township and DBVELorMENT op Its Subsequent Boundaries — Formation op Upper and Lower Augusta — Pioneers — Roads and Streams — Industries — Schools — Churches. AT the first court of private sessions for Northumberland county, held at Port Augusta on the 9th of April, 1772, the county was divided into seven townships, of which the second mentioned, Augusta, was thus described: — Beginning at tlie moutli of Mahantango on the west side of Susquehanna; thence with the county line crossing Susquehanna to the mouth of Mahantango on the east side; thence with the said county line up Mahantango to the Spread Eagle in the forks of said Mahantango; thence with the said county line east-northeast to the old line formerly run for a division between Berks and Northampton counties; thence by the same old line northwest to the East Branch of Susquehanna; thence down the same to Fort Augusta; thence crossing Susquehanna and down the same to the place of beginning. These boundaries included all that part of the present area of Northum- berland county south of the North Branch of the Susquehanna river, with considerable territory in Montour and Columbia; and, although "the old line formerly rim for a division between Berks and Northampton" is given as the eastern limit of Augusta, the township is represented in 1785 as extend- ing nearly to "the plains of Wyoming," now in Luzerne county. In the meantime (at February sessions, 1775), Mahanoy township was formed from that part of Augusta south of Mahanoy mountain; and at August sessions, 1785, Catawissa was erected from the eastern part of Augusta, with the present eastern line of Upper Augusta, extended to the Line mountain, as the line of division. This reduced Augusta to the territory comprehended within the present limits of -Upper and Lower Augusta, Kookefeller, Little Mahanoy, parts of Zerbe and Cameron, and the borough of Sunbury. A re- survey of its southern line by Abraham McKinney and Thomas Woodside was made in 1812 under the direction of the court and approved at Augusta sessions in that year. As this line is still a geographical boundary through- out its entire extent, the courses and distances are herewith given: — Beginning on the west side of the Susquehanna; thence south sixty-eight degrees east eight hundred perches to a pine; thence south eighty degrees east three hundred sixty perches to a chestnut oak; thence south seventy-five degrees east one hundred seventy perches to a pine; thence east twelve hundred forty perches to a chestnut oak; UPPER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 699 thence south seventy-five degrees east one hundred perches to a chestnut oak; thence south eighty-five degrees east thirty-one hundred perches to a pine; thence north eighty-eight degrees east three hundred seventy-two perches to a chestnut oak on the Schuylkill county line. This is the present southern boundary of Lower Augusta, Little Mahanoy, and Cameron townships; in 1812 it separated Augusta and Shamokin on the north from Upper and Lower Mahanoy on the south. In November, 1803, the borough of Sunbury was erected into a town- ship from the territory of Augusta, which reduced the latter considerably in population, though not in area. A division was first agitated in 1803, but without passing the initiatory stage; in 1822 it was proposed to form a new township from Shamokin and Augusta; and three years later a division of the latter was suggested by an east and west line striking the river " at the planta- tion of Isaac Martin, two miles below the borough of Sunbury." The agitation was then suspended, but in 1838 the court was again petitioned to authorize a division. It is stated that the township "extends north and south from Gravel run to below William R. Jones's, a distance of fourteen miles, and varies in width east and west from four to six miles; " the Centre turnpike from Sunbury to its intersection with the Tulpehocken road and that thorough- fare to the township line were suggested as the line of division. In 1839 a petition was presented to the court, evidently from residents of the lower part of the township, who concede that " the upper end is entitled to the name of Augusta on account of the old Fort Augusta," and express their wilhngness " to take the name of Porter for the lower end." The division of Augusta was finally consummated, April 13, 1846. On the 4th of Novem- ber, 1846, upon the report of George Brosius, Peter Bixler, and Christian Allen, Limestone Valley school district was transferred from the lower to the upper division; Shamokin island, originally a part of Point township, was transferred to Augusta", April 9, 1838, and passed to the upper division when the township was divided. PIONEERS. The following is a list of taxables in 1788 in Augusta township, which then included the present territory of Upper and Lower Augusta, Rockefel- ler, Little Mahanoy, Sunbury, and a small part of Cameron and Zerbe: Dan- iel Aurand, John Alward, John Adlum, John Buyers, Alexander BeU, Paul Baldy, Adam Bait, James Burke, Christian Betz, Peter Betz, .Henry Bart- sher, Aaron Baker, John Black, James Black, Henry Bucher, John Black, Jacob Conrad, Peter Coldron, Uriah Clark, Robert Coldron, John Clingman, Nicholas Canfield, Henry Crooks, Duncan Cameron, John Crouse, Henry Douty, William Dewart, John Dome, John Dixon, Bernard Eyregood, John Brter, Lawrence Bichinger, Martin Epley, Jasper Ewing, Leonard Epley, George Fink, George Frick, William Goodhart, Adam Gilger, Alexander 700 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Grant, Jacob Gass, Joseph Gray, Widow Gough, William Gray, Christopher Gettig, Christian Gettig, Henry Goodhart, Widow Geiger, Andrew Grove, Charles Gobin, Thomas Grant, Ludwig Gass, Lewis Giberson, Nicholas Gail, Thomas Giberson, John Gettig, Alexander Grant, John Harrison, George Harrison, George Hall, Widow Hall, Sebastian Hites, John HoUoway, Daniel Hurley, Jacob Heberling, Widow Haas, William Hoagland, Samuel Hahn, Stephen Hurst, Thomas Hamilton, Samuel Jones, George Keyser, George Kleber, Dewalt Kuntz, Philip Kennedy, Peter Kerlin, Martin Kendig, Jacob Kiehl, Laurence Keene, John Kiehl, Michael Long, Cornelius Lamerson, Widow Loy, John Long, Joseph Lorentz, John Lyon, Christian Lupp, Henry Lebo, William Lacock, John Ludwig, Samuel Lyon, William Maclay, Sam- uel Moodie, George McMahan, David Melick, Adam Miller, John Melick, Jacob Mertz, David Mertz, Jacob Mertz, Nicholas Mantz, Samuel McLaugh- lin, David Mead, William McAdams, Widow McKinney, Eobert McBride, Angus McClout, James Mc Williams, Frederick Meyer, Leonard Mertz, Mar- cus Ponteous, Jacob Prisinger, Benjamin Patterson, William Plunket, John Eewald, Widow Eay, Bernard Kenn, Nicholas Rousher, Conrad Reitzel, Widow Eeely, Zaohariah Eobins, Adam Eenn, John Eiehm, Jacob Kuben- thal, William Eeeser, Isaac Eichardson, George Schwarm, James Silverwood, Christian Shissler, Peter Smith, Nicholas Shenfield, Augustus Stoner, Sam- uel Schenck, Casper Snyder, Charles Smith, Joseph Thompson, Henry Van- derslice, Peter Weiser, Jacob Welsh, John Wiggins, John Weitzel, Daniel Witmer, John Wolf, Michael Witel, Martin Withington, John Witmer, Joseph WalHs, William Wilson, John Watson, William Wilson, John Wig- gins, Eobert Wilson, Jonas Yocum, Jacob Young, John Young, Jacob Yoner, George Zimmerman, Christopher Zimmerman. John Buyers, Thomas Grant, and William Maclay were each assessed with one slave, Martin Kendig with one servant, and Joseph WaUis with three servants. Shamokin island was surveyed for the Proprietaries in 1768 and sold to Mungo Eeed in 1784. It is possible that he resided upon it some years prior to the latter date, as his name appears as a taxable in Turbut township prior to 1775. In 1786 he sold the island to Abraham Scott, an officer in the French and Indian war and brother-in-law of Colonel Hunter. Captain Scott died in 1798; his son, Samuel H., owned the Scott farm (now a part of Sunbuiy borough), and Mary, a daughter, married William Wilson, asso- ciate judge of Northumberland county. Edward Lyon was the next resident owner. He was an Englishman, and had been proprietor of cotton mills in Nottinghamshire. He made his first visit to America on the same ship as Eev. Joseph Priestley, accompanied him to Northumberland, and resided in that town several years. He then went back to England, but shortly afterward returned, purchased Shamokin island in 1802, and resided thereon until his death. May 21, 1821. Ten children survived him, one of UPPEE AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 701 ■whom, Miss Gemella H. Lyon, of Northiunberland, completed her eighty- third year on the 2d of November, 1890. After the death of Mr. Lyon the island experienced frequent changes of proprietorship until 1877, when it was purchased by John B. Packer, the present owner. KOADS AND STREAMS. A greater number of railroads passes through Upper Augusta than any other township in the county. Parallel with the Susquehanna river are the Northern Central and Philadelphia and Erie; the Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre is similarly situated with regard to the North Branch, while the Shamokin Valley and Pottsville and the Philadelphia and Reading traverse the valley of Shamokin creek. The Centre turnpike, the Tulpehocken road, and the main roads leading from Sunbury to Danville and Catawissa are the principal local highways. Shamokin creek is the only interior stream of importance; it receives the waters of Little Shamokin creek in this township. Several smaller streams also unite with both these creeks, while others empty into the North Branch. INDDSTEIES. Geiger's mill was built at an early date by John Haas. It is a stone structure, equipped with two sets of buhrs and a turbine wheel. The build- ing was remodeled in 1850. The first mill on the Shipman site was erected by the Depuys at an early date. The present mill, a three-story brick structure furnished with tur- bine wheel and steam-power, was built in 1883 and is the third at this place. E. M. Eekman is the present proprietor. Gideon Leisenring's tannery, on the Centre turnpike a mile and a half from Sunbury, was described in 1837 as having sixteen vats and a cast-iron bark mill, and an abundant supply of water derived from springs on the premises. It was offered for sale in the Sunbury Advocate at that date, and these particulars have been obtained from the advertisement. SCHOOLS. It is deemed proper in this connection to give such particulars as have been ascertained concerning the schools of Augusta township — the territory now embraced in Upper and Lower Augusta and Eoekefeller. Probably the oldest school house within its limits was situated near the Klinesgrove burial ground, in Upper Augusta, while that near the Eekman site in the same township was also established at a very early date. The next in order of priority was situated in the Stone Church district in Rockefeller township ; it was a long log building, divided into two compartments by a swinging par- tition fastened to the joists with hinges in such a manner that it could be drawn up with puUeys, and thus the entire interior might be occupied for 702 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. religious worship. A German school was taught in one end and an English school in the other; one apartment was also used as the teacher's residence for a time. In 1803 the first school house was built at Fisher's Ferry, Lower Augusta; Samuel Mitchell was the first teacher, and Thomas Snyder and Daniel St. Clair were among the last survivors of the early pupils. When Augusta township first voted upon the question of accepting or rejecting the public school system but eight persons voted in its favor, among whom were John Snyder, Elisha Kline, Peter Oberdorf , Samuel Bloom, Sam- uel Awl, and Jacob E. Clark. This election occurred in 1834; two years later the system was adopted, but considerable disaffection stiU prevailed and the collection of the tax was attended with much difficulty. It is said that Joel Yordy was the first collector, and that George Keefer's property was the first to be levied upon for school taxes. The opposition found tangible expression at "an indignation meeting against the free school system in Augusta township," at George Conrad's hotel, when a hickory pole was raised and a banner unfurled bearing the words "Van Buren and no Free Schools." CHUBCHES. Upper Augusta Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1850, through the efforts of Eev. Joseph Ross. The original members were John Farnsworth, Samuel Savidge, Silas Wolverton, L. G. Savidge, Robert Fams- worth, Jonathan Hoover, and George Zimmerman. For a time services were held in an old log school house; land was donated by Joseph Savidge and a church edifice, thirty-five by forty feet, was erected thereon at a cost of seven hundred dollars. Subsequently the church was removed to its present location, and in 1884 the congregation was reorganized with the following membership: Charles Wolverton and wife, E. Straub and wife, E. Rebuck and wife, Elizabeth HoUenback, George Zimmerman, and H. G. Kline. Mt. Pleasant Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1852 by Eev. Joseph Ross, in an old log school house which stood on the farm of George Weaver. The original members were H. G. Kline and wife, Joseph Campbell and wife, Herman Campbell and wife, Mrs. Robert Campbell, M. Lawrence and wife, George Barnhart and wife, John Clark and wife, Rebecca Clark, Peter Kobb and wife, Elizabeth Clark, EUa Clark, Charles Bacon and wife, Duncan Myers and wife, David Fisher and wife, Isaac Shipe and wife, Henry Shipe, and H. G. Kline. Services were held in the old log school house until 1860, when land was given by Joseph Campbell for both church and burial ground, and the present church edifice, a one-story frame struct- ure, was erected at a cost of eight hundred dollars. The building was dedi- cated in May, 1861. Klinesgrove Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1866 or 1867, with a membership which was principally from the Rush township Methodist ^""^ ^b^F.G.Kei-ncmJ.'^- LOWER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 705 church and a congregation that had been formed at Augusta school house. Soon after the organization steps were taken for the erection of a church edi- fice and a building committee, consisting of Isaac Campbell, Charles Eck- man, and George Foster, was appointed to superintend the work. A two- story brick edifice, sixty by forty feet, was erected near Klinesgrove at a cost of nine thousand dollars, and dedicated, October 18, 1868. The first trustees were Isaac Campbell, William Depuy, Dr. Isaac Huff, John F. Kline, and "William F. Khne. Rev. John Craig was the first pastor. St. Luke's Church of the Evangelical Association was organized in 1889 by the Eev. C. J. Warmcastle, with the following members: Samuel Savidge, S. K. Hile, John Myers, John Bonner, and Samuel G. Savidge. A frame church edifice thirty-five by forty feet was erected soon after the organiza- tion was effected. The following pastors have served the society: Eeverends C. J. Warmcastle, George Sipe, George Knorr, and W. S. Harris. CHAPTER XXII. LOWER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. Tekritobial Development — Topogkapht — Fishee's Ferry — Mills— Schools — Churches. THE territory embraced in Lower Augusta township was originally a part of Augusta, the formation and boundaries of which have been treated at length in the chapter on Upper Augusta. ' Its division was con- summated on the 13th of April, 1846, by a line crossing Little Shamokin creek near its junction with Plum creek. As thus erected, Lower Augusta extended from the Susquehanna river to the line of Shamokin township; on the 4th of November, 1 846, the Limestone Valley school district was trans- ferred to Upper Augusta, and on the 7th of May, 1880, the township of Rockefeller was erected, thus reducing Lower Augusta to its present limits. The surface is best described as a succession of ridges and valleys extend- ing east and west; of the valleys the most important are those drained by Boyle's run and Hollowing run. These streams and their tributaries water this section, while their banks afford a level bed for the principal highways of the township. The Simbury and Harrisburg road traverses the eastern part of its territory and is the principal route of travel north and south. pishee's peeey. Fisher's Ferry is situated on the Susquehanna river at the mouth of Hollowing run, and on the line of the Northern Central railway. At an early 706 HISTOET OF NOBTH0MBEBLAND COUNTY. period in the history of this section the site was owned by Colonel Auchmuty, who established the ferry and built a hotel and ferry-house. From him the land passed to WiUiam E. Jones, in whose possession it continued until 1852; it then became the property of Jonathan Reitz, by whom lots were sold to various persons. The hotel business was abandoned at this time, but in its stead Mr. Eeitz started a general store in the old hotel building. In 1850 the citizens erected a one-story frame building in which a subscription school was taught for a time; although no longer used for this purpose, the building still stands and is occasionally used as a place of worship by vari- ous denominations. The postoffice was established in 1854 with William E. Jones as first postmaster. MILLS. The De Witt mill site is the oldest in the township; here a mill was built toward the close of the last century by a Mr. Hilterbeil, from whom it passed successively to Christian Falk, Henry Masser, and Mr. De Witt, the present owner. He erected the present mill, a two- story frame structure, in 1840; it is situated six miles from Sunbury near the Harrisburg road, and derives its water-power from Hollowing run. A mill was built on the Boyle's Eua road three miles from Fisher's Ferry in 1858 by John Snyder; he operated it until its destruction by fire in 1880. SCHOOLS. The tovmship sustains six schools; there are also six school buildings, three of which are brick and three are frame. Particulars regarding early schools are given in the chapter on Upper Augusta township. CHURCHES. Hollowing Run Presbyterian Church was organized in 1825 by Eev. Samuel Henderson in an old school house at Fisher's Ferry, which served as a place of worship until 1830; a small frame church buUding was then erected on the Tulpehocken road upon ground presented by William Ship- man. Mr. Henderson was the first to clear away the brush and break ground for this building, upon which the work was principally conducted by John Bloom and John Yordy. Eev. William E. Smith succeeded Mr. Hen- derson and was pastor some years. The church has recently been attached to the Petersburg charge. Miles Run United Brethren Church was organized at the school house of that name in the winter of 1835-36 through the efforts of Peter and Henry Malick. Two years later the present one-story frame church building was erected. Boyle's Run Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1840 at an old school house on the Boyle's Eun road with fifteen members. The present LOWER AUGUSTA TOWNSHIP. 70T one-story frame church building, two and one half miles east of Fisher's Ferry, was erected in 1846. This society originally formed part of the Sun- bury circuit, but was transferred to the Trevorton circuit in 1865 and in 1880 was attached to the Herndon circuit. The names of the pastors are given in connection with the historical sketches of those churches in this work. Augusta Baptist Church was constituted in 1846 with a membership formerly connected with the society at Sunbury. Largely through the in- strumentality of Thomas Snyder, a one-story frame church building was erected on the Boyle's Run road three miles east of Fisher's Ferry. This served as the place of worship until the present one-story brick structure was erected. It was dedicated on the 2d of June, 1872. Rev. W. H. Ellis is the present pastor. Hollowing Bun Church, Lutheran and Reformed, is situated six miWa south of Sunbury on the Harrisburg road. The corner-stone of the first church edifice, a one-story frame structure, was laid on the 20th of Aprilj 1851. The present brick building was erected in 1880 under the supervision of a building committee composed of John R. Kauffman, Aaron Shipe, John H. Reitz, and H. Swinehart. The Reformed congregation was organized in the winter of 1850-51 by Rev. R. A. Fisher, of Sunbury, from a membership formerly connected with Zion church at August'aviUe. Mr. Fisher was pastor until 1854 and has been succeeded by Reverends Daniel Y. Heisler, John W. Steinmetz, William C. Cremer, WilHam Haas, Homer Daniels, Cyrus Reiter, and D. O. Shoemaker. The Lutheran congregation was organized in 1851 by Rev. G. Neimann, and was also originally composed of a membership formerly connected with Zion church at Augustaville. The following is a list of pastors: Reverends G. Neimann, J. F. Hornberger, J. Hasskarl, J. H. Schmidt, L. G. Eggers, J. Albert, A. Berk, H. T. Clymer, J. W. Early, and A. J. L. Breinig,. present incumbent. St. Peter's Evangelical Jjutheran Church was organized by Rev. Peter Bom, D. D., in 1859 at a grove in the valley of Hollowing run; there were twenty-five constituent members, of whom Isaac Drumheller and Moses Reitz were elected deacons and Samuel Reitz and George Weiser elders. The church building, a one-story frame edifice, was dedicated on the 1st of Janu- ary, 1860, by Reverends Peter Born, D. D., and H. Zeigler, D. D. Reverends Peter Bom, George P. Weaver, A. H. Shertz, Joseph Focht, Mr. Berry, A. K. Zimmerman, Mr. Harsh, Sidney E. Bateman, Mr. Felker, and Cyrus E. Benson liave successively served as pastors. 708 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIII. UPPEE MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. Pkoobedings fob the Ebbction or Mahanoy Township — ^Disintbgbation op Its Tbebitory — Oeganization op Uppbb Mahanoy — PioNEBBS — Hotels — Mills — Secbet Society — Schools — Chuechbs. UPPEE MAHANOY is bounded on the north by Cameron township, on the west by Washington and Jordan, and on the southeast by Schuylkill county. It is separated from Cameron by Line mountain, and drained by Greenbrier and Mahantango creeks and their branches. The surface is mountainous, and the prevailing character of the soil is a red shale. At the organization of the county in 1772 Augusta township included this territory ; but it was not long before the growth of population in the Mahanoy region demanded separate organization for that territory. The manner in which this was effected is thus set forth in the minutes of the county court of quarter sessions at February term, 1775 : — A petition from a number of tlie inhabitants of the lower part of Augusta township in the said county was read in court, praying for a division of the said township for the remedying sundry inconveniences arising from its present extensiveness; where- upon it is considered that the same be divided by the following boundaries: — Beginning within water mark on the west side of the Susquehanna; thence crossing the same by a direct line to the top of Mahanoy mountain and along the same to the county line; thence by the county line to the Spread Eagle in the forks of Mahantango; thence down the Mahantango to the mouth thereof, thence crossing Susquehanna to the mouth of Mahantango on the west side of Susquehanna, and up the western shore of the same to the place of .beginning; all which described part is hereby erected into a separate township, to be henceforth called and known by the name of Mahanoy township. The first township officers of Mahanoy were John Shaffer and Peter Almang, supervisors; Samuel Weiser and John Fisher, overseers of the poor, and Sebastian Brosius, constable. The township was nineteen miles in length from east to west; its shape was triangular, with the greatest dimen- sion upon the southern line. The present area of five townships — Jackson, Washington, Upper Mahanoy, Jordan, and Lower Mahanoy — was embraced within its limits. At August sessions, 1806, as recommended by James Silverwood, Casper Snyder, and John Hays, viewers appointed at April term, 1805, a division of Mahanoy was ordered by a line "beginning at a stone-heap on the top of UPPER MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. 709 Mahanoy mountaiii on the right or eastwardly side of the main road leading from Sunbnry to Harrisburg" and thence a general southerly direction to Ma- hantango creek. That part of the former territory of Mahanoy at the head- waters of the Mahantango and Greenbrier received the name of Upper Mahanoy, of which the first township officers were Daniel Herb and Nicholas Brosius, supervisors ; Michael Diehl and Abraham Brosius, overseers of the poor, and John Latsha, constable. The township has been reduced to its present area by the erection of Jackson in 1836, Jordan in 1852, and Wash- ington in 1856. PIONEEES. The following is a list of the taxables of Mahanoy township in 1778, when its territory included all that part of Northumberland county south of the Line mountain: Peter Albert, Jacob Albert, Peter Almang, Martin Bucher, Sebastian Brosius, Nicholas Brosius, Henry Baumgardner, George Bender, Anthony BorweU, Valentine Bridge, Edward Biddle, George Calhoon, George Dennis, Christian Deppen, William Forster, George Porster, Peter Porster, George Porster, Jr., Martin Pisher, Jonathan Fisher, Nicholas Groninger, Nicholas Garrison, John Herter, John Herter, Jr., Moses Haines, Henry Haines, John Heekert, John Hoope, Nicholas Hettrick, Christopher Hettrick, George Heim, George Heim, Jr., Martin Heil, Jacob Heberling, George Jagley, John Knell, Andrew Keterly, Peter Kester, John Kriger, Leonard Kerstetter, Martin Kerstetter, Abraham Kobel, Casper Kobel, Peter Kull, Henry Kobel, Daniel Kobel, Henry Krails, Charles Kauffman, Henry Kahler, James Kaimer, Michael Kunkle, Michael Lenhart, Christian Lower, Philip Lesher, Henry Latsha, Gottlieb Lefler, Henry Lowry, Mary Minium, Q. Minner, Isaac Meyer, Alexander McKee, Dietrich Markey, Mary Miller, Jacob Maier, Widow Maier, Mary Naian, Jacob Ochsenreiter, J. PhefEer, J. Phillips, Richard Peters, Nicholas Pope, George Eeiter, Valentine Eebuck, Peter Eeidy, George Keiter, John Sherer, Henry Schoekingast, Peter Smith, Baltzer Steeley, Nicholas Sicsinger, Peter Smith, Nicholas Scider, Jacob Stough, Yost Schoekingast, Fritz Sherer, John Striker, Dietrich Stonebraker, Ludwig Schreyer, Ludwig Sohultz, John Shop, Abraham Schreyer, George Stump, Jacob Schneider, Rachel Sherer, Sebastian Spat, Christopher Stump, Chris- topher Stump, Jr., John Adam Sherer, Nicholas Shaver, Peter Trautman, WUliam Trippe, Martin Thorn, William Thompson, Samuel Weiser, Peter Whitman, John White, Christopher Whitmore, Jonathan Wolf, Jacob Whit- man, Frederick Weiser, Jonas Yocum, Jacob Zartman, Henry Zartman. HOTELS. The Line Mountain Hotel was built by Daniel Herb in 1808 and opened as a house of public entertainment in 1813. Am.ong the landlords in the past have been Daniel Herb, Philip Maurer, Samuel Rothermel, and Isaiah Kiehl. 710 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The Stone Tavern, at Leek Kill postoffice, was built in 1825 by Peter Beisel, and has ever since been occupied as a hotel. MILLS. The mill now operated at Leek Kill postoffice by William Kehres was built by a Mr. Schenckweiler. It is furnished with three sets of buhrs. Samuel Eothermel's mill, on Mahantango creek at the line between North- umberland and Schuylkill counties, was built in 1808 by Daniel Herb. SECRET SOCIETY. Eureka Lodge, No. 260, I. 0. O. F., was chartered on the 16th of August, 1847. SCHOOLS. The public school system was adopted on the 4th of June, 1866; the first board of directors was coraposed of Daniel F. Geist, president; Daniel H. Geist, treasurer; David W. Paul, secretary; William Smith, Isaac Keiffer, and Jacob Klock. The present number of school buildings is six, of which three were purchased from subscription school trustees, one was built in 1867, and two in 1868. CHURCHES. St. Jacob's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was organized in 1803. Among the most prominent of the early members were Michael Paul, Mich- ael Baum, Christopher Hepler, Henry Klock, John Martz, Anthony Weary, John Maurer, Benjamin Paul, Jacob Schmidt, William Roth, John Wagner, Michael Wagner, Benjamin Loescher, Leonard Kerstetter, Michael Billman, and John Hepler. Both congregations were incorporated, August 16, 1862; the officers of the Lutheran organization at that time were as follows : trus- tee, Charles Reiner; elder, Gideon W. Snyder; deacons: Edward Reiner, Frederick Schreffler. The officers of the Reformed organization were as fol- lows: trustee, George Boyer; elders: Jacob Masser, Henry Haas; deacons: Jacob , Samuel Diehl. St. John's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was organized in 1853. The church edifice is a brick structure ; the first trustees were Abraham Sny- der, Samuel Smith, and Peter Geist. The first officers of the Lutheran con- gregation were Abraham Snyder, Jr., and Peter Ochsenreiter, elders, and Jacob Schenckweiler, deacon; Peter Ressler was the first Reformed deacon. Among the early members were Abraham Schneider, Daniel Schneider, John Schneider, Jacob Schenckweiler, Simon Schneider, Jacob Beisel, Emanuel Ressler, Peter Geist, Edward Falk, Peter Beisel, and Daniel Beisel. Among the pastors have been Reverends Smith, Boyer, Smith, and Weicksel, Lu- theran, and Rudolph Duenger, John Wohlbach, A. S. Stauffer, A. E. Hot- tenstein, and Joseph H. Schappig, Reformed. LOWER MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. 711 CHAPTEE XXIV. LOWER MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. Okganization — Dbainagb — Eably History and Present Business and Industbial Interests oe GtEORgetown — Malta — ^Industries — Schools — Churches. LOWEE MAHANOY comprises a triangular area in the extreme south- ern part of the county, bounded on the northwest by the Susquehanna river, on the southeast by Mahantango creek, and on the northeast by Jack- son and Jordan townships. Prior to the organization of Northumberland county, this territory was embraced in Upper Paxtang township, Lancaster county; from 1772 until 1775 it formed part of Augusta township, and from 1775 until 1806 it was included in Mahanoy, the particulars regarding the division of which are given in the chapter on Upper Mahanoy. It was reduced to its present limits by the erection of Jackson township in 1836. The surface is mountainous, and ample drainage is afforded by a number of small streams flowing directly into the Susquehanna or Mahantango creek. The most fertile part of the township is Stone valley, one of the few lime- stone regions in the southern part of the county. GEORGETOWN. This village, the most important in the extreme southern part of the county, is situated in the western part of Lower Mahanoy on the bank of the Susquehanna river and the line of the Northern Central railway. The site is embraced in a tract of land which was patented to Thomas McKee by the colonial government in 1767. Six years later it was purchased by Will- iam Dunbar and subsequently passed into the possession of Sebastian Bro- sius; he willed it to his son, John George Brosius, by whom a store was opened and a mill was erected; the latter is said to have been the first in the southern part of the county and was situated on Stone Valley creek at the lower end of the village. The town site was surveyed in 1798 by WiUiam Gray, deputy surveyor for Northumberland county, and became within a few years a place of considerable local importance. As evidenced by the assess- ment of 1811, the improvements at that date, with the names of respective owners and occupants, were as follows: house and stable, owned by Peter Secrist and occupied by George Borell; house, owned by James White and occupied by Hugh Bruman, storekeeper; house, ovmed and occupied by Peter Borell, blue-dyer; house, owned and occupied by Nicholas Bubb, Jr., 712 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. carpenter; house and shop, owned and occupied by John Ebright, hatter; house and stable, owned and occupied by John Fenstermacher ; house, owned and occupied by Peter Hoffman, inn keeper; house, owned and occupied by Daniel Lahr; house, owned and occupied by Daniel Rothermel, inn keeper; house and shop, owned by William Witman and occupied by Daniel Seasholtz, potter ; house, owned and occupied by Jacob Strieker. The town has steadily expanded in population and importance, and has always been the business center of the community naturally tributary to it. The present business and industrial interests include three general stores, one drug store, three hotels, a shingle and stave factory, and a nail mill. The postoffice designation is Dalmatia. Colonel James Cameron Post, No. 185, Q. A. R. , was organized on the 9th of March, 1882. MALTA. The post- village of this name is situated three miles from Georgetown on the main road from that place to Lykens and at its intersection with the Mahantango Valley road. It is the location of one store, a Reformed and Lutheran church, the shops of several mechanics, and perhaps a dozen pri- vate residences. The former local name was Vera Cruz. INDUSTKIES. ■ The Witmer mill, as originally built by George Brosius, was a log struct- ure; the present frame building is three stories high, equipped with three sets of buhrs. The mill now operated by Michael Spotts was built in 1845 by Michael Wert and Michael EudeL A distillery was once operated by John Dockey. The Dalmatia Iron and Nail Company organized with John Bingeman, president, I. H. Eessler, treasurer, and W. O. Bingeman, secretary; the works include three frame buildings, with the necessary machinery. The first school hou^e at Georgetown, a log structure, was situated at the site of Isaac Fenstermacher's residence; the names of Eisenhower, Bixler, Murray, Drake, and Brooker occur among the early teachers. The public school system was adopted in 1865 ; the first school board was composed of David Seiler, B. M. Bubb, Adam Lenker, S. B. High, Franklin Markley, and Elias Wiest. Messrs. Wiest and High, being opposed to the system, resigned, and Jacob Dreibelbeis and Philip Messner were ap- pointed by the board in their places, December 16, 1865. As thus consti- tuted, the directors organized on the 29th of December, 1865, with Adam Lenker, president, B. M. Bubb, secretary, and David Seiler, treasurer. Two new buildings were erected in 1866, six in 1867, and two subsequently, making ten school houses at the present time, in which eleven schools are taught. LOWER MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. 713 CHUECHES. Stone Valley Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was originally known Tinder the name of Christian Unity, and it is supposed that public worship and the administration of the sacraments were begun in this locality as early ■ as 1765. The first church building was a small log structure twenty by thirty feet; the second, which is in a good state of preservation at the pres- ent time '(1890), was erected in 1796 by Jacob Thani, a carpenter by occupa- tion, who received one hundred thirty pounds as evidenced by the agree- ment, which is still extant. The trustees at that time were Nicholas Bubb, Lutheran, and Henry Bordner, Keformed. This building was remodeled some years since, and is the present place of worship. The joint congrega- tions also own a tract of land containing sixty-five acres and ninety-three perches, a patent for which was gratuitously granted by the State. The, Lutheran organization was formed by Reverend Wolf prior to 1775 and probably some years anterior to that date. He was successively followed by the Reverends Adam, Gansel, Ulrich, and Walther, whose terms of serv- ice are not known. Rev. Peter Shindel was pastor, 1822-35; John Nicho- las Hemping, 1835-51; C. F. Welden, 1851; Reverends Yeager, Bergner, and Walz, 1852-64; Jeremiah Shindel, 1864-70; J. W. Early, 1870-74; J. M. Ulrich, 1874r-82; C. R. Drumheller, 1883-84, and W. H. Geiger, 1884, present incumbent. The present (1890) church council is composed of Ben- jamin Phillips, J. W. Lenker,''Adam Byerly, J. M. Byerly, J. F. Lenker, and Michael Rudel. Georgetown Church, Lmtheran and Reformed, is a frame building forty by fifty feet in dimensions, erected in 1845. The organizers were George Brosius, John Bressner, William Shaffer, Peter Witmer, Solomon Ressler, Abraham Deetry, Jacob Dreibelbeis, and George Witmer. Among the pas- tors have been Reverends Stiver, Bressler, Engle, Early, Ulrich, Drumheller, Oeiger, and Brown. Vera Cruz Church, Lutheran and Reformed, is a brick structure thirty- five by fifty-five feet in dimensions, with steeple and bell. The corner-stone was laid on the 12th of August, 1860, and the dedication occurred, June 8, 1862. The Lutheran congregation was organized in 1856 from a membership formerly connected with the Stone Valley church, and now (1890) numbers one hundred fifteen members. The following is a list of pastors : Reverend Walz, 1856-64; Jeremiah Shindel, 1864-70; J. W. Early, 1870-74; J. M. Ulrich, 1874-82; C. R. Dramheller, 1883-84, and W. H. Geiger, 1884, present incumbent. Bingeman Church of the Evangelical Association vf as organized in 1850; prominent among the early members were Nicholas Bingeman, Peter Heck- ert, Samuel Fetterhoff, Harry Weaver, Peter Kocher, and Joseph Spotts. The pastors have been Reverends Knorr, Kramer, Fry, Shultz, Leopold, 714 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Whitmer, Shultz, Brown, Warmcastle, Eumberger, Fair, and Fisher. The church edifice is a frame building. The Georgetown Methodist Episcopal Church is a frame building situated on the north side of Sunbury street in the eastern part of the village. The congregation is small numerically, and has no resident pastor. CHAPTER XXV. POINT TOWNSHIP. Procebdings for Its Erection — First Township Officers — Pioneer^ — Inbus- TRIBS. a"^HE triangular area bounded by Montour ridge, the West Branch, and _ the North Branch, now included in the township of Point and • the borough of Northumberland, formed part of Turbut township at the time of its erection, April 9, 1772. At February sessions, 1775, Mahoning was stricken from the southern part, of Turbut, and at the correspondiag term of court eleven years later (February sessions, 1786), Point was formed from Mahoniag. The record of the proceedings in this case is as follows: — Upon the petition of clivers inhabitants of the township of Mahoning, setting forth, that the extensiveness and increase of the inhabitants in the township aforesaid, together with the distance the town of Northumberland and the lower end of the said township are from a j ustice of the peace, renders it extremely burthensome for town- ship officers in the performance of their duty, as also expensive and inconvenient for the inhabitants to attend legal process; and prayed the court to divide the said town- ship by a line beginning at the nine-mile tree on the North Branch, and extending westwardly along the middle of Montour's mountain to the fording at William Cooke's mill on Chillisquaqiie; and further prayed the court to report the same unto the Executive Council as a proper district for the election of justices of the peace: where- upon the court, upon due consideration, confirmed the boundary line aforesaid, and order the division, part, including Northumberland-Town, to be called Point township; and the court further order that the same be returned to Council as a proper and fit district, etc. for the electing justices of the peace, etc. The first township officers were Laughlin McCartney and Bernard Hub- ley, overseers of the poor; Daniel Eeese and Daniel Kelly, viewers of fences; James Hepburn and James Jenkins, supervisors, and Joseph Torbett, con- stable. pioneers. The following is a list of the taxables of the township as returned for the year 1787 at the first assessment after its organization: Frederick Antes, William Antes, WiUiam Armstrong, Widow Adams, John Allen, William POINT TOWNSHIP. 715 Adams, John Bachenstozs, Daniel Bardan, John Bull, John Bullion, Will- iam Bonham, John Cowden, James Conasert, "William Cooke, William Clol- land, John Graders, William Glen, James Grawford, Samuel Doyle, James Davidson, Christopher Dering, Henry Drageloos, Philip Frick, Eobert FoU- mer, Frederick Feak, Thomas Gaskins, Andrew Gregg, William Gregg, Thomas Gary, Abiel Gibbons, George Hoffman, William Hoffman, James Hepburn, Joseph Harber, John Hannah, Francis Ihrewood, Widow Jenkins, Daniel Kelly, Eobert King, Aaron Levy, William Lemon, Benjainin Lyon, James Logan, Philip Maus, Dennis McLaughlin, Lughlin McCartney, Daniel Mont- gomery, WiUiamMahy, Neal McCoy, ArthurMcGiU, Wilham McKein, Eobert Martin, John Niplick, John Painter, William Plunket, Archibald Euay, Jacob Eoss, Daniel Eeese, Peter Steel, John Sechler, John Shuler, Joseph Sechler, Morgan Sweney, John Scott, Thomas Taggart, Joseph Torbett, James Van Campen, James Wilson, James Wagstaff, David Woodside. John BuU, William Cooke, Widow Jenkins, and Thomas Martin were each assessed with one negro, Eobert. Martin with two, and Laughlin McCart- ney with one mulatto. Thomas Lemon, one of the first justices commissioned for Northumber- land coimty, was one of the earliest settlers in Point township. He was born on the Atlantic ocean, two weeks before his parents landed upon Amer- ican soil; they came from 'Scotland, settled at Winchester, Virginia, and reared two sons, Eobert and Thomas. The latter married Margaret Haugh, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, daughter of Matthias and Mary Haugh, who, in 1769, deeded a large tract of land in the North Branch valley to Thomas and Margaret Lemon. They settled near that river about five miles above Northumberland, and reared a family of four sons and one daughter: the latter, whose name was Elizabeth, married Joseph Engle, of Philadelphia; three of the sons removed to the Genesee vaUey, New York, and the parental estate in Point township thus passed into the possession of James Lemon, the only one of the family who remained in this county. He married Eachel, daughter of George and Martha Fleming; their daughter, Martha, was twice married: first, to William Cooke, whose father was the first sheriff of North- umberland county; after his death she became the wife of Jesse C. Horton, the well known stage proprietor and a prominent figure in Northumberland county politics. INDUSTRIES. The large stone flour mill on Lodge's run, two miles north of Northum- land, was erected in 1815 by George Grant. Two years later William A. Lloyd established a flour mill on the same stream within a short distance of Grant's; the large frame building erected by him is still standing, although the milling business was discontinued in 1887. Mr. Lloyd also operated a carding machine, one of the first in the county and an important feature of the establishment. 716 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. There were quite a number of distilleries in operation at one time, con- sidering the limited agricultural territory of the township. Robert Morris, Joseph E. Priestley, Jacob Dentler, William A. Lloyd, James Lemon, and George Grant are remembered as the proprietors of establishments of this nature. Chulasky Furnace is situated at the station of that name on the Dela- ware, Lackawanna and Western railroad. It was established some forty years ago, and has experienced a number of changes in ownership and man- agement. CHAPTER XXVI. CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. . ■* Area and Topography — Erection and Subditision — ^Pioneers — Indtjstribs — • POTTSGROVB-^MONTANDON — SODOM — ChILLISQUAQDE — SCHOOLS — CHURCHES. CHILLISQUAQUE creek drains nearly the whole of that part of North- umberland county situated between Montour ridge and Limestone ridge, with a general southwesterly course from the Montour county line to its junction with the West Branch. This region, one of the most fertile and populous agricultural districts in the county, forms the township of Chillis- quaque; it is traversed by the Philadelphia and Erie and Catawissa rail- roads, and has several villages of importance in addition to its advantages as a farming section. The present area of Chillisquaque township was originally embraced in Turbut, erected, April 9, 1772. At February sessions, 1775, Mahoning was formed from the southern part of Turbut, with Chillisquaque creek as a mutual boundary. Point was erected from Mahoning at February term, 1786, thus leaving to the latter a narrow triangular territory; and at the following May term the township of Chillisquaque was formed from the con- tiguous portions of Mahoning and Turbut, with the following boundaries:^ Beginning at the corner of Point township on the top of Montour's hill nearly opposite the nine-mile tree, and to extend from thence to Joseph Wilson's on the north side of Chillisquaque creek, from thence to the top of the Limestone ridge to the house occupied by Neal Davis on Colonel Francis's land, from thence a straight course to the West Branch of Susquehanna. In 1813 this township was attached to Columbia county, of which it formed a part until 1815; it was then reannexed to Northumberland, but in the following year a considerable part of its territory was again attached to Columbia and now forms part of Montour. OHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. 717 PIONEEB. The following is a list of the taxable inhabitants of Chillisquaque town- ship in 1788, when it included Liberty township, Montour county, in addi- tion to its present area : John Alexander, William Anderson, William Allen, Daniel Bates, John Blair, John Blair, Jr., Samuel Blair, Joseph Biggars, David Carson, Johnston Cheney, Adam Clark, John Clark, James Carscad- don, James Carscaddon, Jr., John Carscaddon, William Carscaddon, Charles Cochran, James Cochran, John Cochran, Widow Campbell, John Curry, John Cheney, James Dunlap, John Donaldson, James Davidson, Thomas Davidson, James Donaldson, Andrew Davis, Benjamin Elliott, John Funston, Jesse Funston, William Fisher, Eobert Finney, John Gillespie, Eobert Gifiin, Widow Gillespie, Paul Geddis, Hugh Gowan, John Galloway, John Gray, John Hunter, WiUiam Haslet, Stephen Horn, Adam Hempleman, Thomas Hewitt, Francis Huston, Thomas Hammer, John Hannah, Samuel Harper, George Irwin, Samuel Irwin, Leonard Kelley, Neal McMuUen, Charles Mc- Coy, WiUiam Mulligan, Eichard Mayhew, William Murray, Patrick Mc- Ninch, John Martin, George Morrison, John McMahan, John Murray, David McCartney, John McMahan, James McMahan, Eobert McWilUams, Hugh McBride, Alexander Miller, James Murray, James Neal, Stephen Oliver, Samuel Oaks, Thomas Palmer, Hance Potts, Thomas Eodgers, Martin Eeece, James Eobinson, William Eeed, David Eeynolds, James Eeynolds, Eobert Eeynolds, Archibald Sweney, John Seely, David Scott, David Stedman, William Stedman, James Stedman, Baltzer Stake, James Stadden, John Shaw, Thomas Strawbridge, Jacob Shipman, Jacob Teeple, George Teeple, John Tate, Isaac Wilson, Nathaniel Wilson, Joseph Wilson, John Wilson, Leonard Wilkins, Joseph Wilson, Samuel Wynn, Benjamin Wynn, James Woodside, David Wilkins. John Alexander was assessed with one servant, to serve two years; Alexander Miller, with one servant, to serve one year; and Thomas Straw- bridge, with one negro, who were the only property of that description. The largest amount of property assessed to any one individual was five hun- dred seventeen pounds, in the name of Thomas Palmer; James Stedman followed, with four hundred twenty-seven pounds, and Thomas Strawbridge with three hundred one. John Brady was bom in 1733, son of Hugh and Jane (Young) Brady, who settled in the Cumberland valley near Shippensburg in 1750. His mili- tary career began in the French and Indian war. On the 19th of July, 1768, he was commissioned as captain in Colonel Clayton's battalion of the Penn- sylvania regiment, and served under Colonel Bouquet in 1764. In 1768 he settled at Standing Stone (Huntingdon), but, having obtained a tract of land on the West Branch opposite LewisbuTg in consideration of his military services, he removed thither in 1769, and was thus one of the earliest as he was also one of the most prominent pioneers of Northumberland county. In 718 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY, August, 1772, he was foreman of the first jury impanelled after the organiza- tion of the county. On the 14th of October, 1776, he was commissioned as captain in the Twelfth Pennsylvania regiment, with which he served in the campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania until the 1st of July, 1778, when the Twelfth was incorporated with the Third. He was then ordered home by General Washington to assist in the defense of the West Branch vaUey; he had previously removed his family to Muncy and fortified his house (which became a rendezvous for the inhabitants and was known as Fort Brady), and was killed by the Indians while making a reconnoissance in that vicinity, April 11, 1779. He married Mary Quigley, and they were the parents of thirteen children: Samuel, whose skill and success as a captain of rangers is celebrated in the annals of border warfare ; James, who died at Sunbury from wounds received in a skirmish with the Indians; William; John, sheriff of Northimiberland county, 1794-97; Mary, who married Captain William Gray, of Sunbury; William P., a pioneer and prominent citizen of Indiana county, Pennsylvania; Hugh, major general in the United States Army; Jane; Robert; Agnes; Hannah, who married Captain Robert Gray, of Sun- bury; Joseph, and Liberty, who married William Dewart, of Sunbury. INDUSTRIES. Three distilleries were returned by the assessment of 1788, owned, re- spectively, by William Allen, Jesse Funston, and Archibald Sweney, and assessed at the uniform rate of three pounds. Thomas Strawbridge owned a tan-yard, evidently of far greater importance than either of the distilleries, as it is returned at twenty pounds. Thomas Palmer had a grist and saw mill, to which no valuation is attached, which omission is sufficiently ex- plained by the word "useless," inclosed in parentheses after it by the assessor. This mill was probably situated on Chillisquaque creek about half a mile from its mouth, where a ripple in the stream marks the location of an old dam and the course of the mill-race is still discernible. Palmer's mill is referred to in some of the very early records of the county, and it was prob- ably the first mill on Chillisquaque creek. Chillisquaque Mills, on the south bank of Chillisquaque creek a quarter of a mile from its mouth and about the same distance from the line of Point township, were originally erected in 1791 by William Wilson, whose partner for some years was John Boyd; the former subsequently became associate judge of Northumberland county and the latter register and recorder, while both were prominent in business and political affairs. The building was con- structed of stone, and stood immediately in the rear of the present structure, after the erection of which it was used as a plaster mill. The present mill is a five-story frame building, equipped with roller process apparatus; the present proprietor is A. F. Otlinger, and among his predecessors during the last half-century have been Messrs. Andrews, Burger, Daniel and David Heiser, Joseph and Norman Butler, Raser, and Vincent. ' CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. 719 The Pottsgrove Steam Flour Mill was removed from Limestone run, Turbut township, and rebuilt at Pottsgrove by William FoUmer, Michael Kissel, and James Smith, and after being successfully operated for some time, was destroyed by fire several years since. D. M. Nesbit's Planing Mill, on the bank of the West Branch at the crossing of the Lewisburg and Tyrone railroad, was established by DiefEen- derfer & Driesbach, and has been successfully operated by Dieffenderfer & Candor, the East Lewisburg Manufacturing Company, and the present proprietor. School furniture was manufactured to a considerable extent at one time, but the product is now confined to general planing mill work. Dodge & Company's Steam Saw Mills at Chillisquaque were operated quite extensively for a short time some years since, but the timber in that locality having been exhausted, the plant was removed elsewhere. Cold Spring Creamery, situated one mile south of Montandon near the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, was built by C. F. Butler and opened on the 14th of April, 1890. It is a three-story building twenty-four by thirty-six feet with several projections and a basement, and is fitted with machinery capable of making eight him^dred pounds of butter per day. In connection with the creamery Mr. Butler has a chopping mill, spoke and handle factory, and a hydraulic cider press. The power is derived from a twenty-five horse- power engine. POTTSGKOVE. This village is situated four miles southeast of Milton, where the road leading from Milton to Danville is crossed by that leading from Northum- berland to Washingtonville. It is also located near the Catawissa branch of the Philadelphia and Beading railroad. Two churches, a public school build- ing, several stores, the shops of several mechanics, and a population of about a hundred people constitute the town at present. The land on which it stands was first owned by William Eeed, who came to this section during the Bevolutionary war and erected the first house in this locality, about a quarter of a mile south of Pottsgrove on the Northumberland and WashingtonviUe road. He was the first justice of the peace in this part of the county, having been commissioned by Governor Mifflin. The first house in the village was erected by James Beed, a son of Will- iam Reed, in 1784, with Alexander Eeed as carpenter. In this house James Eeed established the first hotel in 1818, known as "Travelers' Inn." Here the first postoffice was also established, in 1821, with James Eeed as first postmaster. The old hotel building is still standing, and is at present occu- pied by William Eeed, a son of James Eeed, who is the oldest resident of this part of the county. The first industry was a tannery, built near the present limit of the vil- lage by a Mr. Shoemaker, who immigrated from Berks county in 1810. This 720 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. tannery was in operation until some five years ago, when it was destroyed by fire. In 1820 the first blacksmith shop was opened by David Perry, who was for many years the "village blacksmith" of Pottsgrove. The first weaver was Hans Potts, from whom the place derives its name. The first store was established in 1832 by the firm of SproU & Park, who did business five years, when they dissolved partnership and James Eeed started a store in connection with his hotel and postofiice. After his death the business of storekeeping was not conducted for some years. In 1881 L. J. Beaver built the present store room on the southwest comer of the cross- roads, and established therein a general mercantile trade. In 1880 B. M. Beaver established a coal and grain market in connection with a steam grist mill, which business he conducted for some time. His successor was a Mr. Blue, who did a successful business until May, 1890, when the establishment burned and operations ceased. Pottsgrove Lodge, No. 623, I. O. O. F. , was chartered on the 21st of March, 1890. MONTANDON. The ground upon which this village stands was first owned by an English pioneer, Foresman by name; the first house in the immediate vicinity was erected in 1825 at the place where the road leading from Lewisburg to Dan- ville is crossed by that from Milton to Sunbury by Benjamin Foresman, a grandson of the first settler. This structure is stiU standing, just without the limits of the town plat, and is occupied by Hugh Martin, one of the old- est citizens of the place. It was in this house that the first hotel was estab- lished by Joseph Foresman in 1832 and continued by him until 1855 ; it was known as "Foresman's Hotel" or "The Sodom Tavern." The house was kept open for the accommodation of the public until the property was pur- chased by Mr. Martin. Between the years 1828 and 1834 the ground upon which the town stands was used for a race course by the Foresman brothers, who were great horse- men. Horses were brought from adjoining counties, and the inhabitants from far and near would congregate at this place to witness the races. In 1846 Peter Waldron, a blacksmith from Lancaster county, located a short distance to the south of the Foresman building on the Sunbury and Milton road. The next improvement was a shoemaker shop, which was estab- lished by a Mr. Colby in 1848. The first justice of the peace in the com- munity was Thomas Pardoe, who filled that office for many years. The first efPort to establish a town was made by Francis and Jeremiah Church about the time the Pennsylvania canal was completed. The plan, which is on record in the county archives at Sunbury, exhibits a town plat between the canal and river, south of the Lewisburg crosscut, with Front street. Cherry alley, Jackson street, Montgomery, Church, Sarah's, Locust, /^ ^.^^ CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. 723 and Dusky alleys and Wilson street parallel with the canal and river, inter- sected by Market and Green streets. The width of Market is given as seventy-five feet, of Front and Jackson as sixty feet, and of Green, fifty-five feet. One hundred sixty lots are represented as having been laid out. .This effort to establish a town no doubt indicated considerable enterprise on the part of the projectors, but the place failed to materialize, owing in all probability to the fact that the country was not so thickly settled at that time as to require an intermediate trading point between Milton and North- umberland. Upon the completion of the Philadelphia and Erie and the Lewisburg and Tyrone railroads the attempt to found a town was repeated under more favorable auspices. "Up to this time the country was a farming district ex- clusively, with no other industries than the blacksmith and shoemaker shops mentioned in connection with the early settlement. In 1861 P. Haokenberg bought of Cameron & "Wall a lot lying to the east of the railroad and south of the Lewisburg and Danville road, upon which he erected a house and es- tablished therein the first store of the place in connection with the hotel busi- ness. In the same year, through the influence of Mr. Hackenberg, the first postoffice of the town was established with himself as postmaster. It was named Cameronia in honor of the Cameron family. At this time the north side of the Lewisburg and Danville road belonged to the John Caul estate, and that to the south to Edward and Benjamin Humm.el. In 1865 Lewis O. Hunner purchased a portion of the John Caul estate lying on the east side of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. In the same year the land belonging to Edward and Benjamin Hummel was pur- chased by John A. J. and Eobert M. Cummings. Under the joint auspices of Messrs. Cummings and Hunner a town plat was surveyed in March, 1866, by David Kockefeller. The streets running east and west beginning at the northern extremity of the plat are Center, Main, the Lewisburg and Danville road, Cummings, and Chillisquaque. Those intersecting these and running north and south are Bailroad and Northumberland, Railroad being the far- ther west. There were two houses here at that time. The first, built by Edward and Benjamin Hummel for use as a farm house, was purchased by John A. J. and Eobert M. Cummings with the land they bought in 1865, and stands in relation to the above mentioned plan on the south side of Main near Bail- road street. The second house erected is the hotel built by P. Hackenberg in 1861 on the southeast corner of Main and Bailroad streets. In 1865 this building came into the possession of C. E. Hartman, who extended it to its present size and continued the hotel business for some time. This house has been used for the accommodation of the public since 1861, and is the only hotel in the town. The first house built after the survey of the town plat 724 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. was that erected by Dr. N. C. Purdy, on the north side of Main street mid- way between Eailroad and Northumberland streets. Owing to the inconvenience caused by mail and express matter addressed to Cameronia going to Cameron county, the postoffice designation was changed to Montandon in 1867 through the influence of John A. J. and Eobert M. Cummings, the name being suggested by the former. Circumstances have not favored the rapid expansion of the town, but by gradual growth it has attained a population of three hundred fifty, with three stores, one hotel, two churches, and shops of the various mechanics. Sodom consists of a small group of houses situated one mile east of Montandon where the Montandon and Lewisburg road is crossed by that leading from Northumberland to Milton. The first person to locate here was in all probability Lot Carson, from whom the place received its name; he kept a hotel at the crossroads for the accommodation of the stage coaches, and lost his life by falling into a well while under the influence of liquor. A quaint old school house of peculiar' shape is situated in the vicinity; it was erected in 1814 as a place of worship. CHILLISQUAQUE. The post- village of this name is situated in the extreme southwestern part of Chillisquaque township. At the earliest period in its history it was a trading point on the old Northumberland and Milton road; later it became a shipping point on the canal, and at the present time, Otlinger's mill, the store of J. E. K. Schwenk, and the shops and residences of various local mechanics constitute the village. Kapp's station, on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, is located in the vicinity, and affords convenient access. SCHOOLS. The public school system was adopted in 1834, and has been creditably sustained to the present time. The Pottsgrove Academy was established in 1875 by a 'local stock com- pany; it has been successfully conducted, affording good facilities for the pursuit of studies beyond the grade of the public school curriculum. OHUECHES. Chillisquaque Presbyterian Church was organized about the year 1773. The burial ground, one of the oldest in central Pennsylvania, is situated a mile and a half northeast of Pottsgrove in Montour county. Three church buildings have been erected at that point. The first, a wooden structure, was burned by the Indians during the Eevolutionary period. The second was likewise a log structure as originally built, but in 1789-90 it was exten- CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIP. 725 sively altered and plastered within and given a "pebble- dash" without. The present brick building was erected in 1853. The removal of the place of worship to Pottsgrove was decided upon in 1889, and in 1889-91 the church edifice at that point, a two-story stone structure fifty feet square, was built under the supervision of a committee composed of Joseph K. Murray, William McMahan, Gilbert Voris, William Voris, and H. M. Emerick, M. D. The pastoral succession has been as follows: Eev. John Bryson, 1790-1840; Daniel M. Barber, 1840-59; Charles H. Park, 1859-75; H. G. Finney, 1875 -87 ; J. O. George, 1887-89, and Abbott L. E. Waite, the present incumbent, who was installed on the 27th of February, 1890. Montandon Baptist Church. — The first meeting for the organization of a Baptist congregation at this place was held in the house of Mrs. McGinley some time during the year 1864. A Sunday school was organized and held in the Philadelphia and Erie railroad depot for some time, after which wor- ship was successively conducted in the school house, in a small room above the brick store room now occupied by Connor & Company, and in an old store room which stood along the railroad. The lot upon which the church building stands was purchased October 17, 1868; Eev. George J. Brensinger, a student at Lewisburg, was pastor at the time of its erection in 1870. Pre- vious to 1882 the congregation was a mission, but during that year it was organized as a regular Baptist church, with L. W. Frymire, J. H. Winghert, Abraham Fairchild, Peter H. Beaver, John Garber, Edward Hummel, and Joseph Keyser as the first trustees. A charter was obtained, December 23, 1885, and a deed for the church property, previously held by the Lewisburg Baptist chujTch, was transferred to the Montandon organization, March 23, 1886. The following is a list of pastors who have served the congregation since its organization in 1882: Eeverends Thomas Howard, J. Watres, J. A. Kouroldon, Mr. Bagshaw, Mr. Farlie, Mr. Hanson, J. Sagebeer, E.. B. Mc- Daniel, and Mr. Fields. Montandon Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1869 with John Andrews as its first class leader. Among the first families connected with the congregation were the Andrews, Cummings, Butlers, Autens, Parks, Kingsburys, and Bakers. Until 1874 they worshiped in private houses, in the school building, and in the Baptist church. In 1873, under the ministration of Eev. A. P. Wharton, the question of erecting a church edifice was agitated. In 1874 the building was begun with W. M. Auten, John A. J. Cummings, T. T. Baker, H. S. Park, and W. H, Cool as building committee. The corner-stone was laid, June 26, 1874, and the building was dedicated on the 22d of November in the same year. The following is a list of pastors who have served the congregation in chronological order: Eev. A. P. Wharton, 1873-76; John Vrooman, 1876-78; H. .F. Caves, 1878 -79; B. H. Crever, 1879-81; A. E. Taylor, 1881-83; D. H. Shields, 1883- 85; J. H. Mortimer, 1885-87; J. W. Peight, 1887-90. 726 HISTOEY OF NOBTHDMBEELAND COUNTY. The Evangelical Association is represented by one organization in Chillis- quaque township, formed in December, 1871. A Methodist church build- ing at Sodom was purchased, rebuilt in the northwestern part of the town- ship, and dedicated in 1872 during the administration of Rev. A. H. Irvin. Among his successors as pastor have been Reverends Henry B. Hertzler, Adam W. Schenberger, S. P. Eemer, Henry A. Stoke, J. A. Irvin, and C. W. Finkbinder. Pottsgrove Evangelical Lutheran Church was formed in 1882 from a membership formerly connected with the Center Lutheran church of Mon- tour county. The first council consisted of the following laymen: Jonathan Eishel and M. MuU, elders; Isaiah C. Eishel, J. A. Kremer, S. Miller Boyer, and D. W. Messersmith, deacons. The corner-stone of the church edifice was laid on the 9th of October, 1881, Eev. J. A. Flickinger officiat- ing. It is a plain brick structure about forty-four by sixty feet in dimen- sions, surmounted by a belfry, and is situated upon the most commanding site in the village. The present pastor, Eev. G. E. Faber, assumed charge, March 1, 1889, and was installed on the 14th of July following, Eever- ends E. H. Leisenring and M. L. Shindel officiating. The origin of the Sunday school was contemporaneous with that of the church; J. B. Kremer was the first superintendent. Chillisquaque Union Chapel, a frame building erected on land given by Mrs. Charles S, Wolfe, was completed in 1890, and is the place of worship for a flourishing union Sunday school conducted by theological students from Bucknell University, Lewisburg. It is situated on the road leading from Milton to Montandon. CHAPTER XXVII. SHAMOKIN TOWNSHIP. FOBMATION OP EaLPHO TOWNSHIP .tND DESCRIPTION OP ITS OeIGINAI BOUNDARIES — Change op Name to Shamokin — Physical Features — Pioneers — Tax^vbles in 1788 — Industries — Early Settlement, Present Business, and Municipal Government op the Borough op Snydertown — Villages — Schools ClILmCHES. THE present line of division between Shamokin and Eockefeller town- ships has, with the exception of Line mountain, possessed geographical significance longpr than any other of the interior township lines of Northum- berland county. It was part of the original western boundary of Catawissa, which was thus described at the erection of that township in 1785 : — SHAMOKIN TOWNSHIP. 727 To begin at the moutli of Gravel run, where it empties into the Northeast Branch of the Susquehanna, and to extend up said run to the first large fork; thence up the east branch of said run a direct course till Shamokin creek between the plantations of WiUiam Clark and Andrew Gregg; from thence a direct course to a large deer-lick on the north side of Mahanoy hill, till it joins the line that divides the townships of Augusta and Mahanoy. Augusta township at that date is represented as extending from Sunbury nearly to "the plains of Wyoming;" and at April session^, 1785, a number of the inhabitants presented a petition setting forth its unwieldy proportions, which they " conceived after a division would be large enough and sufficient for two townships." Commissioners were accordingly appointed, and at the following August term a division was ordered by the line just described, that part of the original township east of it "to be called and known as Catawissa forever." The township thus formed was soon foim^d to be too large for the con- venience of its population, and at August sessions, 1788, a division was ordered by a line, — Beginning at the mouth of Little Roaring creek; thence up said creek to the head thereof; thence on the ridge to the south branch of Big Roaring creek; from thence up the said creek to Yarnall's path; thence a southeasterly course to the county line. That part of the former area of Catawissa west of this line received the name of Ealpho. It was bounded on the south by Line mountain and Schuylkill county; on the west by the present western line of Eush and Shamokin, extended to Line mountain; on the north by the Susquehanna river, and on the east by a line coinciding very nearly with the present eastern boundary of the county, except that Yarnall's path passes in Mt. Carmel township through the borough of Mt. Carmel and not at its eastern extremity. But, unfortunately for the perpetuity of the name, its selection did not meet the approbation of the inhabitants, and within a year several petitions were presented to the court, praying for a change. The reasons for this are thus set forth in one of these petitions : — The name and word Shamokin is known throughout the greater part of this and adjacent States; and it is very common, where new townships are laid out, to call such township or townships by and after the name of such creek or principal stream of water as is or are running through the same ; and many of us having moved and come a considerable distance and settled upon the waters of said Shamokin creek, and strangers remote from this place not knowing whether the word Shamokin is the name of the county, a township, or town, and it is often the case that many of us send or receive letters, etc., and it may often happen that letters coming into a second hand may be miscarried if there is not a proper direction upon the face of the letter, etc. ; your petitioners therefore humbly pray that your Honors may be pleased to strike out the strange and unknown name of Ralpho* lately given to the township newly laid out and taken off the township of Catawissa, and to grant it its known and natural name, Shamokin. *Bapho township, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, was organized in 1741, and so named from the parish of Eaplio in County Donegal, Ireland. The letter I does not occur in the name in some of the old records of this county. Perhaps the name of the parish in Ireland or the township in Lan- caster county was not unknown to the justices who selected it in 1788. 728 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Accordingly, " upon a second petition of the inhabitants up Shamokin creek " (the petition quoted), the name was changed to Shamokin at August sessions, 1789. Little Mahanoy was formed from Augusta and Shamokin in 1813; Rush, from Shamokin, in 1819; Coal, from Shamokin and Little Mahanoy, in 1837; Snydertown borough, in 1871 ; and Ealpho, from Shamokin, in 1883, thus reducing the latter to its present limits. The valley of Shamokin creek forms the northern part of the township, and Irish valley its southern part, while the intervening territory is distin- guished by a very diversified topography. The Northern Central and Phila- delphia and Reading railroads pass through the valley of the creek, with sev- eral stations in this township, while public highways traverse its extent in all directions. PIONEEBS. The following is a list of the taxables of Ralpho (Shamokin) township, in 1788: William Becker, William Becker, Jr., William Brewer, Peter Bucklin, Dewalt Billman, Jr., Christian Barger, David Bennett, Peter Barger, William Billman, William Clark, Alexander Campbell, James Cherry, George Daugh- erty, George Dwilar, Abraham. Dewitt, Alexander Ewing, Joseph Fisher, William Goodhart, Thomas Giles, Robert Giles, Stephen Harsh, John Irwin, Andrew Irwin, Jonathan Jones, Abraham Jones, William Jones, M. Jones, Daniel Jackson, Peter Kessler, Benjamin Kelley, Ishmael Kess, John Kelley, John Kerr, Robert Kennedy, John Kerr, Jr., Griffith Kerr, Lawrence Lam- erson, James McLees, John Miller, Nicholas MiUer, Hester McKay, John Mc- Kenzie, John Maurer, John Moore, Mordeoai Morrison, Samuel Moore, John Pensyl, George Persing, Richard Robinson, Samuel Reeder, Jacob Reed, Casper Reed, Henry Ripley, Richard Robinson, Richard Robinson, Jr., Will- iam Search, John Teitsworth, William Teitsworth, Michael Thompson, David Thurston, William Taylor, Edward Wilkerson, Allen Wilkerson, John Wil- kerson, Michael Weaver, Alexander Wallace, Andrew Wagner, James Wal- lace, Morgan Young. INDUSTRIES. The Shipman mill site is one ofi the oldest on Shamokin creek, as George Hughes built a mill thereon as early as 1780. It had an overshot wheel and two sets of buhrs. Charles Hughes, his son, built the three-story frame structure now owned by W. A. Reed. It has four sets of buhrs. In 1815 Jacob Reed built a saw mill at the site of a similar establishment now owned by William Reed. Several tanneries were once in operation. That of Daniel Campbell was located upon land now owned by Mrs. Jane Reed; Hughes & Teats had one at SnufEtown, while those of Joseph Haupt and Furman Farnsworth were in Irish valley. Samuel and Joseph Hoover had a tannery three fourths of SHAMOKIN TOWNSHIP. 729 a mile from Snydertown on the main road to Sunbury. Joseph M. Wolver- ton, who learned his trade with them, established a tannery at Snydertown and conducted it until his death several years since. At the present time there is no establishment of this nature in operation in the township. The Paxinos iron furnace wal built in 1848 by Anthony Dengler and successively operated by Dengler & Haas and Taggart, Furman & Barton; after the suspension of the last mentioned firm the works were abandoned. They were situated upon the William Keed farm. A distillery was operated by Jacob Haas on the land now owned by W. A. Reed some years ago, but the time when it was established has not been ascertained. Valentine Klase had a distillery on the road between Ston- iQgton and Snydertown at an early date. The Paxinos powder mill was originally established by George W. Raver and successively operated by a Mr. Kline and the firm of Boughner & Fred- erick until its purchase by H. A. Weldy & Company, the present proprietors. Mining powder is exclusively manufactured to the extent of fifty kegs per day. J. A. Weaver has been the superintendent since 1885. BOBOUGH OF SNYDEKTOWN. Snydertown is situated in the northern part of the township ia the val- ley of Shamokin creek and on the lines of the Northern Central and Phila- delphia and Reading railways. The land upon which the town proper is situated was first owned by Godfrey Rockefeller, from Sussex county. New Jersey; he gave to each of his sons, viz., Jacob, Godfrey, Henry, and Peter, one hundred acres of land within the present borough limits. Godfrey built the frame tavern that stood upon the site of the present brick hotel ; it was inher- ited by his daughter Charity, whose husband, William Farrow, became landlord in 1796 and continued as such sixty years. He was succeeded by his son, William Farrow, who built the present hotel. Among other pioneers of the borough were the Lewis family, Jacob Holsman, Andrew Gonsar, John Jones, Andrew Smith, William Waters, John Moore, John Evert, and Will- iam Martz. Michael Klase arrived in 1815 from Berks county, Pennsylvania; in 1821 he built a distillery upon land now owned by Charles Snyder and operated it many years. The village of Snydertown, which comprises but a small part of the terri- tory included in the borough limits, was laid out by Jacob Snyder, a native of New Jersey. From its position in the fertile Shamokin valley, midway between Sunbury and Shamokin, it enjoys good business advantages. Two general stores, a hotel, a planing mill, and a grist mill comprise the present commercial and industrial interests. The grist mill, of which J. H. Gonsar is the present proprietor, was originally built by Samuel Gonsar on the main road leading from Snydertown to the Centre turnpike a quarter of a mile from the present location. 730 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Shamokin Valley Lodge, No. 527, I. O. O. F. , was chartered on the 23d of May, 1856. Municipal Government. — Snydertown was incorporated as a borough, by act of the legislature, May 26, 1871. The borough election of February 16, 1872, resulted as follows: burgess, Wilfiam F. Kline; council: William Withington, D. H. Evert, Valentine Klase, Jr., Daniel Smith, B. F. Hoy, Jonathan Deibler; street commissioner, John Martz; overseer of the poor, D. J. Willett; judge of elections, Jackson Berger ; inspectors: Gr. W. Startzel, George W. Farrow; school directors: Jesse Gonsar, Daniel Smith, J. M. Wolverton, John Klase, A. T. Dewitt, D. H. Evert; high constable, George W. Startzel; constable, M. Smith; assessor, George Weimer; town clerk, Isaac Anold; auditors: John Klase, George W. Arnold, David Hoover. The following is a list of burgesses since the incorporation of the bor- ough: 1872-73, William F. Kline; 1874, J. M. Wolverton; 1875, Daniel Smith; 1876, John Bohner; 1877, William F. KHne; 1878-81, Jacob Gon- sar; 1882-83, David Hoover; 1884, Jacob Gonsar; 1885, John Zimmerman; 1886-87, Eli Hoover; 1888-90, David Hoover; 1891, J. H. Martin. VILLAGES. Snufftoivn, at one time the most important postoffice and stage depot be- tween Sunbury and Pottsville, is located on the Centre turnpike and was laid out by a Mr. Zuern'before the close of the last century. As a postoffice it bore the name of Shamokin; there was also a store, hotel, blacksmith shop, and gun-making establishment. The hotel reached the zenith of its pros- perity just before the opening of the railroad, when it was under the pro- prietorship of D. Stambach. Paxinos, a station and post- village on the Northern Central and Phila- delphia and Reading railways, comprises a general store, hotel, postoffice, blacksmith shop, and brick yard. As originally erected by John Teitsworth, the hotel was a two-story frame building. Stonington is a post-village in the northwestern part of the township. It consists of a store, postoffice, blacksmith shop, and church. The public school system was first adopted in Shamokin township in 1836, and the school tax assessed for that year amovmted to five hundi-ed thirty -two dollars, five and one half cents. In March, 1838, the continuance of the system was decided in the negative by a vote of one hundred fifty-six in a total poll of one hundred sixty-one. In 1841 the question was again submitted; one hundred twenty-five votes were cast in favor of re-establish- ing the system, and one hundred eighty-two against it. On the 17th of March, 1843, the system was again adopted, by a majority of fifty-one. SHA.MOKIN TOWNSHIP. 731 CHUECHES. Shamokin Presbyterian Church was organized about 1790. A large log ■church building was erected upon land deeded by Daniel Campbell, March 13, 1795, to Michael Moore, Obadiah Campbell, and "William Taylor "in trust for the only absolute use, benefit, and behoof of a Presbyterian congregation, for to erect a public house of worship." Among the first who preached here were Eeverends M. Patterson and Samuel Henderson. In the graveyard adjoining many pioneers of the eastern part of the county are buried. Among the most prominent of the early members were Obadiah Campbell, William Kase, Alexander Moore, Samuel Sober, Daniel Campbell, and Peter Tocum. About the year 1850 the congregation was divided; one part estab- lished a church at Elysburg and the other in Rush township. Shamokin Baptist Church, the oldest congregation of that denomination in central Pennsylvania, was organized in 1794. The following pastors have •served the congregation in the order of their names : John Patton, John Wolverton, Eugenio Kincaid, Georgt Spratt, G. M. Spratt, J. D. Jones, J. H. Worrell, A. J. Collins, E. P. Barker, O. L. Hall, J. E. Shanafelts, George F. McNair, J. F. Eush, W. W. Waltz, T. O. Critchlow, A. J. Collins, D. F. Giles, J. Green Miles, P. F. De Lancey, and W. H. Ellis. Thirteen deacons served the church from its organization to 1863, viz. : Samuel Eeeder, Joseph Eich- ardson, John Farnsworth, John Moore, Ananias Saxton, Isaac Wolverton, Charles Wolverton, Matthias Eeed, Isaiah Morgan, David Miller, Eobert Farnsworth, Farnsworth Eeed, and William Furman; during the same period •John Wolverton, Abner Johnson, James Patton, Henry Clark, Silas E. Shep- hard, Zophar D. Pasco, Joseph Pasco, G. M. Spratt, and Jesse Saxton were licensed to preach; about five hundred persons were received into the church by baptism in that time. The succession of church clerks has been as follows : John Wolverton, Eichard Patton, Abner Johnson, Silas E. Shephard, John Hales, Zophar D. Pasco, Charles Wolverton, William Eeed, Furman Farns- worth, Peter E. Wilhour, Jacob E. Clark, Adam Broscious, and George P. •Johnson. A division of the church, resulting from a divergence of views upon questions of doctrine and discipline, occurred on the 17th of May, 1834; the resulting societies were distinguished as "old school" and "new school;" the former was the smaller numerically, and sustained a lingering existence until 1840; the latter was recognized; by the association and retained posses- sion of the church property, which was occupied by both for religious pur- poses. The first protracted meeting of which there is any account was held in February, 1835, and the second from October 30th to November 4th in the •same year. The Sunday school and prayer meeting were established in pur- suance of a resolution passed on the 7th of April, 1836. The first church building was erected at the organization of the society and used until 1837. The ground it occupied was deeded to Allen Wilker- ®on and Joseph Eichardson, trustees, by Gideon Wilkerson, April 27, 1795. 732 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The roof of that structure having blown off, it was decided, at a meeting on the 5th of May, 1837, to build two other houses of worship, one on the Shamokin hills, and the other on the Centre turnpike. The former became the first place of worship of the Eush Baptist church ; the latter was dedi- cated in December, 1838, and continued as the church edifice of this society more than thirty-five years. The present church building is a one- story brick structure situated on the Treverton road near Stonington post- ofiice; the corner-stone was laid, June 22, 1873, and the dedication occurred, June 28, 1874. About the same time a frame church building was erected at the old burial ground; it has been occasionally used for religious worship by Baptist and other ministers. This church was originally connected with the Philadelphia Baptist Asso- ciation, into which it was received in 1796. At the organization of the Northumberland Baptist Association in 1821 it was represented by Rev. John Wolverton, the pastor, Isaac Wolverton, David Kelly, John Moore, Charles Saxton, and Gideon Chamberlain. The association has frequently convened at this church, and here, at the session of 1845, measures were first taken for the establishment of the literary and theological institutions of this denomination at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Summit Baptist Church. — In 1833 Matthias Reed and Isaiah Morgan, whose families were connected with the Shamokin Baptist church, located in Irish valley. Rev. G. M. Spratt, pastor of the Shamokin church, soon after- ward began to hold Baptist services at private houses at intervals of a month; this was the first Baptist preaching in the valley, and was continued several years. In 1843 Michael Taylor donated ground for a church building, the title to which was vested, by the terms of the deed, in Matthias Reed, Isaiah Morgan, and Joseph Ammerman as trustees. A house of worship was erected thereon in 1844; it was repaired in 1868 and rededicated on the 16th of June in that year, Reverends J. R. Shanafelts, A. D. Hawn, and George T. McNair officiating. On the 19th of January, 1865, the church was duly organized with thirty-one members and the following officers: pastor. Rev. George T. McNair; deacons: Farnsworth Reed, Caleb F. Persing; clerk, Farnsworth Reed, and treasurer, Absalom Yeager. The organization was formally recognized by a council composed of clergymen and laymen from congregations of the Northumberland Baptist Association, which convened at the Irish VaUey church on the 16th of February, 1865. Among Mr. McNair's successors in the pastoral relation have been Reverends A. B. Still, E. B. Waltz, D. F. Giles, N. Thomas, and P. F. Delancey. St. John's Lutheran and Reformed Church was organized in 1828 with the following members: John Evert, John Smith, Samuel Gonsar, Jacob Hoover, George Arnold, Valentine, Jacob, and Abraham Klase, Andrew Smith, Andrew and Benjamin Kanderman, Michael Evert, William Martz and wife, Peter, John, and Daniel Keffer, John Evert, Jr., Solomon Evert, and Solomon SHAMOKIN TOWNSHIP. 733 Hartzel. An acre of ground was presented by John Evert, upon wtioh a frame church edifice was erected, and the remainder has been used as a burying ground. In 1870 the congregation purchased a lot on the opposite side of the road, and erected thereon a brick church edifice, forty by sixty feet, at a cost of four thousand one hundred eight dollars sixty- six cents. The following pastors have served these congregations : Lutheran — Reverends Shindel, Wampole, Shultz, Vought, Eizer, Berry, Zimmerma,n, Frederick, Harsh, Bateman, Benson, and Shannon; Reformed — Reverends Fisher, Heisler, Steinmetz, Shoemaker, Hartzel, Mutchler, Huffman, and Haas. Snydertown Methodist Episcopal Church was organized prior to 1859 with J. M. Wolverton as first class leader and Christian Diehl, J. M. Wol- verton, Joseph Hoover, John Jones, and Solomon Klase as first trustees. The church edifice, a frame building forty feet long and twenty feet wide, was dedicated on the 4th of December, 1859, by Rev. M. Warren. The follow- ing is a list of pastors since the formation of Snydertown circuit: John F. Craig, 1868; D. M. McCloskey, 1869-70; Henry S. Mendenhall, 1871-72; N. W. Colburn, 1873-74; G. H. Day, 1876-78; John Guss, 1879-80; Henry B. Fortner, 1881-83; John A. De Moyer, 1884; John Horning, 1885-87; Elial M. Chilcoat, 1888, present incumbent. Irish Valley Methodist Episcopal Churches. — There are two Methodist churches in Irish valley, both of which are situated in the southern part of the township, and have generally had the same pastors as the society at Sny- dertown. One of them was formerly occupied by another denomination; the erection of the other was begun in the early spring of 1869, but the struct- ure was destroyed by fire before its completion. The corner-stone was again laid on the 23d of May, 1869, and the dedication occurred, February 20, 1870, during the pastorate of Rev. John F. Craig. Clark' s Orove United Brethren Church was organized about 1850 in an old school house then known as Zimmerman's, situated five miles from Shamokin on the Irish Valley road. Among the leading families at that time were those of Lewis, Moody, Miller, and ShoU. Services were held in the school house until a frame church building was erected near that place; this was used as a place of worship until 1879, when many of the, members changed to the Baptist faith and held the church building as the property of that denomination. Those who continued in connection with the United Brethren church erected their present frame church edifice, about half a mile west of their previous house of worship on the Irish Valley road. This building was completed and dedicated on the 17th of September, 1879, Rev- erends M. J. Mumma and L. Peters officiating. Pleasant Hill United Brethren Church was organized about 1850 in an old school house on the Centre turnpike one mile west of Reed's station. The present one-story brick church edifice, situated near the site of the school house, was erected during 1872-73, and dedicated on the 4th of May, 734 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1873. The Eeeser families were among the first members and have been quite prominent in the church ever since its organization. The graveyard was opened as a place of burial in 1872. Ashgrove United Brethren Church. — The first class was organized in 1870, through the efforts of Andrew Einehart and David Eeeser, and consisted of Eli Eeed and wife, John Eeed and wife, and Miss Hales; Andrew Einehart was first class leader. The meetings were held in a school house on the Centre turnpike one half-mile west of Paxinos until 1872, when a church edifice was erected. This is a one-story frame building, situated near the site of the old school house, and was dedicated on the 21st of January, 1872. Eeverend Kauffman was the first pastor. CHAPTEE XXVIII. LITTLE MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. Bound AEiES — Organization — Pionbbbs — Mills — Schools — Chueches. ALTHOUGH one of the smallest townships of the county at the present day. Little Mahanoy was originally one of the most extensive. It is separated from Eockefeller and Lower Augusta by the Little mountain, and from Washington and Jackson by Line mountain; the townships of Zerbe and Cameron adjoin on the east. Thus inclosed by mountains on the north, west, and south, its agricultural territory is limited to the valleys of Mahanoy creek and Zerbe run, through which the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad passes from the Shamokin coal region to the Susquehanna river, affording exceptional facilities for travel and transportation. Little Mahanoy was erected by decree of court, August 19, 1813, from territory formerly embraced in Augusta and Shamokin. The original bound- aries were thus described: — Beginning on the top of the Mahanoy mountain near the river Susquehanna; thence along the line that was lately run which divides the two Mahanoy townships from Augusta and Shamokin townships to the county line; thence the best course to the Stony gap at Shamokin creek; thence along the mountain to the place of beginning. This line was surveyed by Henry Donnel, John Weitzel, and Samuel Awl, who were appointed at November sessions, 1812. The principal reason urged for the division was the inconvenience involved in attending elections, etc. This entire territory had originally been included in Augusta; its eastern part was included in Catawissa at its formation in 1785 and transferred to Shamokin in 1788, but the whole of what is now Little Mahanoy, with adja- LITTLE MAHANOY TOWNSHIP. 735 cent territory in Zerbe and Cameron, was taken from Augusta in 1813. In 1837 Coal township (embracing at that time Coal, Zerbe, Cameron, and Mt. Carmel), was erected from Shamokin and Little Mahanoy, thus reducing the latter to its present limits. PIONEERS. The triennial assessment of 1814, the first after the organization of Little Mahanoy township, shows the following resident taxables : Nicholas Brosius, John Boyer, John Dunkelberger, Frederick Dunkelberger, Christopher Dun- kelberger, PhiHp Dunkelberger, Christopher Dunkelberger, Jr., John Derr, Lawrence Derr, Michael Diehl, Michael Derk, Abraham Drumheller, Leon- ard Ferster, John Ferster, John Fagely, Conrad Feger, Daniel Fagely, George Fisher, Daniel Gottschall, Jacob Grisinger, Abraham Holshue, John Haas, William Haas, George Homberger, George Hornberger, Jr., Henry Haupt, Philip Henninger, George Hensyl, Godfrey Kremer, Leonard Ker- stetter, Henry Kobel, Jacob Loas, John Lynn, Peter Maurer, Philip Maurer, Abraham Rothermel, Conrad Baker, Henry Reed, John Swinehart, George Strausser, Nicholas Strausser, Samuel Strausser, Adam Sligh, Jacob Shaffer, Moses Vail. MILLS. In the assessment of 1814 John Dunkelberger, Sr., is credited with a grist and saw mill on Mahanoy creek; Abraham Rothermel, with a grist, saw, and oil mill on Mahanoy creek, and Conrad Raker, with a saw mill on Little Mahanoy creek. At the present time there are two mills in the township, one at Domsife and the other owned by A. S. Speece, who also operates a powder mill. SCHOOLS. An early subscription school was taught at a log building which occupied the site of one of the present school houses. The public school system was adopted in 1871 ; the first board of directors was composed of Isaac D. Raker, president; A. S. Speece, secretary; Samuel C. Long, treasurer; John Hen- sel, A. B. Lenker, and C. H. Raker. Two brick school houses have been erected and constitute the facilities in this respect. CHDBCHES. ImmanueVs Church, although nominally a union place of worship, has been virtually exclusively Lutheran for a score of years, during which period the few Reformed families have been without a pastor. It is a log building, thirty feet square and weather-boarded, with gallery and pigeon-box pulpit about large enough to accommodate one person. The corner-stone was laid on the 6th of April, 1828, by the Eev. J. P. Shindel, of Sunbury, and the building has been used as a place of worship since its completion. Among 736 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the prominent members of the Lutheran organization have been Conrad Eater, Isaac Raker, Solomon Bobb, Isaac Peiffer, Solomon Eeed, Samuel Long, Jeremiah Wagner, Samuel Domsife, Isaac Wagner, William Dunkel- berger, Robert Hoffman, Washington Zimmerman, Daniel Raker, Enoch Raker, James Raker, Daniel Fiss, and Enoch Swinehart. The present (1890) membership is ninety, and a large Sunday school, exclusively Lutheran in government, is sustained. Rev. J. P. Shindel was pastor in 1828 ; he contin- ued in that capacity for some years, and was assisted by his son. Reverend Neimann was pastor in 1842, and Augustus Bergner, 1847-60, after whom J. G. Hornberger is recorded as holding communion services, but how long he continued is not known. Rev. John C. Schmidt was pastor, 1864^69 ; J. F. Bayer, 1870; John C. Schmidt, 1871-81; J. F. Bayer, 1881-86; D. M. Stetler, the present pastor, assumed charge on the 1st of April, 1887. The Reformed pastors were Reverends John Houtz, Benjamin Boyer, Isaac F. Steily, and J. Fritzinger, whose labors covered the period from 1828 to 1866. The congregation was always weak numerically, with only a few male members; of the latter there were three in 1849, viz. : George Hen- zel, George Peiffer, and John Peiffer, while Benjamin Knerr and Blias Peif- fer appeared later. Reformed services were discontinued in 1866, and since that date the form.er membership has principally been absorbed by the Lutheran organization. St. John's Church of the Evangelical Association was organized in 1870, through the efforts of Daniel Reitz, Samuel Dunkelberger, Adam Len- ker, John Hensel, and Joseph Reitz. They furnished the means, a lot was purchased, and a frame church edifice twenty by thirty feet was erected at a cost of eleven hundred dollars. The Reverends Benjamin Bohner, B. F. Snyder, and L. N. Worman have served the congregation as pastors. EUSH TOWNSHIP. 737 CHAPTEE XXIX. EUSH TOWNSHIP. SnccBssivE Movements for the Division of Shamokin Township — Formation, Origin of Name, and First Township Officers op Rush — Pioneers — Indus- tries — BusHTowN — Schools — Churches. THE erection of Little Mahauoy township in 1813 subtracted a large part of the former territory of Shamokin from its limits, leaving the latter exceedingly irregular in shape. It was also quite extensive, being eight miles in breadth with a maximum length of twenty-four miles from southeast to northwest, and in 1813 a division was agitated, the new town- ship to be situated between the river and the Shamokin hills. Two petttions for division were presented at January sessions, 1814; one suggested a line of division "to begin where the Augusta township line crosses Shamokin creek, thence along said creek to Eeed's saw mill, and thence by Eobert Teitsworth's to the county line," the new township to be called Perry or Mt. Pleasant; the second line suggested was as follows: "Beginning at the line of Augusta township on the south side of the top of Shamokin hill, thence along said south side of Shamokin hill to the line of Columbia county at Samuel Moore's plantation." Viewers were appointed, who reported at the following term of court; but at August sessions following, a protest having been presented in which it was alleged that the proposed new township would include the best of the creek and river bottoms, while the old part, "poor, mountainous, and thinly settled," would have the most expensive roads to repair, the report was set aside, April 18, 1815. Proceedings for division were again instituted in January, 1819; the report of Henry Van- dersHce and Henry Masser, two of the viewers to whom the matter was referred, received confirmation on the 18th of August, 1819, and the new township was called Eush "in memory of the late Doctor Eush and respect for his brother, Jacob Eush, late president of this court." The first township officers were as follows: constable, Philip Andrews; overseers of the poor: John Dewitt, John Housel; supervisors: John Kase, Peter Kase; auditors: John Hirsh, Benjamin Vastine, Peter Kase. PIONEERS. The triennial assessment for 1820, the first after the organization of the township, gives the following names of resident taxables, many of whom 738 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. were doubtless among the pioneers: John Albaugh, John Adams, Chris- topher Andrews, Philip Andrews, Samuel Andrews, Alba C. Barrett, Jacob Bear, Barbara Barrett, John Boughner, Barnard Banghart, John Baler, George Baler, George Baler, Jr., Samuel Blackford, Luther Bassett, Elisha Bird, Ziba Bird, John Bear, John Bear, Jr., Samuel Blackford, Jr., Adam Barnhart, William Bird, Sylvanus Bird, William Bird, Jr., Godfrey Cline, Alexander Campbell, Eobert Campbell, Christopher Campbell, Jr., James Campbell, Abraham Campbell, Joseph Campbell, Jacob Cline, Isaac Cline, John Campbell, Peter Campbell, Jacob Carr, John Carr, Gideon Chamberhn, John Campbell, Jr., Joseph Campbell, Jacob Cline, Jacob Depuy, Jacob Depuy, Jr., Harman Depuy, William Depuy, John Depuy, Adam Derr, John Dewitt, John Desha, Lawrence Durlin, Peter Eplin, Jacob Epler, James Fitzsimmons, William Fisher, Moses Fisher, George Farley, John Fox, Asher Fox, Aaron Fox, Daniel Fox, Thomas L. Fleming, William Fell, David Fox, Jacob Gearhart, Jr., Charles Gulick, William Gearhart, Tunis Gearhart, George Gearhart, Harmon Gearhart, John Gulick, Charles Gear- hart, John Gearhart, Jacob Gearhart (judge), Jacob Gearhart (carpenter), Aarorf Gearhart, Jacob C. Gearhart, John Gearhart, William C. Gearhart, John Gillam, William Hummer, Solomon Houswart, John Hummer, Henry Hile, John Hile, Henry HufP, John Haughawout, Isaac Houswart, Henry Hunsinger, Martin Hurst, John Housel, Henry Hiller, James HufP, John Hirsh, David John, Abner Johnston, Cornelius Johnston, John Kline, Isaac Kline, Elisha Kline, Benjamin Kelley, John Kelley, Joseph Kelley, William Kase, Simon Kipp, Albert Kimball, Christopher Kimball, John Kase (tanner), John Kase (farmer), Daniel Kase, Peter Kase, WiUiam Kase, Jr., Henry Lott, George Lott, Henry Lacock, Zachariah Loudon, Joseph Lamerson, Theodore Larison, Samuel Morgan, Jacob Miller, Samuel McLaughlin, James Morgan, Philip Mettler, William Mettler, Henry Mettler, David Moore, Alexander Moore, Michael Moore, Isaac Marsh, Isaac Marsh, Jr., Griggs Marsh, Nathaniel McBride, Asa Moore, Peter Moore, Edward Morgan, Samuel Muehler, Jonas Muehler, Joseph Morgan, Leonard Miller, Joseph Martin, William Marsh, Jacob Niece, John Nephew, Thomas Osborn, Joseph Patton, Abiathar Poyers, Joseph Poyers, William Pipher, Eichard Poyers, Nathan Pegg, John H. Quick, Esther Eookefeller, Nicholas Eandles, Abraham Eyan, William Eookefeller, Bonham Eunyon, John Eunyon, Aaron Eunyon, Samuel Eeems, Jacob Eeed, Joseph Eeeder, David Eichardson, Matthias Eeed, John Eunkle, Eichard Eobinson, Samuel Shannon, Thomas Sowder, Enos Savidge, John Savidge, Daniel Sherry, Nicholas Smoltz, John Scott, Eobert Scott, Eobert Scott, Jr., John Skinner, David Sayre, Solomon Smith, Henry Snyder, Herman Snyder, Joseph Snyder, Jesse Simpson, Henry Traxler, John Teats, Ebenezer Troy, Moses Thurston, Morgan N. Thomas, Epaphras Thompson, William Thompson, Tarnage Thompson. Benjamin L. Vastine, Jeremiah Vastine, Lewis Vastine, Benjamin Vastine, crh^jo^ KecS 741 John Vastine, Thomas Vastine, Jonathan Vastine, John Vastine, Jr., Thomas Vastine, Jr., Peter Vastine, Benjamin Vastine, Jr., Michael Weaver, Henry Weaver, Frederick Weaver, Isaac Wolverton, WiUiam Willett, John Woodruff, Tunis Woodruff, Elias Woodruff, William Willett, George Whitlock, Conrad Yeager. INDtrSTEIES. In the assessment of 1820, saw mills are accredited to Philip Andrews, Ziba Bird, Jacob Depuy, John Gearhart, Daniel Montgomery, and Henry Lacock; grist mills, to Daniel Montgomery, Henry Lacock, and Peter Vas- tine; a tannery, to William Kase, and a distillery, to Conrad Yeager, and these, in all probability, constituted the principal early industries of the township. Montgomery's grist and saw mill was situated on Logan's run, Lacock's, on Gravel run, and Vastine's, on Wilson's run. Montgomery's was operated by John GiUam. BDSHTOWN. Rushtovrai, a post-village of one himdred fifty inhabitants, is situated three miles and a half from Danville at the intersection of the road leading from Sunbury to Catawissa with the road from Paxinos to DanviUe. Among the important features of the place is a large and commodious Grange hall, the property of a flourishing branch of the order of Patrons of Husbandry. There are two blacksmith shops and one store. The village was formerly known as Liberty Pole, from the fact that political demonstrations were often held here in which pole-raisings were a feature of the program. The most important of the early schools was that of the Bev. Samuel Henderson; it was conducted in a stone building erected for the purpose by John Hirsh and the Vastine family. Many leading citizens of the township were educated here; there were also accommodations for boarding pupils from a distance, and this feature of the institution was fairly well patronized. A log school house at Rushtown, in which James Patton and Albe C. Barrett taught, and the school taught by S. D. Pasco and E. Kline at a building on the farm of William Mettler, were also among the early educa- tional facilities. Bush first appears among the districts accepting the public school sys- tem in 1842. The first teachers under the new arrangement were Ezra Newton and his two sisters. The present school buildings are all brick structures. CHURCHES. The Presbyterian Church of Bush township is generally recognized as 42 742 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the successor to the old Shamokin church. Obadiah Campbell, Alexander Moore, and William Kase were among the first elders. The first church edifice in this township, a small frame building, was erected in 1828; the present brick structure was built in 1856. An acre of ground was donated for church and burial purposes by John Haughawout, to which Perry Patton subsequently added half as much more. Rush Baptist Church was originally composed of seventy-eight mem- bers, among whom were Mrs. John Moore, Mrs. Catherine Vastine, Miss Kate Henderson, A. Berger, Miss Ann. Woodruff, Jacob Eeed, Jeremiah Vas- tine and wife, Aaron Campbell and wife, Edward Wilkerson and wife, Isaac Hoe and wife, Benjamin Vastine and wife, Thomas Vastine and wife, John Vastine and wife, William Rote and wife, Paul Ammerman and wife, Lizzie Ford, Joseph Kelly and wife, John Vanzant and wife, Mrs. Ann Wolverton, and Mrs. Eebecca Eeeder; they had aU been previously connected with the Shamokin Baptist church, from which they were dismissed by resolution of that body, July 27, 1839, an amicable division having been decided upon on the 4th of May in that year. The erection of the church edifice was begun under the auspices of the Shamokin church, which, on the 5th of May, 1837, resolved to erect two places of worship ; that which now constitutes the church building of the Eush church, a one-story brick structure forty by sixty feet, was dedicated on the 6th of October, 1838. The following pastors have served this congregation : Eeverends George Spratt, Henry Billings, Isaac Jones, John Worrell, A. J. Collins, E. P. Barker, W. F. Johnson, Joseph Eush, W. W. Waltz, T. O. Critchlow, Mr. Ward, Mr. Miller, A. J. Collins, James Eunyon, J. Green Miles, W. W. Watkins, W. P. Hile, and W. H. EUis. Rushtown Methodist Episcopal Church, of which the corner-stone was laid in the early spring of 1890 and the dedication occurred in the following autumn, was erected under the supervision of a building committee composed of William H. Mettler, J. C. Campbell, Isaac Hoffman, L. C. Bassett, and Frank Eyan. It is a one-story brick building. The society forms part of Snydertown circuit. ^ >=:p$=< ^ JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 743 CHAPTER XXX. JACKSON TOWNSHIP. OeIGINAL BotrSDAEIES — PlONEBES — IlSTDUSTBIBS — EaRLY HiSTOKT AND GkOWTH OF Herndon — Mahanot — Schools — Churches. THAT part of the original area of Mahanoy township comprised between Swartz's ridge on the south and Line mountain on the north, with Union county on the west and Washington township on the east, comprises the present territory of Jackson township. It was erected by decree of court, January 6, 1836, when a boundary line reported by David Eockefeller and Peter Pursel was confirmed. The eastern boundary began at a point on the summit of Line mountain where the present line of Cameron and Little Mahanoy intersects the northern line of Washington and extended south seven degrees east five hundred sixteen perches to Middle creek, five hundred thirteen perches with the course of that stream, and south seven degrees east eight hundred forty- six perches to the Mahantango, which formed the southern boimdary. Fidler's run and the western line of Jordan consti- tuted the southwestern boundary. The formation of Jordan in 1852 and of Washington in 1856 has reduced Jackson to its present limits. The first township officers were Jacob Brosius and William D. Hoffman, overseers of the poor; William Gastman and Daniel Schwartz, supervisors; John Miller, George Eeed, and Jacob Weiser, auditors, and M. Drumheller, constable. PIONEERS. John Michael Shaffer and Henry Zartman were two of the first settlers upon the territory of Jackson township. Henry Latsha, Henry Kobel, P. Leffer, C. Stump, and P. Troutman were also residents prior to 1776, while a Mr. White resided upon the island opposite Herndon at a contemporary period. John Beakley, John Leas, John Miller, John Haas, Samuel Weiser, and Abraham McKinney were also among the pioneers. An Early Hotel was conducted at the site of J. G. Smith's present resi- dence. John Kunsman erected a brick building on the same site, of which Adam Gable and John Stump were at one time the landlords. It was remodeled by J. Galen Smith and known for many years as Smith's hotel, until its doors were closed as a public house in 1880. It is probable that the first hostelry on this site had been established nearly a hundred years previously. 744 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. INDUSTEIES. If traditional information may be credited, a mill was in operation on Mahanoy creek in this township as early as 1785. The site is a mile and a half north of Herndon, and the building, a dilapidated stone structure, is now owned by David Bohner. It was erected by Abraham McKinney. In 1809 William Dobson built a mill at the site of C. W. Dewitt's; it was subsequently rebuilt by Jacob Gonser and furnished with three sets of buhrs. Reuben Weiser afterward operated it until 1882, when it was purchased by W. W. Dewitt, father-in-law of the present proprietor. It is situated at Mahanoy postofQce. Kobel's mill, a three-story brick structure located on Mahanoy creek at the gap in Line mountain, was built in 1855 by Jonathan Dunkelberger. It is furnished with a turbine wheel and three sets of buhrs. The present owner is Henry Kobel. J. W. Seal's tannery was established in 1860 by Daniel^eal in the south- eastern part of Jackson township. The plant comprises a frame building forty-eight by thirty-two feet, bark sheds, bark miU, and twenty-three vats. This village is situated at the junction of the Northern Central and Phil- adelphia and Heading railroads. A town was first projected in this locality by Robert A. Parrish, of Philadelphia, about the year 1840; the Mahanoy slackwater navigation, originally projected in 1827, promised early realiza- tion at that time, and with the intention of taking time by the forelock Mr. Parrish purchased several farms at the mouth of Mahanoy creek, upon which the town of Port Royal was elaborately laid out; but as the navigation proj- ect collapsed shortly afterward, the town also failed to materialize. In 1855 the Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna railroad was opened, connecting with the Pennsylvania canal by a bridge across the Susquehanna river. When the Northern Central railway was opened in 1857 connection was es- tablished with that line, and the company which owned the Trevorton road purchased the land about the junction from George Seller for terminal pur- poses. The only house within the limits of the village at that time occupied the site of the Herndon House, and had been erected before the close of the last century by a Mr. White, who owned an island in the river and an exten- sive tract of land at the mouth of Mahanoy creek. This house was a summer resort, and was also well patronized by the traveling public. As a necessary requisite the town received a name, in the selection of which honor was rendered to the memory of Lieutenant Herndon, U. S. N., who was lost with his ship in the Gulf of Mexico. The name was suggested by the postofifice department, and J. E. Strickler, appointed in 1858, was the first postmaster. The first toll collector at the bridge was Patrick Hensey, who was succeeded by William H. Lamb. The first store was opened by Philip JACKSON TOWNSHIP. 745 Bowman at the old White hotel. Peter Ziegler and Abraham Deppen built two of the first dwellings. An important local enterprise was the erection of a building for school and church purposes; Abraham Deppen, Benjamin Strickler, and Abraham Ziegler contributed the principal part of the neces- sary funds. Mr. Ziegler was then conducting a brick yard, and donated the bricks for the building. The present business interests include two general stores, two hotels, one blacksmith shop, and a candy factory. Two saw mills were once in operation, established by Ziegler & Brother and Albert & Bower, respectively, but both have been destroyed by fire; the latter has been rebuilt, and is now owned by Isaac Albert. MAHANOY. The post- village of this name is situated in the eastern part of the town- ship in the midst of a thickly settled locality. It is one of the oldest post- offices in the county. In the early part of this century and until the discon- tinuance of the old militia system the battalion muster for the southern part of Northumberland county was annually held here. It has also been for many years the location of a widely patronized mercantile establishment. An early hotel was also conducted, at the site of the present residence of J. Galen Smith, ex-treasurer of Northumberland county. The present brick building was erected by John Kunsman, remodeled by a subsequent owner, and known for many years as Smith's hotel. Its doors were closed as a pub- lic house in 1880. Mahanoy Lodge, No. 551, I. O. O. F., was organized under a charter granted on the 6th of March, 1859. SCHOOLS. During the period of early settlement a school was established near Ma- hanoy postoffice; James Haslett, Matthias Heim, and James Leavengood were among the first instructors. The first school at Herndon was taught by J. H. N. Laudenslagle at the old White hotel ; schools were conducted there and at various other places until 1862, when the union school building men- tioned was erected. The public school system was adopted on the 27th of February, 1869, and the first board of directors was composed of Daniel Zartman, president; H. B. Latsha, secretary; Joseph Haas, treasurer, Jacob Bower, Joseph Dressier, and Benjamin Stepp. At the present time (1890) seven schools are sustained. CHUECHES. St. Peter's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, is one of the oldest in the county. On the 6th of May, 1795, William Gray, deputy surveyor, surveyed "a tract of land called church land," containing twenty-seven and three 746 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. fourths acres, " for Gottlieb Leffler and Henry Krebs in trust for the Lu- theran and Calvinist (Reformed) church school house by virtue of a warrant dated the 4th day of April, 1774." Thirteen acres of this land are still in possession of the churches mentioned; the remainder was sold in 1859. The first building on this ground was used for both school and church purposes. A second was erected about the beginning of the present century; it was a log structure, subsequently weather-boarded and painted yellow, with galler- ies around three sides of the interior. In 1859 it was replaced by the present church edifice, a brick building forty-five by sixty-five feet in dimen- sions, with main audience room and basement. It was remodeled in 1885 and is an attractive place of worship. It occupies an elevated location on the north side of the State road, with Mahanoy creek on the northwest, Green- brier creek on the north. Mouse creek on the west, and David's run on the south, all in range of vision and within a radius of three quarters of a mile. On the opposite side of the road is the residence of the organist, which has been so occupied since 1865 ; prior to that date it was jointly 'used as a dweUing and for school purposes. The earliest record now extant is an old book kept in the church. It is evidently defective; the first legible entry is as foUows: "Peter Zart- man — a child born on the 20th day of July in the morning at two o'clock, 1788, and was baptized on the 3d day of August, 1788, and received the name of Maria. The sponsors were John Henry Brenninger and his wife, Anna Maria." The book referred to contains a record of eight hundred forty-three baptisms prior to the 14th of January, 1842. No entries appear from December 27, 1805, to March 11, 1811, but with the exception of this interval the record is probably complete. The Reformed congregation has been served by the following pastors: Rev. George Geistweit, 1796-1800, and perhaps longer; Mr. Pulfrich; Fred- erick Adams, 1810-17; John Felix, 1817-21; Henry Herman Knoebel, 1821-28; John Houtz, 1828-30; Benjamin Boyer, 1831-34; Rudolph Duenger, 1835-54; Henry S. Bassler, 1854-55; Jared Fritzinger, 1855 to May 7, 1871; John Wohlbach, May, 1871, to May 7, 1876, and A. R. Hot- tenstein, present incumbent, who assumed charge on the 2d of November, 1876. The following family names occur in a communion list of this church for the year 1822: Hilbush, Smith, Rebuck, Hensyl, Herb, Carl, Peifer, Latsha, Goodman, Renner, Schlegel, Lieder, Haas, Schneider, Seaser, Michael, Heim, Schwartz, Kobel, Schlenker, Kembel, Kerlin, and Roth- ermel. The Hilbush, Bahner, Kobel, Otto, Latsha, Seiler, Smith, and Zart- man families are most numerously represented at the present time. The congregation forms part of the Mahanoy charge. Since the erection of the present church edifice the Lutheran congrega- tion has been served by the following pastors : Reverends Augustus Bergner, W. Hasskarl, J. F. Bayer, and J. C. Smith; Mr. Smith is the present pastor, JACKSON TOWNSHIP. ' 747 having been twice recalled by the congregation. Eev. J. N. Hemping, who resigned in 1847, is said to have preached in the old church forty years. His predecessor was Eev. Daniel Ulrioh. This church formed part of the Mahanoy pastoral district until 1884, when it became a separate and individ- ual charge. Zion Church, Lutheran and Reformed, Herndon, was originally erected as a union place of worship, but ultimately came into the exclusive posses- sion of the Methodist society. In the spring of 1887 it was purchased by the Lutheran and Eeformed congregations, of which it has since been the joint property. At a meeting on the 5th of May, 1888, steps were taken to remodel the building; a bell was placed in the tower and an organ in the audience room, the exterior was painted and the interior frescoed, and on the 12th of August, 1888, the corner-stone was relaid and the building was dedi- cated as Zion's Evangelical Lutheran and Eeformed Church of Herndon. The Lutheran organization was formed by Eev. J. F. Bayer in 1882 at the house of EUas Lahr; prominent among the membership were Elias Lahr, S. W. Brown, Peter Bobb, Elias Eeubendahl, Daniel Holshue, John P. Tressler, and John Albert. Mr. Bayer was pastor until within a few months of his death; on the 1st of April, 1887, he was succeeded by Eev. D. M. Stetler, who has added quite a number of members. After the pur- chase of the church property a reorganization was effected with Elias Eeu- bendahl and Peter Bobb as deacons, Henry S. Byerly and John Albert as elders, and Elias Lahr and Daniel Holshue as trustees. The Eeformed congregation was organized by Eev. A. E. Hottenstein with the election of David Bohner, John Deppen, Peter Ziegler, WiUoughby Waldt, and George Ziegler as officers. A chapel, erected in 1884 by several parties independent of the church for occupation by a union Sunday school, was the place of worship for a time, after which the congregation united with the Lutherans in the purchase of the present church building. Eev. A. E. Hottenstein is the present pastor. A flourishing union Sunday school is sustained. The congregations have also secured ground for a cemetery in the northern part of the village. St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, a branch of the old St. Peter's churchy came into existence through a disturbance caused by the dissatisfac- tion of a part of the membership with their pastor, who, with those members that sustained him, was locked out; they formed another congregation in the spring of 1884 at the house of John S. Klock, and services were held in his house and bam; this organization is known as the St. John's Evangelical Lutheran church. The first officers were Eev. J. F. Bayer, pastor; John Clark and Abraham Deppen, elders; Josiah S. Lahr and George L. Snyder, deacons; Ehas F. Zartman, John S. Klock, and George Malick, trustees; and among the other members were Adam Zartman, Joseph Harner, George Lenker, Aaron Bilhnan, B. F. W. Latsha, Joseph Zartman, Daniel 748 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Klook, and William S. Tressler. The new church edifice was erected in 1885, and dedicated on the 20th of September in that year. It is a frame building thirty-five by forty-five feet, with tower and bell and basement and main room; the latter is frescoed and artistically arranged. The present pastor, Eev. D. M. Stetler, took charge on the Ist of April, 1887. Of the seven church buildings, located at a distance of three miles apart, St. John's alone is exclusively Lutheran. Both English and German languages are used. Salem Church of the Evangelical Association. — Services were first held in this region by the Eeverends John Seibert, Stever, Reisner, Hull, Barber, and W. W. Orwig, who preached from place to place in private houses. The first camp-meeting was held in 1844, in the woods' of Daniel Zartman, and four years later a log building was erected on land then owned by George Deppen, which was used for school purposes and also as a place of worship by the Evangelical, Lutheran, and Reformed congregations of that section. Later this society worshiped in a frame school house situated on land of Daniel Zartman, and on the 15th of .September, 1861, a brick church edifice was erected on his farm. The first pastor was Rev. William Heim, and the first trustees were Adam Kembel, Michael Bower, and Joseph H. Reitz. Mt. Zion Church of the Evangelical Association, Herndon, was organized in 1867 with the following officers: class leader, H. B. Longsdorf, (who still serves in that capacity); exhorter, Jacob Heim; trustees: H. B. Longsdorf, Hiram Brown, Washington Wilt, and Daniel Reed. Reverends Cornelius Loose, David Lentz, J. P. Wohlfarth, David Stauffer, W. H. Weidner, David Martz, B. H. Miller, F. P. Lehr, J. K. Fehr, D. Z. Kembel, W. H. Stauffer, J. Werner, S. L. Wiest, H. D. Schultz, E. R. Seip, and L. N. Worman have served as pastors. The first church edifice, a brick structure twenty-five by thirty feet, was originally erected in 1867 for school and church purposes and afterward secured by this society. The present frame church building, thirty-five by fifty feet in dimensions, was erected in 1887 under the super- vision of a building committee composed of Edward Baum, Samuel Trout- man, and Adam Kembel. Emanuel Church of the Evangelical Association was organized, Jan- uary 4, 1878, with Jacob Still, Bastian Stepp, Benjamin Peiffer, Daniel Peiffer, and John C. Reiger as trustees. The church edifice, a frame structure thirty-six by forty- two feet, was purchased from the "new" Lutheran con- gregation. Reverends B. H. Miller, Mr. Fehr, John Brown, Charles Warm- castle, Howard Bomberger, and Mr. Fisher have served as pastors. COAL TOWNSHIP. 749 CHAPTER XXXI. COAL TOWNSHIP. SUGGESTIVENBSS OF THE NaME — ORGANIZATION — STREAMS AND ROADS — In-DUSTRIBS — Villages — Coal Poos District — Churches. THE name of Coal township is an appropriate index to its economic re- sources, the industrial character of its people, and, in some measure, to the circumstances of its early history. Utterly destitute of agricultural attractions, early immigrants to Northumberland county passed through its territory over the old Reading road without a suspicion of the mineral wealth concealed beneath its rugged and uninviting surface, and with no misgivings when their passage through the gap placed them upon the border of a rich and fertile farming region. The only early settlements of importance were made at or near the site of Shamokin, and are treated at length in the chap- ter on that borough. The territory that now constitutes Coal township was embraced in Au- gusta until 1785, when it became part of Oatawissa and was transferred to Ealpho (Shamokin) in 1788; in 1813 Little Mahanoy was formed from Au- gusta and Shamokin, and in November, 1837, upon the report of Eobert PhiUips, David Eockefeller, and John Taggart, viewers appointed in the pre- vious January, Coal township was erected from Little Mahanoy and Sha- mokin, embracing, in addition to its present area, the townships of Cameron, Zerbe, and Mt. Carmel. The first township officers, elected in the spring of 1888, were David Thompson and Daniel "Ware, supervisors; George Ker- stetter and George Gottshall, overseers of the poor; Samuel Eisenhart, con- stable, and Abraham Dunkelberger, auditor. The township is drained by Shamokin creek and its tributaries, of which the most important are Furnace run. Buck creek. Coal run, and Weikel's run. It is traversed by the Shamokin division of the Northern Central rail- way and the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad. The old Eeading road and the public roads leading from Shamokin to Trevorton and Gowen City are the principal local highways. INDUSTRIES. The collieries of the township, eighteen in number, are the Cameron, Luke Fidler, Neilson, Bear Valley, Stirling, Burnside, Henry Clay, Buck Eidge, Eoyal Oak (Alpha), Enterprise, Excelsior, Corbin, Hickory Eidge, 750 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. / Hickory Swamp, Garfield, Lancaster, Eureka, and Big Moimtain. A com- plete history of the mining industry is given in Chapters X and XI of this work. Eagle Run brewery, William Beury & Company's powder mills, and the powder mills of the Shamokin Powder Company, of which the statistics are given in the chapter on Shamokin borough, are also located in Coal township. VILLAGES. The villages of the township are Bear Valley, Boydtown, Brady, Conti- nental, East Shamokin, Enterprise, Excelsior, Fiddler's Green, Luke Fidler, Maysville, Scotch Hill, Springfield, West Shamokin, and Uniontown. East Shamokin, West Shamokin (laid out by William L. Helfenstein), Springfield, Uniontown., and Scotch Hill are suburbs of Shamokin ; the remainder possess little of historic interest except in relation to the coal operations upon which their population depends. Springfield adjoins Shamokin on the east, and occupies the northern slope of the mountain which separates the watersheds of Coal run and Sha- mokin creek at this point. In order from the north the streets extending east and west are Railroad, Tioga, Chemung, Oneida, Wabash, and Eagle, crossed at right angles by Emory, Howard, Logan, Sherman, Sheridan, Meade, and Thomas. The survey of the plat was made in 1867 by C. L. Boyd for John B. Douty and Thom^as Baumgardner, who named it Marshall- ton in honor of William H. Marshall. The official designation has never gained popular currency, however. The town has graded schools, a hotel, several stores, and a population of probably more than a thousand. A move- ment for incorporation as a borough is in progress. Enterprise and Excelsior are situated on the Lehigh Valley and Phila- delphia and Reading railroads about midway between Shamokin and Mt. Carmel. On the Lehigh Valley railroad the name of the station is Fulton, and the place was known entirely by that name until Excelsior postoffice was established with Charles Chamberlain as first postmaster. That part of the village south of the Reading railroad is known as Enterprise. There is a Methodist church, and Reformed and Catholic Sunday schools are also sus- tained. COAL POOR DISTBICT. Coal poor district is composed of Coal township and Shamokin borough, and was erected by act of the legislature, April 15, 1863. This act provides for the erection of a poor house, its management, and the general method to be pursued in alleviating the condition of the destitute; its provisions were accepted by the voters of the township at an election held on the 12th of June, 1863. The first directors were William H. Marshall, Joseph Bird, and George McEliece, of whom Mr. Marshall served one year, Mr. Bird two COAL TOWNSHIP. 751 years, and Mr. McEliece three years, and their successors have been regularly elected annually for the term of three years. The first board was authorized to borrow a sum not exceeding seven thousand dollars, and in the spring of 1864 the farm of Jacob Mowry, a mile northwest of ShamoMn, was purchased, with the buildings thereon. The first warden was Emanuel Zimmerman. George Smith, Thomas O'Garra, and John Parker constitute the present (1890) board of directors. CHUKCHES. Excelsior Methodist Episcopal Church. — The first class at Excelsior was organized in 1864 by Eeverend Porter; it was composed of James Fennel and wife, William Praut and wife, John Wright and wife, John Fleming and wife, Stephen Praut and wife, Anthony Culton and wife, Betsey Thomas, William Wright, and three others, of whom John Wright was the first leader. Worship was principally conducted in the public school house until 1883, when the present frame church building was erected under the supervision of a building committee composed of John Fleming, Francis Morgan, John Mc Williams, and Jacob G. Kramer. It is a substantially and tastefully con- structed edifice. The present pastor is Rev. Richard T. Whitley, and the charge embraces Excelsior, Locust Dale, and Helfenstein. Previous to its formation in 1890 this congregation was successively connected with Sha- moMn, Centralia, and West Shamokin. It is now a flourishing society. The Uniontown United Brethren Church was organized by Rev. W. H. TJhler, and among the early active members were the families of Joseph A. Miller, Mrs. Elizabeth Tharp, Clinton Tharp, and Casper Tharp. During Mr. Uhler's pastorate a frame building formerly used as a school house was purchased from the school directors of Coal township and adapted for use as a place of worship. It constitutes the present church edifice. Mr. Uhler's successors as pastor have been Reverends Raver, Leighter, Cow- ling, Yordy, and Spayd. 752 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXII. DELAWARE TOWNSHIP. Organization and Boundakibs — Pioneers — Early Industries — Early History, GrROWTH, Industries, and Borough Organization of McEwbnsville — Dbwart — Chubches — Schools — Cembtbbibs. DELAWAEE township occupies the extreme northwestern part of the county. The West Branch forms its boundary on the west, Turbut town- ship on the south, Lewis on the east, and Lycoming county on the north. Delaware run and its numerous branches, rising principally in the Muncy hills on the north, drain the northern part of its territory. Warrior run empties into the river below Watsontown, passing through the southern part of the township, and various smaller streams combine with these in forming a sys- tem of ample drainage. ' This region formed part of Turbut township from its erection, April 9, 1772, to April 15, 1843, a period of seventy-one years, and has been a part of Northumberland county during that time, excepting the twenty-three months intervening between March 22, 1813, and February 21, 1815, when it was attached to Columbia. Delaware and Lewis were formed from Tur- but, April 15, 1843, by decree of court. The northern boimdary of Turbut is given in the chapter on that township in this work; the line of division between Delaware and Lewis is described as follows : — Commencing at a point on the aforesaid line on the land of John Haag; thence north thirteen degrees east four hundred eighty perches to the Potash road near the northeast corner of McEwensvlUe; thence north nineteen degrees west eighty perch- es to the center of the Warrior Run bridge on the State road where said road passes through the lands of Jacob Stitzel; thence along the said State road the several courses and distances thereof to the line of Lycoming county near Eli Stone's. The first township officers elected were George Oyster, justice of the peace; Samuel Guffy, constable; Wilspn Hutchison and Jacob Stdtzel, over- seers of the poor; Robert McKee, judge of election; John McKinney and Jacob Brown, inspectors of election; John Seibert, assessor; George McCoy and Abraham Sterner, supervisors. pioneers. This part of the county was settled prior to the Revolutionary war. The first families were principally Scotch in nationality and Presbyterian in church connection; it was not until the present century that the German DELAWABE TOWNSHIP. 753 element, which now predominates largely, acquired any considerable repre- sentation. The names of many of the early settlers of the township are given in the list of taxables for Turbut township and in the list of members of Warrior Eun church in 1789. Very few of these families are any longer represented. EAELY INDUSTRIES. Daniel Vincent, from Essex county. New Jersey, built a mill on Warrior run, one of the first mills in the northern part of the county. This was a log building, and was replaced in 1792 by a stone structure. The Trucken- miller mill and the old Wilson mill, also on Warrior run, were established at a later date. Alexander Guffy had a distillery in operation prior to 1800, and several establishments of a similar character have since been conducted by different individuals. An equally important industry was the ashery of a Mr. Harrison, where potash, soda, and other products of ashes were manu- factured. The proprietor opened a road from his establishment to the Susquehanna river; it received the name of " the Potash road," which still retains local significance. In recent years a tannery was operated by Jacob Stitzel, but at the present time, so far as the industrial interests of the town- ship are concerned, Delaware is best described as an agricultural region. BOEOxiGH or m'ewensville. The first person to locate at the present site of McEwensville was John Quigley, a plowmaker and carpenter, who sold his property early in the present century to a Mr. Stahlnecker and moved farther up the Warrior Run valley. Alexander McEwen, a Scotchman by descent, a weaver by trade, and a soldier in the war of 1812, whence he derived the title of captain, opened the first store and was the first postmaster. William Moritz estab- lished the first pubHc house, and, with these early improvements as a nucleus, the place rapidly attained village proportions. In 1825 Adam Sarver laid out a number of lots, which were rapidly sold, and, as a large increase in the population was anticipated, the name became an important subject of consideration. Prior ^ that time the place had been known as Pine Grove, from the prevailing variety of timber in the vicinity, the present name was formally conferred at a supper given by Captain McEwen on the 28th of October, 1825, to Brigadier General Adam Light, Lieutenant Colonel James S. Dougal, Majors John Montgomery and Eobert H. Hammond, Captains Anthony Armstrong, of the Northumberland Troop of Horse, Henry Frick, of the Milton Guards, William Fulkerson, of the Warrior Eun Infantry, Jackson McFadden, of the Lewisburg Guards, James Finney, of the Union Guards, John Ludwig, of the Lafayette Artillerists, and other officers of a battalion of militia encamped for review at Camp Calhoun. The following account appeared in the Miltonian of November 5, 1825 : — 754 HISTOEY OP NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. After tlie review of the Independent Battalion of Volunteers on the 28th of Octo- ber Captain Alexander McEwen invited Brigadier General Light and his staff, the field oificers of the battalion, and several respectable citizens then on a visit to the camp to partalte of a dinner with him. After much conversation it was observed that a new town was about to be laid out in the vicinity of the camp ground, and the inquiry arose. What was the town to be named? No one could tell, but we think the following senti- ment, given as a volunteer toast by General Light, will be sufficiently indicative of what it ought to be called. The toast was loudly and most heartily applauded by the company. By Brigadier General Light — "May we shortly have the satisfaction of seeing a new and flourishing village situated in the immediate vicinity of Camp Calhoun, and may it be appropriately named jVIcEwensville." By Captain Prick — " The town plot just laid out by Adam Sarver — let the blank be filled with ' McEwensville,' and may the town increase with the exactness, neatness, and rapidity of Camp Calhoun, and vie with her more flourishing neighbors, Milton and Pennsborough !" There was for some years a healthful and normal expansion of the village in size, population, and business importance, but with the opening of the Phila- delphia and Erie railroad and consequent growth of Watsontovm the pres- tige of McEwensville began to decline. This was particularly noticeable in the decade ending with 1870. In recent years the borough has derived a renewed impetus from the opening of the Wilkesbarre and Western railroad; it has now some half-dozen stores, a hotel, three manufacturing establishments, four churches, a school building, and a posto£tice. A fertile and populous farming region surrounds the town, giving stability and permanence to its business and other interests. Local Industries. — A. Mauser & Brother's carriage works were estab- lished in 1839 by William Hood, who built a frame shop forty feet square on the west side of Main street. In 1848 he moved this building back from the street and erected in front of it a two-story frame structure forty by forty-four feet; he also built a brick blacksmith shop on the opposite side of the street. In 1870 Mr. Hood disposed of the establishment to Alem Mau- ser, and in 1875 the present firm was formed with Cain Mauser as junior member. They employ fifteen men and manufacture a large amount of new work. C. Gearhart & Brother's foundry is operated in a building erected in 1840 by Stitzel & Housel. It is a brick structure sixty by thirty feet, one story in height. From the original proprietors the establishment passed to J. P. Hackenberg, and during his ownership it was rented by other parties. It then became the property of Philip Steinruck, and after his retirement in 1865 the foundry was operated two years by William Stitzel. Samuel Grey was the next owner; he sold it in 1875 to C. Mentzel, who was suc- ceeded by the present proprietors in 1887. The Excelsior Wagon Works were erected in 1868 by E. Everitt & Company, who were succeeded in March, 188'2, by John W. Kerr, the DELAWABE TOWNSHIP. 755 present owner. The plant was first used as an agricultural implement manufactory. Mr. Kerr introduced the necessary appliances for the manu- facture of extension table slides, land rollers, bobb sleds, etc., and added engines, blacksmith shop, warehouse, and circular saw mill to the plant. W. I. Eothermel was associated in the business in 1886, but since his retire- ment Mr. Kerr has continued the business individually. The works were destroyed by fire on the 1st of Jiine, 1889, but have been rebuilt. Chil- dren's express wagons, farm wagons, etc., are manufactured. Borough Organization. — Legal proceedings for the incorporation of Mc- Ewensville as a borough were instituted on the 7th of November, 1857, when a petition with that object in view was presented to the county court of quarter sessions. The grand jury, through Stephen Bittenbender, foreman, having certified to the expediency of granting it, the borough was forthwith incorporated by decree of court, November 7, 1857. The first election under the new regime was held on the 14th of December, 1857, and resulted as fol- lows: burgess, John F. Dentler; council: John Boush, George Piper, F. H. Carver, Henry Hartranft, William Hood; school directors: George A. Dixon, WiUiam Sample, John Boyer, J. T. Williams, E. D. Yeomans, William B. Irvin; overseers of the poor: Daniel Gold, jWilliam Beard; inspectors: WiU- iam F. Kreigh, E. F. Gold; assessor, Andrew J. Guffy; judge of elections, George Piper; justice of the peace, Philip Steinruck. The following is a list of burgesses since the incorporation of the borough : 1857, John F. Dentler; 1858, WiUiam Hood; 1859, C. L. Eynearson; 1860, F. Piper; 1861, WilUam F. Kreigh; 1862, H. C. Dentler; 1863, WiUiam Hood; 1864, A. J. Guffy; 1865, WiUiam Hood; 1866, G. W. Armstrong; 1867, WiUiam F. Kreigh; 1868, David Gold; 1869, E. P. High; 1870-72, Ephraim Everitt; 1873, EUis L. Irwin; 1874-75, J. E. Housel; 1876, Alem Mauser; 1877, James Murphy; 1878, WiUiam C. Montgomery; 1879-80, John P. Beard; 1881, F. G. Gold; 1882, G. W. Armstrong; 1883-84, George T. Eothermel; 1885, WiUiam F. Kreigh; 1886, L. L. Eothermel; 1887, George T. Eothermel; 1888-89, Henry Gearhart; 1890, George T. Eother- mel; 1891, J. P. Beard. DEWAKT. This village, situated in the western part of Delaware township near the mouth of Delaware run, two miles north of Watsontown on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, and at the terminus of a bridge across the Susquehanna, was laid out by William P. Hull, William H. Marr, and WiUiam F. Nagle, and received its name in compliment to William L. Dewart, Congressman from the district embracing Northumberland county at the time the postoffice was established. An agricultural region of exceptional fertility surrounds the village, and the construction of the river bridge also brought the products of the White Deer valley to this point; a station was therefore established 756 HISTOBY OP NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. immediately after the opening of the railroad, under the name of Uniontown, for which the present designation was substituted several years later. As the location of a railroad station, the terminus of a river bridge, and the center of a rich farming district, Uniontown naturally presented advantages as a prospective trading point, and these considerations governed its selection by Messrs. Hull, Marr, and Nagle as a town site. The first business established, and the most important ever conducted at the place, was that of purchasing and forwarding grain. Hull, Marr, and Nagle erected the first warehouse for this purpose, a frame building twenty- eight by fifty feet, which, as enlarged by Ario Pardee, the next owner, constitutes the present freight and passenger station of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Several other warehouses were also conducted, and at one time the shipments from this point amounted to two hundred thousand bushels annually, at a conservative estimate. Less attention is given to grain than formerly by the farmers of the adjacent region, and the opening of the Philadelphia and Beading railroad on the opposite side of the river has also reduced the shipments at this point. The first dwelling house in the village was built in 1857, and is still standing on the north side of Main street at the west side of the railroad. The first family to reside here was that of W. P. Datesman, who removed from Northampton county to Union in 1847, thence to the vicinity of Milton in 1854, and to the embryo village of Dewart in the autumn of 1857. Here he has since resided, and has served one term as county commissioner. What now constitutes Benner's store room and the building in the rear were erected in 1858 by Hull, Marr, and Nagle, and here W. L. Antrim opened the first store. Mr. Antrim was born in this county and reared at Danville, where he now resides. In 1859 John H. Forgeman built the first hotel, a brick building, which has been continuously occupied as a place of public entertainment ever since. In the same year three other houses were built, by M. L. Everhart, W. W. Burrows, and I. S. Buchner. Mr. Everhart is still a resident of the village; Burrows came here in the employ of Hull, Marr, and Nagle ; and Buchner was the first shoemaker of the place. The first blacksmith was William George, whose shop and dwelling adjoined the house of Mr. Datesman on the north side of Main street. These were the first improvements in that part of the village west of the railroad, where the original plat was laid out. While these developments were in progress, the land adjoining east of the railroad was covered with timber, and remained in the possession of Christian Gosh, from whom Hull, Marr, and Nagle had purchased. Follow- ing their example, he extended Main street to the limit of his land, and, with the assistance of Arthur T. Ludwig, the first justice of the peace in the vicinity of the village, laid off a number of lots on both sides of the street; to this extension of the town plat the name of " Gosh's addition " was C;-^" ^ ~^, ^^4^;^^:^^ DELAWAKE TOWNSHIP. 759 applied. Two grain houses were built thereon in 1860, by Christian Gosh and John McParland; that of the latter burned before its completion, but was at once rebuilt. William Herring erected a brick hotel in 1861-62. On the third lot from the railroad on the south side of the street John L. Strieby, from Lycoming county, a wagon maker by trade, erected a house and shop, and thus inaugurated this important branch of local industry. This house was the first erected for a residence in that part of the town. The" second was built by Christian Gosh. The first store was opened by John Gosh and Irwin Smith. Hayes's addition was laid out by Joseph Hayes, and consisted of a fur- ther extension of Main street through his land. Thomas Euckle, a saddler by trade, and still engaged in that business, and (Edward Faber were the first to .make improvements thereon. Arthur T. Ludwig was appointed first postmaster, but resigned without entering upon his duties. W. P. Datesman succeeded him, and opened the office; he has been followed by George Border, Samuel Comer, and C. T. Michener. The present business of the place includes four general stores, a confec- tionery, tin store, millinery store, hotel, warehouse, undertaking establish- ment, and local blacksmith and wagon shops. A creamery was operated by M. A. Nicely several years, but has been removed. The river bridge sus- tained severe damage in 1865; it was rebuilt, "but was entirely demolished by the flood of June, 1889, and has been again rebuilt. There are two church buildings in the village, and a school building in the vicinity. CHURCHES. Warrior Run Presbyterian Church is the oldest denominational organ- ization in the valley of the West Branch. The earliest account extant of this venerable society is that given in the journal of Philip V. Fithian, a licen- tiate who visited the neighborhood in 1775 under appointment of Donegal Presbytery. He arrived at Warrior run July 12th, and preached on Sun- day, the 16th, at a meeting house "on the bank of the river eighteen miles from Northumberland," and " not yet covered." He preached from a wagon, while the people sat around among the bushes. This building was situated in the western part of Delaware township, a short distance south of Watson- town. It was constructedjof logs; as a single length would not have given the desired size, another log was added by building up a small square mid- way of each side; these squares formed alcoves, which were used as closets. Shingles were provided for a roof, also nails, but the roof was fiever put on. In 1789 Joseph Hutchison and Margaret his wife conveyed to the con- gregation a tract of land, and in 1804, in consideration of three pounds, twenty-five shillings, an additional tract was granted, the deed including also that granted in 1789. In 1811 Thomas De Armond sold for the sum of 760 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. seventy dollars a strip to the north, and, with the exception of the change effected by a sale of that portion lying beyond the public road, the grounds then took their present shape and dimensions. The second church building was erected in 1789, and stood in front of the present building. Its architecture was of an antiquated style. On the first floor were three doors, one in front and one at either side toward the rear. There were two by which the gallery was entered from the outside, one on each side of the building, to which stairways ascended. The central aisle was broad, and there was a wide space before the pews in front; this arrangement was made to accommodate the tables at which the communi- cants sat. The pulpit was very high, resembling the quaint affairs some- times seen in old cathedrals. Over the minister's head was the indispensa- ble sounding board, which has been aptly compared to a huge umbrella. At the foot of the pulpit was the clerk's box. There he sat until the hymn was announced; he then arose, and in solemn, sometimes m.onotonous strain, read couplet after couplet, and led the congregation in singing. The gallery ran around the sides of the building, and in those days when rival churches were few, it was quite well filled. It had its funny episodes, as well as the gal- leries of modern days. On one occasion Nellie McCoy's dog followed her to service, and when she entered the church, he, finding himself excluded, ran around to the stairs and ascended into the gallery. Seeing his mistress below, he made a bold dash down over the seats and leaped from the edge of the gallery into the audience. No further damage was done than to fill those upon whom doggie came with amazement, amusement, and scratches. At first no fire was permitted. The first provision for heating consisted of a low fire of charcoal, burned upon a bed of earth. Large ten-plate stoves were then introduced, and ultimately heating appliances of modern design. This building, like its predecessor, was constructed of logs. The present substantial and commodious church edifice was built in 1835. Fifty years later it received a slate roof, adding greatly to the probability of its preservation for an indefinite period. The audiences, at that early day to which this history more particularly relates, gathered from far and wide. There were then no other churches in the surrounding territory within a radius of some miles. Until the year 1808 a part of the congregation came from White Deer valley, crossing the river; a fair quota was returned from the region beyond Muncy hills; there were some from Derry on the northeast, from Chillisquaque on the southeast, and from Milton on the south. Probably half the audience came on foot — usually carrying their shoes in their hands — and as late as 1832 it is said there were not more than five carriages. • The following is a list of members of this church in 1789, when its second place of worship was erected: Charles Irwin, James Harrison, Samuel Barr, William Calhoun, John McCormick, William McCormick, Joseph DELAWARE TOWNSHIP. 761 Hutchison, Sr., Martha Correy, James Wilson, John Buchanan, John Ferguson, John W. McCurdy, John Wilson, Joseph Hutchison, Jr., John Baird, Barnabas Farran, Alexander Stuart, Thomas Wallace, Eobert Mc- Kee, John McKinney, Bruce Innis, John Irwin, James Story, James Dur- ham, Cornelius Waldron, Thomas Gilmore, Thomas Wilson, Eobert Miller, James Hammond, John Woods, Eobert Craig, Jane Brown, James Falls, An- drew Foster, James Allison, John Watson, William Shaw, Eobert Shaw, Samuel Blaine, Bethuel Vincent, John Burroughs, William Haslet, Thomas De Armond, Eobert De Armond, Andrew Eussell, Patrick Eussell, Eobert Eobertson, Fleming Wilson, John Bryson, John Wilson, Joseph Hutchison, David Shannon, David Hunter, Joseph Hammond, William Boyd, Thomas Kirk, William Kirk, Eobert Montgomery, James McAfee, James Welch, Sr., John Quigley, Hugh Wilson, John Haus, John Smith, Samuel All, William Euckman, Jacob Bruner, Alexander GufEy, James Daugherty, Alexander Foresman, John Allison, William Scott, Patrick Dickson, John McKinney, Alexander Dunbar, David McGuire, Thomas Barr, Anthony Moore, George McCoy, Eobert Smith, Daniel Vincent, Thomas Murray, Widow Gaston, James Watson, Andrew Eussell, Jr., Benjamin Bennet, James Welch, Jr., John Cathcart, Frederick Taylor, William Taylor, Alexander Lock, Samuel Jones, Eichard Vanderolf, Thomas Connely, Jacob Maxwell, John Pipenger, John Gibbons, John Herron, Michael Nolan, Barnabas Murray, Mungo Eeed, John Jacoby, Thomas Blaine, John Fulkerson, John Barr, Hugh Hambleton, David Hogge, George McKee, Thomas Euckman, John Tweed, John Long, John Burroughs, John AUie, James McKean, and Eichard Allison. Eev. John Bryson was pastor of this church from 1789 to 1841. The following clergymen have been his successors: Samuel S. Sheddon, Henry M. Parsons, E. D. Yeomans, Lorenzo Wescott, S. B. Herron, George Eliot, and George A. Marrs. Eev. A. 0. Campbell of Montgomery now serves as supply. St. John's Delaware Run Union Church sustains the same relation to the German population as Warrior Eun Presbyterian church to the Irish. The German element made its appearance somewhat later, and hence nearly half a century elapsed after Mr. Fithian preached at Warrior Eun before the Eeformed and Lutheran congregations of Delaware Eun had provided a place of worship. This was a log building, situated northeast of the location of the present brick edifice. The exterior was plastered, arfd presented a rough-cast appearance ; the main entrance was a double door in the side next the public road, with the pulpit opposite, and there was a smaller door in the gable end. The ground upon which this stood, and the graveyard adjoin- ing, a tract of one hundred fifty -nine perches, was confirmed to John Lose and Solomon Menges, "trustees of the German church on land adjoining a branch of Delaware run in said [Turbut] township, called St. John's," by deed of February 14, 1826, from Jacob Dabler and Abraham Sterner, administra- 762 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. tors of Daniel PoUmer. Follmer had agreed to give this ground, but died without esecuting a deed; the conveyance referred to was made under direc- tion of the county court. , The present church edifice, a brick structure sixty by forty feet in dimen- sions, was erected in 1867 under the supervision of a building committee composed of Samuel Garnhart, Lutheran, and William Transue and Joseph Graven, Eeformed. The ground upon which it stands, with adjacent land amounting to twenty-seven perches, was deeded to Sanyiel Huffman, trustee of the Lutheran church, and William Transue and John Work, trustees of the Eeformed church, July 15, 1879, by Joseph Graven and Catherine his wife at the nominal consideration of one dollar. The basement of this build- ing is used for Sunday school purposes ; the audience room above has a seat- ing capacity of four hundred. A tablet in the wall in front is inscribed with the legend "St. John's Delaware Eun Union Church, April 28, 1867." Eegarding the early history of the two congregations that worship here but meager information is attainable. Originally all the services were con- ducted in German; English was first introduced in the Eeformed congrega- tional worship by Reverend Gring, and in the Lutheran by Eeverend Albert, and this language has now entirely superseded the old patois, not only in the formal exercise of worship, but also in ordinary social intercourse. The following is a partial list of pastors : Eeformed — Eeverends George Adams, Eichard Kelly, Tilghman Derr, Z. A. Yearick, T. S. Land, and D. E. Schoed- ler, the present incumbent; Lutheran — Eeverends Sheetz; Stoever; Albert; Thomas C. Billheimer; Keller; P. S. Mack, July 1, 1871, to July 1, 1873; S. P. Orwig, October 1, 1873, to October 1, 1878; A. K. Zimmerman, June 1, 1879, to November 1, 1881 ; Samuel G. Shannon, June 1, 1882, to March 1, 1885, and P. W. Staley, May 1, 1885, to May 1, 1890. St. John's Reformed Church, McEwensville, was organized in 1842 with John Derr and Daniel Prymire as elders. It united with the Lutheran congre- gation in erecting a church building, for which the joint building committee was Solomon Truckenmiller and George Hittle, Lutherans, and John Derr and Daniel Prymire, Eeformed. In 1873 this union was dissolved, when the pres- ent church edifice, a two-story brick structure at the east end of Main street, was erected under the direction of a building committee consisting of John B. Leinbach, Peter B. Schaeffer, and John Klapp. The first pastor, Eev. Henry Weigand, was installed, July 9, 1843. Among his successors have been Eev- erends G. E. Adams, Henry Mosser, J. K. Millett, and G. S. Sorber, the present incumbent. The following is a list of the elders of this church: John Derr, 1842-49; Daniel Prymire, 1842-48; David Eshbach, 1849-56; John Klapp, 1849-56; Samuel Lerch, 1856-68; John Klapp, 1866-75; Eli Schaeffer, 1868-71; P. D. Schaeffer, 1871-; Samuel Derr, 1875-; Wilham S. Klapp, —1890; David Strauss, —1887; Daniel Lerch, 1887-; Alem Mauser, 1890-. DELAWABE TOWNSHIP. 763 Messiah Evangelical Lutheran Church, McEwensville, united with the Reformed congregation in the erection of a union place of worship, of which the comer-stone was laid, May 5, 1842, and the dedication occurred, October .9, 1842. In 1873 the interest of the Eeformed congregation was purchased by the Lutherans, who repaired the building in 1882 at a cost of fifteen hun- dred dollars. It is a two-story brick structure, and is the present place of worship. At the time of its erection (1842) the council consisted of Solomon Truckenmiller and David Gold, elders, Henry Hartranft and George Hittle, deacons; Jacob Truckenmiller was trustee. The first pastor was Eev. C. F. Stoever; Eev. A. E. Boyer was pastor, April 1, 1846, to October 1, 1855; J. T. WiUiams, October 1, 1856, to 1863; A. E. Home, a short time, beginning with the 1st of December, 1868; Eev. George Sill, a short time; E. J. Wolff, D. D., December 27, 1865, to 1869; and Eeverends U. Myers, W. C. MoCool, M. L Schmucker, and I. B. Crist since 1869. The Lutheran Sunday school was organized in 1873 with A.' E. Ganger as superintendent. The Evangelical Church, Dewart, was originally organized at "Stony Batter," a locality two miles northeast of Dewart, under the administration of Eev. A. H. Irvin. When Eev. George Josephs became pastor the build- ing was removed to. Dewart, where it was rebuilt on the north side of Main street at the extreme eastern end of the village. It is a frame structure. Among the first members were John Beaver, Nancy Beaver, Hetty Beaver, Wilson Heiney and wife, Michael Kunes, and EHas Williams and wife. The present pastor (1890) is Eev. J. M. Trice, of White Deer, Union county, Pennsylvania. The Dewart Union Chapel, originally projected by the Union Sunday school of Dewart, was built in 1887. It is an attractive brick building on Eailroad street. Extinct Church Organizations include the "Pines" Associate Eeformed church, the Presbyterian and Methodist churches of McEwensville, and the Delaware Eim Baptist church. The Associate Eeformed church was organ- ized by the Eev. George Jimkin, whose successors at Milton also preached here; prominent among the membership were the McGuires, Shannons, and Eynearsons. The church edifice was a frame building, and occupied a triangular lot on the farm of Mrs. Eleanor Armstrong. The McEwensville Presbyterian church was organized in 1842 with eighty -five members, for- merly connected with the Warrior Eun church, to which its membership returned after disbanding. The church was a substantial brick structure, since sold and removed. The Methodist church at McEwensville, a frame building, was dedicated, December 29, 1867. An account of the Delaware Eun Baptist church is given in connection with the organization of that denomination at Watsontown. 764 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. SCHOOLS. At the time when the public school system was adopted by Turbut town- ship (1834), there were six school houses within the present limits of Dela- ware, located, respectively, at Warrior Run church; at Watsontown; at the river (now known as Nicely's) ; at the Fry school house, known at an early day as Gundy's, and subsequently as "Solomon's Temple;" at Garnhart's, to which the name of Mengesville was afterward applied; and at Sinking Spring, where the school house still bears that name. In 1852 an academy was erected at McEwensville by a stock company composed of J. F. Dentler, Williarh Hays, J. P. Hackenberg, William Hood, E. H. McCormick, Jacob Armstrong, Andrew Guffy, and others. The first term opened in the autumn of 1852 with C. L. Eynearson as principal. Under his administration the institution flourished, and he continued in charge six years. In 1871 G. W. Armstrong, having acquired a controlling interest in the property, transferred it to the local school board; since that date the public schools of the borough have been conducted in the building six months of each year, and a private school of advanced grade the remain- ing six months. The building is a two-story brick structure. An academy was erected at Dewart about the year 1859 Tinder the auspices of a board of trustees composed of W. P. Datesman, Joseph G. Durham, J. D. Hayes, Robert M. Russell, and W. L. Antrim. It is a brick building two stories high with one apartment on each floor. The first teacher in the high school was Joseph Oassells, and at the outbreak of the civil war a large and flourishing school was in operation. The principal and a number of advanced scholars enlisted, resulting in a practical suspension of the school. After the war A. D. Albert conducted it successfully several years, and under his suc- cessor, J. W. Stout, it was also continued with success, but after his depart- ure, owing to the reactionary policy of the township school board, the high school has been allowed to decline. Several years since the academy associ- ation disposed of its interest, which is now the exclusive property of the township school authorities. CEMETERIES. Warrior Bun Cemetery is the oldest in the northern part of the county. At the time when the first church was built, the one in which Mr. Fithian preached, some interments had been made in its immediate vicinity, and this locality, it has been found by subsequent excavations, was also an Indian burial ground. The River Church Cemetery is the last resting place of many of the Ger- man families of the township through several generations. LEWIS TOWNSHIP. 765 CHAPTER XXXIII. LEWIS TOWNSHIP. TOPOGKAPHICAL FeATUBES — POLITICAL OkGANIZATION — PeBELAND'S MiLL — SETTLE- MENT, Gbowth, Pkesbnt Business Intekests, and Municipal Government op THE BOKOXIGH OP TURBTJTVILLE — CHURCHES — SCHOOLS — TURBUTVILLE CEMETERY. LEWIS TOWNSHIP is situated in the extreme northeastern part of Northumberland county, adjoining Lycoming on the north, Montour on the east, Turbut township on the south, and Delaware on the west. It is rectangular in shape, and agreeably diversified in its geographical and topo- graphical features. The Muncy hills form the northern boundary; to the south are the sources of Delaware run and Beaver run, while still farther south Muddy run flows through the beautiful and fertile region known as Paradise. The location of the borough of Turbutville varies but slightly from the geographical center of the township; it is traversed by the Wilkes- barre and Western railroad, which affords a convenient outlet for its products and a most desirable means of communication with the outside world. The township of Turbut embraced this region from the 9th of April, 1772, to the 15th of April, 1843, when Lewis was erected; from March 22, 1813, to February 21, 1815, it formed part of Columbia county, and its present eastern boundary was established, January 22, 1816, by act of the legislature. The first township officers were as follows : justice of the peace, Samuel Shannon; constable, Isaac Eeeder; overseers of the poor: Jacob Kerchner, David Watts; judge of election, Michael B. Garman; inspectors of election: John Klopp, Samuel Eussell; assessor, George A. WykofE; super- visors: William Wilson, Eobert Blain. The township received its name in honor of Judge Ellis Lewis, president of the Eighth judicial district from 1833 to 1843, associate justice of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania from 1851 to 1854, and chief justice from 1854 until 1857. pbeeland's mill. The first mill in that part of Northumberland county north of the North Branch was built in 1773-74 by Jacob Preeland, who brought the irons from New Jersey. It stood on Warrior run, near the present site of McFar- land's. BOROUGH OF TURBUTVILLE. The first settlement at the present site of Turbutville was made by Philip 766 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Eeifsnyder, a blacksmith, who built a house near the corner of Main and Paradise streets. Here he also started the first hotel of the place, not long after the opening of his shop. A second hotel was soon afterward opened by a Mrs. McCarty, and a third by Samuel Burrows. The first merchants were Jacob Maurer, Burrows & Bryson, a Mr. Baily, and E. L. Piper. The greater part of the site of the borough was once owned by Jacob Sechler, from whom a Mr. Moyer purchased twenty acres, now the main part of the town. At a contemporary period that part of the town site south of Main street and west of Paradise was owned by Peter Stahl, and that part east of Paradise street was the property of Samuel Burrows. After chang- ing hands several times the land on Church street and on Main west of Church came into the possession of Dr. Tobias Piper, by whom, it was divided into lots about the year 1850. Moyer's land ultimately passed to Bev. J. P. Hudson, by whom it was subdivided; A. B. Artman subsequently became the owner of Stahl's land. The village was first called Snydertown, in honor of Reif snyder, the first settler. There is also a town of that name in the southern part of the county; owing to the inconvenience thus occasioned a change was wisely made, and, being the principal village in Turbut township, the name of Tur- butville was appropriately selected. Local manufacturing has never been extensive. A tannery was once in operation at the site of H. A. Reynolds's chopping mill; it was established by George Chnstman and successively operated by John and Solomon Brobst, Julius and Harmon Hertwig, and George P. Kamp. Among those who have conducted carriage, wagon, or repair shops in the past or present have been Henry Bitner, Christian Griner, J. A. Henion, Adam Strouss, David Strouss, B. F. Boyer, and A. D. Griner. There are two chopping mills, both on Main street; M. S. Bond and H. A. Reynolds are the respect- ive proprietors. The Keystone Pad Factory, of which Dr. E. H. Horner, Dr. Fuller Derr^ and William H. Gibson are the owners, is situated at the railroad depot. By the census of 1890 Turbutville had a population of four hundred forty-one. It has public schools, four churches, six general stores, two furni- ture stores, two hotels, one drug store, one hardware store, one shoe store, one millinery store, one stove and tinware store, one merchant tailoring establishment, etc. It is connected with Watsontown by rail, and is the commercial metropolis of Lewis township. Secret Societies. — The charter of Warrior Run Lodge, No. 645, I. O. O. F., was granted on the 28th of August, 1868; that of Washington Camp, No. 315, P. O. S. of A., April 23, 1888. Municipal Government. — A petition from the inhabitants of Turbutville for incorporation as a borough was presented to the county court of quarter sessions at April term, 1858, and favorably considered by the grand jury. LEWIS TOWNSHIP. 767 Remonstrances having been filed at the following August term, Andrew J. GufEy was appointed as commissioner to take depositions in the matter; his report was considered at November sessions, 1858, and on the 3d of Jan- uary, 1859, a decree of court was granted for the incorporation of the borough. The first election occurred in the following February, resulting as follows: burgess, S. A. Savidge; council: George Ohristman, James D. Barr, Anderson Denius, A. T. Bisel, Jacob Giltner, Jacob Stahl; high constable, James H. Pollock; overseer of the poor, M. Eeader; town clerk, William B. Schuyler; supervisor, WiUiam Herring; judge of elections, Frederick Fox; inspectors: William Bortz, Josiah Nagle. The following is a list of burgesses since the incorporation of the borough : 1859-61, S. A. Savidge; 1862, Amos T. Bisel; 1863, S. A. Savidge; 1864, Henry F. Faber; 1865, S. A. Savidge; 1866, Thomas Barr; 1867-69, S. A. Savidge; 1870-71, John Hoof; 1872, John Derr; 1873, David Fowler; 1874, Nathan Wetzel; 1875, B. F. Boyer; 1876, George P. Kamp; 1877, E. H. Horner; 1878, L. Garman; 1879, George W. Smith; 1880, Edward Wetzel; 1881, Peter Wagner; 1882, H. H. Wetzel; 1883, Edward Wetzel; 1884, D. W. Denius; 1885, B. F. Boyer; 1886-87, David Fowler; 1888-90, John E. Krumm; 1891, David Fowler. CHUBCHES. The first church edifice at Turbutville was a log structure situated a short distance north of St. James's Lutheran church and on the same side of the public road. The site was embraced in an acre of ground, donated for church and burial purposes about the year 1805 by Jacob Sechler, father of Rev. Jacob Sechler, a Reformed clergym.an. This building was jointly occupied by the Reformed and Lutheran congregations until its destruction by fire in the autumn of 1855. Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church numbered among its early member- ship the families of Truckenmiller, Wertman, Ritter, Robenold, Ruch, Hart- ranft, Shade, Martz,- Smith, Angst, Schuck, Raup, Myer, Fox, Menges, and others, and worshiped in the union church for many years. At a congrega- tional meeting held on the 18th of August, 1854, it was decided, without a dissenting vote, to erect a new Lutheran church, the construction of which was accordingly begun. George P. Kamp, Jacob Hunsicker, and Samuel Menges, Sr., composed the building committee. The completed edifice was dedicated on the 26th of March, 1857, and the first communion therein was held on the 27th of May following. Rev. C. Stoever was pastor in 1845 ; S. R. Boyer, from April 1, 1846, to 1859; Jacob Albert, 1859-67; J. F. Wam- pole, October 6, 1867, to 1876, and A. P. Pflueger, the present incumbent, since 1876. This church is connected with the General Council. St. James Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized with a member- ship formerly connected with Zion church. The place of worship is a sub- 768 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. stantial brick structure directly west of Trinity Keformed church and in the immediate vicinity of the old union church. Reverends John J. Rei- mensnyder, John Williams, A. R. Home, D. D., E. J. Wolff, D. D., Augustus Babb, George Sill, U. Myers, W. C. McCool, Martin L. Schmucker, and I. B. Crist, present incumbent, have served as pastors of this church. Trinity Reformed Church is one of the oldest religious organizations of this denomination in Northumberland county, and worshiped in the old union church until it was destroyed by fire. The present church edifice, a substantial brick structure, was erected in 1856 under the supervision of a building committee composed of Samuel Muffly, B. H. Dreisbach, Daniel Keller, Cyrenius Bomboy, and William Levan. Reverends Daniel Gring, George Wolf, C. A. Rittenhouse, George E. Adams, D. W. Kelley, Tilghman Derr, Z. A. Yearick, Thomas S. Land, and D. E. Schoedler, present incum- bent, have served as pastors since the erection of the present church building. The Baptist Church was originally organized at Derry, Montour county, some years ago with the Dye, De Mott, Savidge, and Derr famihes promi- nent among its early membership. The place of worship was removed in 1868 to Turbutville, where the present church building on Broadway, a brick structure forty-five by seventy feet in dimensions, was erected; John Schuyler, Lewis Schuyler, and William Savidge were the trustees at that time, and the building committee was composed of John Schuyler, Lewis Schuyler, William Shires, William Savidge, Thomas N. Derr, George W. Derr, and G. B. Runyan. Since the removal of the church to Turbutville its pastors have been Reverends H. C. Monroe, J. M. Hare, and L. C. Davis. SCHOOLS. In the "Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1877" John F. Wolfinger states that "in 1802 the Rev. John Bryson, a Presbyterian divine, opened a select and classical school for the study of Greek and Latin languages, etc., in his own dwelliag house about a mile north of Turbut- ville," continuing it until 1806 or 1807. The number of his students is given as twenty- five, some of whom afterward distinguished themselves as preachers, teachers, physicians, lawyers, etc. The erection of a one-story brick school building at Turbutville was begun in 1850 by the township school board, but before its completion a proposition was accepted from Jacob Giltner by which he added a second story as a lodge room. The entire building eventually came into possession of the school board; it was used for school purposes until 1889, when the present two-story building containing four rooms was completed .under the administration of the following directors: George Smith, Moses Bond, Ben- jamin Boyer, E. C. Troxell, Jasper De Mott, and A. P. Pflueger. The old building was purchased by the P. O. S. of A. CAMERON TOWNSHIP. 769 Lewis township sustains eleven schools, and an equal number of school houses are situated at proportional distances throughout its territory. TUEBITTVILLE CEMETEEY. Turbutville cemetery comprises six acres, which were purchased in 1866 by Samuel Leinbach and Benjamin H. Barto and transferred to an incorpor- ated body of which the first trustees, elected on the 13th of October, 1866, were Stephen Glaze, Emanuel Artman, Henry Eaup, Daniel Keller, William Levan, P. L. DiefEenbacher, George P. Kamp, Peter Menges, Sr., and Eeu- ben Beiber. The articles of incorporation were granted on the 15th of January, 1867. The grounds were surveyed by Thomas Barr. Isaac Boyer has been sexton since the grounds were laid out. CHAPTER XXXIV. CAMEEON TOWNSHIP. Extent — Obganization — Deainage — Villages of the Past and Pbesbnt — Schools — Chtjeches. CAMEEON township extends from Little Mahanoy to the line of Schuyl- kill county, two thirds of the distance across the county at this point. It comprises the long and narrow valley of Mahanoy creek; Line mountain, the original northern boundary of Mahanoy township, separates it from Washington and Upper Mahanoy, while an equally well defined mountain barrier forms the geographical limit on the north, with Zerbe, Coal, and Mt. Carmel townships adjoining in that direction. From the original division of the county into townships in 1772 until the formation of Catawissa in 1785, the whole of its territory was in Augusta township, but by the erection of Catawissa much the larger part was transferred thereto. This portion passed to Shamokin txjwnship upon the division of Catawissa in 1788; in 1813 Little Mahanoy was formed from Augusta and Shamokin, and in November, 1837, Coal was erected, the present area of Cameron being successively trans- ferred to each. Its separate organization was effected by act of the leg- islature, February 10, 1851. The first township officers were Solomon B. Boyer and Solomon Dunkelberger, justices of the peace ; John Hine, constable ; Henry Klbck and John Derr, overseers of the poor; Gideon Derk and Peter Weikel, supervisors; John Haupt, clerk; Daniel Kramer, judge; John H. Kramer, Daniel Haupt, inspectors; Jacob Wagner, assessor; John Gottshall, John Boyer, and Jacob Haupt, auditors, and Gideon Kramer, treasurer. 770 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Mahanoy creek flows through the township from east to west, and drains the whole of its area. The principal highways extend in a direction parallel with the general course of the creek, one upon its banks and the other at the base of the mountain on the north; they are united by lateral roads at various points. VILLAGES or THE PAST AND PRESENT. Helfenstein is situated in the southeastern part of the township, on the boundary of Schuylkill co]inty. The town was laid out in 1868 by William L. and Charles P. Helfenstein, with P. W. Sheafer as surveyor. The plat consisted of North, Shamokin, High, Main, Mahanoy, and Water streets, ex- tending from east to west, crossed by streets numbered from First to Fifth inclusive extending from north to south. Two collieries were opened, one by Guiterman, Beddall & Eobertson, and the other by the Helfensteins. The coal trade was carried on successfully, and the town prospered for some years; but mining operations were suspended after the coal measures above water level had been exhausted, and it is now a place of about three hundred inhabitants. The population is principally employed in the collieries at Locust Gap. Goiven City is situated in the eastern part of the township at the place where the road leading from Shamokin to Mahantango is crossed by that leading from Helfenstein and Minersville to Trevorton and the Susquehanna. The town, as evidenced by a map published in Philadelphia, was elaborately laid out in 1870 with reservations for various churches and schools; the loca- tion of a hotel at the intersection of the roads and the corner of Market and Fifth streets is indicated. But few lots were sold, however, and at the sus- pension of the mines at Helfenstein the enterprise was abandoned entirely. Doutyville is a small village midway between Gowen City and Helfen- stein. At one time during its existence it reached a population of eight hundred, but has been almost abandoned since the closing of the mines. A Methodist church is perhaps the most important feature of the village at present. SCHOOLS. The public school system was adopted in Coal township (then embracing Cameron) in 1838 ; the Mahanoy valley, however, was practically unanimous in opposition to it, and the votes in its favor came almost entirely from the embryo village of Shamokin. In the first school board the valley was repre- sented by George Long and David Billman; and upon the present territory of Cameron one school building was erected — a small f ranie building costing ninety-four dollars, eighty-seven cents. The first teacher there employed was John Fidler, who taught until his salary reached the sum of eighteen dollars, when he was superseded by William Stizes, whose stay was also of CAMERON TOWNSHIP. 771 brief duration. Unfortimately, the practical application of the system did not add to its popularity, and in 1840, by act of the legislature, Coal township was divided into two districts, known as North and South Coal, _ respectively, the latter embracing the present limits of Cameron. The con- tinuance of the system in South Coal was submitted to the people at the first election thereafter, and promptly defeated by an overwhelming vote. Thus ended the first effort to establish public schools in Cameron. Nearly thirty years elapsed before a second and successful attempt was made. On the 16th of October, 1869, the public school system was adopted and the following persons were chosen as school directors: John H. Haupt, Harrison Wagoner, Charles B. Boyer, Peter Long, S. C. Weary, and Henry Otto. CHUECHES. St. Paul's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, is situated one half-mile west of Gowen City. The first building on this site was erected sometime during the '20's, but was replaced during 1846-47 by the present edifice, the corner-stone of which was laid, July 14, 1846. Rev. Augustus Bergner was Lutheran pastor and Rev. Isaac F. Steily Reformed pastor at that time. The first communion services recorded were conducted by Rev. J. P. Shindel on the 24th of May, 1832; seventy- two persons partook of the sacraments on this occasion, fifty of whom were Lutheran and the remaining twenty- two Reformed. During the year 1845 the Lutheran minister, Rev. Augustus Bergner, celebrated the Lord's Supper, at which time eighty-eight persons communed. On this occasion the first class of catechumens was confirmed. The first baptism was that of Lydia, daughter of Sebastian and Elizabeth Zimmerman, and occurred on the 1st of January, 1828. The succession of pastors has been as follows: Lutheran — Reverends J. P. Shindel, 1827-45; Augustus Bergner, 1845-61; John T. Hornberger, 1861-62; John C. Schmidt, 1866-68; D. E. Reed, 1868-74; Henry Weicksel, 1874-88, and William Weicksel, 1888, present incumbent; Reformed — Reverends Isaac F. Steily, 1840-69; A. S. Stauffer, 1887-89, and Joseph H. Schappig, 1889, present incumbent. St. Peter's Church, Lutheran and Reformed. — As the records were destroyed by fire in 1881, no account of the organization of these congre- gations can be given. Prior to that time the name had been Emanuel's, but by the constitution adopted in 1881 the present designation was adopted. No regular pastors served until 1882, when Rev. Henry Weicksel assumed charge of the Lutheran congregation. Under his supervision the erection of a new church edifice was at once begun; it is situated five miles west of St. Paul's on the same road, and was dedicated by Reverends Henry Weicksel, A. J. L. Breinig, A. R. Hottenstein, and others on the 20th of May, 1888. Reverends William Weicksel and Joseph H. Schappig are the present pastors, Lutheran and Reformed, respectively. 772 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. The members of St. Paul's and St. Peter's jointly conduct three Sunday schools, one at each church building and one at Gowen City. Doutyville Methodist Episcopal Church is a wooden building twenty-six by thirty-five feet in dimensions, and was erected in 1874 upon ground donated by George Weary; the building committee was composed of M. H. Hoover, Henry Boyer, and George Artman, Sr. The first class was composed of Samuel Marshall, M. H. Hoover, Henry Boyer, George Artman, Sr., S. C. Weary, Louisa Boyer, Mary Artman, and Eliza Weary, of whom Mr. Marshall was the first leader. Reverends Portner, Savage, Buckingham, Smith, Wood, Minig, Hantz, and Barnard have successively served as pastors. CHAPTER XXXV. JOEDAN TOWNSHIP. Erbction and Organization — Drainage — Roads — Post-Vill.jlges — Industries — Schools — Churches. JORDAN township is so named in honor of Alexander Jordan, the first president judge of Northumberland county elected by the people. A peti- tion for its erection was presented at January sessions, 1852, and referred to George C. Welter, John Young, and WiUiam M. Rockefeller; the report was confirmed nisi, April 5, 1852, and absolutely, August 4, 1852. The territory of the township had previously been embraced in Jackson and Upper Ma- hanoy. The first township ofiicers were Peter Schwartz and Benjamin Markel, justices of the peace; D. Bohner, constable; John Bohner and John Daniel, overseers of the poor; John Krissinger and Davis Dornmeyer, supervisors; Elias Schwartz, George Schadel, and John Wiest, auditors; George Traut- man, treasurer; David Witmer, clerk, and Daniel Williamson, assessor. The surface is hilly; Fisher's ridge, the highest elevation, extends across the northern part from east to west. Almost the entire area is drained by tributaries of Mahantango creek, which forms the southern boundary of the township. Middle creek and Mouse creek, which empty into the Greenbrier, and Fiddler's run, which flows directly to the Susquehanna, have their sources in the northern part. The township is traversed by public highways leading in all directions, the most important of which is the old Tulpehocken road, the first legally authorized route of travel in Northumberland county. The valley through which this road passes, one of the most productive and thickly settled por- JOEDAN TOWNSHIP. 773 tions of the township, is situated between Fisher's ridge on the south and Jacob's ridge on the north. POST- VILLAGES. Mandata is situated in the valley of Fiddler's run on the main road from Herndon to Uniontown, tvyo miles and a half from the former place. The lines of Jordan, Jackson, and Lower Mahanoy converge at this point, and the village is partly located in each of these townships. The postofS.ce and store are in Jordan; Noah Klock, proprietor of the latter, has been postmaster since the office was established. J. W. Seal's tannery, in Jackson, and the Wirt mill, in Jordan, are the industrial features of the place. The hotel, for- merly known as the Bull Run tavern, is in Jackson. The village comprises about a dozen private dwellings. Urban is in the northern part of the township. The old hotel on the Tulpehocken road near this postoffice was built by David Schwartz early in the present century. Hebe is a mail distributing point in the northeastern part of the township. INDUSTBIES. The Wirt miU, a three-story stone and frame structure, is situated in the extreme northwestern part of the township. It was originally established a hundred years ago. Daniel Schwartz established a tannery in the northern part of the town- ship early in the present century. A similar industry was conducted at a contemporary period by George Shartel in the eastern part of the township. SCHOOLS. The public school system was adopted in 1865. The township sustains seven schools, for which an equal number of frame buildings has been pro- vided, nearly all of which were erected in 1865-66. CHUECHES. David's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, the oldest in the township, was originally erected in 1829; the laying of the corner-stone and the dedication of the completed building occurred in the same year. It was built of logs and weather-boarded, and continued as the place of worship until its destruc- tion by fire in 1864. The fire was caused by a defective flue, and occurred on the occasion of a funeral appointment. The present building is a stone structure, thirty by forty-five feet; a marble slab above the door is inscribed with the date, 1864. The materials were quarried at the foot of the mount- ain near by, where the necessary timbers were also prepared; many of the church members contributed their services gratuitously to this work. The building committee was composed of Abraham and Elias Trautman and Daniel W. Shaffer. 774 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The Lutheran organization included the families of Snyder, Leitzel, Shaffer, Schadel, Trautman, Geise, Deppen, Masser, Wiest, Bush, Reed, Williard, and HoUenbach among its original membership. The succession of Liitheran pastors has been as follows: Eeverends John Nicholas Hemp- ing, G. Neimann, Mr. Sapper, Mr. Porr, John C. Schmidt, J. F. Bayer, John C. Schmidt, J. F. Bayer, and D. M. Stetler, who assumed charge on the 1st of April, 1887. The present membership is seventy. The Reformed congregation numbered among its early membership the families of Trautman, Merkel, Welker, McCoy, Masser, Henninger, Hepner, Adams, Hohn, Brosius, Bauman, Wiest, Rebuck, Leitzel, Campbell, Bohner, Strohecker, Rothermel, and others. The first baptism recorded is that of Peter Trautman, which was performed on the 26th of July, 1829. Rev. Rudolph Duenger was pastor in 1837. Rev. J. A. Leiss assumed charge in 1849; J. C. Fritzinger, in 1856; W. K. Engel, in 1874, and A. R. Hotten- stein, the present pastor, in 1876. St. Paul's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was erected in 1855 ; it was a wooden structure, thirty by forty feet with a seating capacity of three hun- dred. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid on the 18th of May, 1890; it is a frame building, thirty-five by sixty-five feet, and was constructed under the supervision of Elias Phillips and Gabriel Adams. The half-acre of ground upon which the new church is located was donated by Aaron Shaffer. The Lutheran church numbered forty members at the time of its organ- ization, which was effected in 1855 by Rev. Augustus Bergner. Prominent among the families at that time were those of Shaffer, PhiUips, Schadel, Giese, Ferster, Krissinger, Engel, Gessner, Billman, Kobel, and Byerly. William Shaffer was a member of the" first building committee and a trustee at that time. The following is a list of Lutheran pastors: Reverends Au- gustus Bergner, 1855-60; J. Hasskarl, 1861; F. Waltz, 1863; John C. Schmidt, 1864; J. F. Bayer, 1869-70; John C. Schmidt, 1870-81; J. F. Bayer, 1881-86, and D. M. Stetler, 1887, present incumbent. The Reformed congregation was organized in 1855 by Rev. J. Fritzinger and at the first communion, March 29, 1856, eighteen persons partook of the sacraments. Prominent among the membership throughout the history of this church have been David, Josiah, Peter, and Daniel Schwartz; John, Daniel, and Edward Wentzel; Gabriel Adams, John Markle, and the families of Tyson, Rebuck, Wolf, Snyder, Kobel, Rothermel, and others. Reverends J. Fritzinger, John Wohlbach, and A. R. Hottenstein have successively served as pastors. A union Sunday school, established mainly through the efforts of Elias Shaffer, is conducted under the auspices of both congregations. It is in a flourishing condition. Trautman' s Church of the Evangelical Association was organized in 1826 ^*^ ta>^/z^V&4^ f ZEEBE TOWNSHIP. 777 by Eev. John Seibert. The first class leader was Daniel Eigel, and the fam- ilies of George Eigel, Jacob Trautman, Samuel Lesher, Frederick Bohner, Jacob Trautman, Jr., and Abraham Trautman formed the early membership. Services were held at private houses until 1877, when the present frame church building was erected by a building committee composed of George W. and John Trautman. It was dedicated on the 5th of February, 1877. This society was originally connected with Pine Grove circuit, and then with Mahantango circuit from its foundation in 1845 until 1872, when Uniontown circuit, to which it has since been attached, was formed. (In 1847-48, however, Ma- hantango circuit was attached to Pine Grove.) The following is a list of pastors: 1845, J. Sensel; 1846, J. G. i^psch; 1847, G. T. Haines, J. Adams; 1848, J. Farnsworth, J. Adams; 1849, A. Schultz, Jacob Gross; 1850, Jacob Gross, H. Bisse; 1851, W. Heim, S. Gaumer; 1852, G. Loos, S. Gaumer; 1853, C. Loos, N. Goebel; 1854, A. Ziegenfoos, J. O. Lehr; 1855, A. Ziegenfoos, J. Werner; 1856, L. Snyder, J. Werner; 1857, E. Diesher, E. B. Miller; 1858, J. Frey, E. B. MiUer; 1859, George Knerr, Joseph Kutz; 1860, George Knerr, S. S. Chubb; 1861, W. Heim, M. Sindlinger; 1862, A. Boetzel, M. Sindlinger; 1863-64, A. Schultz, J. Steltzer; 1866, C. Loos, D. Lentz; 1867, F. P. Lehr, D. Mertz; 1868, B. F. Bohner, B. J. Smoyer; 1869, B. F. Bohner, W. H. Weidner; 1870, W. Heim; 1871, J. L. Werner, D. S. Stauifer; 1872, J. L. Werner, J. F. Wohlfarth; 1873, J. L. Werner, G. H. Landis; 1874, S. L. Wiest, H. D. Schultz; 1875, S. L.Wiest, S. T. Leopold; 1876-77, B. H. MiUer, J. H. Shirey; 1878, B. H. Miller, A. Krecker; 1879-81, J. K. Fehr; 1882-84, C. S. Brown; 1885-87, C. J. Warmkessel; 1888-89, Hanert Eombarger ; 1890, George Fisher, present incumbent. CHAPTER XXXVI. ZEEBE TOWNSHIP. Okgaisization and Bobkdakies — Pioneers — Origin, Growth, Present Business Interests, and Secret Societies op Trevorton— Schools— CnxnicHEs. ZEEBE township was erected by act of the legislature, March 11, 1853, from that part of Coal township lying west of a line — Beginning at the lines between Coal and Cameron townships at a point two thou- sand feet westward of where the said line crosses the west boundary of a tract of land surveyed in the name of Alexander Hunter, the 37th day of October, 1794; thence north fourteen degrees west to the line between the townships of Coal and Shamokin. Its organization was directed to take place on the third Friday in March, 1853, with John Garrett, judge, and John E. Strausser and Joseph E. Van- 44 778 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. horn, inspectors of election. The following township officers were selected on that occasion: justices of the peace: Daniel Beckley, John Metz; consta- ble, Jeremiah Pennypacker; overseers of the poor: Anthony Gillespie, Eman- uel Kauffman; supervisors: Bernard McManus, William Derr; clerk, J. Ep- ting; judge of elections, J. R. Strausser; inspectors: Ira Bower, Gilbert Ber- lew; assessor, A. A. Heim; auditors: J. Keiser, Michael Sigafoos, J. W Garrett; treasurer, James Mather. The general character of the topography is niountainous, and the princi- pal stream is Zerbe run; there is no farming land whatever, for which the mineral resources of the region -amply compensate. PIONEEES. The first house in the township was built by William Cressinger about 1800, and occupied the site of the Pennsylvania House at Trevorton. John Fleming, George Eyster, Michael Solomon, and James Benney were also among the pioneers. Mr. Eenney was born in England in 1788 and came to America in 1830. He first located at Pottsville, but removed to Sunbury soon afterward; in 1833 he established his residence at the site of Trevorton, where he was resident agent in charge of the coal lands for some years. After the founding of the town he became an influential and prominent citi- zen, and lived to an advanced age. TKEVOETON. The existence of coal in this region was known as early as 1827, when a company was incorporated by the legislature for the construction of a canal, railway, or slaokwater navigation from the Susquehanna river to "the coal mines"* at the mouth of Zerbe run. The time granted by the charter for the completion of the work expired before any steps had been taken toward the advancement of the project, and it was under other auspices that the de- velopment of the coal interests of this section was accomplished. On the 22d of March, 1850, the Trevorton, Mahanoy and Susquehanna Eailroad Com- pany was incorporated; prominent among the projectors were William L. Helfenstein and John B. Trevor, while local influence as well as foreign cap- ital were enlisted in support of the enterprise. An affiliated corporation, the Mahanoy and Shamokin Improvement Company, was chartered on the 25th of February, 1850; the original constituent members were Kimber Cleaver, D. M. Boyd, David Thompson, William L. Helfenstein, and William H. Marshall. Although first in order of formation, the improvement company was second in importance, as the accomplishment of the designs of its pro- ' moters depended entirely upon the construction of the railroad. The im- provement company at once secured the coal lands, however, and in the ♦The mine was operated by a Mr. Weiss, and a detailed account ot it Is given in tins work in the chapter on the Development of the Shamokin Coal Field. ZEEBE TOWNSHIP. 779 same year (1850), laid out the town of Trevorton; this work was performed by Kimber Cleaver, the well known civil engineer of Shamokin. The first public sale of lots occurred on the 28th of May, 1850, and was attended with demonstrations appropriate to the occasion. Addresses were made by Hugh Bellas and Alexander Jordan, two of the leading lawyers of Sunbury, after ■which Judge Jordan deposited a lump of coal from Zerbe gap and a bottle of water from the Susquehanna river in a hole which he dug in the ground, thus proclaiming "the bans between Zerbe gap and the Susquehanna river," which, it was confidently predicted, would be united by a railroad in the fol- lowing November. The projectors displayed commendable liberality in re- serving eligibly located lots for school and church purposes, while the width of the streets is justly a source of local pride. The town thus energetically projected materialized with phenomenal rapidity. Among the first to purchase lots and make improvements were Peter Mahon, Daniel Tobias, William Kelly, Thomas Poulds, John Lynch, Gottlieb Breimeier, Peter Quinn, M. Gary, John Gait, Benjamin Troutman, Dr. WiUiam Fritz, John Knapp, Jacob Bader, and Tobias Beinder. The first store was opened by the irnprovement company and managed by E. P. Helfenstein; Wells Holmes also opened a store about the same time. The first hotel, now the Trevorton House, was built by H. B. Weaver; Daniel Tobias also erected one of the first hotels. John Weaver was the first land- lord of the Pennsylvania House, which was built by Conrad Hilbush. John R. Strausser was the first blacksmith and Jeremiah Pennypacker the first tailor. The first postmaster was Dr. William Atwater, who was commissioned on the 21st of December, 1850. John Garrett was the first resident justice of the peace. The first practicing physician to locate permanently at the town was Dr. Samuel Smith. The following graphic summary of the early history and growth of the place appeared in the Sunbury American of April 26, 1856: — Trevorton is situated on one of the tributaries of Mahianoy creek, fourteen miles from the Susquehanna and just outside of the great Mahanoy coal basin. In 1850 a log house in the middle of a small clearing was the only mark of civilization visible. The deep and narrow dell was covered by a stately forest, full of limpid springs, wild flowers, and singing birds. Tall mountains, gloomy with somber pines and huge gray rocks, frowned down upon the quiet vale. But these rude mountains are full of that great source of wealth to our State, anthracite coal, and just at the spot where Trevor- ton now stands they are cleft to their base by Zerbe gap, thus opening a way to the mineral resources within. The eagle eye of enterprise pierced the gloom of the forest, and the hand of improvement speedily followed. Simultaneously with the fall ■of the giant oaks, a town arose. Merchant, artisan, and laborer crowded thither. In six months the scene had perfectly changed. A railroad was commenced from the mines to the Susquehanna, and is now 'completed and in successful operation. A iDridge, over a mile in length, connects it with the Pennsylvania canal, where the enterprising company has dug out an extensive basin, and substantial wharves, chutes, screens, and every facility for large and rapid shipment of coal have been erected. 780 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. The prosperity of the town has fluctuated with that of the coal interests, upon which it is entirely dependent. A special chapter is devoted to the subject of coal development in this county, in which full particulars regard- ing the Trevorton region appear; a paragraph in the Pottsville Miners' Journal in 1858 gives the following additional items of local interest: — This region sent to market in 1857 one hundred ten thousand seven hundred eleven tons, which is an increase of thirty-seven thousand five hundred ninety-nine tons over 1856. This company works four veins at present above water level; the breaker is the most extensive in the country, and is capable of breaking one thousand tons per day. It is worked with a sixty-horse steam engine. The length of the Trevorton railroad is fourteen miles to the bridge; the descending grade is fifty-four feet four miles, and the balance will average about eight feet to the mile. The distance from the bridge to Baltimore is one hundred twenty-nine and one fourth miles; the freight and tolls, two dollars and ten cents per ton of two thousand two hundred forty pounds. This company owns eight hundred fifty coal cars and three locomotives. The present working capacity of the region is equal to two hundred fifty or three hundred thousand tons. The town has a present population of about one thousand, and sustains a fair complement of churches, schools, and secret societies; the industrial and business interests include the collieries, owned by the Philadelphia and Read- ing Coal and Iron Company, three general stores, one drug store, two tin and stove stores, one furniture store, one flour and feed store, three butcher shops, four hotels, one bakery, and one wholesale liquor store. Secret Societies. — The following is a list of secret societies, with the respective dates of organization or institution: Trevorton Lodge, No. 528, I. O. O. F., 1856; Zerbe Lodge, No. 184, K. of P., August 31, 1869; Mahanoy VaUey Council, No. 244, O. U. A. M., October 21, 1870; Washington Camp, No. 156, P. O. S. of A, May 13, 1883. SCHOOLS. The first school house in the township was a frame building which stood at the corner of Eighth and Coal streets, Trevorton, and the first teacher was a Miss Hay. She was followed by Miss Sarah Bellas, now Mrs. John Plummer, who resides at Trevorton. There are now two brick school build- ings in the township, both in Trevorton. The schools are graded, and seven teachers are employed. CHUBCHES. The first pubHc religious worship in Trevorton was conducted in a car- penter shop under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal church. A Sun- day school was organized and received the support of the population gener- ally irrespective of denominational distinctions. The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized on the 13th of May, 1853, by Eev. Joseph Eoss. Among the early members were A. A. Heim and wife, George Weaver and wife, William J. Phillips and wife, William ZEEBE TOWNSHIP. 781 Oshman and wife, Grifiath WiUiams and wife, Joseph R. Low and wife, John Flemming and wife, J. B. Renney and wife, Emanuel Kauffman and wife, Anthony Gillespie and wife, Michael Shoppel and wife, Peter Metz, Rebecca Pennypacker, Elizabeth Bennington, Permelia Foy, Lucinda Yordy, J. W. Phillips, Matilda Metz, Mary J. Berlew, Jesse Nelson, Michael Sigafoos, Mary E. Kester, and Emma Carter. The first trustees were Michael Siga- foos, Emanuel Kauffman, John Flemming, A. A. Heim, and H. J. Renn. The first place of worship was an old frame school house; a brick church edifice was erected in 185,8 and subsequently sold to the school board, when the present church building was constructed. The following is a list of pas- tors: Reverends Joseph A. Ross, R. Grier, Joseph G. McKeehan, Joseph Curns, B. P. King, Thomas Taneyhill, Nathaniel W. Colbum, M. L. Drum, George Warren, F. B. Riddle, E. Butler, John Swanger, John A. Dickson, Abraham Crayton, F. B. Stevens, S. 0. Swallow, WiUiam Norcross, 1868 ; J. F. Craig, 1869-70; T. O. Clees, 1871-72; G. H. Day, 1873-75; J W. Feight, 1876-78; John Lloyd, 1879-80; Joseph R. King, 1881-82; Robert L. Armstrong, 1883-85; Elial M. Chilcoat, 1886-87; Jonathan Guldin, 1888, present incumbent. St. PatricKs Catholic Church had its inception soon after the opening of the coal mines at Trevorton. Quite a large number of the Irish and German miners were members of the Catholic church, and, wishing to practice their faith, requested Rev. Michael Sheridan, pastor of St. Joseph's church at Dan- ville, to pay them a visit. He complied with their wishes and celebrated the first Mass at the house of a Mr. Compton. The first baptism and marriage recorded in the church records by Father Sheridan are imder date of October 1, 1854, and it is very probable that he commenced visiting the town about that time. He was succeeded in 1857 by Rev. George Gostenschnigg, pastor at Milton, who Organized the congregation and at once commenced collecting money for the erection of a church edifice. Father George, as he was famil- iarly known, continued his collections over the county until May, 1859, when the contract was let for the building of the present place of worship, a white sandstone structure thirty-five by sixty-five feet in dimensions. The work was at once begun and pushed rapidly, and early in May, 1860, the edifice was completed. It was dedicated on the 20th of that month in the presence of a large assemblage by Bishop Neuman, of Philadelphia, and placed under the patronage of St. Patrick. But the worthy priest through whose untiring efforts the work was carried out did not live to witness its dedication. In making preparations for that event Father Gostenschnigg became overheated; on the 2d of May he died at Milton, and was buried in St. Joseph's parochial lot in that borough. He was succeeded by Rev. M. Muhlberger, who served until 1861, when Rev. Emil Stenzel became pastor. Rev. Edward Murray succeeded the latter in 1862 and in November, 1863, Rev. J. J. Koch, pastor of St. Joseph's church at Milton, took charge of the 782 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. parish. In 1806 Father Koch was appointed the first resident pastor of St. Edward's church, Shamokin, but continued to minister to St. Patrick's until 1878. During his pastorate he enlarged the church, frescoed the interior, paid off the debts, and placed the congregation on a sound financial basis. Eev. August Schlueter, pastor at Locust Gap, succeeded Father Koch and had charge of Trevorton about four years. Then came Eev. Henry Relt, the first resident pastor, by whom a two-story parochial residence was built in 1882. In 1889 Eev. Francis L. Breckel became pastor and stiE ministers to the congregation. With the passing years St. Patrick's has undergone many changes, as the continued suspension in the coal trade caused many families to remove from the town. It now embraces about seventy families, principally German, and supports a flourishing Sunday school. First Evangelical Church. — The organization of this church probably occurred in 1856. The school house was the place of worship until 1860, when a frame church edifice thirty-six by forty -five feet in dimensions was erected on the north side of Coal street. Although the basement was used for some years the building was never completed, and the Baptist church was occupied under lease for a time. The present edifice, a two-story frame building thirty-five by forty-five feet in dimensions, was erected in 1882 under the supervision of a building committee composed of Eev. J. O. Lehr, presiding elder, Eev. D. Z. Kembel, Eev. Charles Warmkessel, Joseph Kline, and William Knapp, and dedicated early in 1883, when Joseph Kline, Dan- iel Smith, William Knapp, L. L. Conrad, and George J. Maier constituted the board of trustees. Eeverends D. Z. Kembel, Charles Warmkessel, D. F. Geary, E. E. Seip, W. H. StaufPer, and L. N. Worman, present incumbent, have served as pastors since the erection of the present church edifice ; among the pastors prior to that date were Eeverends Augustus Krecker, J. H. Shirey, B. H. Miller, S. T. Leopold, Samuel Wiest, H. D. Shultz, David Stauifer, Jacob Werner, and S. S. Chubb. The congregation forms part of Trevorton circuit, which includes Trevorton, Herndon, Mt. Zion in Jackson township, St. John's in Little Mahanoy township, and Seven Points in Eock- efeller township. Trevorton was formerly embraced in Mahantango and Uniontown circuits. Joseph Kline, who was elected leader of the German class in 1866 and served until 1890, and Solomon Derk, leader of the English class for a number of years, are among those who have longest been oifieially connected with this church. It sustains a flourishing Sunday school. The First Baptist Church was organized on the 16th of February, 1860, with Furman Farnsworth and George Mowton as deacons and George Mow- ton as clerk. The meeting was held at the school house, Eev. O. L. Hall presiding. The church was formally recognized and constituted on the 8th of March following by a council of representatives from neighboring churches; Eev. J. E. Loomis, D. D., presided at this meeting, which was ZERBE TOWNSHIP. 783 also held at the school house. The first regular church meeting was held on the 24th of March, when Eev. O. L. Hall was elected as first pastor, Farns- worth Eeed, treasurer, Reuben Kline, Furman Famsworth, and George Mowton, trustees, and Ira Sayers, Furman Famsworth, Isaiah Morgan, Thomas Berlew, and George Mowton, building committee. Ground was secured at the northeast corner of Coal and Ninth streets, the location of the present stone church edifice, of which the corner-stone was laid on the 9th of August, 1860; the basement was first occupied on the 1st of September, 1861, and the dedication occurred, January 8, 1862, when the dedicatory ser- mon was preached by Eev. A. H. Buckingham. Eeverends O. L. Hall, George McNair, A. B. Still, Thomas, Godfrey, Delancey, Merriman, Hile, and W. H. Ellis, present incumbent, have served as pastors. George Mowton was the first superintendent of the Sunday school. Zion Lutheran Church was organized in 1860 with the following officers: Gottlieb Crone and John M. Knapp, elders; Conrad Stein and Henry Schlimm, deacons, and Dr. William Fritz, treasurer. The first church edi- fice, a frame structure, was erected under the supervision of a building committee composed of Eev. C. J. M. Neuman and Dr. William Fritz; the corner-stone was laid on the 13th of May, 1860, by Eeverends J. F. Horn- berger, D. M. Henkel, D. D., and Mr. Shultz, and the dedication of the completed building occurred in the following August, the same clergymen officiating. The present church edifice, a brick structxire thirty-five by fifty- five feet, with tower and bell, was built in 1889-90. Eev. C. J. M. Neuman preached for some time before the organization of the church, of which the pastoral succession has been as follows: Eeverends J. F. Homberger, 1860 to July, 1864; J. H. Schmidt, October, 1864, to April, 1868; L. G. Eggers, May, 1869, to May, 1871; J. Albert, October, 1871, to January, 1875; A. Berk, 1875 to 1877; H. T. Clymer, August, 1879, to August, 1882; J. W. Early, January, 1883, to March, 1886; A. J. L. Breinig, December, 1887, present incumbent. Prior to the erection of the present building the name was Emanuel's. CEMETEEIES. St. Patrick's cemetery was regularly laid out and inclosed with a stone and iron fence during Eev. J. J. Koch's incumbency as pastor. It has been the place of interment for St. Patrick's congregation since its organization. The Lutheran cemetery embraces ten or twelve acres and is situated north of Trevorton at the side of the mountain. The ground was secured at the organization of the church. On the 22d of January, 1891, two acres of ground were purchased by Dr. J. B. Newbaker, William Plummer, and J. Benjamin Brubaker with the idea of laying it out as a cemetery. A movement is now in progress to carry this object into effect. 784 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XXXVII. MT. CAEMEL TOWNSHIP. OrGANIZATIOK — DitAINAGB AND RoADS — COLLIBHIES — MiNIKG VILLAGES — CHDKCHES. MT. CAEMEL township occupies the extreme southeastem part of the county, with Columbia county on the northeast, Schuylkill on the southeast, and Coal township on the west. Soaring creek forms its northern boundary a distance of thirteen hundred seventy-five perches, and on the west the line of division from Coal is described as " north one degree west seventeen hundred twenty-two and seven tenths perches " from the line of Cameron township to the middle of Eoaring creek. The viewers by whom the erection of the township was recommended and its boundaries surveyed were David Eoekefeller and Jacob Painter; their report was confirmed nisi, November 14, 1854, and while there is no record of the fact, its absolute confirmation doubtless occurred in the following year. Felix Lerch and John Yarnall were the first justices of the peace, G. A. Kehler was the first constable, and A. Eenn was the first overseer of the poor. The surface is extremely mountainous,, the general trend of the principal ranges being east and west. Eoaring, Shamokin, and Mahanoy creeks afford ample drainage. The old Eeading road and the Centre turnpike are the , principal public highways. The railroads are the Philadelphia and Eead- ing, Lehigh Valley, and the Shamokin division of the Northern Central. Industrially, the township is exclusively a mining district. The coll- ieries located within its limits are the Pennsylvania, Black Diamond, Mt. Carmel, Eeliance, Alaska, Merriam, Monitor, Locust Gap, and Locust Spring, of which the history is given in Chapters X and XI of this work, by Dr. J. J. John. MINING TOWNS. Locust Gap is situated on the line of the Philadelphia and Eeading rail- road, and has been a place of local importance since the development of the adjacent region began. The postoffice was established in 1870 with J. S. Eeyer as first postmaster. By the census of 1890 the population exceeded seventeen hundred. The town is really a collection of mining hamlets, and the plat presents but slight evidences of regularity. It is owned almost exclusively by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company; the number of free- I^tt.^^1^ e^ ^^}t^rr MT. CAEMEL TOWNSHIP. 785 holders, as ascertained by recent investigation, is thirty-three. Five general stores, one drug store, and five hotels constitute the business of the place. There are two public school buildings, a CathoUc church and parochial school, a Lutheran church organization, and «ne newspaper, the Locust Gap Local. Apart from the coal operations in the vicinity, the town possesses but little of historic interest. It was a well-known rendezvous for the MoUie Maguires during the palmy days of that organization, and has frequently been the scene of disastrous railroad wrecks. The Smaller Villages of the township are Stuartville, Bell's Tunnel, The Mountain, and Beaver Dale, all of which are virtually suburbs of Mt. Oar- mel; Green Eidge, half a mile from the station of that name on the Lehigh Valley railroad; Alaska, at the intersection of the Mt. Carmel branch of the Philadelphia and Beading railroad with the main line of the Will- iamsport division, and Natalie, a village recently built in the northern part of the township by the Patterson Coal Company. Of these Stuartville is the oldest; it comprises fifteen houses, situated immediately east of Mt. Car- mel on the south side of the public road leading to Centralia, and was built in 1853 by the Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company. Green Eidge is the location of Strong postoffice, of which J. M. Derby was appointed as first postmaster on the 10th of July, 1887. Diamondtown might also be in- cluded in this enumeration, although the name applies to a locality rather than a village. It was built by the New York and Middle Coal Field Com- pany, and received its name from John Diamond, the contractor by whom the tunnel was driven. It was situated immediately north of Mt. Carmel ; after .the abandonment of the colliery the houses were deserted, some fell into decay, and some were burned, so that only two now remain. CHURCHES. St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Locust Gap. — Prior to the year 1866 services were held at irregular intervals by Eev. Edward Murray, of Dan- ville, Pennsylvania, but in September of that year Eev. J. J. Koch was placed in charge at Shamokin and this field of labor was assigned to him. He at once organized a parish, and held services every Simday in the Locust Gap school house. In May, 1870, the erection of a church edifice was undertaken; the first services were held in the basement in November, 1870, and in the following year the edifice was completed at a cost of seven thousand eight hundred dollars; it was dedicated by. Bishop Shanahan, of Harrisburg, August 27, 1871. Father Koch was succeeded by Eev. August Schlueter, the first resident pastor, in October, 1878. He erected a paro- chial residence in 1879, and purchased a small tract of land near the church building for a cemetery. Father Schlueter served the congregation faith- fully until September, 1882, when he was succeeded in the pastorate by Eev. Thomas J. Fleming, who had charge up to February, 1891, and was then 786 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. succeeded by Eev. William Burke, the present pastor. The parish numbers over two hundred fifty families. St. Joseph's parochial school was established by Father Fleming in 1887, and is under the care of five Sisters* of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The first building was destroyed by fire, February 28, 1888, soon after which the present two -story frame structure was erected at a cost of six thousand seven hundred dollars. The average attendance is two hundred seventy children, and both church and school are in a prosperous condition. St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Locust Gap, was organized by Eev. J. C. Shindel on the 10th of August, 1885, and forms part of the Mt. Carmel charge. The first officers were Lewis Karbley and Frederick Yentsch, elders; Henry Carl, Benjamin Thomas, and Gideon Fertig, deacons. CHAPTER XXXVIII. WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. Original Boundakibs — First Towniship Ofpicbes — Pioneers — Industries — Ke- BUCK — Schools — Chl-rches. WASHINGTON township was erected from Upper Mahanoy and Jack- son, January 14, 1856. From the official description of the original boundaries it appears that the northern line, which coincides with the sum- mit of Line mountain, is fifteen hundred twenty-six perches in length, and the western- line, which extends from Line moimtain to Jacob's ridge, twelve hundred sixteen perches in length. The first township officers were Peter Reed and William D. Hoffman, justices of the peace; Solomon Billman, constable; H. D. Hoffman and Jo- seph Feger, overseers of the poor; John Haue and P. Reitz, supervisors; M. Drumheller, clerk; Peter Ferster, assessor; J. T>. Hoffman, N. Kehres, and William Sherry, auditors. The surface, like that of the neighboring townships, is rolling, with a red shale soil. No railway enters its territory, but public highways lead in all directions. Greenbrier creek, which traverses its whole extent from east to west, drains the entire area. PIONEERS. As in many other parts of the county, the early settlers of this township were of German origin. Among the first to locate here were Henry Rebuck, Peter Stull, John and Frederick Latsha, Peter Kiehl, Abraham Rothermel, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 787 Daniel Gonsar, Philip Hettrick, Andrew Eeitz, Peter Brosius, George Heim, Daniel and Jonathan Eeitz, Jonathan Keefer, and George Eeed. Their de- scendants still constitute a fair proportion of the population. INDUSTRIES. Keihl Brothers' mill is situated near Eebuck post office, on Greenbrier creek. The first mill on this site was erected during the early settlement of the township; it was replaced in 1838 by the present building, a frame struct- ure furnished with two sets of buhrs and capable of grinding ten barrels of flour per day. William Kehres purchased the property from a Mr. Knobel in 1830 and rebuilt the mill in 1838. Latsha Brothers' miU was built in 1819 by Daniel Gonser, who erected at the same time a saw mill ; the latter has not been in operation for some years. One of the Eebuck fajjuily built a saw mill near Eebuck postoffice about 1815; it has been abandoned for many years. Andrew G. Brosius's mill, also on Greenbrier creek, was originally erected by the father of the present proprietor. It is especially adapted to the manu- facture of linseed oil, but chopping is also done. Henry Fisher established a foundry at Eebuck in 1870 for the manu- facture and repair of plows and other agricultural implements. It is now operated by W. H. Fisher. The post- village of this name is situated on the State road leading from Fisher's Ferry to Pottsville, in the valley of Greenbrier creek three fourths of a mile south of Line mountain and near the center of Washington town- ship, of which it is the polling place. The first postmaster was Godfrey Ee- buck, in whose honor the ofiice was named. The village comprises two stores, two hotels, blacksmith and wagon shops, the mill of Kiehl Brothers and the foundry of W. H. Fisher, with perhaps a dozen private residences. SCHOOLS. The first school in tjie township was established by the congregation of Himmel church in 1774, and the first teacher was Charles Henry KaufEman. Another early school was taught in an old log building which stood near the present site of Latsha's mill. The early teachers were Daniel Hoffman, Christian Geigerrith, John Eister, and Gideon Adams. The latter is now a resident of Shamokin. The public school system was adopted, January 22, 1870, when the following persons were chosen as school directors: WilHam Sherry, Levi T. Drumheller, Daniel Hettrick, Isaac Eebuck, Abraham Schlegel, and William Eothermel. There are now five schools with an equal number 788 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. of brick school houses, two of which were built in 1869 and the remaining three in 1870. CHUECHES. Himmel Church, Lutheran and Reformed, is one of the oldest denomina- tional organizations of Northumberland county. The records state that in the year 1773, " We, the Evangelical Lutheran and Eef ormed members of the congregation, have endeavored in the Providence of God to erect a man- sion of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, to have our children as well as ourselves prepared, through the "Word of God and by means of the holy sacraments, for eternal life;" whereupon a patent was procured from the State for sixty acres of land, upon which a school house was erected in 1774, in which instruction was given by Charles Henry Kauffman. A log church building was also erected about the sam^e time. On the 22d of Septem- ber, 1781, a resolution was placed on record statipg that "the Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed congregations shall have equal right and privileges to land, church, school house, and so contimje to have." In June, 1817, at a meeting in the school house for the purpose of deciding whether to repair the old church or build a new one, "These worthy men of both congregations, being of one mind, agreed upon the following plan: to build a new church — materia] to be used stone — upon a lofty place about twenty rods from the old church;'' here it was again resolved "to build a union church for use of both Lutheran and Reformed members, and that it shall forever remain so in this newly erected Himmel church." Articles of agreem^ent were accordingly drawn up and placed in the corner-stone, which was laid in the spring of 1818. The building committee was composed of Michael Reitz, Michael Rebuck, and Leonard Reitz; the ministers present were Reverends John Nicholas Hemping, John Felix, Philip Moyer, and George Mening. This is a large and commodious stone edifice, built in the old Pennsylvania style, with a one-story main room and gallery, an old-fashioned pigeon-box pulpit, and a seating capacity of four hundred. The large pipe-organ is a noticeable feature; from this circumstance it has been popularly known as "the organ church." This church was for many years the principal one in all the Mahanoy region, and was attended from a i;adius of twelve miles. Barefooted, coatless, and in farm wagons, the people would flock to their place of worship; no pride disturbed their minds, no fatigue furnished an excuse for absence, no one esteemed himself above his fellow-Christians. The German language has been mainly used throughout the history of the church, although English is being gradually introduced. The first ofiicers of the Lutheran organization were Nicholas Brosius and Peter Ferster, deacons, Daniel Kobel and George Heim, elders. Among the names which appear on the communion list of June 30, 1776, are those of Nicholas Snyder, Charles Henry Kauffman, George Ferster, Daniel Kobel, WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP. 789 John George Brosius, John F. Kauffman, Henry Eeitz, Andrew Eeitz, Will- iam Heim, John N. Hettrick, Henry Groninger, Philip Klinger, Henry Zart- man, John Shaffer, G. H. Eeitz, John Miller, G. Heim, Joseph N. Brosius, Peter Ferster, John L. Kauffman, Michael Eeitz, John Heim, George Henry Kauffman, Peter Albert, Edward Ferster, J. G. Heim, and John Harter; the entire number of communicants at that time was sixty-four. In 1818, when the present church edifice was built, the elders and deacons were Christian Thomas, George Miller, David Haas, Abram Hoch, Frederick Kahler, God- fried Thonias, Peter Eeitz, and Jacob Falk. The communion Hst of April 12, 1818, gives the names of seventy-nine members, among whom were the families of Kauffman, Snyder, Eebuok, Eeitz, Brosius, Hettrick, Gonser, Adams, Hoch, Eeed, Kahler, Kieffer, Eothermel, Schlegel, Ferster, Eose, Yocum, Feger, and Drumheller, which have since been prominent in the history of the church. The protocol was begun in 1776 and contains lists of baptisms, communicants, members confirmed, and the articles of agreement mentioned. The first baptisms recorded were those of John and Maria Kobel, children of Henry and Catherine Kobel, who were baptized on the 7th of June, 177-t. The following is a list of pastors: J. M. Enderline, 1773-87; Charles Christopher Getz, 1790; Christian Espich, 1795; J. P. F. Kramer, 1803; Conrad Walter, 1807; Daniel Ulrich, 1809; John Nicholas Hemping, 1812-47; Augustus Bergner, 1847-60; J. Hasskarl, 1861-63; John C. Schmidt, 1864-69; J. F. Bayer, 1869-70; John C. Schmidt, 1870- 81; J. F. Bayer, 1881-86; D. M. Stetler, 1887, present incumbent. The first Eeformed minister was the Eeverend Cooto, who is supposed to have administered the ordinances of religion in this church during a period of twenty years. The name of Eeverend Hendel appears upon the record in 1805, followed by Eev. J. Felix in 1812; the latter was present in 1818 at a congregational meeting held for the purpose of erecting a new church building. The pastoral succession since 1820 has been as follows: H. Knoebel, 1820-27; John Houtz, 1827-30; Benjamin Boyer, 1830-36; Eudolph Duenger, 1836-52; Isaac F. Steily, 1852-69; J. Fritzinger, 1870; John Wohlbach, and A. E. Hottenstein, the present incumbent, who assumed charge in 1875. The names of Andrew Ketterli and Peter Schmidt appear as ofiicers in 1780; Andrew Brist, Christian Thomas, and Nicholas Adams, in 1809; Michael Eebuck and Jacob Schmidt, in 1811; Conrad Eebuck and Daniel Kieffer, in 1823 ; Abraham Eothermel and Gideon Adams, in 1826 ; John Geist and Bernhard Adams, in 1828. The family names at this date (1890) are those of Kieffer, Geist, Smith, Eebuck, Thomas, Falk, Sherry, Kehres, Eessler, Adams, Latsha, Eunkle, Walker, Eothermel, Heim, Schott, Woodling, and others. The parochial school has long since been discontinued; three Sunday schools are conducted at school houses located two miles north, east, and south, respectively, from the church building. The school house erected in 790 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 1774, enlarged and modernized, constitutes the residence of the organist, ■who officiates for both congregations and receives all the products of the farm with the use of the house in compensation for his services. Both congregations were incorporated in 1854. CHAPTER XXXIX. EOCKEFELLER TOWNSHIP. Organization and Bound akibs — Drainage and Roads — Villages — Mills — Schools — Churches. THIS township, one of the interior subdivisions of the county, is bounded on the north by Upper Augusta, on the east by Shamokm, on the south by Zerbe and Little Mahanoy, and on the west by Lower Augusta. Its territory was originally a part of Augusta, and from the division of the latter until its separate organization it was embraced in Lower Augusta. A petition for the division of Lower Augusta was presented to the court on the 12th of January, 1880, whereupon G. W. Hower, John Eckman, and M. Haupt were appointed as commissioners to take the matter under advise- ment. This report having been favorable, an election was ordered for the 24th of April following, resulting in an expression of popular approval, and on the 7th of May, 1880, the township was formally erected by decree of court. The surface is hilly. Little Shamokin and Plum creeks afford ample drainage. The principal highways are the Tulpehocken and Plum Creek roads; the former extends north and south, intersecting the latter three miles from Sunbury. villages. Seven Points, a village of one hundred twenty-five inhabitants, three stores, a postoffice, and the shops of several mechanics, is situated in the eastern part of Rockefeller township, on the Trevorton and Sunbury road about seven miles from the latter place. It derives its name from the fact that seven roads diverge at this place. The site was formerly embraced in a tract of several hundred acres owned by William Maclay, one of the first United States Senators from Pennsylvania. The first house within the pres- ent limits of the village was erected by William Raker in 1870; he owned the land adjoining, and sold it in lots of convenient size for purchasers. Mr. Raker also opened the first store. In 1874 the house now owned by William Eister was erected by George Shive, who started the first hotel therein; this EOOKEFELLEE TOWNSHIP. 791 business, however, was only continued six years. The postoffice was estab- lished in 1874 with William Eaker as postmaster; since that time G. Snyder, M. G. Eessler, and William B. Eister, the present incumbent, have filled the office. Mail is received three times a week, but arrangements are now (1890) in progress for a daily service from Sunbury. The school house, a one-story brick building, was erected in 1881. Washington Camp, No. 139, P. O. S. of A., was instituted on the 20th of January, 1886. Augustaville is a small post-village on the Tulpehocken road six miles from Sunbury. It consists of several houses, a general store, shoemaker shop, school house, and post office, which was established in 1880. The first . house was erected by Daniel Conrad in 1860 and was used as a hotel until 1886. Augusta Lodge, No. 614, I. O. O. F., was instituted under charter dated November 19, 1867. MILLS. Weitzel's mill was established by Casper Weitzel, one of the first resi- dent attorneys of the county and a captain in the Continental army, who died in 1782. The miU is one of the oldest in the county, and has been in pos- session of the Weitzel family since it was first placed in operation. The present owner is Joseph Weitzel. Miller's mill is situated on Little Shamokin creek along the road leading from the Tulpehocken road to Trevorton, about four miles from the latter place. The first miU at this site was a small frame structure erected by Colonel Thomas Jones some time between 1790 and 1800. The present mill was built in 1850 by David Miller, by whom it was owned until his death; it then became the property of his son, Hiram Miller, the present owner. Shipman's mill is situated on the road leading from the Tulpehocken road to the Susquehanna river, along Little Shamokin creek. It is a two- story frame structure and was erected by Abraham Shipman in 1850. After his death it became the property of Isaac Shipman and was owned by him xmtil 1890, when it was purchased by Solomon Miller. Fagley's mill, on a branch of Little Shamokin creek in the southern part of EockefeUer township, is a frame structure fifty -three by twenty-five feet, and was built by Samuel Lantz in 1856. Soon after its erection it was pur- chased by Jacob Fagley, the present owner. SCHOOLS. Eockefeller township sustains seven schools and has an equal number of school buildings. One is situated at Seven Points; one at Augustaville; one near Solomon Miller's mill, known as the Shipman school; two on the Plum Creek road, known, respectively, as the Upper and Lower Plum Creek schools • one near Emanuel Eeformed church, and the other on the Irish VaUey road. 792 HIST.OEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. CHUECHES. Zion Church, Lutheran and Eeformed, is situated on the Tulpehocken road six and one half miles from Sunbury. The ground was presented by- Martin Raker in 1814, and some of the timbers for a church building were prepared in that year, but it was not completed until 1816. It is a stone structure two stories in height; originally there was but one story with in- terior galleries around three sides, but at 'a meeting on the 18th of January, 1861, it was decided to substitute a second story for the galleries. This was accomplished during that year under the supervision of Elias Emeric and J. F. Lerch. Some years later the building was remodeled at a cost of five hundred dollars. The first organization occurred in 1806 with eight members, and public worship was conducted in a log school house which stood about four hundred yards from the present church edifice. This school house was constructed with a swinging partition in the middle; one end was used as a school room and the other as the teacher's dwelling, but on preaching occasions the partition was swung open and the whole became a place of worship. Among those most active in the original erection of the church edifice were George Long, William Eeeser, Samuel Bloom, George Haupt, Martin Raker, Jacob Raker, Conrad Raker, Jacob Raker, William Bartholomew, Jacob Zimmerman, and George Savidge. Rev. J. P. Shindel was pastor in 1816, when the building was dedicated. The following is a list of ministers who have served the congregations since their organization: Lutheran — Reverends J. P. Shindel (who became pastor in 1813 and remained until 1 851), Peter Born, D. D., George P. Weaver, L. H. Sherts, Joseph Focht, Mr. Berry, A. K. Zimmerman, Mr. Harsh, Sidney Bateman, Mr. Felker, and Cyrus E. Benson, the present pastor; Reformed — Reverends Steily, Fisher, Steinmetz, Cremer, Haas, Daniel, Reider, Shoe- maker, Hertzel, and Mutchler. In connection with this church and situated in the same lot to the rear of the building is a burying ground, the oldest in the township. This lot was laid out as a place of interment as early as 1800 by Martin Raker, who died in October, 1803, and was the first person interred here. Eden Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1844 by Rev. J. P. Shindel. The first ofiicers and signers of the constitution were George Savidge, John Drear, George Fausold, Philip Weiser, Henry Fausold, and Daniel Conrad, in addition to whom there were forty -six original members. The erection of a church edifice was immediately begun and the comer-stone was laid on the 22d of April, 1844, Rev. J. P. Shindel officiating. It was a one-story frame structure, situated on the Plum Creek road, and served as a place of worship until 1873 when it was removed and the present two-story brick edifice erected. This was dedicated, October 12, 1873, at which time Rev. A. K. Zimmerman was pastor. Since its organization the church has -.■^*^!i>*'' ROCKEFELLEE TOWNSHIP. 795 been served by the Eeverends J. P. Shindel, Peter Bom, D. D., George P. Weaver, L. H. Sherts, Joseph Focht, Mr. Berry, A. K. Zimmerman, Mr. Harsh, Sidney Bateman, Mr. Pelker, and Cyrus E. Benson, the present pastor. Emanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized on the 8th of April, 1848, and has had the following pastors : Eeverends J. T. Hornberger, 1860 to July, 1864; J. H. Schmidt, October, 1864, to April, 1868; L. G. Eggers, May, 1869, to May, 1871; J. Albert, October, 1871, to January, 1875; A. Berk, 1875 to 1877; H. T. Clymer, August, 1879, to August, 1882; J. W. Early, January, 1883, to March, 1886; A. J. L. Breinig, December, 1887, present incumbent. At a meeting of the Reformed and Lutheran congregations, June 5, 1847, an agreement was entered into for the erection of a union place of worship, which was accordingly built. The Lutherans withdrew from this union on the 26th of April, 1884, and at once undertook the erection of a church edifice; Joseph Emeric and John Lantz were appointed to secure funds, and, with the assistance of the pastor, select a site. A lot on the northeast corner of "Wolf's cross-roads was offered by Joel Wolf and accepted. Joseph Emeric, Daniel Clinger, and William Eister were appointed as a building com- mittee, November 27, 1884; the comer-stone was laid on the 24th of May, 1885, by Reverends J. W. Early and M. B. Lenker, and the dedication occurred, November 8, 1885, when the pastor was assisted by Rev. L. Lindenstruth. Emanuel Reformed Church was organized in 1848. The first church edifice, a one-story brick structure, situated on the Little Shamokin Creek road four miles southeast of Sunbury, was jointly occupied by this congrega- tion and the Lutherans until 1884, when the latter disposed of their interest; it was then used exclusively by the Reformed organization until 1886, when the present edifice, a one-story brick building with Sunday school room at one side, was erected. Henry Arnold, Samuel Keefer, and Jacob Goss con- stituted the building committee. The corner-stone was laid on the 8th of April, 1886, and the church was dedicated in the following November. Ebenezer Methodist Episcopal Church was organized inl860, and ijum- bered among its membership the families of Gonsar, Tucker, Shipman, Long, aad Malick. A small frame church edifice was erected on the Hollowing Run road in the same year; in 1875 it was enlarged, but has been much damaged by a storm and never repaired. Seven Points Church of the Evangelical Association was organized in 1866, although public worship had been conducted by ministers of this denomination in that vicinity as early as 1855. The church edifice, a one- story frame structure, was dedicated on the 23d of December, 1866. Rev. . David Lantz was largely instrumental in effecting the organization and hav- ing the church building erected. 45 796 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XL. EALPHO TOWNSHIP. Successive Steps in the Proceedinss by Which the Township was Erected — Line op Division from Siiamokin — Drainage and Roads — Pioneers — Early History, Growth, and Secret Societies op Elysburq — Industries — Schools — Chubches. RALPHO township borders on Columbia county on the north and east, Coal township on the south, Shamokin on the west, and Rush on the north. Its territory was part of Augusta from 1772 to 1785, of Catawissa from 1785 to 1788, of Ralpho in 1788-89, and of Shamokin from 1789 to 1883. Its erection originated in a movement to divide Shamokin into two election districts, the propriety of which was favorably reported upon. May 3, 1880, by Isaac Campbell, John Eokman, and Eichard B. Douty, viewers appointed by the court, March 12, 1880. Exceptions to this report were filed, however; on the 4th of January, 1881, it was set aside and the matter referred again to the same viewers. A second report was made, February 7, 1881, and on the 1st of August, 1882, this was confirmed, dividing the township into two election districts, to be knovsm as North and South Shamokin. In the meantime the formation of a new township had been agitated and on the 5th of September, 1882, a petition presented vrith that object was referred to Ira Shipman, Peter H. Snyder, and Solomon Weaver, who reported favorably, December 15, 1882, the line of division to coincide with the channel of Shamokin creek from the line of Coal township to a point in the middle of the stream at the county bridge near Reed's church and thence deflect north fourteen and one fourth degrees east two hundred sixty rods to the line of Rush township. The question was sub- mitted to a vote on the 20th of January, 1883, when the proposed change received popular approval; and on the 5th of February, 1883, a decree of court was promulgated, erecting the township of Ralpho from that part of the former territory of Shamokin east of the division line and adjacent to Columbia county. The first election for township officers occurred on the 20th of February, 1883. The surface of the township is undulating and in many parts hilly; it is drained by tributaries of Shamokin and Roaring creeks, the former form- ing the western and the latter the eastern boundary. The highest elevation in this region is Gilger's hills, a range extending east and west through the central part of the township. The Shamokin Valley and Pottsville railway KALPHO TOWNSHIP. 797 passes through the western part of the township; the lines of the old Centre and Danville turnpikes cross its territory, while numerous lateral highways lead in all directions. PIONEEES. Settlements were attempted in this section prior to the Eevolutionary war, but none proved successful until 1779, when O.badiah Campbell, a na- tive of New Jersey and a soldier of the Eevolution, immigrated to the vicinity of Elysburg, where he secured a tract of four hundred acres. About the same time or a few years later, Jacob Pensyl, who had previously settled at the site of Shamokin, established himself upon a tract of two hundred acres in Ealpho township. William P. Kaseman, Peter Demmig (Dimmick), Peter Haas, Henry Fisher, and the Geiger family were also among the pioneers. Henry Fisher located where Peter Leisenring now resides, where he built the hotel and mill and owned fifteen or eighteen hundred acres of land. Abia John arrived in 1795 and located two miles east of Perry John's pres- ent residence; Casper Adams and Abram Arter located at the respective residences of John Campbell and John Eepley. John Eeeder was also an early settler, but did not remain permanently. In 1807 George Krick located where John Krick, his grandson, now resides. ELYSBUKG. This village is pleasantly located in the southern part of the township, in which it is the only place of importance. The plat was laid out in 1830 by Peter Haas, from whom the place received its first name, Petersburg. When the postoffice was established a change became necessary, and the present designation was adopted. Historically it is the more appropriate, as the Ely family .has been represented at this locality from an early period. As early as 1800 George Ely kept hotel in this vicinity ; the first house within the present village limits was built by Samuel Ely, whose carpenter shop was also the first local industry. Among the first store keepers were John Irvin, Joseph Dickson, and Fisher & Higgins ; David Higgins, a member of the last mentioned firm, was the first postmaster. Dr. James Pasco was the first resident physician but did not remain any length of time; Dr. Joseph C. Eobins was the first to locate permanently at Elysburg, where he was in active practice forty-two years. Jesse Campbell was the first saddler, and William Bird the first blacksmith; the chair-making industry was pursued at one time by William Persing. The original town plat was subsequently enlarged by Dodge & Barton and E. Chidester. Secret Societies. — The following is a list of secret societies, with dates of organization or institution: Elysburg Lodge, No. 548, I. O. O. F., January 1, 1859; Lucy Jane Lodge, No. 80, Daughters of Eebekah, September 22, 1873; Elysburg Lodge, No. 414, F. & A. M., March 4, 1868; Washington Camp, No. 186, P. O. S. of A., July 26, 1887. 798 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. INDUSTEIES. John W. Eeed's mill is a two-story frame building, equipped with four sets of buhrs. The first mill at this site was built by Bernard Eyregoo'd; it was a frame building with two sets of buhrs, and had an overshot wheel. The present mill was built in 1830 by Samuel Sober. Peter Leisenring's mill at Bear Gap was originally erected at an early date by Henry Fisher; it was rebuilt and enlarged by Jacob Leisenring. William Krickbaum's mill is situated in the eastern part of the township on Eoaring creek; this is an old mill site and the present structure, a three- story frame building with four sets of buhrs and an overshot wheel, was erected in 1840 by Mr. Krickbaum. Isaac Hull established a small tannery in 1830; some years since it passed . into the possession of William Pensyl, by whom the plant was enlarged and improved. Lemuel Teitsworth also conducted a tannery at Elysburg a num- ber of years. SCHOOLS. One of the earliest schools of the township was conducted in an old log building that stood upon the site of St. Jacob's church. The first teachers were Charles Stock and William H. Muench ; the latter taught twenty-four years. At an early date Obadiah Campbell built a log school house on land now owned by Joseph Ent. He also gave the ground for the first school house at Elysburg, and re -enforced this generous donation with a liberal subscription; the building occupied the site of the present school house in that village, and William Cunningham, Eev. Samuel Henderson, Joseph Campbell, and David Anderson were among the first teachers. The congre- gation of St. Peter's church erected a brick school house at an early date where the present church edifice stands; Francis P. Schwartz and a Mr. Lat- timer were among the first teachers. The Elysburg Academy was for some years a prominent educational fac- tor in this part of the county. A two-story brick building thirty by forty feet in dimensions was erected in 1865 by a local stock company at a cost of thirty-four hundred dollars. William Biddle, Rev. John Adams, and H. H. Bartholomew were the first principals. Since the regular sessions of the academy have been discontinued, different persons have conducted private schools in the building during the summer months. CHTJECHES. St. Peter's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was organized more than a hundred years ago. John Pensyl donated an acre of ground for church and burial purposes; a log building was erected thereon as a place of worship and a brick building for school purposes. The latter was replaced by the present church edifice, of which the corner-stone was laid on the 5th of Sep- EALPHO TOWNSHIP. 799 tember, 1863. It is a brick structure forty feet wide and eighty feet long. John Pensyl and Peter Demmig (Dimmick) were among the most active of the early members. The present (1890) official boards are constituted as follows: Lutheran — Adam Dimmick and Henry Hoffman, elders, George Buffington and Egbert Adams, deacons; Eeformed — Franklin Erdman and David Kase- man, elders, G. F. Herb and F. P. Martz, deacons. The cemetery adjoining the church is tastefully arranged and inclosed with a neat iron fence. St. Jacob's Church, Lutheran and Reformed, was incorporated about the year 1812; among the corporators were Jacob Eeed, Matthias Kershner, Jacob Fry, Andrew Fry, Andrew Smith, John Smith, Abram Arter, and Solo- mon Krick. Ground for a church edifice was donated by John Jones, and Casper Eeed gave the land for the xjemetery. The first church building, a two-story brick structure, was dedicated on the 14th of August, 1816; it was two years in course of erection, as the corner-stone was laid on the 28th of August, 1814 Jacob Eeed was the largest contributor and virtual founder, and his services are still recognized in the popular designation, "Eeed's church." The present church edifice is a two-story brick structure seventy feet long and forty feet wide with tower and bell, and cost seven thousand dollars; the corner-stone was laid on the 1st of May, 1870, and the dedica- tion occurred on the 20th of November following. Among the early members of these congregations were Jacob Eeed, Casper Eeed, Christian Bauschlog, Peter Swank, Jacob Swank, Henry Swank, Conrad Yost, William H. Muench, Abram Arter, Solomon Krick, George Krick, John Hirsh, Jacob SchoU, John Vought, Sr., John Vought, Jr., Daniel Vought, Sr., Daniel Vought, Jr., Val- entine Vought, E. H. Vought, H. H. Knoerle, Samuel Haas, and John Miller. The following is a list of pastors: Lutheran — Eeverends J. P. Shindel, J. O. Adams, J. H. Wampole, Philip Williard, Mr. Bricker, and S. G. Shannon, present incumbent; Eeformed — Eeverends John W. Ingold, John Dietrich Adams, Martin Bruner, Mr. Knoebel, E. A. Fisher, Mr. Hoffman, Mr. Eitten- house, Mr. Hibschman, Mr. Losch, Mr. Kelly, Mr. Eeiter, Mr. Shoemaker, Mr. Hartzel, and Mr. Sando. Elysburg Methodist Episcopal Church is supposed to have been organized about the year 1791 by Bishop Asbury, the founder of this denomination in America. The place of worship was the school house built at Elysburg by Obadiah Campbell until 1850, when the frame building now owned by the Masonic Lodge was erected. The present one-story frame church edifice superseded the latter in 1885. The following is a list of pastors since 1866 : 1866, J. Forrest, J. M. Akers; 1867, J. Forrest; 1868, Henry S. Mendenhall, William W. Eeese; 1869, Henry S. Mendenhall, A. S. Bowman; 1870, Henry S. Mendenhall; 1871, J. F. Bowman, Theodore Faus; 1872, J. F. Bowman; 1873, T. O. Clees; 1874, T. O. Clees, G. V. Savidge; 1875, T. O. Clees, W. B. Smith; 1876, John Guss, C. J. Buck; 1877, John Guss; 1878, John Guss, Jonathan Guldin; 1879-81, Gideon H. Day; 1882-83, Timothy 800 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. H. Tubbs; 1884-86, Heniy B. Fortner; 1887-89, Andrew W. Decker; 1890, William A. Lepley. Oak Grove Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1834; among the early members were Adam Gilger, Eobert Taylor and wife, John Rep- ley, Henry Repley, Joseph Yocnm and wife, John Fisher, and David Snyder and wife. Meetings were held for some years at the house of John Eepley, and subsequently in the school house. The present church building, a frame structure thirty-eight by forty feet, was dedicated on the 1st of January, 1863. The Society of Friends has been represented in Ealpho township since its first settlement, but no local meeting was organized until 1840, when, through the efforts of Elida and Perry John, a number of Friends residing in this locality and formerly connected with the meetings at Catawissa and Roar- ing creek were separately constituted. A school house and subsequently Krickbaum's mill were used as places of worship until the present brick meeting house was erected. Elysburg Presbyterian Church was organized in 1850 from a member- ship formerly connected with the old Shamokin church. Prominent among the first members were Obadiah Campbell, William Kase, Alexander Moore, Samuel Sober, and their families. They built a brick church edifice and worshiped therein until 1889, when the present brick building was erected upon the same site. Reverends Samuel Henderson, John Sellers, John Hudson, Mr. Williamson, David Hull, Mr. Sturgis, John McEkoy, John Caldwell, W. R. Mather, Mr. Finney, and F. F. Christine, the present incumbent, have successively served as pastors. CHAPTER XLI. GEARHART TOWNSHIP. Ekection asd.Orcjaxization — The Foundixo, Growth, and JExixicrPAL Govern- ment OF THE Borough op Riverside — South Danville — Schools — Churches — Cemetery. ri^^HE movement that has recently culminated in the division of Rush _i_ township had its origin in the formation of Gearhart independent school district some years ago; subsequently two election districts were formed, and, at December sessions, 1889, proceedings were instituted for the formation of two separate and distinct townships. Ira Shipman, C. D. Ober- dorf, and John F. Derr, commissioners appointed by the court to take the GEAEHART TOWNSHIP. 801 matter under advisement, reported favorably to a division by the line of the independent school district. The question was submitted to popular vote on the 3d of June, 1890, when eighty -three ballots were cast in favor of divis- ion and fifty- one against; the township of Gearhart was accordingly erected, September 10, 1890, by decree of court. The first election occurred on the 27th of September, 1890, resulting in the choice of the following township officers: constable, Conrad Fisher; justices of the peace: J. Hudson Kase, Charles Kase; supervisors: A. M. Sechler, "W. P. Gearhart; overseers of the poor; James C. Carr, H. H. Vas- tine; assessors: Samuel Gulick, Samuel Reader; auditors: F. W. Clayton, D. R. Eckman, Daniel P. Crossley; school directors: Thomas WeUiver, J. N. Bird, M. F. Gulick, Peter Burger, Daniel P. Crossley, S. K. Hummer; judge of election, B. P. Landan; inspectors: Thomas A. Adams, O. H. Am- merman. BOROUGH OF EIVEESIDE. Riverside is pleasantly situated on the south bank of the North Branch, directly opposite Danville, Montour county. The site was originally em- braced in the farm of Daniel Cameron, from whom it passed successively to William D. Gearhart and William Hancock ; from the latter it was purchased by Rev. Irvin H. Torrence, with whom the project of laying out a town had its inception. In the consummation of this project Thomas Beaver and Benjamin G. Welch were associated with Mr. Torrence; subsequent addi- tions have been made to the originaL plat, and thus the borough embraces several hundred acres. The streets, extending north and south, are num- bered consecutively from First to Twelfth; the avenues cross the streets at right angles, and are distinguished by a series of letters, all the letters in the Alphabet from A to I being used. The Sunbury and Danville road, which passes through the plat, has been widened under the name of Sun- bury street. The borough is situated on the line of the Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkes- barre railroad, and is connected with Danville by a river bridge; its popula- tion is principally employed in that city, of which it is virtually a suburb and in the prosperity of which it has largely shared. No manufacturing or business interests of importance have developed; it is essentially a place of residence, and in its attractiveness in this respect has doubtless realized the design of the projectors. Municipal Government. — The borough of Riverside was incorporated, May 4, 1871, by act of the legislature; until the first election for borough officers should occur, this act provided that Edward Crompton should act as burgess, and A. Motzenbacher, W. Yeager, Daniel Leiby, W. A. Miller, Joel T. Baily, and O. H. Ostrander as councilmen. Since 1873 the following per- sons have been elected to the office of burgess: 1873, C. P. Gearhart; 1874, 802 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. E. P. Laird; 1875-76, Joseph L. Shannon; 1877, William Minier; 1878, Joseph L. Shannon; 1879, Benjamin G. Welch; 1880-82, C. P. Gearhart; 1883, E. P. Laird; 1884-85, Joseph L. Shannon; 1886, Caleb F. Persing; 1887-91, Joseph L. Shannon. SOUTH DANVILLE. South Danville adjoins Eiverside on the east, and is located at the south- ern terminus of the Danville bridge. The site was formerly embraced in the farm of Harmon Gearhart; the town was laid out by William F. Gear- hart, with George W. West as surveyor. Logan, Montour, Chestnut, Factory, and Mill streets extend north and south, intersected by Eailroad, Wall, Dew- art, Gearhart, and Sunbury streets. The town possesses substantially the same character and prospects as Eiverside; owing to the immediate prox- imity of Danville, where the population is principally employed, no local business or industries of any magnitude have come into existence. The Eiverside school building, a brick structure forty by twenty-six feet and two stories high, was erected in 1871 at a cost of four thousand seven hundred forty-eight dollars, twenty-nine cents; the first term was opened in the autumn of that year with Miss Mamie Wilkes as teacher. The first school directors, appointed by the legislature in the act incorporating the borough, were J. W. Scott, William Faux, Daniel Huber, Benjamin G. Welch, C. P. Gearhart, and O. Longacre. OHUECHES. The Methodist Episcopal Church of South Danville has existed as an organization from an early period in the history of the Methodist denomina- tion in central Pennsylvania. Eev. Francis Asbury, the first Methodist bishop in America, makes mention in his journal of having been the guest of General William Montgomery at Danville, whence he crossed the river and preached at Judge Jacob Gearhart's; the Judge's barn was the place of public worship, while class and prayer meetings wete regularly held at his house, which occupied the site of the present residence of Eev. Irvin H. Torrence. The preachers of the Philadelphia, Genesee, and Baltimore Con- ferences successively included this point in the field of their labors ; and here the first Methodist church edifice in that part of Northumberland county south of the North Branch was erected in 1829. It was a frame building one story high, and was situated within the inclosure of Mt. Vernon cemetery; John Gearhart, a son of the Judge, supervised the work of construction, and Will- iam Gearhart performed the mason-work. This structure was occupied for re- ligious purposes until 1872, when a brick edifice was erected at Eiverside; this is the present Episcopal chapel, which, on account of financial embar- GEARHAET TOWNSHIP. 803 rassment, the Methodists were unable to retain. Their present place of wor- ship is a substantial brick building. Riverside has been a station since 1873, with the following clergymen: 1873-74, A. S. Bowman; 1875-77, J. T. Wilson; 1879, J. Max.Lantz; 1880, Benjamin H. Mosser; 1881-83, Daniel Hartman; 1884-85, K Herbert Smith; 1886-87, John E. Melroy; 1888-89, Gideon H. Day; 1890, John W. Glover. Grace Protestant Episcopal Chapel, Riverside. — The title to this prop- erty is vested in the corporation of Christ church, Danville, to which it was presented in June, 1878, by Charles Carr. It is a dependency of that par- ish, the rector of which. Rev. William E. Mulford, conducts the services. CEMETEEY. Mt Vernon Cemetery, the last resting place of many of the pioneers and older residents of the township, is situated on the main road from Danville to Snydertown one mile from Eiverside. The manner in which this ground was set apart for burial purposes is best explained by the following extract from the will of Daniel Cameron, dated September 2, 1833: — Whekeas, I have exchanged about one and one fourth, acres of land, on which the Methodist meeting house near Judge Gearhart's stands, for the same quantity of land, to be taken off of Harmon Gearhart's farm on the river adjoining my farm; now, I hereby authorize my executors to grant and convey said lot of land on which said meeting house stands in trust for the Methodist society, on a good and suiflcient deed clear of incumbrances being made to my children for a like quantity of land by Har- mon Gearhart, situate as aforesaid. Harmon Gearhart, therefore, was the real donor, although the ground was taken from the Cameron farm. The title is now vested in the Mt. Ver- non Cemetery Association, which was incorporated on the 16th of November, 1-870. fe-^-JJ nmuA^^ 804 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBEHLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XLII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SUNBURY. Jacob Awl, the original progenitor of this family in America, was born in the North of Ireland, August 6, 1727, and died in Paxtang township, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, September 26, 1793. He was a tanner by occupation. In the Prench and Indian war he held the rani: of ensign and lieutenant in Colonel John Elder's battalion of rangers, and was active in organizing the associators of Lancaster county at the outbreak of the Revo- lution. Upon the formation of Dauphin county he was one of the commis- sioners by whom its boundaries were located, and when Harrisburg was laid out he was appointed by John Harris one of the trustees of the land reserved for public uses. In 1759 he married Sarah, daughter of Jeremiah Sturgeon ; Samuel Awl, the fourth son and seventh child of this union, was born at Paxtang, March 5, 1773. In early manhood he was engaged in mercantile pursuits at Harrisburg; about the year 1800 he removed to Augusta township, Northumberland county, and there resided until his death, January 1, 1842. He served as county commissioner, 1805-08, and as county auditor, 1834r-37 ; when the adoption of the public school system was first voted upon in Augusta township, his was one of eight ballots in its favor; he was an active Mason, and throughout the anti-Masonic agitation assisted in sustaining Lodge No. 22 at Sunbury. He married Mary, daugh- ter of Senator WilUam Maclay; she was born at Harris's Ferry, March 19, 1776, and died in Augusta township, August 13, 1823. Their children were William Maclay; Mary Harris; Charles Maclay; Eleanor Maclay; Charles Samuel; George Washington; Sarah Irwin; Hester Hall; Elizabeth Jane, and Robert Harris. Wilham Maclay Awl was born at Harrisburg, May 24, 1799, and reared in Augusta township, Northumberland county. He attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduated from Jefferson Medical College, and located in the practice of his profession at Lancaster, Ohio, in 1825, but removed to Somerset, Ohio, shortly afterward, and thence to Columbus in 1833. He was appointed physician to the State penitentiary, and in 1835 suggested the organization of the State Medical Association. In 1857 he was director of the State lunatic asylum, of which he was superintendent twelve years, re- signing in 1850. He was the first to propose the education of the feeble- BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 805 minded to the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (of which he was vice-president from 1846 to 1848 and presi- dent from 1848 to 1851), and from this suggestion - the various institutions for this purpose throughout the world have ultimately resulted. He was president of the board of examiners which passed upon the qualifications of surgeons for the Ohio regiments during the civil war, and late in life served as physician to the Ohio institr.te for the bHnd, which he had been largely instrumental in founding. An active member of the Presbyterian church, he was a frequent contributor to biblical literature and prepared a chronologi- cal chart showing genealogy, race, and age of Bible characters from Adam to Moses. He married Eebecca Loughery, January 28, 1830, and died on the 19th of November, 1876. Mary Harris Awl was born, September 1, 1802, married William C. Gearhart, of Eush township, and died, November 29, 1870. Charles Maclay Awl, born, January 5, 1804, died in infancy. Eleanor Maolay Awl, born, November 26, 1806, married Ezra Grossman, and died. May 26, 1889. Charles Samuel Awl, born, August 1, 1808, married Lucy Duncan; he resided on a farm near Peoria, Illinois, where he was justice of the peace many years, and died, November 1, 1883. George Washington Awl, born, June 27, 1810, died, September 4, 1829, in this county. Sarah Irwin Awl, bom, June 1, 1812, married George C. Welker, and resides at Sunbury. Hester Hall Awl, born, August 18, 1814, married William Brindel, a nephew of Governor Eitner, and resides at Sunbury. Elizabeth Jane Awl, bom, November 28, 1816, married Daniel Eohrbach, and resides at Selinsgrove. EoBEET Haeeis Awl, M. D., was born in Augusta township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1819, son of Samuel and Mary (Maclay) Awl. He was educated at the common schools, read medicine with Dr. J. W. Peal, and graduated from Pennsylvania Medical College in 1842. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession, and was located at Gratztown and Halifax, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, until 1845; he then removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he was appointed assistant physician to the State lunatic asylum and remained three years. Eesigning on account of ill health he returned to Sunbury in 1849, and here he has since resided in the steady enjoyment of a lucrative practice. Between 1855 and 1888, in- clusive, he was fourteen years the regular physician to the Northumberland county prison. Eight physicians began the study of medicine with him as their preceptor, viz.: Dr. John J. Miller, who died at Magringo, Iowa; Dr. Ebenezer Euss, of St. Mary's, Pennsylvania; Dr. F. L. Haupt, of Sunbury; Dr. Isaiah Folk, who died in Upper Augusta; Dr. A. C. Clark, of Sunbury; Dr. H. H. Malick, who died in Upper Mahanoy; and Doctors P. B. Masser and D. E. Lenker, of Sunbury. Doctor Awl was surgeon to the Sixteenth Pennsylvania militia in 1843; in 1845 he was the Democratic candidate for the legislature in Dauphin county; in 1864 he was elected treasurer of North- 806 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. umberland county, and served one term; at a later date he was president of the Northumberland County Agricultural Society, and in 1885 he was a mem- ber of the commission by which the limits of the present wards of Sunbury borough were defined. Politically he has been a life-long Democrat, and rendered valuable .services to the party in connection with the founding of the Northumberland County Democrat. For John F. Meginness's various publications Doctor Awl has furnished monograms of high merit on "North- umberland County Prisons," "The old Cannon," "The First Duel in North- umberland County," and " The Brady Family," while the numerous acknowl- edgments to his assistance in the preparation of this work furnish ample evidence of his interest in other matters pertaining to local history. The Doctor is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was first married, March 9, 1843, to Eliza Bower, of Dauphin county, who died, July 28, 1846. On the 21st of November, 1849, he mar- ried Eebecca A., daughter of Peter and Eachel (Miller) Pursel, of Sunbury; the children born to this union are William Maclay; Ellen E., and Mary P., Mrs. Edward Young, of Eenovo, Pennsylvania. Mr. and Mrs. Young are the parents of two children, John Packer and Eobert Harris. Henry B. Masseb, retired publisher, was born at Sunbury, August 17, 1809, son of Henry and Mary (Baldy) Masser, natives of Berks county, Penn- sylvania, and Sunbury, respectively. He was to a large extent self-educated; leaving school at the age of fourteen to take charge of his father's store, he pursued the study of the classics under Charles G. Donnel and Eev. William E. Smith as private instructors, and thus acquired an acadamic education. After reading law the prescribed period under Alexander Jordan, he was ad- mitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 5th of November, 1833, at the same time as James Pollock, Charles W. Hegins, and Samuel P. John- son. The three last mentioned all became president judges in Pennsylvania — Pollock in Northumberland county, Hegins in Schuykill, and Johnson in Warren, while Pollock was also Governor of the State, and it is doubtful whether four men of equal ability and subsequent prominence were ever ad- mitted to the local bar at the same time on any other occasion. In 1839 Mr. Masser was appointed deputy attorney general for Northumberland county; how faithfully and efficiently he performed his official duties is attested by .the fact that during the six years of his incumbency he never had an indict- ment quashed. Although thus established in the practice of the law, Mr. Masser's na- tural talent as a writer early found expression in contributions to the local papers and eventually led him to devote the best activities of his life to the work of journalism. The history of the Sunbury American, founded by him in 1S40, is fully detailed in this work in the chapter on the Press; as the re- sponsible editor of this paper during a period of twenty-nine years his name will always occpuy a prominent place in the annals of local journalism. Mr. BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 807 Masser was recognized as a trenchant and forcible writer, and a sagacious observer of the political and social movements of the day. The paper had an extensive circulation throughout this section of the State, while its edito- rial utterances were widely copied and generally regarded as the expression of conservative and unbiased opinion. Under his management the American was particularly earnest in its advocacy of measures designed to promote the internal development of the State, and rendered effective service in fostering the growth of public sentiment favorable to a protective tariff. In politics it was Democratic, but supported James Pollock for Congress in opposition to William A. Petrikin, the party candidate, on the tariff issue; its influence was shown by the fact that this county, strongly Democratic under ordinary conditions, gave Pollock a majority of several hundred. An equally notice- able demonstration of its influence occurred in the contest of Richard Coul- ter (Whig) and James Campbell (Democrat) for the Supreme bench; the American declined to support Campbell on the ground of unfitness for the position, and his competitor received a majority of six hundred in Northum- berland county. Early in Buchanan's administration it became identified with the "free soil" movement in the Democratic party; its support was transferred to President Lincoln shortly after his election in 1860, and from that time it has been a stanch Republican paper. Mr. Masser retired from its active editorship in 1869, but has not ceased to manifest a warm interest in educational and literary matters. In 1842 Mr. Masser married Diana M. Engle, of Sunbury, who died on the 7th of May, 1862. Two children were born to this union: Henry, who was born February 1, 1843, and died, September 17, 1843; and Mary. Mr. Masser has served for some years as a member of the vestry of St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal church, Sunbury. Hugh Bellas, deceased, was descended in the third generation from Hugh Bellas, of Liswatly, Ireland, who married a Miss Hunter about 1740; they had issue as foUoWs: George; James; Hugh; Thomas, and a daughter who married a Mr. Sloan and immigrated to America prior to the close of the last century. George Bellas was born at Liswatly about 1750, immi- grated to America, and settled in Fishing Creek township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania; he married a Miss Boyce and they had issue as fol- lows: Hugh; Agnes; Sarah; Samuel; George; John; James; Thomas, and Elizabeth. James Bellas was born in 1752, settled at Ballyarton, and died in April, 1842 ; he married Sarah Huey and they had issue as follows : Jane, who was born in 1796 and died in 1819; Hugh, who was born in 1798 and died in 1868; James, who was born in 1800 and died in 1828; Rev. George, who was born in 1802 and died in 1885 ; Stewart, who was born in 1804 and died in 1815; Sarah, who was born in 1805; Thomas H., who was born in 1807 and died in 1883, and William, who was born in 1809 and died in 1817. Hugh Bellas was born about 1755, and died at Liswatly in 1825; he 808 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. married a Miss King and they had issue as follows : Mrs. Mary Ann War- den; Mrs. Jane Caskey; Mrs. Sarah Williamson; Thomas, who located at Philadelphia; Eev. Joseph, who died in 1872; Hugh, who located at Port Stewart, married a Miss Elder, and died in 1885; James, who located at Philadelphia; Samuel, who died at Liswatly in 1832, and Elizabeth, who died at Port Stewart in 1876. Thomas Bellas was born between 1755 and 1760, immigrated to America, returned in bad health, and died at Liswatly before the close of the last century. Hugh Bellas, deceased, attorney at law, was born near Belfast, Ireland, April 26, 1780, son of George Bellas. He began the practice of law in Sunbury in 1803 and resided at that place until his death, October 26, 1868. He married Esther Anthony and they had three children: Eliza P.; Ann Caroline, and Amelia S. Eliza P. Bellas married Charles Pleasants, resided at Sunbury, and had the following children: Israel, an officer in the United States Army, who was killed at the battle of the Wilderness in 1863; Eliza F. Pleasants, who married W. K. Lineweaver and had the following children : Charles P. ; James, and Florence. Ann Caroline Bellas married Aristide Rodrigue and had the following children: Andrew J.; Esther Aline, who married J. K. Gilbert; Hugh B., who married Elizabeth Dougherty; Ann Caroline, deceased; Aristide, de- ceased; Clara V., who married James A. Euthven, and William, deceased; Henrietta, deceased;, and Florence V., who married Fitz- Gerald Tisdall. Amelia S. Bellas married James Brisbin and had the following children: Esther, who married Franklin B. Gowen and has one child, Esther B. Gowen; Hugh B. ; Horace, and William M. A sketch of the personal career of Hugh Bellas appears in this work in the chapter on the Bench and Bar. Ebenezbe and Abigail (Israel) Gbebnough were natives, respectively, of Massachusetts and Delaware. The former was born, December 11, 1783, and died, December 25, 1847; the latter was born, December 12, 1791, and died in 1868. Mr. Greenough graduated from Harvard University in 1804, and came soon afterward to Pennsylvania; immediately upon his arriva*l at Wilkesbarre he accepted the principalship of the academy at that place, and during his connection with this institution began the study of law. He removed to Sunbury in the latter part of 1806, completed his professional preparation, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1808. He was a man of large educational attainments, a strong Federalist in politics, and a brilliant lawyer. A contemporary of Samuel J. Packer, the two were warm friends and worked much together in matters of great public interest. Mr. Greenough was one term in the legislature, where he was conspicu- ous in the advocacy of internal improvement and in the shaping of manu- facturing and corporation laws. He was the author of the Lateral Eailroad BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 809 law, although this was probably written after he left the legislature, and while he was not again in office his interest in public affairs continued to wield a wide and potent influence. He reared one son and five daughters, and left to them at his death what was then considered a handsome compe- tency.^ William I. Geeenough, attorney and counselor at law, was born at Sun- bury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 27, 1821. He prepared for college at the academies of Sunbury, Wilkesbarre, and Danville, and in 1839 graduated from Princeton. Having decided upon the law as his pro- fession, he devoted three years to its study with his distinguished father as preceptor, and in 1842 was admitted to the bar. In ante helium days a Whig, he drifted naturally into the Republican party upon its organization, and has since been consistently loyal to its principles, though at no time an aspirant to official preferment. In fact, his life has been devoted to the law, in which his wisdom as counselor is unquestioned. At Danville, Penn- sylvania, September 21, 1852, Mr. Greenough was married to Mary C, daughter of Peter Baldy, and has one son: Ebenezer, a graduate of Prince- ton and a lavryer by profession. Samuel J. Packer, deceased, was born in Howard township, Centre county, Pennsylvania, March 23, 1799, son of Amos and Elizabeth (Jones) Packer. The ancestry of the family is traced to Philip Packer, a native of England, who immigrated to New Jersey and located near Princeton. He married Rebecca Jones, a native of Philadelphia; their eldest son, Philip Packer, 2d, settled in the forks of Cooper's creek, opposite Kensington, Philadelphia, but afterward removed to the vicinity of Yellow Springs, Chester county, Pennsylvania. He married Ann Coates, a native of Ireland; their eldest son, James Packer, was born near Princeton, New Jersey, on the 4th of 2d month, 1725, removed to Howard township. Centre county, about 1794, and died there, January 10, 1805. On the 1st of January, 1752, at East Cain meeting house, Chester county, he married Rose Mendenhall, who died in Bald Eagle, Clinton county, in June, 1824, at the age of ninety- one. Amos Packer, fifth child of James and Rose (Mendenhall) Packer, was born in Chester county, January 30, 1759, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph and Lydia Jones. Samuel J. Packer, seventh child of Amos and Elizabeth (Jones) Packer, was reared in his native township, edu- cated under the tuition of his father, and apprenticed to the printing trade at Bellefonte. He established the Inquirer at Sunbury in .1820, studied law under Hugh Bellas, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland coimty in 1823. A sketch of his prpfessional and public career appears in this work in the chapter on the Bench and Bar. He married Rachel, daugh- ter of James and Catherine (Cochran) Black, and to this union were born five children: John B. ; Eliza J., deceased; Jane B., deceased; Samuel J., and Mary C, deceased, who intermarried with the Rev. F. B. Riddle. 810 HISTOBY OF NOEXHUMBEELAND COUNTY. John B. Packer, attorney at law, was bom at Sunbury, Pennsylvania, March 21, 1824, son of Samuel J. and Rachel (Black) Packer. He received an academic education, studied law under Bbenezer Greenough, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, August 6, 1844. Prior to the organization of the Eepublican party he was a tariff Democrat, and as such was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature from his native county in 1849 and 1850. He was elected to Congress in 1868 from the Fourteenth Pennsylvania district, served four consecutive terms, and declined a fifth after receiving the nomination. More complete details regarding his profes- sional and political career are given in the chapter on the Bench and Bar in this work. While a member of the State legislature he secured the incor- poration of the Susquehanna Railroad Company, afterward merged into the Northern Central, of which he was one of the organizers and for many years a director. He has served as counsel for that corporation since its formation, and has also represented the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in a similar capacity in this part of the State. In 1855 he became identified with the Bank of Northumberland, of which he was president from 1857 until it was merged into the First National Bank of Sunbury in 1864 ; of the latter insti- tution he has been president since its organization, and is also connected vsdth banking houses at Selinsgrove and Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Mr. Packer was married on the 22d of May, 1851, to Mary M., daughter of the late Will- iam Cameron, of Lewisburg, and they are the parents of five children: Will- iam C, who was born on the 1st of May, 1852, became a brilliant member of the bar, and died on the 4th of June, 1886; Rachel, wife of F. K. HiU, of Sunbury; James C, attorney at law, Sunbury; Mary, and Nellie C. Samuel J. Packek, cashier of the First National Bank of Sunbury, was born at that borough on the 19th of June, 1831, son of Samuel J. and Rachel (Black) Packer. He was educated at the public schools and academy of his native town, read law with his brother, John B. Packer, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 4th of April, 1860. He at once entered upon and continued in the active practice of his profession until his election as cashier of the Bank of Northumberland, November 19, 1863. He has served in that capacity in the Bank of Northumberland and in the First National Bank of Sunbury to the present time. Of his ability as a financier the uniform prosperity of the institution with which he is so responsibly con- nected is sufficient evidence. Mr. Packer is a Eepublican in politics. William Qamebon Packeb, deceased, was born at Sunbiiry, May 1, 1852, eldest son of John B. and Mary (Cameron) Packer. He was reared in his native town, and after leaving the local schools attended the Wilkesbarre Academy and Bloomsburg State Normal School, graduating from the latter institution in 1871. He pursued the study of the law under his father, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 5th of November 1872, after which he at once entered upon the practice of his profession at BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 813 Sunbury. Several years later he was appointed solicitor for the Pennsyl- vania Eailroad Company in Northumberland county, discharging the duties of this responsible position with ability and credit until his death. He also acquired a very considerable general practice, and ranked with the ablest among the younger members of the local bar. He laid out the Cameron addi- tion to Shamokin, served as director in the First National Bank of Sunbury, and was also connected with other business enterprises. In politics he was a Eepublican; in 1875 he was elected a member of the borough coimcil, in 1876-78, assistant burgess, in 1879-80, second burgess, and in 1881-83, chief burgess. During his incumbency in the latter office and largely through his instrumentaUty the river embankment was constructed for the protection of the town against floods, the borough debt was materially reduced and the remainder refunded at a lower rate of interest, resulting in a large annual saving to the tax-payers of the town. In 1875 Mr. Packer married Jennie H., daughter of Dr. Henry C. and Harriet (Boob) Houtz, of Alexandria, Pennsylvania; she was born on the 9th of December, 1852, and died, April 1, 1882. In 1884 he married her sister, Laura A. Houtz, who, with the chil- dren by his first marriage, Mary C, John B., and William C, survives him and resides at Sunbury. He died on the 4th of June, 1886, at the age of thirty- four and in the full vigor of early manhood. "Running through his life," wrote one who knew him well, "was a vein of generosity that formed one of his prominent characteristics. The poor, into whose homes his bounte- ous hand carried comfort and assistance, are among those who will miss him most in the days to come. His friends are numbered by thousands, includ- ing all classes of society. To know him was to love him, and few there are who have had that pleasure that do not recall some kindly deed performed or some cheering word uttered in the hour of adversity. To the sick and aiHicted he is endeared by ties which even death can not sever, for his good- ness supplied many delicacies and attentions otherwise beyond their reach. In all the relations of life he was the same — honorable, upright, manly, and charitable." David Rockefelleh, deceased, was born on the 6th of September, 1802, son of William and Drusilla (Vankirk) Rockefeller and grandson of Godfrey Rockefeller. The latter was born in New Jersey in 1747; in 1789 he settled at the present site of Snydertown, Northumberland county, and there resided until his death. He married Margaret Lewis, and they were the parents of eleven children. William, the fifth in order of birth, was a farmer by occu- pation and died in Rush township, where David, his son and the subject of this sketch, was born and reared. After reaching manhood he first engaged in merchandising at Sunbury. He then learned surveying under his uncle, Jacob Rockefeller, and was actively engaged in the duties of that profession from the year 1826 until within a week of his death, which occurred at Sun- bury on the 22d of August, 1876. Throughout northern and central Penn- 46 814 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. sylvania he enjoyed a reputation for exceptional accuracy, and was frequently called upon to make surveys in cases of disputed land titles. His memory was remarkable. Years after making a survey he could, without reference to his notes, give the courses and distances of lines that he had run, with per- fect accuracy and without apparent effort. He was county surveyor a large part of his professional career, either by appointment of the surveyor general or election to that office. He also served as deputy sheriff more than a score of years; on the 25th of June, 1849, he was commissioned as register and recorder, and filled that office until the ensuing election. He married Cath- erine, daughter of Philip and Susanna (Carter) Mettler, natives of New Jersey and pioneers of Rush township; she died on the 7th of September, 1889, at the age of seventy-nine. They were the parents of five sons, two of whom, William M. and A. Jordan, grew to maturity. A. Jordan Rocke- feller was a lawyer by profession, and died at Sunbury in 1862 at the age of twenty-six. William M. Eockefellee, president judge of the Eighth Pennsylvania judicial district, was born at Sunbury, August 18, 1830, son of David and Catherine (Mettler) Eockef eller. He was educated at the Simibury Academy, studied law under John B. Packer and the late Judge Jordan, and was ad- mitted to the bar of Northumberland county on the 6th of August, 1850. After one year of practice at Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, he located at Sunbury, and was actively engaged in professional work until his elevation to the bench in 1871. Having been re-elected in 1881, he is now approaching the end of his second term. In 1855 he was elected chief bur- gess of Sunbury. In 1853, associated with Judge Jordan and M. L. Shindel, he revised and edited the second edition of the American Pleader's Assistant, a young lawyer's guide to pleading and forms that has found a place in many libraries. The Judge was a Democrat before the civil war, at the outbreak of which he became a Eepublioan and has since been attached to that party. On the 11th of August, 1857, he married Emily, daughter of Thomas and Maria (House!) Jones, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of three children: Mary; Charles W., attorney at law, and Flora, Mrs. Ward Eice, of Pueblo, Colorado. The family are all members of the Presbyterian church of Sunbury, of which the Judge has been a trustee over thirty years and chairman of the board of trustees since 1876. In 1887, in company with Mrs. EockefeUer and Mr. and Mrs. John B. Packer, .the Judge visited the principal cities and localities of interest in the western States and Territories, and in the following year, accompanied by his son Charles W., he made an extended tour through the British Isles, France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Italy. Iea T. Clement, president of the Sunbury Steam Ferry and Tow Boat Company and an extensive manufacturer of lumber, is a native of New Jersey and was born on the 11th of January, 1813. His father, Joseph BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 815 Clement, a Eevolutionary soldier, reared two sons and one daughter. After his death his widow married a Mr. Smith, who removed to Ohio and died there; she then returned to Sunljury, and here spent the remainder of her life. Ira T. Clement learned the carpenter trade at Sunbury, and pursued that occupation a short time; he then embarked in merchandising and was in business thirty years, and has now been engaged in the lumber industry nearly forty years. In the manufacture of lumber, furniture, and coffins he employs about one hundred twenty-five men, and gives to all his various in- terests his personal supervision. Some years since he was stricken with rheumatism, which finally destroyed his power of locomotion; notwithstand- ing his condition he abates not in his energy, nor misses a day from a per- sonal survey of his important industries. His line of steamboats plying reg- ularly between Sunbury, Northumberland, and Shamokin Dam affords con- venient and pleasant transportation between those points. In politics Mr. Clement was once a Whig, then a Eepublican, and is now a Democrat. He married Sarah Martz, of Sunbury, who died in 1872; twelve children were born to them, four of whom are now living: Henry; Louisa, Mrs. H. E. Moore; Prances, widow of David C. Dissinger; and Laura, Mrs. D. James. Mr. Clement and family are members of the Reformed church. John Haas, ex-president of the Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Guide Iron Man- ufacturing Company, was born at Elysburg, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, June 22, 1822. His parents, Daniel and Eve (Eeed) Haas, were also natives of this county, and in 1854 removed to Newtown, Fountain county, Indiana, where they died. To them were born seven sons and four daughters, of whom eight are living: David, Jacob, Daniel, and William, who reside in the State of Indiana; John and Jonas, who live in this county; Julia A., who married Nicholas Y. Fisher and lives in Indiana, and Maria A., widow of Charles Leisenring, who resides at Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. The parents became early identified with the Lutheran church, but after removing to Indiana joined the Methodist organization because of there being no Lutheran church in the town where they located. John Haas received his education in a log cabin school house and among his early teachers were Albe C. Barrett, Jehu John, and William H. Muench. He worked on a farm until the age of eighteen years, when his father apprenticed him to learn the trade of fuller and carder with David Martz, at his mill located on a small stream near the present site of Paxinos. He soon became dissatisfied, believing that such a trade would be an unprofit- able one, and consequently quit. His father again sought a trade for him, this time putting him at the blacksmith shop of Daniel Koads, where he re- mained one winter, and then withdrew with the same belief that this, too, would be a poor vocation. His father then told him that he must look out for himself, and soon after the young son began clerking for his cousin, ■Jonas Haas, a merchant at Lineville, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, receiv- 816 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ingthe small sum of five dollars per month for his services. At the end of one year he came home, and within a short time took employment on the repair of a railroad at Pottsville, remaining thus engaged for one year. After a visit home he resumed his work under the same employer at Pottsville, but soon thereafter came to Sunbury in response to a letter from Ira T. Clement and became a clerk in that gentleman's general store, where he remained from 1845 to 1857. During the last mentioned year he was employed as a clerk by Fagely, Seasholtz & Company, coal merchants of Sunbury, and in the fall of that year he became a member of the firm, its name changing to the style of John Haas & Company. This firm conducted an extensive coal operation until 1872, when they sold their personal property to the Mineral Mining Company, but continued to deal in coal until the death of Mr. Pagely. During this partnership Mr. Haas and Mr. Fagely purchased four thousand acres of woodland in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, had a large amount of lumber manufactured from the same, and found sale for it at small profit. He belongs to Sunbury Lodge, No. 22, P. & A. M., Northum- berland Chapter, No. 174, and the Crusade Commandery of Bloomsburg; was a member of the I. O. O. F. of Sunbury; was a director of the Sunbury, Shamokin and Lewisburg railroad; is a director of the First National Bank of Sunbury; is president of the Sunbury Water Company; president of the board of directors of the Missionary Institute of Selinsgrove; was treasurer of the Pennsylvania State Sunday School Association for one year; was for a time a director of the Loysville Orphans' School; became a m^ember of the Lutheran church over fifty years ago, and has been its Sabbath school super- intendent for twenty-two years, having at the present time a school of seven hundred pupils under his management, and the great good he has done in this worthy cause will only be known in that day when the secrets of all hearts shall be revealed. He was a Democrat until the formation of the Republican party, when he entered its ranks, casting his first vote for John C. Fremont for President of the United States. He was first married in 1845 to Mary A. Geen, who died in 1856, the mother of four children, three of whom are living: Mrs. M. A. Martin; Mrs. J. C. Eohrbach, and John P. His second and present wife was Mercy Ann Martin. William Dewaet, from whom the family of that name in this county is descended, was a native of Ireland; he immigrated to Chester county, Penn- sylvania, and thence, in 1775, to Sunbury, where he was an early merchant. There he died, July 25, 1814. Lewis Dewart, his son, was born at Sunbury, November 14, 1780; in early life he assisted in his father's store, and although actively and successfully engaged in business for many years, his public career is particularly noticeable. In 1816-20, inclusive, he was elected to the House of Representatives, in 1823, to the State Senate, and in 1834-37, inclusive, to the House of Representatives, of which he served as BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 817 Speaker in the session of 1837. He was also elected to the XXIId Congress from the district of which his native county formed part. In politics he was a Democrat. He married Elizabeth Liggett, of Chester county, Pennsyl- vania; William L. Dewart, their only son, was born at Sunbury, June 21, 1820, educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and at the College of New Jersey at Princeton, read law with Charles G. Donnel, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county in 1843. He was an active supporter of the Democratic party, and was several times a member of the national conventions of that organization; he was also a member of the XXXVth Congress, and otherwise prominent in public affairs. He married Eosetta, daughter of Espy Van Horn, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in 1848, and they were the parents of three sons and two daughters, three of whom grew to maturity and are now living: Lewis, attorney at law, Sunbury; William L., of the Northumberland County Democrai and Sunbury Daily, and Bessie, wife of E. L. Brice, of Sunbury. Major Dewart died at Sunbury, April 19, 1888; his widow resides in that borough at an advanced age. William McCaety, deceased, was born at Port Koseway, near Shelburne, Nova Scotia, September 15, 1788, son of James McCarty, a native of Ireland, who had been wounded and taken prisoner at the battle of the Cowpens and was detained in Nova Scotia until 1798, when he removed to New York. The subject of this sketch was almost entirely self-educated. He began his active career as cabin boy on a merchantman, and made several voyages to the West Indies and Spain. He then entered the office of the leading Dem- ocratic paper of New York as an apprentice to the printing trade, at which he was subsequently employed as a compositor. His first venture as a publisher was a daily newspaper at New York, upon which he performed nearly the entire work himself. In that city he was also a member of the firm of Mc- Carty & White, which published a monthly magazine. The Ladies' Miscellany. About the year 1813 he removed to Philadelphia; there he became associ- ated with Francis Davis, and the firm of McCarty & Davis transacted an extensive and prosperous publishing business for some years. In 1830 Mr. McCarty became identified with the Wading River Canal and Manufacturing Company, which erected large paper mills at McCartyville (now Harrisville), on the Wading river in Burlington county. New Jersey. It was the intention of this company to manufacture paper from the salt marsh grass of that locality; the venture was entirely successful from a mechanical and scientific point of view, but, owing to the failure of the United States Bank, modifica- tions in the tariff, and other causes, it terminated in financial disaster in 1844. This obliged Mr. McCarty to retire from the firm of McCarty & Davis, and also compelled the suspension of the Philadelphia Gazette, a daily paper of which he had been editor and publisher. He subsequently operated the Wading Creek mills individually, but the entire establishment was destroyed by fire and thus his circumstances were more embarrassed than before. In 818 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. August, 1844, he removed to Sunbury, where he conducted a book store and was identified with the Sunbury Canal and Water Power Company and other enterprises. He also acquired large property interests in this section of the State, but never fully recovered his former affluence. He died at Sun- bury on the 8th of April, 1861. Simon P. Wolverton, attorney at law, was born in Rush township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, January 28, 1837. His parents, Joseph and Charity (Kase) Wolverton, descendants from English and German ancestry, respectively, were both born in this county. The senior Mr. Wolverton buried his wife in 1862 ; he lived to be eighty-three years old, dying in 1885. They reared two sons and three daughters. Simon P. Wolverton was edu- cated at Danville Academy and Lewisburg University, graduating from the last named institution in 1860, after doubling his studies and condensing the Junior and Senior years into one. He was admitted to the bar in April, 1862, and entered at once into practice. Upon Confederate General Stuart's raid into Pennsylvania, Mr. Wolverton raised a company of emergency men of which he was captain. When Lee's army invaded Pennsylvania he again raised a company of Pennsylvania militia and as captain served until hon- orably discharged. In the fall of 1878 he was chosen by the people of the Democratic party to fill out the unexpired term of A. H. Dill in the State Senate, Mr. Dill having resigned to become a candidate for Governor. He was twice re-elected, making in all a service of ten years in the upper branch of the Pennsylvania legislature. His district being Repubhcan by at least one thousand, his three successful elections by large and increasing majori- ties admit of but one conclusion. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Seventeenth Congressional district, composed of Northumberland, Colum- bia, Montour, and Sullivan counties, by a very large majority. Mr. Wolver- ton is truly a self-made man. His only inheritance being an unusually brilliant intellect, a magnificent physique, an iron constitution, and untiring industry, the world was before him and he readily appreciated the demands that Queen Fortune would make before she would vouchsafe her smiles upon him. He entered the lists and all the good people of this coimty and thou- sands outside of it know the result, and with one accord proclaim " Long life and continued prosperity to the man who by his individual merit has risen from obscurity to ezalted rank in the community of his nativity." Mr. Wolverton was married in Sunbury, March 23, 1865, to Elizabeth D. Hen- dricks, and has three children: Mary G. ; Elizabeth K., and Simon P. The family are all members of the Presbyterian church, and Mr. Wolverton is identified with the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities. Tbuman H. Puedy, president of the Lewisburg Furniture and Planing Mill Company, treasurer of the Lewisburg Nail Works, treasurer of the Sun- bury Gas Company, and one of the directors of the Lewisburg Steam Forge Company, is an attorney at law of Sunbury, and was born in Wayne county, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 819 Pennsylvania, June 26, 1830. His parents, Harvey and Euth (Clark) Purdy, were natives, respectively, of Wayne and Lackawanna counties, this State, and date their ancestry back to the colonial days. The senior Mr. Purdy died, November 9, 1847, aged forty-six years, and his widow died, December 31, 1852, at the age of forty-eight years. They reared three sons and one daughter, of whom our subject and a brother. Dr. N. C. Purdy of AUenwood, Pennsylvania, are living. T. H. Purdy was educated at Madison Academy and Lewisburg University. He established the "Union Argus, a weekly paper at Lewisburg, edited it three years, sold out, and began the study of law with Judge Bucher. In 1861 he was induced to come to Sunbury and start the Northumberland County Democrat. He conducted this paper until 18d7, publishing, at the same time, the German Democrat, a paper which died with his retirement. Under his management the Northumberland County Democrat increased its circulation from three hundred to three thousand live hundred. While conducting the paper he continued the study of law under Judge Alexander Jordan and in 1866 was admitted to the bar. Always a Democrat, he represented the county and that party two terms, 1864 and 1865, in the legislature. Since 1866 he has not been active in politics, but prior thereto he had been a hard and telling worker. In 1862 he made sixty-five speeches, and at the election of that year the Democrats polled one thousand majority as against sixty-four in the year 1861. He delivered the historical oration at the centennial celebration of Sunbury, July 4, 1872, which was published in pamphlet form and widely read. In 1863 he purchased considerable land, in what is now East Sunbury; he selected from it a plot of about two and a half acres, upon an elevation overlooking the town, upon which he erected his present residence. In 1876, associated with J. B. Ewing, he founded the town of Steelton, Pennsylvania, where he yet has large interests. Mr. Purdy takes an active interest in education and public improvements at all times, and the high school at Purdytown or East Sunbury is credited to his influ- ence. Being a man of learning and rare literary attainments he delights in books, and his private library is one of the finest in the State. As an author he has brought out through his publishers, J. B. Lippincott & Company, " Legends of the Susquehanna," a handsome volume of one hundred ninety- five pages, elegantly bound and rich in charming verse. The book is pro- fusely illustrated by the famous F. O. C Darley, and this was the last work per- formed by that now lamented artist. Mr. Purdy also published a two hundred page poem entitled "Doubter" the edition of which has been exhausted, and has just completed a novel which will soon be brought out by his publishers. He was married in Lewisburg, December 19, 1861, to Mary E., daughter of the late Dr. Robert James, of Northampton county, and a sister of Robert E. James, of Easton,' Pennsylvania, and has three children: Carrie M.; Tru- man J., and Hiram L. 820 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Geobge Hill, attorney at law, was bom in Lycoming county, Pennsyl- vania, August 3, 1821, and acquired an education at the common schools and a classical institute taiight by Samuel S. Shedden, a Presbyterian divine. He began the study of law at Milton under James Pollock, afterward a mem- ber of the national Congress, but a change in circumstances led him to Union county, where he taught school and finished his legal studies under Absalom Swineford. He was admitted to the bar in August, 1848. Entering at once into practice he remained at Selinsgrove from 1849 to 1858, and in the spring of the last named year came to Sunbury. Here he has been for over thirty years a lawyer of recognized ability and a citizen of high repute. He has always been a Democrat; ever active in the prom^otion of others, for himself he has sought no political preferment, and has for some years taken no active part in politics. As a Mason Mr. Hill is also prominent. He is a member of the local lodge and chapter. Mastering the principles of those bodies he has passed into the higher dispensation of the commandery and consistory at Bloomsburg. In religious matters too he takes a deep concern and be- longs to the Eeformed church. He was first married at Selinsgrove in De- cember, 1848, to Martha C. Buehler, who died in 1870, leaving the following children: Ferdinand K. ; J. Nevin; Mary S., now the wife of J. Z. Gerhard, M. D., superintendent of the State lunatic hospital, Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania; Samuel Ambrose, deceased; William Herbert, and Charles H. In June, 1871, he married Sue E. Kirlin, of Middletown, Pennsylvania. Mr. Hill's parents were Daniel and Susan (Truckenmiller) Hill, natives of Penn- sylvania, and of Scotch-Irish and German descent, respectively. The senior Mr. Hill, a farmer, died when his son George was only seven years old; his widow and three children moved to this county, where she died in 1865 aged sixty-five years. The Grandfather Hill was a Eevolutionary soldier. Daniel Hbim, hardware merchant and vice-president of the Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Guide Iron Manufacturing Company, was born in Upper Ma- hanoy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1816, son of John and Sophia (Kohl) Heim. His grandfather came from Ger- many and was one of the pioneers of Upper Mahanoy. John Heim, a farmer and school teacher, died in 1824. He was the father of sixteen children, seven daughters and one son by his first wife, and six sons and two daugh- ters by his second wife. The latter lived to be eighty-eight years old. Daniel was her seventh child. His mother remarried when he was al^out twelve years old, and he soon afterwards entered upon the battle of life among strangers. For three years he found employment among the farmers, and then in Union county learned the carpenter trade and followed that andmill- wrighting eighteen years. In 1850 he engaged in the merchandise busi- ness in his native township and followed it sixteen years; thence he came to Sunbury and remained one year, and in 1867 moved to Danville and kept the Danville Hotel one year. In 1870, in partnership with his son John, he em- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 821 barked in the hardware business at his present location. John retired from the business in 1879, and Mr. Heim has since continued the business alone. He was one of the organizers of the Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Guide Iron Manufacturing Company, and has been its vice-president since its inception. In ante bellum days Mr. Heim was captain of militia and lieutenant of a volunteer com- pany, and when Johnston was Governor he was commissioned major of a uniformed volunteer battalion and held that rank five years. Major Heim was married in his native township, October 23, 1836, to Mary Hornberger, daughter of George Hornberger, and has had borne to him ten children: John H., a jeweler; Lydia, Mrs. Peter Ganser; Henrietta, Mrs. Samuel H. Sny- der; Sarah Ann, deceased wife of Charles Schlagel; Louisiana, widow of Albert Haas ; James B. , who had been in the army, was mustered out, and died in 1865 on his way home; George W.; WiUiam Henry; Mary Ellen, who died in 1863, and Percival O. Mr. Heim is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Lutheran church. He served one year as chief burgess of Sunbury, elected by the Republican party. Geobge W. Zeigleb, attorney at law, was born at Gettysburg, Pennsyl- vania, May 24, 1819, son of George and Gertrude Elizabeth (Chritzman) Zeigler. George Zeigler was a hatter by occupation, and served his county many years as prothonotary. He was born in Gettysburg and. died in Dauphin county, where he had lived some years, at the age of sixty-three years. His wife was a native of Germany, lived to be seventy -five years old, and died in Butler county, Pennsylvania, where she lived with one of her sons. His father was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and himself a soldier in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was educated at Gettysburg and learned the printing business on the old Gettysburg Compiler. When yet a young man he joined his brother at Butler in the printing busi- ness, and then began the study of law. At the age of twenty-two years he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law two years afterwards in Butler. Erom there he went to Jefferson county, where he built up an extensive practice, remained fifteen years, and left on account of his health. After two years' practice at Selinsgrove he came to Sunbury in the fall of 1864 Here his ability as a lawyer was readily recognized, and he has long occupied a: high position in the profession. He has been thrice a member of the legis- lature — in the sessions of 1854^55 and 1861. He has always been a Demo- crat and his advocacy of the principles of that party have until within the past four or five years been untiring and zealous. Mr. Zeigler is truly the archi- tect of his own fortune, The inheritor of no riches, the recipient of no bounty other than the God-given qualities of a correct mind. and a sound body, his successes in life are scored to his individual merit. The late Jacob Zeigler, for fifty years a conspicuous factor in Pennsylvania politics and whose life forms a part of this great State's history, was the elder brother of our subject. Mr. Zeigler was married in Butler, December 27, 1838, to Mary A. McQuis- 822 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. tion, and the six children born to them are: Isabella, Mrs. George W. Keefer; Joseph, superintendent of the Adirondacks railroad; Gertrude E., Mrs. P. P. Smith; J. Walter; George, who died in 1860 aged thirteen years, and Edgar, who died in infancy. Mrs. Zeigler died, September 5, 1889, aged sixty-nine years, eleven months, and five days. , Mr. Zeigler is a member of the Presby- terian church and a Freemason. William A. Sobek, attorney at law and United States commisssioner for the Western district of Pennsylvania, is a native of Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and was born, September 3, 1840. His father, Alexander Sober, was born in the same place, and his mother, whose maiden name was Foy, was probably born in Rockefeller township. The Sober family, originally from Germany, came here from New Jersey in the person of the grandfather of our subject during the latter part of the last century. Alexander Sober, third son of his father, was born in 1807, and died in December, 1869. He was a quiet and industrious citizen and farmer, and highly esteemed by his neighbors. His widow yet lives in her native place. They were the parents of twelve children, nine sons and three daughters, of whom all, except two of the former, are living. WiUiam A., the sixth son, was attending Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, when he decided to enter the army. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Fifty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served sixteen months, taking part in the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, White House, Chickahominy, and Seven Pines, and was seven days in front of Eichmond. While at the latter place he was taken with typhoid fever, and was soon afterward dis- charged. In May, 1864, he was appointed to a position in the provost mar- shal general's ofSce as chief clerk of the disbursing branch for the Western district of Pennsylvania, and resigned in December, 1865. He next read law under John B. Packer, and in August, 1867, was admitted to the bar. In 1871 he was appointed county solicitor and held the office three years; in 1872 he was appointed United States commissioner; from 1882 to 1886 he was in the borough council, and in the latter year he was elected assistant burgess. Always a Eepublican and ever active in behalf of that party, Mr. Sober has deserved well at its hands, and this brief summing up shows that his merits have not been wholly unappreciated. He was married in Head- ing, Pennsylvania, in October, 1869, to Emma E., daughter of Augustus F. Boas, a lawyer and many years a leading banker of Reading, and has one child, Emily Belle. John W. Peal, M. D., removed from Hughesville, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, to Sunbury, in November, 1838. He lived and practiced med- icine there until 1868, when, owing to failure of health, he was removed to Lock Haven, where his son resided. Here after a prolonged illness he passed to rest on the 14th day of July, 1868, aged sixty-eight years and one month. He was the son of John Peal and Mary (McClintock) Peal, having been born BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 823 near Shippensburg, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, on the 13th of June, 1800. At twenty-seven years he married Martha Washington Sturgeon, daughter of Samuel Sturgeon, of Shippensburg, who proved through life a beautiful character. They now sleep side by side in Highland cemetery at Lock Haven. He was a strong man, of commanding presence, sympathetic heart, and iron will. In his home life that will power which had been given him for the arena of men sometimes, as is the case with many men, got out of place, and wounded those he lovedj but if thus he wounded, with what infinite tenderness did he heal! His generous heart could always be depended on for acts of manly kindness. He was a good husband, an ambi- tious father, and a thrifty business man. Six children — five daughters and one son — survive him, also nine grandsons and nine granddaughters. He wrote his name, John W., to distinguish it from his father's, but his name was simply John, the son of John Peal, who was the son of John Peal, an Englishman who immigrated to this country about the middle of the eight- eenth century, and was living, between 1800 and 1810, near Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. Doctor Peal's mother, Mary McClintock, was Scotch-Irish, a relation of James McClintock, M. D., late of Philadelphia, and John McClin- tock, D. D., LL. D., late of Paris, France, a most gifted and cultured man. Mrs. Peal's father, Samuel Sturgeon, cousin to Daniel Sturgeon, late United States Senator from Pennsylvania, and her mother, Fanny Rogers, were Scotch- Irish also, and in "ye olden time" both families worshiped at the old Silver Spring Presbyterian church near Shippensburg. His name, John W. Peal, has descended to his grandson, John W. Peal, of New "York City, and to his great-grandson, John W. Peal, son of Rembrandt R. Peal, Philadelphia. Doctor Peal lived an active and useful life. As a physician he was very attentive to his patients, very cheering and magnetic in the sick-room, and very original and bold in his treatment of diseases. He was a born physi- cian, and devoted his whole mentality to his profession. So deep was his interest in the sick ones who were entrusted to his healing art that he often when the case was critical walked his fioor all night absorbed in thought. Looking back now, the writer sees a strong, handsome, earnest, unselfish man, whom never storm or darkness deterred from going to the bedside of the sick, whose tenderness to the suffering never failed, and whose skill in treatment was unexcelled by any of his compeers; this man was Dr. John W. Peal, of Sunbury. On his grave-stone in Highland Cemetery are written these expressive words "at rest." — S. R. P. Daniel W. Shindel, physician, was born in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, November 17, 1822, and is probably the oldest prac- ticing physician in Sunbury. His father was the Rev. John Peter Shindel of the Lutheran church, and his mother's family name was McCullough. Both parents were native Pennsylvanians, the Shindel family coming originally from Germany and the McCullough's from Ireland. Rev. J. P. Shindel came to 824 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. • Sunbury in 1812 and preached in various churches in this part of the coun- try thirty-five or forty years. He died in 1853, aged about sixty-seven years. They reared eight sons and four daughters, of whom three sons only are novc living. The youngest, Luther, is a Lutheran preacher at Danville, Pennsyl- vania, and Jacob G. L., an ex- judge, is a druggist at Selinsgrove, Snyder county, Pennsylvania. Dr. D. W. Shindel was educated primarily at Sun- bury Academy, began the study of medicine while teaching school, and in 1850 was graduated from Pennsylvania Medical College. He has served the people in various local offices, such as councilman, assistant burgess, school director, and pension examiner. He has been a member of the school board twenty-one years and was United States pension examiner from 1865 to 1885. He has also served as medical examiner for several life insurance companies. He has been twice married, first in Sunbury, June 17, 1851, to Mary Wharton, who was the mother of three daughters: Florine, Mrs. J. Fasold; Susan D., Mrs. John E. Quiggle, and Mary E., Mrs. George W. Hoffman. Mrs. Shindel died in January, 1863. In 1864 the Doctor mar- ried Elizabeth Irwin, and to this union have been born six children: Will- iam L., editor of the Shamokin Dispatch; Jane, deceased; Carrie, deceased; Minnie; Georgia A., and Webster, deceased. Captain Charles J. Beunek was born in Sunbury, November 17, 1820, and died, March 15, 1885. His father was the Rev. Martin Bruner of the German Eeformed church, and his mother's maiden name was Mary Gray — the latter a native of Sunbury and the former of Philadelphia. The Rev. Martin Bruner died in 1852 ; his widow lived to the age of seventy-five years. He came to Sunbury when twenty -one years old, from here moved to Hagers- town, Maryland, and from there to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died. Charles J. Bruner came to Sunbury to live in 1840. He was educated in Lancaster, studied law under Judge Alexander Jordan, and was admitted to the bar in 1843. For a time after coming to the bar he was associated with the late Major Dewart; afterward he had no law partner. At the meet- ing of the bar at Sunbury, Monday, March 30, 1885, held for the purpose, the formal announcement of Captain Bruner's death was made and the fol- lowing resolutions were adopted: — The bar of Northumberland county, having convened to take recognition of the death, and to pay some seemly tribute to the character and memory of the late Charles J. Bruner, Esquire, whose relations as a member thereof have always been so honorable, but whose untimely decease it has been so suddenl}' and unexpectedlj- called to deplore, doth resolve, First, That his spotless career as a lawyer while in active membership of this bar, his exemplary courage when in camp and field, while he served his country as a soldier in the early and trying days of the late civil war, his enviable record for efli- ciency and integrity as an officer in the civil service of the Federal government during the fourteen years or more he held the important trust of collector of internal revenue for the Fourteenth district of Pennsylvania, and his fair promise of honorable achieve- ment on his recent return to and renewal of active employment in his profession of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 825 the law, have made his name and character well worthy to be held in active memory, and render his fame well worthy of perpetuation among the historical records of our bar and his virtues and achievements in public and professional life well worthy of righteous emulation. Second, That his learning, the high order of his natural abilities, his discriminating judgment and quickness of perception, and the noble virtues of his public and private life, have largely contributed to place him in high tank among the just and honorable of his profession. lliinJ, That by his genial manners, his amiable temper, his affectionate disposi- tion, his generous impulses, as well by his unswerving fidelity in pure and disinter- ested friendship as by his kindly and beneficent influences in social and professional intercourse, he has won his way to the strongest feelings and best impulses of our hearts. .Fourth, That a committee of four members of the bar be appointed to convey to his family the assurance of our heartfelt sympathy with them in this sudden and great bereavement, and to commend them in the great depth of their sorrow to the strong staff tendered by Him " who tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," and fails not to remember the widow or the orphan, but notes in tenderness of mercy even the fall of the sparrow. Signed, W. A. Sobbh, Gr. W. Zeiglek, Samuel Heckeet, P. L. Hackekbebg, Committee. At Lincoln's first call for troops in 1861 Captain Bruner responded as the leader of Company F, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served about six months, taking an active part in the battle of Falling Waters. He was afterward in the emergency service a short time. General Grant while President appointed him collector of internal revenue for the Fourteenth Pennsylvania district, a position he held successively under both Hayes and Arthur. The Grand Army Post in Sunbury is named in honor of his brother, William. Captain Bruner was a member of the Eeformed church and prominent in the I. O. O. F. He was a self-made man. Beginning life without fortune in wordly goods, he gave liberally through his life from his stores made ample by his personal industry, and died leaving those dependent upon him a fair competency. He is a direct descendant from the celebrated Bradys, and his widow, to whom he was married in Sunbury, June 3, 1852, was Louisa Weiser, a direct descendant of Conrad Weiser, the noted Indian interpreter during the early settlement of the region of Shamo- kin, now Sunbury. To this union were born the following children: Mary Gray, the wife of C. G. Voris, attorney, of Milton; Elizabeth, who died before a year old; Louisa, who died at four and a half years of age; Charles, who died at one and a half years of age; William W., now in the United States postal service, and Franklin, who died when eight years old. General John Kay Clement, deceased, was born at Philadelphia, Januaiy 1, 1820, son of Evan and Hannah (Kay) Clement. His father died when he was but seven years of age. He was educated at the Friends' 826 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. school in his native city, read law under Eichard Howell of Camden, New Jersey, and was admitted to the bar at Trenton in 1841. Shortly afterward he located in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, residing at Minersville and Pottsville, and removed to Sunbury in 1854. He possessed great ability as a lawyer, and was an orator of exceptional eloquence and power. Among the official positions with which he was honored were those of brigadier general of the State militia, to which he was appointed while a resident of Schuylkill county; district attorney of Northumberland county, to which he was elected in 1859 and 1871 and appointed in 1877; and provost marshal of the Fourteenth Pennsylvania district from 1862 to 1864. In 1854 he married Mary S., eldest daughter of Isaac and Mary (Eyer) Zeigler, of Sun- bury; Charles M. Clement, deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania, is their only surviving son. General Clement died at Sunbury on the 15th of October, 1882. He was a Republican in politics, a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a vestryman in St. Matthew's Protestant Epis- copal church at the time of his death. Lloyd T. Rohebach, treasurer of the Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Guide Iron Manufacturing Company, treasurer of the Sunbury Water Company, dealer in ice and coal, and manufacturer of brick, a lawyer by profession, and an active all-around business man, was born in Upper Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 22, 1839. He was educated at the common schools of Sunbury, Missionary Institute at Selinsgrove, and Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, and in April, 1861, joined the army as a private in Company P, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. At the end of three months' service he read law, and in 1863 was admitted to the bar. In 1868 he was appointed United States commissioner, held the office several years, and resigned. Giving up the practice of law in 1872 he afterwards served two terms as prothonotary and clerk of the courts, and thereafter turned his attention to his business interests. A Republican in politics, he is regarded as one of the best workers in the party, and though seeking no office for himself his invaluable services are always at the command of his friends. He was married at Sunbury, December 20, 1866, to Jennie C, daughter of John Haas, and has two children: George Edward and William R. James H. McDevitt, attorney at law and United States commissioner for the Western district of Pennsylvania, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 7, 1843. He was graduated from St. Francis College in 1861, and for some years was engaged in mercantile business at Altoona. He came to Sunbury in 1870 as a clerk in the office of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and while there began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1873, and has been regularly in practice ever since. In September, 1873, he was appointed United States commissioner, the term of which office is limited to good behavior or life. He is an active Democratic worker, was BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 827 for some years a member of the executive committee of the State, and in 1886 was the regular nominee for Congress, a sort of forlorn hope, the dis- trict being then overwhelmingly Eepublican. Mr. McDevitt is a Royal Arch Mason and an Odd Fellow. He was married in Danville, Pennsylvania, November 11, 1871, to Amelia, daughter of S. B. Boyer, and has one daugh- ter, Essie. The parents of Mr. McDevitt were John and Charlotte (Caffey) McDevitt, the former a native of Ireland and the latter of Pennsylvania, of Quaker origin. The father was many years a merchant in Altoona and died there in 1873 aged seventy-seven years. His widow resides in Philadelphia. Solomon B. Boyek, attorney at law, was born in Little Mahanoy town- ship, now Cameron, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 4, 1829, son of John and Elizabeth (Bixler) Boyer, early settlers of this county. The senior Mr. Boyer, a farmer and merchant by occupation, reared eleven children, nine of whom are living. Solomon B., the eldest, was educated at the common schools, learned the cabinet maker's trade, and occasionally clerked for his father. He read law with the late H. J. Wolverton and was admitted to the bar in August, 1858. Entering at once into practice, he readily gained reputation and popularity, and has for many years been recog- nized as a successful lawyer in the civil and criminal courts. His practice extends throughout the State, and into all the courts, both State and Federal Now and for some years past an ardent Democrat, he was during the war a Eepublican, and held the office of deputy revenue collector under President Lincoln's administration. He has been chief burgess of Sunbury four years and held other minor offices at various times. In Masonry, Odd Fellowship, and Knights of Pythias Mr. Boyer is the foremost man in the county. There is scarcely any position in the order of Odd Fellows, including the office of Grand Master of this State, that he has not held, nor any honors they have not conferred upon him from time to time. He was married in Cameron township in 1850 to Esther Haupt, and has had two children: Francis, his only son, who was accidentally drowned when between nine and ten years of age, and Amelia, wife of J. H. McDevitt, of Sunbury. John Nevin Hill, attorney at law, was born at Selinsgrove, Pennsyl- vania, September 3, 1855, son of George Hill. He received a thorough academic education, studied law under his father, and was admitted to the bar, March 11, 1878. Beginning the practice in Luzerne county, he was at Hazelton four years and in 1882 associated himself with his father in Sim'bury. This partnership lasted two years, since which Mr. Hill has been alone in the practice. He was admitted to practice before the State Supreme court in April, 1883 ; and in 1889 he was commissioned by the Governor as one of seven to revise and codify the laws relating to the care of the poor, an honor earned by his public labor and addresses upon this subject. In 1885 he compiled the laws and ordinances of the borough of Northumber- land and he is now the authorized county reporter of the Pennsylvania 828 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. County Court Eeports, a work requiring and receiving much careful research as shown by his elaborate and thorough annotations. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities, and of the Episcopal church. July 15, 1878, he was married in Northumberland to Florence I. McFarland, and has three children: Martha Olivia; John McFarland, and George M. Isaac L. Witmek is a son of John and Mary M. (Lenker) Witmer, both of leading families that came early from Lebanon county, this State, and settled in the Mahanoy region, this county. He married Annie Bubb, a daughter of Michael Bubb, whose father at the early age of sixteen years emigrated from Germany and settled in Mahanoy township. To this union were born thirteen children, of whom nine grew to maturity and are yet living. Charles B. Witmek, the eldest son of Isaac L. and Annie (Bubb) Wit- mer, was born in Lower Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, April 13, 1862. His boyhood days were spent upon the farm where his parents still reside, alternating the labor incident to farm life' with attendance at the public schools of his neighborhood. He early became desirous of obtaining a liberal education, and with such in view he entered the Uniontown select school during the fall of 1879. He was subsequently licensed and employed to teach the primary school at Georgetown, this county, and at the close of one term entered the Millersburg high school where he remained some time. Eeturning home, and after several weeks' attendance at the Berrysburg Teachers' Normal, he was again licensed and employed to teach in the public schools of Lower Mahanoy township. In the spring of 1881 he entered Union Seminary, now known as Central Penn- sylvania College, at New Berlin, where he remained, supported by the means obtained by farm labor and teaching, until he was graduated in the class of 1883. During the following year he was principal of the Georgetown high school, and in the fall of 1884 was examined and registered to read law with C. G. Voris, then of Sunbury. He continued his legal studies, with the exception of the summer of 1886, during which he was principal of the Teachers' Normal Institute of Snyder county, Pennsylvania, until February, 1887, when he was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county. He began at once to practice his profession at Sunbury, and by strict attention to business he has merited a lucrative and growing practice, not only in his native county, but also in the surrounding cormties. He was appointed solicitor for Northumberland county in 1889, and in the spring of the same year was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State. On the 20th of August, 1889, he was nominated by the Eepub- lican party for district attorney, and after a heated and ably conducted cam- paign, in which he made many friends, was defeated by a small majority. He is a member of the First Eeformed church and the Sunday school in both of which is a leading o£ficer, is also a member of the I. O. O. F. S. P. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 831 K., and P. O. S. of A., and in each Has filled important positions. He was married, October 17, 1885, to MoUie, daughter of Isaac Beaver, of Middle- burg, Pennsylvania, and has one son. William C. Faenswoeth, attorney at law, was born at Sunbury, January 1, 1864. He was principally educated ^t the public schools. At the age of seventeen he migrated to the We.st, locating for a time at Des Moines, Iowa, as editor of the Industrial Motor. He was afterwards employed for a short time on special work for the Iowa State Register, and later kept books for a wholesale house and had charge of the Western Lyceum Bureau. Altogether he spent one year at Des Moines. He then returned to Pennsylvania, and clerked for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at Shamokin until 1885. In February of that year he began the study of law in the office of John B. Packer at Sunbury. He was admitted to the bar in September, 1887, entered immediately upon the practice of his profession, and has rapidly attained rank and recognition. He is a Republican in politics, and was the nominee of his party for Congress in 1890 from the Seventeenth Pennsylvania district. On the 12th of January, 1887, Mr. Farnsworth married Miss Mary A. Lodge, of Halifax, Pennsylvania ; they are the parents of one child, Margaret Packer. Chaeles M. Clement, a lavpyer of Sunbury and now deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth, was born in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, October 23, 1855. His father was General John Kay Clement, one of the leading criminal lawyers of Pennsylvania, and his mother was Mary S., daughter of Isaac Zeigler, once a prominent merchant of Sunbury. General Clement died, October 15, 1882, at the age of sixty-three years. Charles M., his only son now living, was educated at Sunbury Academy and Burlington, New Jersey. After leaving school he clerked six years in the prothonotary's office, read law with his father, and was admitted to the bar, March 11, 1878. In January following he began the practice and was associated with his father until the death of the latter. Mr. Clement has been one term assistant burgess of Sunbury and five or six years a member of the borough council, was for several years borough solicitor, and is now solicitor for the school board. October 1, 1887, he was appointed by Charles W. Stone corporation clerk of the State department and November 29, 1890, was appointed by Governor Beaver to his present position. From 1879 to 1883 he was secretary of the county central committee. Republican, and from 1883 to 1888 was chairman of the committee. He was one of the ' organizers of the Sunbury Guards, Company E, Twelfth Regiment N. G. P., entered the service as a private, and was promoted in regular order to the captaincy, a position to which he has been twice chosen, first in 1882 and secondly in 1887. Mr. Clement is a member of the Sons of Veterans, Sons of the Revolution, Knights of the Golden Eagle, and the S. P. K. He was married at Northumberland, November 19, 1879, to Alice Within.gton, and has three children: John Kay; Martin W., and Charles Francis. 47 832 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Mabtin L. Snydeb, attorney at law, was born in Point township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, April 3, 1853, son of John S. and Mar- garet (Weiser) Snyder. He was educated at Bloomsburg State Normal School, and from 1876 to 1878 was cashier of the Augusta Bank of Sunbury. In August, 1879, he began the stud/ of law with S. P. Wolverton, and in the fall of 1880 was admitted to the bar. After about one year in Mr. Wol- verton's office while that gentleman was in the State Senate, lie opened an office and has since been actively engaged in practice. Mr. Snyder is a Eepublican in politics, a member of the K. of P., and one of the trustees of the Presbyterian church. Prom the age of thirteen to sixteen young Sny- der followed canal-boating between Williamsport and Philadelphia and thereby earned the money to purchase books and defray incidental expenses. Prom sixteen to twenty-one years of age he taught school and was gradu- ated at the Bloomsburg Normal School, and had just entered Princeton Col- lege when his brother, "William Lester, died, and he was called home to suc- ceed him as cashier of the bank. Thus it will be seen that from the age of thirteen years Mr. Snyder has had to make a way for himself, and it is but proper to say that his success has been commensurate with his efforts. Be- ginning life without a penny, he is educated, has made himself a reputation as a lawyer, and has acquired wealth. Though often solicited he has steadily declined all official preferment; his only appearance in the political field was as a candidate for the nomination for district attorney, an honor he missed through indifference on his own part. Mr. Snyder's grandfather, Peter Snyder, was one of the first settlers in this part of the county. He was a farmer and justice of the peace, lived at Hollowing run, Lower Augusta township, and left large property, principally in real estate. He had four sons and four daughters: John S. and Peter H., twins; Anthony, and Will- iam S. Peter H. lives in Sunbury; Anthony lives in Fayette, Ohio, and William S. lives on a farm in Lower Augusta township. Of the daughters Mrs. Sober is dead; Jemima, Mrs. Griffith, was first married to a Mr. Bergstresser, and now lives in Dauphin county; Susan, Mrs. George Fisher, lives at Selinsgrove, on the Isle of Que, and Lydia, Mrs. Benjamin Fisher, is now in Nebraska. Peter was a descendant of Governor Snyder. Mr. Snyder's father, John S. Snyder, was born in Lower Augusta township, February 6, 1820, and married Margaret Weiser in 1844; she died in 1856 and he afterwards married Catharine Gemberling, and in 1877 moved West and now lives near Three Eivers, Michigan. His first wife, by whom he had four sons, was a daughter of Philip Weiser, a grandson of the famous Con- rad Weiser, and a farmer by occupation. He had two sons and four daugh- ters: Solomon, of Illinois; George, who died in 1882 in Lower Augusta town- ship; Margaret, Mrs. Snyder; Elizabeth, Mrs. George Kiefer; Sarah, Mrs. John Evert, and Catharine, who married Henry Fausold, now deceased. Philip Weiser, the grandfather of Mr. Snyder, was born in Pennsylvania in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 833 1786, and died in Upper Augusta township, November 16, 1862, his wife Catharine having died, March 31, 1851. John S. Snyder, the father of the subject of this sketch, had four sons by his wife, Margaret (Weiser) Snyder: Anson W., who on the 24th of December, 1874, married Sophie Kerns, of MifQin county, Pennsylvania, and now lives upon his farm near Lewistown, Pennsylvania; William Lester, who died at the age of twenty- four years, January 23, 1876, after having served as cashier of the Augusta Bank of Sunbury, Pennsylvania; John Calvin, who was graduated in medicine at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Buffalo, New York, and after serving with distinction as assistant professor of anatomy at the University in Buffalo, New York, one year, located at Osborne, Kansas, in 1884, where he has since practiced his profession with credit and success, and married Jennie Annette Bainton, of Buchanan, Michigan, January 30, 1890; and Martin Luther, the subject of this sketch, who has been interested as counsel in both the civil and criminal, courts of this Commonwealth, in which he has represented a number of important cases, as well as before the Supreme court of the State. John Junius Eeimensnydee, attorney at law, was born in Augusta count y Yirginia, June 2, 1812, son of Eev. George Henry and Christina Eeimen- snyder, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Frederick, Mary- land. They were the parents of five daughters and two sgns ; both the sons, like their father, entered the ministry of the Lutheran church. Eev. Cornelius Eeimensnyder was for some years the agent of the American Sunday School Union, and died at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Eev. J. J. Eeimensnyder received his education under the tuition of his father and at local academies, received the degree of A. M. from Eoanoke College, Salem, Yirginia, and was licensed to preach at the age of twenty years. He was successively located in the ministry at Mt. Sidney, Yirginia, Woodsboro' and Smithburg, Mary- land, and Milton and Northumberland, Pennsylvania; from 1854 to 1864 he resided in Turbut township, Northumberland county, and since the latter date has been a resident of Sunbury. Owing to physical disability he was obliged to relinquish the work of the ministry, and in 1 854 was elected as the first superintendent of public schools in Northumberland county; he filled this office with great acceptability six years, and during this period did much to promote the educational interests of the county. The first county institute was held in the first year of his incumbency, and at every subse- quent institute he has taken part in the exercises. In 1860 and 1862 he received the county nomination for Congress, but withdrew on each occasion from personal considerations without making a contest in the district con- vention. He was elected prothonotary of Northumberland county in 1863 and re-elected in 1866, serving in this office two terms. On the 14th of March, 1876, he was admitted to the bar, and has since'been engaged in the practice of law. Mr. Eeimensnyder was married, May 3, 1838, to Susan Margaret, daughter of Benjamin Bryon, of Augusta county, Yirginia, a captain in the 834 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. war of 1812. To this union were born eight children: Cornelius, a lawyer of Toledo, Ohio ; Rev. Junius Benjamin, a Lutheran clergyman of New York City: Rev. John M., a Lutheran clergyman of Milton; George B., a lawyer of Sunbury; Millard P., a druggist of Sunbury; W. Virginia; S. Augusta, and H. Cleora, organist of Zion Lutheran church and a graduate of the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music. Geoege B. Reimensnydeb, attorney at law, was bom at Smithburg, Washington county, Maryland, July 27, 1849, son of Rev. J. J. and Susan (Bryan) Reimensnyder. He obtained his education at the pubHc schools and at the academy of Sunbury, and received the honorary degree of A. M. from Pennsylvania College, June 25, 1886. He began active life as an apprentice to the printing trade in the office of the Democrat at Sunbury, where he remained one year. In 1866 he entered the prothonotary's office at Sunbury as deputy clerk, retaining that position, until July 1, 1870. After teaching in the public schools of Rockefeller township one year he entered the office of the register and recorder at Sunbury, in which he was employed nine years and served as deputy clerk seven years. In 1875 he began the study of law under Leffert H. Kase, and was admitted to the bar on the 6th of August, 1877. In 1879 he entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he has achieved fair .success. He has served as a member of the examining committee of the local bar association continuously since 1881, and as borough solicitor of Sunbury, 1888-89; in 1881 he was president of the convention of the Young Men's Christian Association of Pennsylvania at Belief onte. At the present time he is secretary of the council of Zion Lutheran church, Sunbury, a director in the Sunbury Trust and Safe Deposit Company and solicitor for that institution, and president of the Pomfret Manor Cemetery Company. Mr. Reimensnyder was married, November 22, 1887, to Miss Clara B., only daughter of David L. Stackhouse, druggist, of Philadelphia. They are the parents of one child, Lillian, born March 23, 1889. C. R. Savidge, attorney at law, was born, January 19, 1851, in Trevorton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. His father, Samuel K. Savidge, a mason and bricklayer by trade, was a native of Rush township. He married Ellen Campbell and to this union were born three children: C. R. ; Harrison C, who is manager of Whitmer & Sons' lumber business in West Virginia, and Lizzie A., who married Williard Robinson, of West Virginia. The father died in 1858 and the mother in 1882. Both were consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal church. C. R. Savidge was fond of books from the time he learned to read, and in 1865 was employed to teach in the coun- try schools, in which he was engaged four years. In 1869 he taught in the public schools of Danville, Pennsylvania, after which he entered Princeton College, from which he was graduated in 1874, a classmate of Henry M. Hinckley and James Scarlett, both well known gentlemen of Riverside and Danville. On his return from college Mr. Savidge took employment in a BIOQEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 835 saw mill and continued that with othet arduous labors for some time. After reading law with Simon P. Wolverton, he was admitted to the bar of North- umberland county in 1877. He at once began practice- in Sunbury and has taken a high rank among his fellow-members at the bar. In 1880 he was elected district attorney by a majority of one thousand sixty-six. On the 31st of December, 1875, he was married to Louise Essick, of Montdur coun- ty, this State, and to this union have been born seven children, six of whom are living: Harry W. ; Albert 0. ; Ealph W. E. ; Preston M.; Louise, and Lucile. Mr. Savidge belongs to the P. & A. M., the Conclave, and K. of G. E. He is a Democrat, and the family are adherents of the Baptist church. H. M. McCluee, attorney at law, was born in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, August 8, 1859, a son of J. C. and. Glorvina (Elder) McClure. He received his education principally at Bucknell University, Lewisburg, from which institution he was graduated in 1877. In January, 1878, he began the study of law under the tuition of Simon P. Wolverton, and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, June 28, 1881. During the summer of 1878 he played base ball with the Binghamton and Syracuse clubs; in 1879 he played with the Eochester club, and in 1882 with the Baltimore club. From Janu- ary 9, 1884, to February 9, 1888, he was practicing law in the office of Simon P. Wolverton, and in the last mentioned year he established an office by himself, and by strict attention to business is m.eriting a large and growing practice. On the 12th of June, 1890, at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, he was married to Miss Margaret Pocht. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Mc- Clurd gave material aid in securing the national regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen which was held at Sunbury in July, 1887. Cheistian Neff was born, October 18, 1817, in Lancaster county, Penn- sylvania, and died in Sunbury, June 27, 1882. His father, John NefE, a farmer during his lifetime, was a native of Lancaster county, as was also his mother. Our subject spent his boyhood days upon a farm, until apprenticed to the tailor's trade, which he followed for some years in Louisville, Ken- tucky. Returning thence to Lancaster county, he was married, September 24, 1846, to Ann Brennaman, a step-daughter of Col. Abraham Greenawalt, of Elizabethtown, that county. He then purchased a small farm and after following rural pursuits for a while, he opened a dry goods and grocery store at Buck Lock along the line of the Pennsylvania canal. About the year 1860 he rented the Washington House at Middletown, Dauphin county, and kept it until April 1, 1867, when he purchased the old Washington House at Sunbury, which stood on the present site of the new Neff House. He at once removed his family to Sunbury, where he thereafter kept- hotel until his death. He was courteous and gentlemanly, ever ready to accommodate his guests and make their stay with him as pleasant as possible. He thereby merited an oft remark from the traveling public, "that he was one of the most open-hearted landlords they had ever met." He was a member of the 836 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Perseverence Lodge of the Masonic order at Harrisburg, and served in the borough council of Sunbury. Mr. Neff began his political career as a Whig, and naturally drifted into the ranks of the Eepublican party, and although he always took an active interest in political issues, yet he never sought offi- cial position. Possessed of a large fund of general information, a keen knowledge of human nature, quick to perceive the ludicrous in all things and apt in telling an anecdote in the proper place, he was consequently very pop- ular among his friends and associates. His wife, who was bom, February 18, 1822, died, April 26, 1878, and was the mother of the following children by her union with Mr. Neff: Helen A., deceased; Anna E., deceased; Cath- arine J., wife of B. M. Aughinbaugh; Horace B., who married Mary Gill; Caroline; George H., who married Ella Bright and is an attorney of Sun- bury; Lewis P., who married Margaret J. Martin; Christian S., who married Blanche Long; Walter, deceased, and Annie, deceased. Of these children, Catharine J., together with her husband and Lewis P. and George H., are the proprietors of the new Neff House of Sunbury. Geobge H. Neff, attorney at law, was bom, June 26, 1857, in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, son of Christian and Ann (Brenneman) Neff. He re- ceived his education at the common schools, finishing at the high school of Sunbury, from, which he was graduated in 1874. He learned telegraphy in Sunbury, and was employed by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as operator at Sunbury, Shamokin, and Mt. Carmel for about one year. On the 7th of January, 1877, he entered the law office of S. P. Wolverton as a clerk. While there he studied stenography and type-writing and subse- quently became his private secretary, which position he held for thirteen years. He also took up the study of law under Mr. Wolverton and was ad- mitted to the bar, June 28, 1881. At this date he was made assistant to Mr. Wolverton in his office practice and continued as such imtil September 1, 1889, when he opened an office and has since practiced by himself. He is a Democrat, and has always taken an active part in State and county politics. He is a director in the Southern Central Railroad Company, now in process of construction, extending from Sunbury to Harrisburg along the west shore of the Susquehanna river. He was married, Jime 2, 1887, to Ella Bright, daughter of Peter Bright, a boot and shoe merchant of Sunbury, and to this union one child has been bom, Harold M. Mr. Neff with a few others was instrumental in securing the national regatta of the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, which was rowed on the Fort Augusta course on the Susquehanna river at Sunbury in July, 1887. Daniel Beckley, court crier, was born, February 2, 1 802, in Berks county, Pennsylvania, son of Daniel and Hannah (Eyster) Beckley. The parents came to Northumberland county about the year 1812 and settled near Milton, in which town they both died, respected citizens and consistent members of the German Reformed church. Our subject received a common school edu- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 837 cation and was brought up at farm labor. He clerked in stores at Sunbury, Milton, Selinsgrove, and Trevorton. He was elected by the Democratic party to the offices of prothonotary and sheriff and served a term in each with credit. At the beginning of his term of office Judge Eockefeller appointed Mr. Beckley court crier, which position he has continued to fill to the present time. He is a member of the Presbyterian church and is one of the most , upright and respected citizens of the county. William Whitmek, one of the active business men of Sunbury, was born at McAUistersville, Pennsylvania, December 11, 1835. He came to Sunbury in 1872 and immediately embarked in the mercantile and lumber business, in both of which he has been successful. He is now a member of the mer- cantile firm of Whitmer & Trexler, the oldest dry goods house in Sunbury; He has branched into business from his present town into different parts of Pennsylvania, and also West Virginia, where he gives employment to a large number of men. He is a Eepublican, and one of the enterprising business men and highly respected citizens of the borough in which he resides. Lewis Dewaet, attorney at law, was born in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 6, 1849. After a thorough academic preparation he entered Princeton College and was graduated therefrom in the class of 1872. He read law with the late Judge Jordan and was admitted to the bar in 187-t. In 1875 he was elected borough clerk, held the office one term, and in 1877 was elected district attorney. He is an active and energetic Demo- crat, and for his party does much hard and effectual work. He has served on the central committee, and was a delegate to the convention that nomi- nated Pattison for Governor. The degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by his Alma Mater. Chaeles D. Gibson, attorney at law, was born in Sunbury, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1863. His father is the Eev. Lewis W. Gibson of the Episcopal church, now located at Dover, Delaware, and his mother was the daughter of the late Judge Charles G. Donnel, of Sunbury. Charles, the elder of the two sons, was educated by his father in private in- struction and at Union College, Schenectady, New York. He began the study of law in 1887 with John B. Packer as his preceptor and was admitted to the bar in September, 1889. Prior to his taking up the study of law he was five years in the employ of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company as clerk. John S. Haas was bom. May 6, 1810, in Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania. He received a common school education and on the 6th of Decem- ber, 1835, was married to Margaret Deppen, who was born, March 4, 1812, in Berks county, Pennsylvania. When a young man he belonged to a mili- tia company and held the position of colonel. He was a Democrat, and served as overseer of the poor for many years. He died, November 30, 1885, followed by his widow on the 13th of December, 1887. Both were members of the German Eeformed church. To their union were born four children. 838 HISTORY OF NOHTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. only one of whom is living, Hiram M. ; the others died in infancy. The Sun- bury American of December 4, 1885, contained the following: " Colonel John S. Haas died at his residence in Upper Augusta township, near Sun- bury, on Monday last, aged about seventy-five years. He resided in Jack- son township, this county, until 1850, when he purchased what was then called the Sunbury mill property, where he resided since. By economy and good management he accumulated a large amount of wealth. He was unas- suming and seldom mingled in company and was respected for his fair and honest dealing. His death was caused from paralysis." HiBAM M. Haas, farmer, was born in Jackson township, March 4, 1846, son of John S. and Margaret (Deppen) Haas. He was educated at the Sun- bury schools and at Missionary Institute, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, and also took a course at the Poughkeepsie Commercial College. He was occupied for fifteen years in conducting the mill, and in the management of his father's business. In 1870 he married Lusetta, daughter of John Hull, a merchant of Snydertown. By this union they have nine children : John F. ; Edward L. ; Isaac J.; Bessie May; Hiram W. ; Mary Margaret; Essie Mabel; Nellie Jane, and Marion Valeria. Mr. Haas is an active member of the Democratic party. He has served as township auditor for three successive terms, and as school director three terms. He is connected with the I. O. O. P. and the Royal Arcanum of Sunbury. Peteb H. Snyder, a retired citizen of Sunbury, was bom in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 6, 1820, son of Peter and Joanna (Shipman) Snyder. His grandfather, Casper Sny- der, came from Germany and settled in this county before the Revolutionary war. He was a farmer and tavern keeper on the old Harrisburg and Sun- bury road, where his son Peter succeeded him; the old brick tavern house was built by Casper Snyder in 1798. Peter Snyder was born in 1788 and died in February, 1866; his vnfe died six years previously at the age of seventy years. They reared nine children, and buried three; eight are now living. Peter H. Snyder was born, February 6, 1820; he was reared upon the farm and educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy. He studied surveying, and taught school twenty-one winters. He removed to Sunbury in 1881 and retired from active business. October 23, 1845, he married Malinda Wolverton, and they are the parents of four children: Newton W. ; Dennis H. ; Rosetta J., and Anna Laura. Mr. Snyder is a Republican in politics, and in faith a member of the Presbyterian church. Henry B. Smith, merchant, was born at Womelsdorf , Berks county, Penn- sylvania, November 19, 1855, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Haak) Smith. The father, a lumber merchant, died in 1876 at the age of fifty-six years, and his widowed mother yet lives at Womelsdorf. Henry is the eldest of two sons and two daughters. The straitened condition of their financial affairs after the death of his father limited his schooling to such only as BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 839 was possible prior to his thirteenth year. At that age he began to clerk in his native village and remained there one year. Having accumulated the (to him) vast sum of twenty dollars, he packed his valise and started West. Arriving at Sunbury, the "great west" was yet a great way ofE, and his capital had dwindled down to the minimum. He sought employment with Clement & Dissinger, merchants, and remained with them ten or eleven years. In 1882, having saved about two hundred dollars, he formed a part- nership with S. C. Drumheller and engaged in the coal business. The year following the dry goods house of Smith, Drumheller & Zeigler was estab- lished as H. B. Smith & Company. Zeigler retired at the end of three years and Drumheller at the end of two more. Thus, since 1887, Mr. Smith has had no partner. They began with a capital of three thousand dollars; Mr. Smith has now invested over twenty thousand dollars and not only does an extensive retail trade but sells a great many goods at wholesale. He is a member of the Patriotic Sons of America, Eoyal Arcanum, Conclave, and the Lutheran church. He was married in Sunbury, October 24, 1888, to Mary E., daughter of Nathan Martz. John Weisee Buchek. — The Bucher family date their advent into North- umberland county back to the Indian occupation, and the name figures with more or less prominence in all the succeeding generations. Henry Bucher, grandfather of John W., reared a large family of children, and his youngest son, Francis, a tanner by occupation, married Mary Ann Masser, December 8, 1831, reared six sons and two daughters, and died, March 19, 1875. Of his eight children, the subject of this sketch is the oldest of four sons and one daughter now living. He was born in Sunbury, September 15, 1835, received an academic education, learned the tanning business under his fa- ther, and at the age of about twenty years became clerk and depu^ty to the register and recorder, a position he filled about six years. He was next appointed deputy prothonotary and held that office one year. In February, 1864, he enlisted in Company C, Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, at Harrisburg, and served one year as a private under General 'Hancock in the Nineteenth army corps. He was mustered out at Charleston, South Caro- lina, returned to Sunbury, and for two or three succeeding years was en- gaged in the tanning business. His next employment was with Ira T. Clem- ent as book-keeper of that gentleman's manufacturing establishment, a position he was continued in for several years. He has been secretary of the Sunbury Steam Ferry and. Tow Boat Company and associate manager or superintendent of the various manufacturing industries of Mr. Clement, in whose employ he was for the fourth of a century. Mr. Bucher has been chief burgess and treasurer of Sunbury and four or five terms borough coun- cilman. In July, 1890, he was elected secretary and treasurer of the Sun- bury Trust & Safe Deposit Company, a new bank now about starting up on the corner of Fourth and Market streets. He is prominent in Masonry, Odd 840 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Fellowship, Knights of Pythias, Improved Order of Eed Men, and the Ee- formed church. He was first married in Sunbnry, December 35, 1858, to Hester A., daughter of the late James Beard, at one time prothonotary of the county and afterward a lawyer. She died, December 26, 1862, leaving three children: Francis Edward, a lawyer in Philadelphia; John Beard, a merchant of Sunbury, and Mary Margeret, who was born, September 13, 1862, and died, February 14, 1877. His second wife, to whom he was mar- ried, March 4, 1868, was Mary Jane, daughter of Ira T. Clement, who died in December following, leaving one child, Laura C. February 13, 1872, Mr. Bucher married Mary Faust, by whom he has had five children: Samuel Faust, deceased; William Henry; Sarah Helen; George Franklin, and Mary Ann Masser, deceased. Charles M. Martin, physician and surgeon, is a son of Eev. Jacob Martin, of the Lutheran church, and Abbie A. (Stephenson) Martin, and was bom at Greencastle, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1840. His grand- father, George Martin, was one of the pioneers of Sunbury and here his sons, George, William, Henry, John, Charles, Luther, and Jacob were born and reared. George served thirty-two years in the United States Army, includ- ing the Seminole Indian war. He and his brother William served through the Mexican war, and William, Luther, Henry, George, and Charles were soldiers in the Union Army during the late Eebellion. Luther was killed in the battle of Gettysburg, and Henry at the battle of the Wilderness. William was a major and George a captain; both live retired in Philadelphia. Charles resides in Savannah, Ohio. Eev. Jacob died in Simbury in 1872 at the age of sixty-eight years, fifty years of his life having been spent in the ministry. His widow survived him but three months. Of his four children, Henry died at the age of eighteen years; one of his daughters is the wife of James Lyon, of Sunbury; another is the wife of D. W. Shryeck, of Greens- burg, Pennsylvania, and Charles M., the subject of this sketch, is a physician. At the outbreak of the war between the States Mr. Martin was living at Westminister, Maryland, and Charles M., after an academic training at Penn- sylvania College, Gettysburg, was attending lectures at the University of Maryland, at Baltimore, from which institution he was graduated in March, 1863. While in Baltimore he was a resident student of the hospital and after graduating was appointed assistant surgeon by Surgeon General Hammond of the United States Army, and assigned to hospital duty at Frederick, Maryland. At the close of the war he located in practice at Owing's Mills, Baltimore county, Maryland, and was there until the summer of 1870, at which time he came to Sunbury. Here his talents were readily recognized and he at once took and has since maintained high rank in the profession. Doctor Martin is vice-president of the Simbury Medical Association, and has been resident surgeon of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company for the past twelve or thirteen years. He Was appointed on the board of pension exam- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 841 iners, removed by President Cleveland in the spring of 1884, and reappointed by President Harrison in June, 1889. The Doctor is a Eepublioan in politics, has been a member of the borough council, is now a school director, is a Knight Templar Mason, and a member of the Lutheran church. He was married in 1865 at Westminster, Maryland, to Sallie H. Shreeve, who died in 1872 at Owing's Mills. In February, 1883, he married Mary AHce, daughter of John Haas, of Sunbury, and has one son, William H. HiEAM Long, physician and surgeon, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, April 30, 1831. He was reared upon his father's farm and ed- ucated at Strousburg and Blairstown academies, and Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. He read medicine in his native village, and was graduated from New York Medical College in the spring of 1859. In 1862 he became assistant surgeon of the One Hundred and Seventy-third Penn- sylvania Volunteers and subsequently in order of promotion assistant surgeon and surgeon of the Two Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, a posi- tion he held at the close of the war. With the Two Hundred and Fifth reg- iment he was in the Ninth army corps and took part in all the battles fought by the Army of the Potomac. Returning home he resumed the practice of medicine in Union county, and was there until 1871, when he located in Sun- bury. In 1880 he removed to his present residence in Purdytown, and sought to give up as far as possible the practice of his profession. Under President Cleveland's administration he was appointed pension examiner and held the office until displaced by Corporal Tanner. The Doctor is a member of the Sunbury Medical Association and was some years its president. He is prominently identified with the Masonic fraternity, the G. A. E., the Loyal Legion, the Presbyterian church, and the Sunday school. He was married at his native place, October 28, 1860, to Frances M., daughter of Dr. EobertE. James. Dr. Long's father was William A. Long and the maiden name of his mother was Eva Miller. The Longs were Scotch-Irish and came to America in 1740, settling first in Chester county, Pennsylvania; later some of them moved into Bucks and subsequently others into Northampton coun- ty. William A. Long's grandfather located at Mt. Bethel in Northampton county prior to the war for independence and there his children, grandchil- dren, and many great-grandchildren were born. WiUiam A. Long married Eva Miller, whose parents were of German descent, and they reared three sons and three daughters. The daughters are all deceased, and of the sons Jeremiah is a merchant in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Jacob E. is a banker in Bangor, Pennsylvania, and Hiram is a physician at Sunbury. Philip H. Eenn, physician, and secretary of the Sunbury Medical Asso- ciation, was born in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 26, 1851. He received his primary education at the public schools and at Sunbury Academy, read medicine with Doctor Clark and later with Doctor McKay, and in 1877 was graduated from the University of Louisville, Ken- 842 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. tucky, to which institution he was cadetted by the United States government. In 1879 he opened an office in Sunbury, coming hither from the Marine hos- pital at Louisville, where he was house surgeon. Here he stepped readily into prominence in the profession and has steadily kept abreast of the fore- most. Doctor Eenn is a member of the K. of P., the I. O. O. F., and the Presbyterian church. He was married in Chicago, July 25, 1889, to Miss Dora, of Louisville, Kentucky. Jacob Massee, deceased, physician and surgeon, was born in 1820, grad- uated from JefEerson Medical College in 1841, and from that time until his death successfully practiced medicine in Sunbury. He served one term as register and recorder of Northumberland county, was a surgeon in the late Eebellion for about one year, and died, September 10, 1876; his widow sur- vives him and now resides in Sunbury, Pennsylvania. Pbanklin B. Massee, physician and surgeon, son of Dr. Jacob and Sarah (Heighler) Masser, was bom in Sunbury, this State, July 14, 1860. He re- ceived a common school education; when seventeen years of age he com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. E. H. Awl as his preceptor, was graduated from JefEerson Medical College in 1880, and has since been in active practice. Our subject is a member of the Sunbury Medical Associa- tion, has been city physician, and pension examiner; he is also a member of the Eoyal Arcanum, Knights of the Golden Eagle, and the Episcopal church. Mr. Masser was married in Sunbury, April 12, 1884, to Harriet Houtz, daughter of the late Dr. Henry Houtz, and to their union have been born two children: Franklin and Sarah. Jacob E. Ceessinoee, D. D. S., was born in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1844. His father was the Eev. John B. Cressinger of the Baptist church, a native of this county and a grandson of Michael Cressinger, a German count who came to America in 1768 and settled in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Count Cressinger was an officer in the Continental army during the seven years' war for liberty, and took an active part in many hard battles with the British. His wife accompanied . him through the entire war and with him lived many happy years of subse- quent peace. After the war he came into this county and lived in Augusta township to a ripe old age. He reared four sons: Michael; Henry; WilHam, and Peter. Henry, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was an officer in the war of 1812, and lived many years at the mountain near the mouth of Shamokin creek; just when he died is not known, but he is buried in Sunbury cemetery. His wife was Margaret Eenn, and he reared two sons: John B. and Barney. The latter left Sunbury some time in the '50's and died in Michigan. John B. preached many years in this county, organized and built up several churches, and in 1848 removed to Ohio, where he yet lives. He was born, January 1, 1812, and in July, 1831, married Mary Baumgardner. She died in 1881 at the age of seventy-five BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 843 years. They reared four sons and one daughter, and buried two sons and a daughter in infancy. Jacob E., the youngest of the family, was educated at the common schools and studied dentistry with his brother. At the out- break of the war he was attending Oberlin College, Ohio, and from there joined the army in August, 1861, served until November 27, 1865, in the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, and left the service as brevet second lieutenant. With the gallant Forty -first he fought in the battle of Shiloh and the siege of Corinth, and did garrison duty at Murf reesboro' ; he met the enemy face to face at Perrysville and at Stone River, where on the second day he was wounded. He was on duty at Readyvillfe, Tennessee, and in the TuUa- homa campaign; he participated in the bloody engagements of Ringgold, Gordon's Mills, Chickamauga, Brown's Ferry, Orchard Knob, Mission Ridge, and the expedition to the relief of Knoxville, and was finally mustered out at Blain's Cross Roads, December 31, 1863. By reason of re-enlistment as veteran, January 1, 1864, he took part in the battle of Dan- dridge, Tennessee, January 16-17th, and on January 17th started for home on a thirty days' veteran furlough, rejoined his command at Chattanooga, Tennessee, March 10, 1864, and was with it in the following engagements : Rockford Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kennesaw, Culp's House, Knickajack Creek, Chattahoochee River, Pickett's Mills, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Utah Creek, Lovejoy Station (Georgia), Columbia, Franklin, Nash- ville (Tennessee), and in pursuit of Hood to Huntsville, Alabama. From that time on to the close of the war he was with his regiment in Texas. After the war he completed the study of dentistry, and in February, 1868, came to Sunbury. Mr. Cressinger is a thirty-second degree Mason, an Odd Fellow, and prominent in the G. A. R. and in the Baptist church. He was married in Sunbury, May 31, 1869, to Mary A. Brice, has three children living, and has buried one, Edna, at the age of one and one half years. John B. is a student at Bucknell University and Horace G. is at home. Doctor Cressinger's brother, Isaac, enlisted in 1862 in Company C, Twenty- third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, was captured at Harper's Ferry, confined in ' Libby and Andersonville prisons, in the fall of 1863 was exchanged, and subsequently discharged on a surgeon's certificate. In January, 1864, he re-enlisted and October 19, 1864, at the battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, he was killed. Another brother, Daniel B., enlisted in a company from Ohio in 1861, was discharged in 1863, and soon after his return home died at Upper Sandusky, Ohio. The Doctor has in his possession a hammer which was used by his great-grandfather, Michael Cressinger, to sharpen his flints while serving in the Revolutionary war, and used by his grandfather in the war of 1812. Andbew Nebingee Beice, editor and proprietor of the Sunbury Weekly News, is a lawyer by profession and a justice of the peace by repeated elec- tions. He was born at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, February 2, 1840, son of 844 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Thomas and Mary (Wenck) Brice, natives of this county and the city of Phil- adelphia, and of Irish and German extraction, respectively. Mr. Brice was educated at the common schools and in the office of the Sunbury Gazette he started to learn the printing business in 1857, serving three years and a half. In the spring of 1861 he assisted in starting the Northumberland County Democrat, and was connected with that paper about a year, reading law in the meantime with Judge Alexander Jordan. In the summer of 1862 he joined the army and was made second lieutenant of Company C, One Hun- dred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, served nine months, and was mustered out as first lieutenant. July 4, 1863, he re-entered the army, going out as a private in a volunteer cavalry squadron, and served six months. September 7, 1864, he again enlisted and served nearly one year as a private in Company H, Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry. While a member of the One Hundred and Thirty-first regiment he was at Chancellorsville and Antietam, with the volunteer squadron he wa^ looking after the wounded at Gettys- birrg, and with the Fifth Cavalry he was in front of Eichmond and Five Forks. In front of Eichmond, December 14, 1864, he was slightly wounded, but the great irreparable injury received by him while a soldier was not caused by the armed enemy; it was the more formidable and dangerous work of disease. That enemy that attacks you in the air you breathe, in the water you drink, in the food you eat; that silent, invisible, and insidious monster which hovers about you while you sleep; that evil genius which mixes the fetid effluvium of decaying animal and vegetable matter with the pure hydro- gen and oxygen of life and plants the germ of destruction in the blood — from the wounds of this enemy Mr. Brice will never wholly recover. After the war he resumed the study of law and diversified the time with school teach- ing until admitted to the bar in 1870. He has been three years chief bur- gess of Sunbury, more than once in the council, and five times elected justice of the peace. In 1881 he started the Sunbury Neivs, which in 1883 absorbed the old Gazette, and is publishing the Legal News, a small periodical of law- book size. Mr. Brice was first commander of the local post of the G. A. E. He is a past grand of the Order of Odd Fellows, past chief patriarch of the Encampment branch, and also past grand marshal of the State of Pennsyl- vania of the same order. As a Mason he belongs to the Elysburg Lodge, and is a member of Northumberland Chapter of Sunbury. He belongs to the commandery at Danville and to Bloomsburg Consistory, having taken thirtv- two degrees in Masonry. He is a past master of the Blue lodge and a past high priest of the chapter. He is one of the leading Eepublicans of the county, having served three years as chairman of the county committee. In his leisure moments he has been working on the history of his first regiment, the One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers. The new build- ing just put up by him where the Neivs is located is opposite his residence. It is a well equipped newspaper office, in height three stories and a base- BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 845 ment, the basement containing the newspaper Hoe press, boiler, and engine. Though Mr. Brice of late years has suffered much from ill health, contracted from exposure in the field, he is a very busy worker, spending most of his time with a pen in his hand. It is a noteworthy fact in his life that in 1880 he was offered the nomination for Congress, but declined it in favor of another county in the congressional district. He was married in Sunbury, July 31, 1862, to Eebecca Friling, and has three children: Edward L. ; William F., and Mary. His sons are associated with him in newspaper bus- iness. He was commissioned postmaster of Simbury by President Harrison, and his son, William P., is the efficient deputy in charge. Jacob E. Eichholtz, one of the proprietors and editors of the Northum- berland County Democrat and the Sunbury Daily, was born in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, November 11, 1836. His father was the Bev. George Eich- holtz, of the Lutheran church, and his mother was Harriet Ely. The senior Mr. Eichholtz's ministerial duties led him to various places of abode, and he died in Lycoming coimty in 1885, aged seventy-two years. His grandfather came to America from Germany with John Jacob Astor, and was for a time engaged in the fur trade with that great accumulator of wealth. Harriet Eichholtz died in 1881. She was the mother of four sons and four daughters, the subject of this sketch being her second son. Jacob received a common and high school education at Lancaster, learned the printing trade at Mifflin- town, and from that to the present time has been at newspaper work as "jour,'' publisher, reporter, editor, and proprietor. He came to Sunbury about the time the Northumberland County Democrat was started, joined Mr. Purdy in its publication, and in July, 1868, purchased the plant. In 1880 he sold a fourth interest to Mr. Dewart, his partner and associate in both papers mentioned in this sketch. In 1873 and 1874 Mr. Eichholtz was chairman of the Democratic county central committee; in May, 1885, he was appointed postmaster by Mr. Cleveland. He was first married in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, January 19, 1860, to Harriet Erisman, who died in the fall of 1883. The present Mrs. Eichholtz, to whom he was married at Lewisburg, February 11, 1885, was Rosa Schaffle. By his first marriage he has one son, Herbert; by his second, a son, William. Thomas J. Silvius, editor and publisher of the Sunbury American, was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, May 14, 1854. His father, Jacob Silvius, also a native of Lancaster, was born, December 11, 1827, and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Tucker, was born in Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, September 14, 1830. They now reside in East Sunbury, the father having some years since retired from active business. The names of their children arei Ellis T., master mechanic of a railroad in Florida; Thomas J.; Charles L., foreman of the Pennsylvania railroad tin shops, Sunbury; Jennie, married to R. F. Bateman, of Lancaster; Sadie, of Florida; Clara, and AUie. The parents are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, to which organ- 846 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ization each of their children belongs. Thomas J. was educated at the com- mon schools, learned the printing business, and has followed it thus far almost to the exclusion of everything else. He spent six months in the photograph business, one year clerking in a store, and twelve months as a traveling salesman, and has been four years assessor of property for taxation in the Fifth ward of the borough of Sunbury. In 1875, associated with J. Adam Cake, he published the Sunbury Independent, and in 1875-76, with W. J. Walsmith, issued the Sunbury Daily. In 1878 he joined Mr. J. A. Coker in the utterance of the Cape' Girardeau, Missouri, News, and devoted his time thereto for the succeeding five years. He is now editor and pub- lisher of the Sunbury American, the oldest newspaper published in this place. Mr. Silvius is a thorough newspaper man, a terse and vigorous writer, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and a Bepublican in politics. He was married in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, June 15, 1879, to Lelia A. Jennings, and two children have been borne to them : Pearl E. and Eobert C. ; the latter died, June 15, 1890. Hudson Withington, one of the proprietors, editors, and publishers of the Sunbury American, is a native of Snydertown, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, a son of William and Sarah (Shaffer) Withington, and was born, February 14, 1858. The senior Mr. Withington, a farmer by occupa- tion, was also born in Snydertown, and his wife, Sarah Shaffer, was bom in Zerbe township. They reside now at Snydertown, as does also the subject of this sketch, and their children are: Jacob; Mary E. ; Franklin; Minnie C, and Hudson. The latter received a common school education, and at Sun- bury learned the printing business, in the practical application of which, in all its various branches, he is a recognized expert. Under the subject head of the Press, this volume, will be found the history of his identity with the American, a paper whose every issue shows in its mechanical make-up a completeness in detail that evidences the skill of an adept. Mr. Withington is a Eepublican in politics and a member of the I. O. O. F. He was married, November 18, 1888, at Snydertown, to Aldah M. Neice, who was born in Eush township, this county, April 13, 1867. (Since the foregoing was writ- ten Mr. Withington has withdrawn from the paper, and is now a compositor on the Philadelphia Inquirer.) Geobge B. Cadwalladee, ex-chief burgess of Sunbury, was born in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, October 20, 1830, son of Dr. Peter and Hannah (Magill) Cadwallader, natives of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and descend- ants of Scotch ancestry. Doctor Cadwallader died in 1832, and his widow lived to the advanced age of eighty years. Of his three sons and one daugh- ter George B. is the only one living. The subject of this sketch was reared m Bucks county, received an academic education, and subsequently gradu- ated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Engaging in the drug business at Danville, he followed it altogether at various places about twenty- ,^^^L^, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 849 five years. "When the war broke out he was in business at Shamokin, and in April, 1861, entered the army as first lieutenant of Company A, Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served three months. Ee-enlisting in August following he was made first lieutenant of Company K, Forty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, and thereafter served in about the following manner until September 10, 1866, at which time he was mustered out at Eichmond, Vir- ginia: September 17, 1861, he was first lieutenant and quartermaster of the Forty-sixth regiment; July, 1863, captain and assistant quartermaster U. S. A. ; March, 1865, brevetted major and lieutenant colonel; for faithful and meritorious service during the war he was brevetted colonel, and in November, 1865, for faithful and efficient services in the quartermaster's department, he was brevetted brigadier general. During the period covered by the foregoing promotions, he was brigade quartermaster of William's brigade, Army of Virginia; quartermaster of the First brigade, Second corps. Army of Vir- ginia, and of the First brigade, First division. Twelfth corps. Army of the Potomac; post quartermaster at Dechert, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia; in charge of transportation on Sherman's march to the sea; in charge of marine and land transportation at Savannah, Georgia; in charge of quarter- master's depot at Cleveland, Ohio, and Eichmond, Virginia, and finally in charge of the national cemeteries at Seven Pines, Fair Oaks, and Hollywood. Leaving the army, he came to Sunbury and for a short time was in the grain, flour, and feed business. From 1869 to 1884 he was engaged in the drug business, thence to the present time in the manufacture of nails, an enterprise with which he is now connected. General Cadwallader was married in this place in 1870 to Mrs. Georgiana (Markle) Wolverton. Mrs. Cadwallader died. May 9, 1885, leaving her husband and two daughters: Mary and Annie. The General is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian church. He was first elected as chief burgess in 1887, on the Eepublican ticket, and re-elected in 1889. Henbt T. Eckeet was born in Northumberland, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 20, 1842, and was educated at the public schools and at Freeburg Academy in Snyder county, Pennsylvania. He taught a few terms of school, clerked a season for a Northumberland firm, and conducted a grocery of his own about three years. In the fall of 1869 he went on the road as a "Knight of the Grip" for Burns & Smucker, grocers, of Philadel- phia, and it is written of him that his employers knew where he was every pay-day for the fifth of a century. He remained with this firm regularly until March, 1889. Since the last named date he has been engaged with the firm of E. C. Williams & Company of New York. The position of the drum- mer is no sinecure, and the fitness of a man for its duties is established by a multiplicity of tests. Success is the one word that fixes the tenure with his employers; but the accomplishments prerequisite to that rating are beyond the reach of many who deem themselves equal to the most difiicult under- 48 850 HISTORY OP NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. takings. To have represented on the road one house for two decades admits of but one conclusion. Mr. Eckert's popularity among all classes led his party in 1886 to place his name at the head of their legislative ticket and their good judgment veas made manifest in his triumph. At the ensuing struggle for his successorship he was again the Democratic candidate, but, as is well known, the whole ticket was defeated. Though always a hard worker he has never been a candidate for any other office. Mr. Eckert is not unknown as a man of letters. His contributions to the Detroit Free Press and other leading journals have met with favor, and some of his verse, not- ably "The Susquehanna" and "Milton in Flames," find places in the choice collections of the connoisseur. In prose and in song many of his pro- ductions are familiar. In the latter, his "Under the Btittonwood," "The Orchard Bars," "Down by the Murmuring Sea," and others are exception- ably fine. Mr. Eckert is a Knight Templar Mason, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was married in Catawissa, Pennsylvania, February 8, 1866, to Charlotte C. Long, and has living five children: Curtie W. ; Edwin S. ; Henry T. ; Jennie Long, and Nellie Robins ; two others died in infancy. Jabid C. Ibwin was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1830, son of Martin and Eachel (Irwin) Irwin, natives of Chester and Lan- caster counties, respectively. Martin Irwin came to Sunbury in 1882 and here spent the rest of his life, dying in 1849 at the age of forty-five years. His widow subsequently became the wife of Frederick Lazarus, whose widow she now is. Martin Irwin, a shoemaker by occupation, was a most reputable citizen, and served the county as register and recorder, having been elected in 1848. He reared a family of three sons and six daughters. Jarid, the eldest son, learned the shoemaker's trade under his father. In 1861 he responded to the President's first call for troops, and served three months in Company F, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. He next served one year as musician in the Forty-fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and later as a private carried a musket eleven months in the Forty-seventh Pennsyl- vania. With the Eleventh regiment he served in Maryland and Virginia; with the Forty-fifth he was in the battles of James Island, South Carolina, Antietam, and South Mountain, Maryland. Since the war he has lived in Sunbury, where he has been five years a borough councilman, and is now serving his fifth term as school director. Mr. Irwin is a consistent and reli- able Eeptiblican in politics, a member of the G. A. E., and a citizen of high standing. He was married in Danville, Pennsylvania, in 1851, to Ann S., daughter of the late George Kiehl, one time sheriff of this county, and has one child, Georgiana, Mrs. Sharon Stevens, of Harrisburg, who has two children: Fred and Bessie. "Ukias Bloom, register of wills, recorder of deeds, and clerk of the orphan's court, was born in Lower Augusta, now Eockefeller township, BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 851 Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 1, ISS-t, son of Hiram and Maria (Hileman) Bloom. Stephen Bloom, the first of the name to locate in this county, came here prior to 1795, as shown by his will, and was there- fore a pioneer in this part of the country. His son Samuel was the father of Jacob, and Jacob was the father of Hiram; thus with the stroke of the pen we connect the fifth with the first generation of a family whose name appears frequently in the early archives of the county. Samuel Bloom was commissioned as justice of the peace, February 28, 1809, served as county commissioner, 1813-15, and as county treasurer, 1834-36. The farm he bought from old Martin Baker and wife in 1 797 in Rockefeller township near the old stone church is the property of Urias and is highly prized by him. Hiram Bloom reared nine children, eight of whom are living. Urias, the eldest, was educated at the common schools, and at the age of sixteen years began teaching. When about twenty years old he accepted a clerk- ship with Lemuel Shipman in the recorder's office, remained with that gentleman until 1880, and with his successor, George D. Bucher, from 1880 to 1886. In 1885 he was elected register and recorder and re-elected in 1888. At his first election he was about two hundred fifty ahead of his ticket (Democratic), and at his second over twelve hundred more votes were cast for him than for the rest of the ticket. Mr. Bloom is identified with the I. O. O. F., the Conclave, the Masonic fraternity, and the Methodist Episcopal church. He was married in Lower Augusta township, November 25, 1879, to Anna M. Wintersteen and has three children: Essie Uarda; Grace Imogene, and Goldie Edna. Simon P. Fausold, prothonotary, was born, April 80, 1840, in what is now Rockefeller township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, a son of Jona- than and Catharine (Bartholomew) Fausold. He was educated at the common schools and the Sunbury Seminary, then taught by Simon P. Wolverton. He taught school from 1858 to 1805, including terms in the Shamokin and Sun- bury public schools. In 1865 he was appointed deputy recorder for North- umberland county by J. A. J. Cummings, which position he filled creditably for a term of three years. He then engaged in the mercantile business at Montandon, this county, under the firm name of S. G. Fry & Company. Prom 1872 to 1877 this firm conducted a wholesale notion business on a canal boat, extending from Montandon to Lock Haven and Pittston, down the main line of the Pennsylvania canal to Wrightsville, York county, and up the Juniata river to McVeytown. After withdrawing from this in 1878 he taught one term of school, after which, in 1879, he was appointed deputy prothonotary by Wesley Auten, and was continued in the position by Prothonotary Auten during his two terms. H. F. Mann succeeded Auten and Mr. Fausold was retained by him during his two terms of office. In 1890 he was nominated by the Democratic party for prothonotary without opposition and was elected by a majority of nine hundred twenty-seven. When the first draft was made 852 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. on Northumberland county in tKe late Rebellion, his name was in the list, but he was excused through the order of the Governor that school teachers in active service should be exempt from the draft. When the second draft was made he was again selected and this time furnished a substitute. Mr. Fau- sold has been married three times; first, in 1873, to Annie E. Andrews who died in 1877 ; his second marriage was in 1879 to Anna J. Diehm, who died in 1881; his third marriage was in 1883 to Ella C. Diehm. He is a Demo- crat, and with his wife belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church. LuDLEM B. Rockwell, patentee and manufacturer of the celebrated Rock- well process for tempering steel, is a native of Wayne county, Pennsylvania, son of William P. and Sarah S. (Bassett) Rockwell, and was born, Septem- ber 10, 1843. The Rockwells came originally from England, the Bassetts from France, and both families were found among the early American colo- nists. The subject of this sketch received a common school education, and at Waymart learned the trade of blacksmith and wagon maker, at which he was engaged at the outbreak of the Rebellion. In October, 1862, he entered the army, and spent nine months on detached duty in Philadelphia. Febru- ary 28, 1864, in New York City, he enlisted in Company F, Fiftieth New York Volunteers, and served until the close of the war in the Army of the Potomac. Leaving the army he returned to Waymart, Pennsylvania, and there for three years worked at blacksmithing. He came to Sunbury in 1872 and for some years followed his trade. In December, 1884, he patented his process for tempering steel, and in 1888 secured letters on his method of moulding steel, an invention whereby he converts refused, worn-out, and broken steel tools into the highest grades of knives and other steel and iron- cutting implements. Mr. Rockwell is a member of the G. A. R. and of the Methodist Episcopal church. He was married in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, September 5, 1865, to Margaret Thorpe. John J. Batman, manufacturer and patentee of the Keystone Radial Drill Press and general manufacturer of engines, boilers, and machinery, was born near Hickory Corners, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 13, 1847, a son of Jacob and Matilda (Burrell) Batman. The senior Mr. Batman, a blacksmith in early life, and later a manufacturer of agricultural implements, was the son of one of the pioneers of this county. Proni here he moved to Dauphin county and at Uniontown manufactured grain drills and agricultural implements for some years. From thence he removed to Selinsgrove, where he now carries on a machinery repair shop. He has been the father of fourteen children, nine of whom are now living. John J., the eldest child, was educated at the common schools, and with his father learned the machin- ist trade. In 1866 he bought his father's shops at Uniontown and began business for himself. At the end of one year he and his father went into business at Selinsgrove, and he was there five years. In 1874 he came to Sunbury and began the manufacture of agricultural implements as the sue- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 853 cessor to Hanpt & Youngman in Arch street. In 1880 he removed to his present site on East Market street, where his specialty is the manufacture of the Radial Drill Press, an ingenious device for drilling metal from a fixed center at any point within a given radius. In 1864 Mr. Batman entered the army at Harrisburg as a private in Company A, Two Hundred and Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served to the close of the war. He is a mem- ber of the G. A. R. and of the Reformed church. His wife, to whom he was married near TJniontown in September, 1866, was Rebecca Romberger, and the children born to them arei Mary Minerva; Harry Oscar; Charles Albert, and Lillie May. Heney K. Stout, master mechanic of the Philadelphia and Erie division of the Pennsylvania railroad, is a native of Pottstown, Pennsylvania, a son of the late S. A. Stout, and was born. May 17, 1845. His father was nearly all his life a railroad man. He was with the Philadelphia and Reading from its beginning in 1844, and for twenty-five years superintendent of that com- pany's shops at Pottstown. He died in 1883, at the age of seventy-three years. He was a highly esteemed gentleman, a Democrat in politics, a Mason, and held many minor offices by appointment and election. His wife, whose maiden name was Mary Ann Kline, died in 1859. They reared three sons : Eugene, foreman of the Philadelphia and Reading shops at Newberry Junction, Pennsylvania; John M., a miller and farmer, and Henry K. Henry K., the eldest son, was educated at the Pottstown public schools, and in the shops of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad learned the trade of machin- ist. During 1864 he served one hundred days in the army, and in the fol- lowing year worked in the railroad shops at Pottstown. From autumn, 1865, to November, 1866, he worked at his trade in Philadelphia with William Sellers & Company, and from the last named date until April, 1882, he worked for the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company at Renovo in the capacity of gang foreman and foreman of the machine shop. Prom Renovo, where he was chief burgess, he came to Sunbury in his present position. As master mechanic he has under him over four hundred men and the responsi- bilities of the position he occupies are multiform. Mr. Stout was married at Lock Haven, August 21, 1867, to Sarah B. Singer, and has four children; Annie; Mary; Harry, and Charles. John Adam Cake, for whose father was named the hamlet of Caketown, a place yet familiarly known by that name though for years past forming a part of Sunbury, was born in Harrisburg, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, August 25, 1846. He was educated at Russell's Military School, and at Yale and Princeton. With Benjamin H. Brewster as preceptor he read law for some time in Philadelphia, and in March, 1870, was admitted to the bar in Sunbury, after having pursued his studies one year with Messrs. Rocke- feller and Rohrbach. Since coming to the bar he has had his office in Cake- town, where he has large property interests requiring much of his attention. 854 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTy. During the years 1867 and 1868 he held the position of assistant cashier in the Philadelphia Custom House under his father, who was then the United States collector of that port. Becoming a convert to the Greenback idea then so prevalent, he was a delegate to the convention held at Toledo, Ohio, in 1878 for the purpose of organizing the National Greenback and Labor party and therein took an active part. He was subsequently the repre- sentative of that party from his district to the national conventions of 1880 and 1884, and in the ensuing campaigns labored hard for the success of the respective nominees. Weaver and Butler. In 1880 he was his party's nomi- nee for Congress, and in 1882 their candidate for the Supreme court. Mr. Cake is now a Republican, but virtually withdrawn from active politics. He was married at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, February 27, 1868, to Minnie E., daughter of the late Captain Hugh McCuUough, who fell at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and has four children: John A.; Minnie C. ; Joseph W., and Edith. Samuel M. Elliott, foreman of the blacksmith shops, Philadelphia and Erie division of the Pennsylvania railroad, was bom in Mifflin (now Juniata) county, Pennsylvania, June 6, 1825, and his parents were William Elliott and Mary Crozier, both descendants from Scotch-Irish ancestors. Samuel was educated at the common schools of his native county, and there with John Middaugh, of Honey Grove, learned the blacksmith trade. He spent three years as an apprentice, conducted a shop three years, and in 1851 in the Pennsylvania railroad shops at Mifflin began his life as a railroad black- smith. In June, 1856, he was made foreman of the shops, in 1869 trans- ferred to Eenovo, and in 1879 to his present position at Sunbury. In March, 1865, he joined Captain Musser's company. One Hundred and First Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until July following as orderly ser- geant under General Schofield. While in Renovo he was three years a bor- ough councilman, and is now serving his third year as member of the Sun- bury school board. Mr. Elliott is connected with the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Red Men, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. He was mar- ried in Jimiata county, January 2, 1849, to Hannah R. Kissinger, and has had borne to him seven children: Alfred; Rebecca R. ; Lee, deceased; Han- nah J., deceased; Mary M., Mrs. Victor T. Kissinger; Julia J., and Sam- uel E. Geokge W. Keeeeb, contractor and builder, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1845, son of George and Elizabeth (Weiser) Keefer. He was educated at the common schools and learned the carpenter trade while a young man. He followed his trade four years and then embarked in merchandising, which he followed nine years, the last six years in Sunbury. In 1873 he turned his attention to his present vocation, and is now one among the most successful contract- ors in bridge building and all kind of public work. He employs a great BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 855 many men during a season. He was married in Sunbury, December 16, 1879, to Belle M., daughter of George W. Zeigler. Mr. Keefer is a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity and of the Presbyterian church. His father "was born in Berks county in 1796, and died in this county in 1879. By his first wife he reared two sons and three daughters. By his second wife, Elizabeth Weiser, he had three sons and three daughters. ^ToRMAN S. Engle, broker and real estate agent, was born at Albion, Noble county, Indiana, January 20, 1841, son of William F. Engle, a for- mer resident of Sunbury, who settled in the northern part of Indiana in 1837 and was one of the prominent pioneers of that section of the State. He married a western lady, who died at an early age and was followed soon after by her husband. Norman S. and his sister Emily came to Sunbury in 1851 and made their home with the family of H. B. Masser. His education was obtained at the public school taught by Jacob Ulp in a building at the site of the present Masonic hall, and also under the private tuition of Miss Kate Black. In June, 1854, he entered the office of the Sunbury American to learn the printing business, at which he continued until June, 1863, when he was appointed to a clerkship in the office of the provost marshal at Harrisburg under his uncle, General J. K. Clement. There he continued until June, 1865, and then returned to Sunbury. On the 1st of April, 1866, he entered into partnership with H. B. Masser in the publication of the Sunbury American, retiring from this connection on the 1st of January, 1869. He then opened a real estate and brokerage office at Sunbury, and has been in business continuously ever since. He has been active in estab- lishing and promoting building and loan associations, and at the present time is vice-president and director of the Susquehanna Building and Loan Association. He was elected borough treasurer in 1875, and annually there- after for eleven consecutive years; it was under his management that the reorganization of the borough finances was effected by the issue of bonds to the amount of forty-five thousand dollars, thus establishing the credit of the borough upon a firm basis. When Lee invaded Maryland in 1862 he enlisted in Company D, Third Pennsylvania Militia, and was mustered out with his regiment, September 25, 1862. At the age of sixteen he became a member of the Good Intent Eire Company, and is now an honorary member of Sun- bury Steam Fire Company, No. 1. Since 1867 he has been identified with the Masonic fraternity. In politics he is a stanch Eepublican, and since attaining his majority has taken an active interest in every important polit- ical campaign. On the 17th of November, 1869, he married Jane W., daugh- ter of Henry and Catherine (Weaver) Haas; they are the parents of one child, a son. H. E. Davis, coal operator and dealer, was born, June 7, 1845, in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, a son of John and Agnes (Swineford) Davis. He was educated in the common schools and at Missionary Institute, Selins- 856 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. grove. At the age of eighteen years he was employed by the Empire Stove Company at Meadville and Greenville, Pennsylvania, for one year. In 1867 he became a clerk in the First National Bank of Sunbury, remaining until 1869, when he was married to Miss Kate Haas, daughter of Henry Haas, then proprietor of the Central Hotel of Sunbury. In the fall of 1871 he began representing Hall Brothers & Company, who were sole agents for the Mineral Eailroad and Mining Company and the Lykens Valley Coal Com- pany, and remained with them until 1881, when he became a member of the firm of Hall Brothers & Company, continuing until 1883 ; from the latter date until 1889 he was agent for the Philadelphia and Beading Coal and Iron Company. During 1889 he was made vice-president and general manager of the Bethel Coal Company; he is president of the Sunbury and Northum- berland Street railway, president of the Sunbury Electric Light and Power Company, a director of the contemplated Southern Central railroad, a direct- or of the First National Bank of Sunbury, and was assistant burgess of Sunbury one term. He has two children : Helen A. and Mary C. Jerome B. Eeed, merchant, was born in Northampton coimty, Penn- sylvania, June 21, 1850, and is a son of Abram and Matilda (Elick) Eeed, The mother died about the year 1859 while the father, who is a distant rela- tive of T. B. Eeed, the present Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives, resides in Kansas City, Missouri. At the death of his mother our sub- ject went to make his home with a cousin, where he remained a few years alternating farm labor with attendance at the common schools. When sixteen he began to learn the tinsmith trade at Milton, North- umberland county, this State, where he progressed rapidly for two years, and in March, 1868, was assigned to the management of A. Krause's branch store in Sunbury and held that position imtil May, 1869; he then went to Louisville, Kentucky, and after six months service as con- ductor of a street car, was employed at his trade in a tin shop, serving also an apprenticeship in the art of plumbing and gas-fitting. In 1872 he gave up his position at that city and returned to Sunbury, where, in February, 1873, he was married to Catharine J. Harrison, daughter of George and Eebecca Harrison, old residents and respected citizens of this borough. To this union have been born three children: George; Daisy, and Florence. Soon after marriage he was employed as foreman of the Pennsyl- vania Eailroad Company's tin shops at Sunbury, under the instructions of Martin Walls, master mechanic. Following this term of employment was a severe spell of sickness which reduced his finances to a small amount. Judge Jordan, having taken an interest in Mr. Reed, induced him to accept from him a loan of three hundred dollars and establish a business. He opened up on a small scale a line of tinware, stoves, plumbing and gas- fitting, has added from time to time a general line of house furnishing goods, guns, ammunition, etc., and now makes a specialty of plumbing and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 857 steam and hot water heating apparatus ; in these he has built up a large trade, not only in Northumberland but also in the adjoining counties, employing from twelve to thirty-five men. In 1884 he built his present commodious business house in which he carries a regular stock of goods valued at from twelve to fifteen thousand dollars. Mr. Reed is a Republican and with his family belongs to the Lutheran church. Jacob G. Keameb, ex-sheriff, was born September 20, 1829, and is a son of Christian and Lena (Brown) Kramer. The father came to America in 1833, settling in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. He removed to this county in 1858 and died at Trevorton the same year at the age of fifty-four years, his wife having preceded him to the grave one year. They reared four sons, of whom our subject was the eldest. He was educated in the common schools and worked as miner and superintendent of mines thirty- five years. In 1887 he was elected sheriff of Northumberland county by the Republican party. He was married in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, in 1850, to Agnes Grriffith. She died in 1877 and was the mother of eight children: Agnes, wife of A. Miller; Maggie; Elmira, wife of R. James; George; Susannah, wife of John Schatzlein; Louisa, wife of Edward Kase; Emma, and Clinton. He is a Republican, belongs to the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities, was for eight years treasurer of the Knights of the Golden Eagle, and is a member of the Lutheran church. Geokge W. Stboh, ex-chief burgess and proprietor of the Packer House, was born in Upper Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 10, 1830. His father, Philip Stroh, was a native of Lancaster county, and one of the early settlers of Upper Augusta township, where he became a prominent farmer, contractor, and distiller. Politically he was a Whig, served as tovmship constable for many years, and was also a prominent member of the German Reformed church. He was twice married, and by the first marriage had eight children, all of whom are deceased. His second wife was Margaret Farron, daughter of James Farron, and widow of John Christian; by her he had two children: A. J. and George W. The subject of this sketch received but three months' schooling, his education being most- ly self- acquired. After leaving the homestead farm he went to Danville, where he learned the trade of harness maker, finishing the same in Sunbury, and when eighteen years of age engaged in business for himself, which he conducted nine years. He then engaged in contracting and hauled the great- er part of the limestone and iron used by the Dry Valley and Shamokin fur- naces for a number of years. In 1865 he located on Packer's island, where he was engaged in farming nine years. When he first came to Sunbury he purchased the present site of the Packer House, and in 1876 built the same, which he has since conducted. In March, 1855, he married Sarah, daughter of John Keefer, of Upper Augusta township, by whom he has ten children: Rachel Ellen; Mary R., wife of Walter Holmes; Mayberry H. ; Isaac K. ; 858 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Susan; Flora; Charles H.; Harry J.; Edward, and George W., Jr. Mr. Stroh^ is an active member of the Republican party, and has filled the office of con- stable five years, was borough treasurer of Sunbury three years, and in Feb- ruary, 1890, was elected chief burgess. Mrs. Stroh is a member of the Pres- byterian church. Benjamin Hendeicks was bom, September 25, 1811, in Snyder county, Pennsylvania, a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Duese) Hendricks. He re- ceived a common school education and learned the trade of cigar making. His active life, however, was principally spent at farming, merchandising, and the manufacture of lime. He removed to Sunbury in 1824, locating in a house which stood near the present site of the residence of John Haas. He at one time owned what is known as the Hunter farm, on which Fort Augusta was located, and at his death, in 1883, he possessed some good property in Caroline coimty, Virginia. He was a director in the Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre Eailroad Company during the construction of that railroad, now ovmed by the Pennsylvania Company, and held that position until the latter made the purchase. He married Anna M. Shindel, and to this union were born twelve children: Samuel S., deceased; "William M., deceased; Jacob S. Elizabeth, wife of S. P. Wolverton; Martin L. ; Susan A., deceased; Louisa, wife of M. E. Hemperly; Mary, wife of Samuel Faust; Catherine, deceased Isaac N. ; John P. S., and Ann M. Mrs. Hendricks died, December 9, 1877 and with her husband belonged to the Lutheran church. Benjamin Heckeet, funeral director and furniture dealer, was born in Lower Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 14, 1835, son of Peter and Hannah (Witmer) Heckert. The former was a son of Michael Heckert, whose father emigrated from Germany and settled in Lower Mahanoy at an early period in its history. He owned a considera- ble body of land, some of which is still in the possession of his descendants, who are numerous in this county and in the western States. Peter and Han- nah Heckert were the parents of fourteen children, of whom Benjamin Heck- ert, the subject of this sketch, was the twelfth in order of birth. He ob- tained a limited education in the local schools, learned the trade of cabinet making in his native township and under Sebastian Haupt at Sunbury (with whom he was employed eight years), and engaged in the furniture and under- taking business at Northumberland in 1862; there he remained until 1871, when he established his present business at Sunbury. In 1859 he married Sarah J., daughter of Andrew and Nancy (Mahany) Durst, and they are the parents of six children: William -N., deceased; Rev. Charles G., a clergy- man in the Lutheran church, a graduate of Wittenberg College, Springfield, Ohio, and professor at that institution; Emma D., wife of William Savidge, of Sunbury; Jennie M. ; B. Franklin, and Harry N. Mr. Heckert is a mem- ber of the Lutheran church and independent in j)olitics. BIOGKAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 859 Iba Hile, carpenter, contractor, and builder, was born in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 19, 1 824, and his parents, John and Elizabeth (Johnson) Hile, were natives of Pennsylvania and New Jer- sey, respectively. The senior Mr. Hile, a farmer by occupation, died in 1843 at the age of fifty-five years ; his widow lived until 1873 and died at the age of seventy-six years. They reared three sons and four daughters, John be- ing the youngest of the former. He was brought up to farm life and edu- cated somewhat meagerly in the common schools. He learned the carpenter trade .in his native township and divided his time thereat with farming. Since 1866, in which year he moved to Sunbirry, he has followed his trade exclu- sively. April 2, 1848, he was married to Christiana Moore, daughter of Garret Moore, of Rush township, this county, and has had borne to him four children: Margaret F., who was born, February 8, 1849, and died, Decem- ber 16, 1859; Ida Florence, who was born, May 1, 18.55, and died, Novem- ber 2, 1863; George M., who was born, September 20, 1863, and is a mer- chant, and Lillie Dale, who was born, January 14, 1867. Mr. Hile and family are members of the Baptist church, in which he holds the position of deacon, treasurer, and trustee. Geobge Guyee, deceased, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, October 19, 1829, and died, April 20, 1887. He was nineteen years of age when his father immigrated to Illinois; the family were passengers on the ill-fated Belle of the West which burned to the water's edge on the Missis- sippi, and were the only whole family rescued out of a large number. George Guyer's father was a miller and transmitted the trade to his son, who fol- lowed it until 1870, in the spring of which year he came to Sunbury. Here he conducted the Fairmount Hotel a year; thence he removed successively to Middleburg and conducted the Fairmount seven years, thence to Selins- grove, where he conducted the Keystone two years and the National about the same length of time, and thence to Sunbury, where he purchased the Central from Henry Haas. Here he spent the most of his life, increasing the capacity of his hotel and building up for it a patronage that rapidly brought him wealth and enabled him to leave his family a substantial com- petency. The Central is to-day one of the first-class hotels of Sunbury. Mr. Guyer was married in Dauphin county, October 4, 1857, to Catharine Hoke, who survives him,. and his children are as follows: Alice M., Mrs. S. J. Paw- ling; Ella E., Mrs. George W. Gilbert; Irvin F.; Ida C; Cora B., Mrs. E. A. Herr; Harry W., and George Scott. Irvin F., the eldest son, is the pop- ular manager of the Central Hotel under his mother, who succeeded to its ownership at the death of her husband. Conrad Rippel, photographer, was born, November 27, 1854, in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, son of John and Louisa Eippel. He received a com- mon school education, learned photography in his native county, and has fol- lowed the same since he was twenty years old. In 1878 he removed from 860 HISTOKY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Muncy, Lycoming county, this State, to Milton, where he did business under the firm name of Rippel Brothers until 1880, when their establishment was ' consumed by the great fire. He soon after located in Sunbury, where he had done the leading trade. He is a member of the F. & A. M. Lodge, Milton, and the I. O. O. F. Lodge and Encampment and Knights of the Golden Eagle, all of Sunbury. He was married in 1881 to Kate Dillman and has three children: John; Guy L., and Clyde B. He and wife belong to the Methodist Episcoioal church. CHAPTER XLIII. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. vSHAMOKIN. William and Reuben Fagely belonged. to that sturdy German race that settled eastern Pennsylvania, cleared its lands, and developed its wonderful resources. They were born in Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, J,anuary 5, 1806, and July 25, 1814, respectively, sons of Christian and Magdalena (Lehman) Fagely, natives of Berks county, who were among the first settlers of Shamokin township. The family consisted of thirteen children, twelve of whom reached maturity, but only one, Hannah, is now living. William and Reuben Fagely were reared upon the homestead farm, and obtained a very limited education at the rude log school house of the neighborhood. But both possessed vigorous constitutions and plenty of strong common sense, which answered well their needs in the days that were to come. On arriving at the age of manhood William engaged in keeping a small store at Snufftown, and in due time he and Reuben opened a store at Paxinos, which they conducted until their removal to Shamokin. They were well known railroad contractors, and built a portion of the road-bed of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad; they also had a similar contract on the Northern Central railway at Ralston, Lycoming county, and between 1853 and 1857 constructed four miles of the Northern Central south of Sunbury. All of these contracts they carried to a successful completion. In 1835 the Danville and Pottsville railroad was built from Sunbury to Paxinos with the intention of tapping the great coal fields around Shamokin, to which point it was completed in August, 1838. After being in operation a few years the road was sold and bought in by the creditors, who leased it in 1842 to the Fagelys. They at once converted it into a tramway operated by horses, using the same cars as before, and ran it until 1852. During this BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 861 period Eeuben spent most of his time at Sunbury, while William remained at Shamokin. In the meantime they disposed of their business interests at Paxinos, and in April, 1838, located in Shamokin, and in 1839 opened one of the first stores in that town. For many years they carried on a general mercantile business in connection with their extensive coal interests, and were connected with merchandising more or less up to their decease. They gave employ- ment to a large force of men, and throughout the earlier years of Shamokin' s history the Fagelys were the principal employers of its labor. And dur- ing the occasional periods of financial and business depression they were looked upon as public benefactors, because no needy miner ever left their store empty-handed, and no case of suffering or distress ever sought their assistance in vain. They commenced the coal business in 1841 at the Gap, now Cameron mines, and subsequently leased Green Eidge. They after- wards opened Locust Gap mine, subsequently operated Luke Fidler, and also leased the Gap mines. In later years Reuben was interested in operat- ing the Big Mountain. While engaged in these enterprises they established coal yards at Baltimore, Maryland, to which city they made very large ship- ments. Thoroughly familiar with the economic laws governing the coal and iron trade, they were seldom wrong in their calculations, and their success was largely the natural outgrowth of an experienced and sound knowledge of the business. It must not be supposed, however, that all their ventures were successful. They met with the usual reverses incident to a long busi- ness career, but, with characteristic energy, untiring industry, and undaunted perseverance, they overcame such obstacles to success, and accumulated through the passing years a very large and valuable estate. Though not politicians, in the common acceptation of that term, William and Eeuben Fagely always took a very active interest in spreading the prin- ciples and upholding the measures of the Eepublican party. They wielded great influence in its local councils, and made their impress on the political affairs of the county. William was the first postmaster of Shamokin, serv- ing from 1838 to January, 1844, and Eeuben filled the office of burgess two terms. Eeuben was more reserved and dignified than his brother, who was very plain and unpretentious in his character; but both were eminently practical business men) imbued with a high sense of honor and a strong devotion to right and justice, and were among tlie best known and most respected pioneers of Shamokin. While ambitious to accumulate wealth, the Fagelys were nevertheless liberal givers, and always took an active interest in the social and material growth and development of this portion of Northumberland county. They were by far the largest contributors towards the erection of Trinity Evangelical Lutheran church of Shamokin, which really owes its present financial prosperity to their liberality. They also made liberal donations to St. Peter's Lutheran church of Ealpho township. 862 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Before their death both united with Trinity Evangehcal Lutheran church, and died consistent members of that denomination. Neither was ever mar- ried, and both died in Shamokin, William, February 17, 1874, and Eeuben, February 21, 1880. Their large estate was inherited by their immediate relatives and friends, who should honor and revere the memory of their munificent benefactors. KiMBEB Cleaver was the foremost figure of his time in the Western Middle anthracite coal fields within the bounds of his calling as civil and mining engineer and geologist, in which he attained extended fame, while his reputation as an inventor and patriot was scarcely second to his standing in his chosen profession. His character was, therefore, impressed upon the history, not only of the fields of his more active operations, but upon that of his State. He was born on the 17th of October, 1814, the youngest of five children born to Joseph and Sarah Cleaver, in a little log house hewn from the virgin forests by his father soon after his marriage, in Eoaring Creek township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Joseph Cleaver was a son of John and Rebecca Cleaver, and was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in October, 1764. His wife, Sarah, daughter of Joseph and Anna Brook, was born in Bucks county, January 5, 1774. Both were members of the Society of Friends. Anna Brook had taught school, and her intellectual endowments were of a high order, so that while her children had not the advantages of schools such as now dot the land, their minds and hearts were not allowed to develop without that careful home training which no schooling can super- sede. Born near the close of America's second war with Great Britain, Em- ber's mind became early imbued with that patriotic fervor which character- ized his future career. His boyhood days being spent amidst surroimdings not- calculated to stimulate mental acquirements and before the public school system was inaugurated, his opportunities for cultivating his mind were very meager and consisted of a few months' instruction during the winter at an ordinary country school. In his conversations and writings he frequently referred to the struggles, hopes, and disappointments of his youth, pleasantly designating them his "sweet uses of adversity." It is an allusion of this kind which we find in a communication from his pen to the American Banner, in 1855, when, in speaking of the scenes of his boyhood, he says: " Where a white-haired, unshod, frolicsome young American in the springtime of life, ere the rude buffeting and jostling against the sharp corners of the world had produced a sober second thought, chased the butterflies abroad and the cows home." It was on one of these boyish excursions that he stumbled and fell, a snag penetrating his knee. The wound became a chronic sore, and, not being of a robust physique, he was for many months unfitted for the employments of the farm. But these days of exemption from physical labor were applied to study under the encouragement and assistance of his mother, whose facial and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 863 mental characteristics he largely inherited. Having access to but few books, the contents of which he made his own, his mind, though depressed by acute bodily pain, was ever active .and found employment in his favorite study, mechanics, his knowledge of which he applied to a good purpose while a boy and confined to bed, in the constriiction of a clock which served his father's family for many years as a time piece, the work of a jack-knife alone. He also about this time invented and made an apple-parer, which lightened the labor of his mother and that of others long after her hands ceased to toil. After a partial restoration to health • he taught school for some time, but his natural aptitude for mathematics and mechanics led his mind toward civil engineering, and when the first improvement of the Middle coal fields, that of constructing the DanviUe and Pottsville railroad, was commenced, he en- tered the corps of engineers engaged in locating its route, as a peg-driver. He faithfully discharged his duties, and while others in th'e corps were pass- ing their leisiure time in idleness and folly, he was industriously engaged in acquiring the rudiments of an art and science that were afterwards to distin- guish him as the great engineer and surveyor of the anthracite coal regions. He was promoted from one station to another until 1835, when he began his career as an engineer on that road. He was a member of the firm of Fagely, Cleaver & Company until January, 1844, and was thus connected in a busi- ness as well as a professional capacity with the early development of the Shamokin coal field. On the 1st of January, 1839, he married Elizabeth Montelius Taylor. She was the daughter of Isaac and Elizabeth Taylor, and was born, Septem- ber 10, 1819, while they resided at Miiflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania. She was possessed of a bright mind, was ambitious, and took great interest in the plans of her husband, to whom she was a helpmate in the truest sense of the term. Five sons and five daughters were bom to this marriage, all of whom died in infancy and early childhood except Reynell Coates and Kate, the sixth and ninth bom. The former was a little over ten years old when his father died, and the latter a few months over four years. While attending school at Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, Reynell C. went bathing in the Susquehanna river, August 19, 1865, and was drowned, the news reaching his grief-stricken mother only one hour before the remains of her boy. Kate grew to maturity and was married, December 13, 1876, to Elmer HefEelfinger, then editor of the Shamokin Herald, which he published until February 9, 1889, since which time he has been engaged in dealing in real estate. Mrs. Cleaver died, March 3, 1886, and was laid to rest by the side of her distin- guished husband. From 1836 to 1844 Mr. Cleaver's time was divided on labors in North- umberland and Schuylkill counties, one of his chief projects being the sur- veys, carried forward at great personal cost and labor, from which he con- structed his splendid map of the Middle coal fields of Pennsylvania, which 864 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. was of eminent service to the capitalists interested in these rich mineral de- posits and rendered Mr. Cleaver one of the most useful and indispensable of men. The coal formations so accurately represented in the townships of Mt. Carmel, Coal, and Zerbe on the map of Northumberland county, was the work of Mr. Cleaver and was properly accredited to him by the publisher. But there are other maps of the anthracite deposits of the State on which the surveys of Mr. Cleaver carefully appear, but where his name has been as carefully omitted. The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company is now in possession of the original map and all other important surveys made by Mr. Cleaver of the region, having purchased them from his widow, and his lines are considered authority by the engineers of this great corpor- ation. Durihg these years he located the route for a railroad from Shamokin to Danville, and also one from Shamokin to Pottsville by way of Ashland, avoiding all inclinM planes. From 184-1: to 1850 he resided in Pottsville, and devoted most of his time to professional labor in Schuylkill county. In 1850 he came to Shamokin, which he had laid out for John C. Boyd in the spring of 1835, and became associated with all the improvements of this locality. In 1850 he laid out the town of Trevorton for Judge WiUiam L. Helfenstein, and was chief engineer in locating and biailding the railroad uniting Shamokin with the Susquehanna river. When Trevorton emerged from the wilderness and when Shamokin had finally awakened from an incu- bus of years, he was appointed engineer in chief of the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, the collieries, and the numerous lateral roads that were constructed. Thus he labored for years, and added many improvements which stand as proud monuments to his genius. In September, 1858, he was called to Schuylkill county to make surveys in the mines at the Glen Carbon and Thomaston collieries. Being much exposed to dampness and sometimes in water of an icy temperature up to his knees, he contracted typhoid fever, and was confined to his bed at the residence of his brother-in- law, B. T. Taylor, where he was tenderly nursed by his faithful wife until the doctor thought he was in a fair way to recovery. But the renewed hopes of those who loved him were vain. He suddenly died on Tuesday, October 19, 1858. His bereaved widow and two orphaned children returned to their desolate home in Shamokin, where his remains sleep in the beautiful ceme- tery his skill platted and a broken column stands to mark the devotion of a loyal wife to whom his memory was sacred until death claimed her. The announcement of his death occasioned a pang of sorrow throughoiit the com- munity; and his loss to the coal region was felt to be irreparable. His decease was extensively noticed in the public press of the day, and the F. & A. M., the State camp of Pennsylvania, and other associations with which he was connected passed resolutions expressing their regret for the loss of more than an ordinary member. Thus in the prime of vigor and usefulness, in the midst of professional labors and scientific inquiries, the angel of death executed his commission. ^^2-^^:^^^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 867 But few inventors have realized the pecuniary profit from their labors; such was the case with Kimber Cleaver. Some of his inventions should have repaid him well, but instead of that they kept him poor. They benefited the world, but to him were a loss of time and money. The engineering profes- sion is particularly indebted to Mr. Cleaver for the invention of that useful and indispensable instrument for drafting known as Cleaver's improved pro- tractor. Its use throughout the country has become general. The United States government, appreciating the value of this invention, kept the eminent maker of mathematical instruments, W. J. Young, of Philadelphia, a long time employed in manufacturing them for governmental service. Here we have an example where the profession is benefited and the maker rewarded, but the inventor profited merely by the bestowal of his name on the instru- ment. Mr. Cleaver devoted much study to the subject of electricity, with a view of introducing it as an agent in the propagation of news. He is enti- tled to the distinguished honor of having first conceived and suggested the idea of a submarine telegraph, and from his description of the apparatus we are justified in the opinion that he was not then aware of Morse's telegraph, which was invented in 1837 but not put in practical operation until 1844. The following article from the pen of Mr. Cleaver, over the signature of "Cosmopolite," and published in a Harrisburg paper in 1841, will show that much credit for this great American invention is due to him: — jMr. Editor: — Dear Sir: I believe the time has now arrived when the postulatum will be admitted, that the more intelligent the people are and the better the facilities for con- veying that intelligence from State to State and from nation to nation, the sooner will all distrust and jealousy subside and the human family be united in one harmonious whole. I admit " the age of steam " affords facilities for conveying intelligence very rapidly and the broad Atlantic is traversed as a mill pond and Europe is brought to be our next door neighbor, but if we can employ a messenger more expeditious and equally truthful, then it certainly is our duty as peacemakers to do so. I mean elec- tricity, which, of all material agents that we are acquainted with, is the most fleet. Perhaps my readers will entertain some doubts as to the possibility of .constructing an electric telegraph across the broad Atlantic, but only tell a Yankee boy that the project is impossible and he will be sure to try it. Neither do I view it as a thing impossible, and will therefore briefly describe the plan, as follows : Manufacture a number of cop- per wires equal in number to the letters in the alphabet and long enough to reach from the capitol at Washington to St. -James Palace, each wire being separately cov- ered with silk or some other non-conductor, then all collectively covered with a strong waterproof covering, which would form a string of perhaps five inches in diameter; then assemble a sufficient number of water-crafts and extend this string across the Atlantic, and at intervals, say every two or three miles, fasten a weight sufficient to sink the string, and at a given signal let it down, retaining one end on shore at Wash- ington and one in England, and arrange the wires at both ends on a table, each wire pointing to a letter of the alphabet, somewhat after the fashion of the keys of a piano forte, and so constructed that when a current of electric fluid is communicated to either wire at one end of this string it will produce an effect perceptible to one of the senses (hear, see, taste, smell, or feel) at the other end. Then, if any boundary or com- 49 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. mercial treaties are to be negotiated, let the ministers of state of the respective coun- tries be seated on a " glass stool " at this alphabetical music table, and with an electri- fying machine supply the negotiator with the fluid. Then when he " strikes the lyre," in truth " the nations would hear entranced." Or, if a speech delivered in Congress is to be reported, let the reporters in the same way send it thrilling across the waters. It would be like uniting to the lightning's flash the thunder of our republican elo- quence, and "earth's loneliest bounds and ocean's wildest shore " would then be made vocal with the shouts of liberty. Yours, etc. Pottsville, Penn. Cosmopolite. This letter shows that while Morse's telegraph depended on an electro- magnetic force, the plan of Mr. Cleaver is entirely electrical. Mr. Cleaver also invented a very ingenious car box, designed to econo- mize oil in the lubricating of car axles ; the spiral shute ; the coal hammers, designed to supersede rollers in the preparation of coal; a cast-iron lock for canals, and a new mode of framing in place of mortise and tenon, which he carried out in the erection of two first-class model breakers at Locust Gap. A few months prior to his death, while engaged in sinking shafts and driving tunnels on the Luke Fidler property, Mr. Cleaver formed the design of pre- paring a work on the mining of coal, in which he proposed treating the sub- ject in both a geological and practical manner. Had he lived to publish the book it would doubtless have been of great advantage to the mining inter- ests. The fruits of his mechanical genius entitle him to a prominent posi- tion in the list of great American inventors, and as long as the rugged mountains yield the sparkling anthracite to enliven and make comfortable the firesides of millions of homes, as long as they furnish the material for generating the motive power which propels the machinery of thousands of industrial works, his name will live and be held in grateful remembrance. Mr. Cleaver did not possess the elements essential to political success in these latter days, but would have been admirably adapted to the Jeffersonian age, when honesty and capacity were the standard that measured a man's fit- ness for ofiS.ce. He was honest, not because it was the best policy, but because it was right. He would rather suffer a hundred defeats than com- promise a single principle. He had no such word as expediency in his vocabulary, but in its place in shining letters was to be found that other word, principle. Had Mr. Cleaver lived in the early days of the Republic, his talents would have been better appreciated and rewarded, but during his career his honesty was a bar to those in power, who always sought to defeat him. He was no ofifice seeker. His ambition ran not in that direction. He preferred the quiet walks of life. But, having identified himself with the Native American party at the time of its organization, he was soon regarded as one of its leaders, and was frequently nominated for offices which he never sought and never would have accepted had he not been actuated by the laud- able motive of promoting his party's welfare. He often in a laiighing mood styled himself "the stereotyped candidate." In 1852 his party nominated BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 869 him for Governor; in 1853, for suryeyor general; in 1854 he was the Ameri- can candidate for Congress in the Eleventh district, and in 1855 he was nom-' inated for canal commissioner. For each of these offices, though defeated, he received a highly complimentary vote. In 1856 his name was placed on the Fillmore electoral ticket of Pennsylvania. During this time he published his views on protection, which were well received, and his name fills a promi- nent place in the politics of his native State. He was the presiding officer of the State camp, United Sons of America, a leading member of the camp at Shamokin, and a devoted friend of the Junior Order of the same name. The following extract from the Mining Register of Pottsville will show how he was esteemed in his private relations: "In private life he was uni- versally esteemed. Possessed of strict integrity and habits of industry and attention to business, his life among us won for him the good opinion of all. But for his fondness for retirement and his native modesty, his fame, both public and private, must have been much more generally acknowledged. He was emphatically more than an ordinary man, and his departure will leave a void in the social and scientific circle of our country not easily filled." Kimber Cleaver's chief fault seems to have been his generosity. Of him it can be truly said he was "generous to a fault." He could not refuse the needy, and many who received assistance from him remember him kindly to this day. He confided too implicitly in the honor and honesty of men, and was on several occasions defrauded by those who profited by his brain and skill. While intent upon work which was the foundation of the pros- perity of others he had no time to shape up his own financial affairs against disaster, and his death made necessary the sale of most valuable coal lands which have since yielded the owners great wealth. In appearance Mr. Cleaver was of medium stature, slender build, brown hair, and gray eyes. He had the tastes of a student, and a most kindly face. He was an enthusiast in his profession, and his brain and hands were busy many hours while others slept. He was a total abstainer from alcoholic beverages, and was known far and wide as an earnest advocate of temper- ance. Stephen Bittenbendee, one of the earliest settlers and wealthy citizens of Shamokin, Pennsylvania, died in that borough, February 19, 1885, in the seventieth year of his age. He was born at Nescopec, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1815, son of Jacob Bittenbender, a farmer of that county. His vigorous constitution may be attributed to the plain living, early rising, and constant toil which characterized the German farmers of that period. At thirteen years of age he left his father's home and went to live with his grandfather. In 1833 he went to Tamaqua, where he learned the trade of carpenter, and in 1838 we find him in business for himself, with over one hundred men in his employ, erecting houses which to-day remain to attest his ability and honesty as a contractor. In 1838 Mr. Bit- 870 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. tenbender came to Shamokin, and with the exception of the years from 1848 to 1850, when he resided in Schuylkill county, he made his home in this borough up to his death. He was married, June 25, 1839, to Harriet, daughter of Philip and Salome (Young) Stambach, of Northumberland county. Thirteen children were born to this union, six of whom grew to maturity: John S. and Cyrus G., both deceased; Alice S., wife of C. E. Hughes, of Shamokin; Martin L., of Wilmington, Delaware; Isadore M., wife of George M. Ditzler, and Laura M., wife of S. C. Wagenseller, mer- chant and postmaster of Shamokin. In youth his educational advantages were meager. He never attended public school except three months at a German country school in his native county. This, with one summer's instruction on Sabbath morning after service by appointment with a neighbor, under an oak tree, completed his education. But through the passing years he obtained that knowledge of men and events which can not be gained inside the walls of a school room. Mr. Bittenbender possessed qualifications which rated him high in the esti- mation of business circles. In 1838, Patrick Eeilly, master mechanic of the Little Schuylkill railroad, came to Shamokin to assume a like position with the Danville and Pottsville Railroad Company; He induced Mr. Bitten- bender to locate in this borough, where he found lucrative work in building cars, putting in machinery, turn-tables, etc., for the railway. Mr. Reilly and Thomas Sharpe, the first superintendent of the Danville and Pottsville rail- road, were the owners of a patent for a spiral car spring, and they employed Mr. Bittenbender to construct a car with these springs, which was the first ever run over the Reading railroad. Among the public buildings which he erected was the old frame Catholic church in 1839, and the First Presby- terian church in 1847. In 1851 he purchased the Shamokin foundry, and in 1855 the machine shop and car shop, carrying on the business for over sixteen years, employing a large number of men and turning out an immense amount of work. He was prominent in the movement to establish the Shamokin Herald, in founding the old Shamokin Lyceum, and in the organ- ization of the Shamokin Bank in 1857. He always took an active part in the conventions for furthering and increasing the railroad facilities of the coal region. In 1804 he opened up the Burnside colliery, which he operated until 1871, and thus amassed a fortune. In 1865 he put down, at a cost of several thousand dollars, cast-iron water-pipes through a portion of the borough from a reservoir built by his own enterprise, and subsequently was one of the charter members of the Shamokin Water Company. Mr. Bitten- bender was a man of great energy and public spirit, and took an active interest in the progress and development of his adopted home. In 1875 he presented to the Friendship Fire Company the ground on which their hose house stands. Politically he was a Whig up to 1860, when he voted for Abraham Lincoln, and ever after was an unswerving Republican. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 871 Samuel John, one of the pioneers of Shamoldn, was born in Shamokin township (now Ealpho), Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 27, 1807. He was the seventh son of Abia and Martha John, who settled in this county in 1795. His early youth was passed on the homestead farm, and at the age of twenty-six he married Angelina, second daughter of Abra- ham and Mary John, of Catawissa township, Columbia county, who, al- though of the same name, was not a blood relative. Mr. John resided on the old homestead in Shamokin township, passing his time in farming, sur- veying, conveyancing, etc., and also operated the old forge below Shamokin. In April, 1839, he moved to Shamokin, and engaged in merchandising, and operated what was then known as Buck Ridge colliery. He was also en- gaged in conducting the Shamokin foundry, manufacturing stoves, plows, hollow ware, etc. , which at that early date was looked upon as quite an en- terprise. In 1844 he was appointed by President Polk postmaster of the borough, and served two years. He also assisted Kimber Cleaver in locat- ing what was then known as the Eastern railroad, and was an active agent in procuring the southern outlet to Baltimore by which the products of the Shamokin coal field could reach the South by rail. He was a director in the Shamokin Town Lot Association, which had for its object the promotion of manufacturing industries. In the year 1863 he leased Green Ridge coll- iery, which was named by him Grreen Mountain colliery, and seeing that the western market for coal would be the best and most desirable outlet, he as- sisted in procuring a charter for the Enterprise railroad. In 1867 he was one of those who procured a charter for a railroad leading from Shamokin to Trevorton. Both these roads are now owned and operated by the Phila- delphia and Reading Railroad Company. He took an active interest in the development of the Shamokin coal field, and in the introduction of rail- roads into this vicinity, and as far back as 1832 the legislature of Pennsyl- vania appointed him one of the commissioners of the Danville and Potts- ville railroad. Mr. John was cashier of the Shamokin Bank at one time, and for years a director of the Shamokin Banking Company, the only bank in Shamokin which withstood the financial panic of 1877. He was the founder, editor, and proprietor of the Shamokin Register, the second newspaper pub- lished in the borough. Merchandising seems to have been specially adapted to his liking, as at one time he operated stores at Mt. Comfort and Mt. Car- mel, and for years had a general store in Shamokin, and followed this branch of business for a period of twenty-five years. He took a prominent part in establishing an almshouse in Coal township, served many years as a school director in Shamokin township, and always manifested a deep interest in the growth and progress of the public school system. He was a member of the Shamokin Lyceum and took part in its discussions. In poli- tics he was a Whig and afterwards a Republican, but throughout his long business career he avoided office seeking. The positions of justice of the 872 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. peace and postmaster were given him by appointment, unsolicited, and after filling them in a creditable manner he resigned both offices. At one time he was a candidate for Congress in this district, but the nomination was given to a candidate from Schuylkill county. Mr. John was a man of abstemious and temperate habits, and often spoke of this as one of the characteristics to which he owed his activity and good health. Upon the anniversary of his seventieth birthday, in the pres- ence of his family and a few chosen friends who had responded to an invita- tion to celebrate the event, he spoke as follows: " I have no recollection of ever spending an evening at a dance, a frolic, or any other place of dissipa- tion or foolery. I never used strong drink, ale, or porter as a beverage, because I knew it was dangerous. I never used tobacco in any way, as I knew it was a filthy practice and detrimental to health. I never played a game of cards or chance or hazard, as I felt it was demoralizing." Mr. John was a member of the Masonic order, and an attendant of the Methodist Episcopal church. While close and exacting in his business relations, he was a man who always kept his contracts and fulfilled his obligations to the letter. To Samuel and Angelina John were bom five sons and five daughters : Laertes P., deceased; U. F., a lawyer of Shamokin; Kersey T., a merchant of Mt. Carmel; J. M., deceased; Samuel L., deceased; Vienna A.; Clara E., wife of William Bird, of Shamokin; Angelina E., wife of William H. Shipe, of Minnesota; Mary A., widow of William E. Eaver, and Sarah L. Mr. John died, July 23, 1877, in the seventy-first year of his age. His widow is living at the age of eighty years, and although feeble with the infirmities of a ripe old age is in the full possession of all her mental faculties. Jonas L. Gilgee, retired, was born in Ealpho township, Northumberland county, May 6, 1818, son of Adam and Elizabeth (Eepley) Gilger. The former was a son of John Adam Gilger, a native of Germany and a pioneer of Ealpho township, where he settled midway between Elysburg and Bear Gap. Jonas L. was brought up in his native township, and learned the carpenter trade. He came to Shamokin on the 20th of March, 1838, and has since resided here. During the first three years of his residence he was employed as a journeyman by George Martz. He then engaged in business individually, and was for some years a builder and contractor on an exten- sive scale. In 1840 he married Susanna, daughter of John and Margaret (Colquet) Boughner, who bore him six children, all of whom are now living : Darius S. ; Eebecca J., wife of Isaac Eaup; WiUiam F. ; John A.; David M., and Elizabeth, wife of H. H. Keiser. She died in 1858 and in 1857 he married her sister. Charity Boughner, by whom he had two children: Charles, and Emma, wife of Albert Chillson. Mr. Gilger is a member of the Methodist church and a Eepublican in politics. He was the second burgess of Shamokin and served as a member of the school board fourteen yeiars. BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 873 Joseph Snyder, the pioneer hotel keeper of Shamokin, was 'born in New Jersey, October 10, 1796, and grew to manhood in his native place. He received a fair English education. He married Annie Heller, also a native of New Jersey, born September 18, 1794, who bore him the following children: Amelia, who was twice married, first to Joseph Enoch, and after his death to Jonathan Farnsworth; Harmon, deceased; Eachel, deceased wife of Alem Sechler; Eleanor; David, deceased, and John B. In 1818 Mr. Snyder came to Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and settled in Eush township, where he engaged in farming. He afterwards opened a hotel at Snufftown, and in 1835 located in Shamokin with the intention of keeping a hotel. He, however, remained only a brief time, as there was nothing for him to do in that line, and no apparent prospect of the hotel business becoming any better. He returned to Snufftown, but in January, 1836, again came to. Shamokin and took possession of the same building, now a part of the Hotel Vanderbilt, which he conducted several years. He then accepted the office of resident land agent, which position he held for many years. Towards the close of his life he purchased the farm now owned by his son John B., lived upon it two years, and then returned to Shamokin, where he resided until his death, February 1, 1867, in the seventy-first year of his age. His widow survived him until August 6, 1881, dying in her eighty-seventh year. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and a very worthy woman. Politically Mr. Snyder was a stanch Democrat, and filled several minor local offices. He was one of the organ- izers of the First Presbyterian church of Shamokin, and was largely instru- m^ental in the erection of the first church built by that denomination in 1847. He was a good citizen, a man of plain, unpretentious character, and straight- forward in all his dealings with his fellow-men. John Boyd Sntdee, farmer and plasterer, was born in Shamokin, Penn- sylvania, April 3, 1836, on the site of the Hotel Vanderbilt. He is a son of Joseph and Annie Snyder, and was the first white child born within the limits of the borough. He is therefore the oldest native resident of the town. John C Boyd, the proprietor of the town, had agreed to deed a lot to the first white child born on its site, and soon after the birth of our subject Boyd requested his father to select the lot. Mr. Snyder, chose a corner lot in the northeast part of the village, and, true to his promise, Boyd made out the deed to John Boyd Snyder. That gentleman has ever since owned it, and still resides in the house which he erected thereon many years ago. He grew up in Shamokin, and received such education as the schools of that period afforded. He learned the trade of plasterer, which business he fol- lowed until the death of his father, when he inherited the homestead farm and has since been engaged in farming and working at his trade. In 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until honorably discharged. Mr. Snyder was married, January 1, 1857, to Mary, 874 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. daughter of Daniel Maury, of Shamokin. They are the parents of eight children: Annie, deceased wife of Matthias Neely; Georg'e McClellan; John H.; Edward A., deceased; Bessie; Eebecca; Emma, and Joseph W. Mr. Snyder is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., and politically he is a "dyed in the wool" Democrat. BiED Family. — James Bird, a native of Warren county. New Jersey, was an early settler of Eush township, Northumberland county, and a farmer by occupation. He married in New Jersey, and had a family of nine children: John; Rachel, who married Jacob Shipman; Sarah, who became Mrs. Scott; Susanna, who married William Kimball; Ziba; James; Joseph ; William, and Sylvanus. Their father died in Eush township on the farm which he first settled. Sylvanus Bird, youngest son of James Bird, was born in 1796 and reared in Eush township, where his early life was spent on the farm. He learned the trade of carpenter, and was employed by his brother Ziba, who was superintendent for John C. Boyd, the founder of Shamokin. Our subject located at Shamokin in 1838, and built many of the early houses of that bor- ough. In 1852 he was appointed postmaster, which office he filled until his death in March, 1856, excepting from January to December, 1855; he held the office of justice of the peace twenty years. In 1816 he married Lena, daughter of Eobert Tietsworth; she left the following children: Pemberton; Eliza, deceased; John W., deceased; William W. and Joseph F., deceased; Angelina, widow of George W. Eaver; Matilda, deceased wife of Peter Heim; Eobert T., deceased; Josiah F., of Shamokin, and Sarah J., deceased. Pembehton Bibd, eldest son of Sylvanus Bird, was born in Shamokin township in 1817. There he acquired the rudiments of an English educa- tion, and learned the trade of carpenter. He was clerk for Boyd & Eosser eight years, for Joseph Bird ten years, and for the Bird Coal and Iron Com- pany. In 1842 he was ordained a local preacher, and in 1846 he was ap- pointed to the Elysburg circuit by the Baltimore Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, continuing in the active ministry eleven years at various points. For a period of six years he was president of the Bird Coal and Iron Company, with which he still retains official connection as vice-presi- dent. In 1838 he married Mary, daughter of Jacob Arnold, of Snydertown. Five children were born to them: William B. ; Annie, widow of C. W. Young; Sylvanus, deceased; Joseph F., of Missouri, and Charles, of Harrisburg. His second wife was Sarah E., daughter of Michael E. Deiterly, who is the mother of three children: Henry D. ; Wellington H., and Delia E. Our sub- ject has been a member of the borough council, borough clerk, and for a number of years school director. He is one of the original members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Shamokin, and politically he is a Eepublican. Mr. Bird is one of the oldest living representatives of one of the pioneer fam- ilies of the county. BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 875 JosiAH F. BiBD, insurance agent, was born, March 14, 1833, son of Syl- varnis and Lena (Tietsworth) Bird. He received his education at the public schools of Shamokin borough, and svibsequently engaged in teaching. After a brief experience in mercantile pursuits he was superintendent for a num- ber of years at the Big Mountain colliery, and afterwards at the Henry Clay colliery. He established his present business in 1868, and is general agent for many of the large fire, life, and accident insurance companies. In 1857 he married Hannah, daughter of Jacob ScholL He is a member of the United Brethren chui-ch, in which he has served as Sunday school superintendent twenty years. He is a Republican in politics, and has held the offices of overseer of the poor and deputy postmaster of Shamokin. Joseph Bied, deceased, was born in Franklin township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, in 1814, son of Ziba and Hannah (Metze) Bird. He was reared to manhood on his father's farm and obtained a limited education at the local schools. He began his active career as a farmer on a tract of land owned by his father in Mayberry township, Montour county. After leaving the farm he went to Shamokin and acted as clerk and general assistant to his father, who had charge of the various interests of John C. Boyd at that place. He first entered the coal trade at Ashland on a small scale, but returned to Shamokin a year or two later and became associated wjth Dr. J. J. John in the drug business, also operating what was known as the flat vein near the comer of Spurzheim and Pearl streets, selling the product to local consum- ers entirely. In 1856 he entered into partnership with Dr. J. J. John and John B. Douty, under the firm name of Bird, Douty & John; they operated Big Mountain colliery, one of the most valuable properties in the Shamokin coal field, of which, by the retirement of his partners, Mr. Bird ultimately became sole lessee. After operating individually eight years he disposed of his lease to the Bird Coal and Iron Company, in which he was largely in- terested. He also acquired valuable real estate at Shamokin, Northumber- land, and elsewhere, and was regarded as one of the most successful coal operators of the Shamokin region. About the time his mining interests be- came vested in the Bird Coal and Iron Company he removed to Northumber- land, where he resided the remainder of his life, serving as president of the Northumberland County Agricultural Society several terms. Mr. Bird was three times married. His first wife was Eebecca, daughter of Jacob Kram, a pioneer hotel keeper of Shamokin, by whom he had three children, one of whom is now living, Elizabeth, wife of Patrick Gillespie, of Shamokin. After her death he married Catherine, daughter of George Hill, of Shamokin township, who died without issue. As his third wife he married Christiana C. Kram, who survives him. His death occurred on the 18th of June, 1882. Fbanklin a. Clark, deceased, was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1813. He left home at an early age and learned the trade of machinist. About the year 1837 he located at Sunbury, and in 1839 removed to Shamo- 876 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. kin, and was engaged in hotel keeping seven years, and in connection with that business was engaged in hauling coal from the mines. He then pur- chased land and was occupied in farming four years, after which he accepted a position with the owner of the Lancaster colliery to put in the machinery, where he remained four years. He was then engaged in the clothing busi- ness a number of years, when he embarked in a general store. In 1865 he engaged in the drug and hardware business, which he continued until his death in 1872. He married in 1837, Louisa Eisely, and they were the par- ents of eleven children: John W. ; Frank A. ; Angelina, deceased; Emma, deceased, who married J. Trible; Ellen P., deceased, who married G. P. Holshue; Henry S., who died in the regular army; Valentine; Alice, wife of E. G. Eisenhart; George S. ; Plora, deceased, who married William Buchanan, and Katie, deceased. Politically Mr. Clark was a Republican, and served as coroner, and as a member of the borough council. He was a consistent member of the Methodist church. His wife survives him, and resides in Shamokin. The Weaver Family of Shamokin township is descended from Michael Weaver, a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, who immigrated to America about the year 1769. He first settled in Berks county, Pennsylvania, and in 1770 removed to Northumberland county and located near Liberty Pole, Eush township, upon the land now in possession of the heirs of Peter Hughawaut, where he died in 1834 and was buried upon the farm. He joined the Amer- ican army, and served under Washington seven years. He married before immigrating to this country, and was the father of thirteen children. Martin Weaver, the fourth son of Michael Weaver, was born in Eush township in 1770. He was a farmer by occupation, and was also engaged in the hotel business, and was for many years the landlord of one of the olden time taverns, which was situated in Shamokin township, eight miles east of Sunbury. He died in 1844 His first wife was a Miss Hirsh of Eush town- ship, by whom he had two daughters and one son: Joseph, who died in Shamokin; Catharine, widow of Enoch Howell, and Elizabeth, wife of Jona- than Yarned, both deceased. By his second wife he had five children : Mary, deceased wife of Daniel Evert; Eebecca, deceased wife of Daniel Eote; William M. ; Eosetta, deceased, and Solomon, who resides at Sunbury. William M. Weaver was born in Shamokin township, August 30, 1816, son of Martin and Catharine (Lodsleger) Weaver. He was reared upon the homestead farm, and his early life was occupied in farming. In 1837, in connection with his brother-in-law, he engaged in the mercantile business at Snydertown, Pennsylvania, at which he was engaged until 1841, when he returned to the homestead, again engaged in farming, and remained there until 1844. In 1845 he removed to what was then the village of Shamokin and leased the Shamokin Hotel, now known as the Hotel Vanderbilt, which he conducted five years. He then purchased what is now known as Weaver's BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 877 National Hotel, and was its proprietor from 1851 until 1863, when he was elected sheriff and served three years. In the spring of 1867 he resumed the hotel business, but in 1878 he was again elected sheriff. After the expiration of his term of office he again took charge of his hotel, which he conducted until 1886, since which time he has not been actively engaged in business. Mr. Weaver is one of Shamokin's oldest residents, and has always taken an active interest in the development and prosperity of the city. In 1858, in connection with C. P. Helfenstein and William H. Mar- shall, he assumed a large amount of unpaid mortgages that were upon nearly all of the homes in different parts of the city, and prevented them be- ing sold from the owners, obviating great loss and distress. He was one of the organizers of the Northumberland County Bank, was also identified in the purchase and laying out of the Shamokin cemetery, and assisted in many other enterprises. In politics he has been a life-long Democrat, and is a member of Lodge No. 255, F. & A. M. He was married, August 26, 1843, to Lydia, daughter of John Smith, of Snydertown, Pennsylvania, and by this marriage they have had six children : Mary E. ; Martin, deceased; Catharine E., wife of David E. Shuster, of Shamokin; John A., late chief burgess of Shamokin; Clara J., and Eosetta, deceased. John A. Weavee was born in Shamokin, October 15, 1847, son of William M. and Lydia (Smith) Weaver. His education was obtained in the public schools of his native city, and until 1879 he was connected with his father in the management of his hotel. He then entered the employ of the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company as their representative on the coal and iron police, which position he filled until September, 1885, when he resigned to accept the position of superintendent for H. A. Weldy, manufacturer of explosives and powders, which position he now fills. In 1875 Mr. Weaver was elected a member of the council, and in 1881 was elected chief bur- gess, and again elected in 1889. He was married in June, 1872, to Clara A., daughter of A. N. Hanley, of Shamokin, and by this union they have had two children: Charles R., and Katie M., deceased. Politically he is an ar- dent Democrat. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. .Under Mr. Weaver's administration many improvements took place in the management of the city affairs. The first uniformed police force was estab- lished, and many other changes were made that meet with the approval of the citizens. He is one of Shamokin's progressive citizens, and commands the respect and esteem of the people of the city. Judge William Leonard Helfenstein was boi-n in the town of Lancaster, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 1801, a son of John P. and Elizabeth Helfenstem. His paternal grandfather, Rev. Conrad Helfenstein, came to this country from Germany as a missionary of the German Reformed church. When quite a small boy William L. removed with his parents to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where he resided until manhood. He graduated at Dickinson 878 HISTOBY OF NOETH0MBEBLAND COUNTY. College in 1823, and subsequently studied theology at Princeton witli the in- tention of entering the ministry, but his health failing he abandoned his studies, and thus the whole after current of his life was changed. Shortly afterwards his parents moved to Dayton, Ohio, to which place he accompanied them. He there entered the law office of Judge Crane, one of the eminent jurists of the Miami valley, and after a proper course of study he was ad- mitted to the bar and practiced his profession in Dayton for several years quite successfully. He became prominent in the local councils of the Demo- cratic party, which nominated him for Congress against his old preceptor, Judge Crane, and, though the district had a Whig majority of over two thousand, his great personal popularity cut down the majority to within thirty votes of election. After this favorable expression of public opinion he was, in 1835, elected by the legislature judge of the court of common pleas of the Dayton district, which position he filled in a satisfactory manner for the tnll constitutional term of seven years. He then removed with his parents to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but finally settled in Chicago, Illinois, where he opened a law office and practiced his profession for a few years. His attention then being directed to the undeveloped anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania, and urged by some of his friends to undertake their development, he came east in 1849 and commenced the great work with which his name is so indelibly connected. He organized from time to time a number of coal companies, among them the Zerbe Run, Mahanoy Improve- ment, Carbon Run, Big Mountain, Green Ridge, Locust Gap, Locust Sum- mit, and others, and displayed wonderful energy and enterprise in the develop- ment of the coal fields between Trevorton and Mt. Carmel. He organized and partly built the railroad from Trevorton to the Susquehanna river, and laid out the town of Trevorton; he was a leading member of the company that purchased the Danville and Pottsville railroad at sheriff's sale, changed the name to the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, and organized the com- pany that rebuilt the road and laid it with T rails ; he was the leading spirit and president of the company that built the extension from Shamokin to Mt. Carmel and the branch to Locust Gap; he was a member of the company that laid out Mt. Carmel, and was proprietor of the towns of West Shamokin, Helfenstein, and Gowen City. Judge Helfenstein was largly interested in nearly all the best coal lands from Mt. Carmel to Trevorton, and these were the basis of the several coal companies oganized by him. While president of the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, and eager to carry the road through successfully, he risked a large part of his personal estate in the enterprise. Being far ahead of the times in which he lived his hopes were not realized and his coal estate and railroad interests were consequently sacrificed. He then united with his brother, Charles P., in the Helfenstein coal lands, and during their development laid out the towns of Helfenstein, Gowen City, and West Shamokin; from these enterprises he realized a handsome fortime. BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 879 He resided in Shamokin and Trevorton up to 1860 and then removed to Pottsville. In 1872 he removed from Pottsville to New York City and pur- chased a residence at Mott Haven, in the neighborhood of the metropolis. Judge Helfenstein stibsequently became interested in silver and iron ore mines in the Eepublic of Mexico, and spent the remaining years of his life between New York and Mexico. He died of Mexican fever at Durango, Mexico, in March, 1884, in the eighty-third year of his age, and his remains were interred in that distant land. He was originally a Dem- ocrat, but in 1861 united with the Republican party and was ever after- wards an ardent Eepublican. He was a member and vestryman of Trin- ity Episcopal church of Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and superintendent of their mission Sunday school at Fishback, Schuylkill county, during his res- idence in Pottsville. Judge Helfenstein was never married, but wherever he made his home he left a wide circle of the warmest admirers and friends, and his death was deeply mourned by all who knew him. The early impressions made upon his mind while studying for the ministry at Princeton influenced his whole after life, and his character was deeply imbued with the most sin- cere religious sentiments. He was a truly charitable man, and was a spon- taneous and frequent contributor towards the support of religious and char- itable objects. He was a fluent and logical speaker, and was well versed in the current literature of the day. His lectiire on Mexico, its mineral resour- ces, and its people and their habits and customs, delivered in Shamokin, Pottsville, and other places, was an able historical paper, was highly spoken of by the local press, and is still favorably remembered by his many friends throughout the coal region. Chakles p. Helfenstein, brother of Judge William L. Helfenstein, and brother-in-law of Judge Benjamin Patton, formerly of Trevorton, was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and spent most of his boyhood in that town. His family moved from there to Dayton, Ohio, from which place he attended Yale College, graduating from there in 1841. He subsequently read law for two years in the office of his brother-in-law, Judge Patton, in Pittsburg. In the meantime his family removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and he went to that place and entered his brother Albert's land ofJfice. About 1850 he came to Northumberland county to assist his brother, William L., in his Trevorton operations and in the development of his coal lands. While in Trevorton he had charge of the lumber interests of the companies which his brother had organized, and made the acquaintance of Jeremiah Perkins, who was in charge of the lumber interests of another of Judge Helfenstein's coal companies. Mr. Perkins was one of the pioneers of Northumberland county, was a native of New Hampshire, and resided for a number of years in Sun- bury. In 1855 our subject married Caroline H., oldest daughter of Jeremiah Perkins, and settled in Shamokin, where he built himself a home in the belt of woods between the eastern and western portions of the village as it then 880 HISTOKY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. was. Having in the meantime purchased the interests of his brother and David McKnight in the town of Shamokin and surrounding cotmtry, he en- gaged for several years in the real estate business, and was for several more years in the lumber business. He also turned his attention to the develop- ment of the Helf enstein coal lands, and, in connection with his brother. Judge Helfenstein, laid out the towns of Helfenstein and West Shamokin. After disposing of most of his coal lands in 1872 he retired from active business, and is now residing in the home which he erected in 1855. Mr. Helfenstein has two sons, and two daughters: John P., attorney at law, of Shamokin ; William L. ; Elizabeth, wife of T. Pershing, and Carrie A. He has been interested in many of the institutions of his adopted home. He was director in the Northumberland County Bank, vice-president of the Shamokin Banking Company, a stockholder in the Shamokin Water Com- pany, and one of the corporators and president of the Shamokin Gas Light Company. He was also one of the corporators of the Shamokin Cemetery Company, and the first president of that institution. Although a member of the Reformed Episcopal church, Mr. Helfenstein was one of the leading spirits in the erection of the First Presbyterian church of Shamokin and a liberal contributor towards that object. He has been a Eepublican since the war, but has never held any political office except that of chief burgess of Shamo- kin for two terms. He is one of the two surviving members of the commit- tee of creditors qi the Jay Cooke estate, and has been a well-known citizen of the county during the past forty years. William H. Maeshall was one of the most prominent and enterprising citizens of Shamokin during his residence therein of more than a quarter of a century. He was born in New Castle county, Delaware, in 1797, a son of Joseph and Agnes Marshall, members of the Quaker faith. He was reared in his native county and subsequently removed to Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, where he carried on a wholesale grocery house until 1840, when he sold out his business and left that city. In 1841 he located at PottsviUe, Pennsylvania, and operated the pioneer iron furnace of that place. And it is claimed on good authority that he was one of the first men to demonstrate that iron could be manufactured with anthracite coal. Meeting with the same financial reverses that overtook nearly all of the pioneer iron manufacturers, he, in 1851, came to Shamokin as the land agent of the late Judge William L. Helfenstein. During the succeeding twenty-five years he was one of the most prominent and active business men of the coal region. He represented the Big Mountain Improvement Company, Locust Mountain Summit Im- provement Company, Carbon Eun Improvement Company, Burd Patterson's coal interests, the New York and Middle Coal Field Company, and numer- ous other interests, from time to time, during this period. When the Phila- delphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company purchased the lands of the Locust Gap Improvement Company Mr. Marshall was appointed their agent, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. . 881 and held that position until the infirmities of old age compelled him to re- tire from the more exacting duties of business. In partnership with A. S. Wolf, of Philadelphia, he opened and successfully operated the A. S. Wolf colliery for several years. It is now the property of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. Though not a scientific geologist, Mr. M.arshall was one of the most prac- tical and best informed men of his time regarding the geological strata and mineral character of this portion of the State. When making his geological survey. Professor Rogers freely consulted him, and placed great rehance on his opinions. He possessed very correct and practical ideas about the coal deposits, and had carefully prospected the country from Centralia, Columbia county, to Trevorton, Northumberland county. He was prominently identified with, and the leading spirit in many of the local enterprises of the borough, one of the earliest being the Shamokin Town Lot Association, which had for its object the establishment of a large rolling mill. The building was erected in 1858, south of the Reading round- house, and partially equipped, but the stringency of the times, brought on by the panic of 1857, resulted in many of the subscribers to the stock being unable to meet their obligations. Work was consequently stopped and the project finally abandoned. Mr. Marshall also gave one half the land em- braced in the Shamokin cemetery, and was treasurer of the cemetery com- pany from its organization up to his death. He was largely instrumental in having the channel of Shamokin creek so changed and improved that con- siderable land thus redeemed now furnishes many of the most valuable build- ing sites in the city. He was the founder of the Shamokin Water Company, and its largest stockholder, and treasurer of the same up to his death. He was also one of the organizers and original directors of the Shamokin Bank- ing Company. In fact, to the energy and enterprise of William H. Marshall is due, in a great measure, the Shamokin of to-day. Though reared in the Quaker faith, both Mr. Marshall and wife attended the Presbyterian church, and gave liberally of their means towards the sup- port of religion. He was a charter member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. In politics he was a Republican, and while he never sought official distinction he always took a patriotic interest in political affairs. The only public ofiice he ever held was that of chief burgess of Shamokin. Mr. Marshall married, in early life. Miss Ann Farr, of his native county, who survived him about two years and a half, and died childless. His death occurred in January, 1878, 'in the eighty-first year of his age. He was not an educated man, as his advantages for obtaining an education in youth were very meager. But he possessed fine natural abilities, keen observation, and a wide knowledge of men and affairs. Positive in his views and opinions, he usually impressed men as gruff and harsh in his manners. Nevertheless he was kind-hearted and sympathetic, and always charitable to the needy. 882 . HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Though exacting in business affairs, he was recognized as an upright and strictly honest man, and believed in paying what was due even to the last farthing. He was honored and respected for his strength of character, com- mendable enterprise, and unimpeachable integrity. John Blundin Douty was for many years one of the most prominent and successful citizens of the coal regions, and he is still kindly remembered by a large circle of his old friends. He was born near Lambertville, New Jersey, May 30, 1812, and was a son of William and Mary (Blundin) Doiity, who settled in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, when John B. was about ten years old. In 1826 the family removed to Pottsville, where the father at once became the owner of a line of five boats on the Schuylkill canal, and our subject was placed in charge of one of them. John B. thus became one of the pioneer boatmen of the Schuylkill, and he followed the business until 1842, and then entered the coal trade at the East Dela- ware mines. He operated here for a few years and then went to the West Delaware mines, where he remained until the failure of the company, in 1851, through which he lost the slow accumulations of years of toil and unflagging industry. Coming to Shamokin in 1852, comparatively penniless, he again commenced mining in a small way at the Gap, now the Cameron colliery, as a member of the firm of Kase, Douty & Eeed. This lasted a few years, and as very little was accomplished Mr. Douty made only a bare living out of the enterprise. In October, 1856, at the solicitation of Dr. J. J. John, he joined that gentleman and Joseph Bird, under the firm name of Bird, Douty & John. They leased the Big Mountain colliery, and after many vicissitudes the enterprise finally proved successful. In 1 857 Doctor John retired from the firm, and in 1859 Mr. Douty withdrew and took charge of the Henry Clav colliery, which, under his experienced and careful management, became one of the best paying mining properties in the county. Good fortune smiled upon all his efforts, and he accumulated a handsome fortune. Mr. Douty subsequently opened the Brady colliery, and operated it several years. In March, 1873, Douty & Baumgardner began working the Ben Franklin coll- iery, in which he was interested up to his death, November 15, 1874. A few years prior to that event he united with the First Presbyterian church, and died a consistent member of that faith. Throughout a residence in Shamokin of twenty-one years, Mr. Douty was largely interested in the growth and development of the coal trade, and did much towards building up the diversified interests of his adopted home. He possessed great enterprise and public spirit, and made good use of his wealth in erecting substantial buildings and contributing liberally towards charitable and religious objects. He was a man of strong likes and dislilies, and positive in his views and opinions, but possessed a kind heart, and always extended an encouraging word and a helping hand to the needy and afflicted. Mr. Douty was married. May 22, 1836, to Lavinia Jones, a native 4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 885 of Beading, Pennsylvania, and a daughter of William and Catharine Jones, then residents of that city. One son, William H., a merchant of Shamokin, was the fruit of this union. Mrs. Douty is living in the home on Sunbury street, Shamokin, in which her husband passed the latter years of his life. Dr. J. J. John, general insurance agent, was born in Catawissa, Columbia county, Pennslyvania, October 13, 1829, only son of Jesse Jones and Eliza V. (Hicks) John, mention of whom will be found among the pioneers of Ealpho township. His father died before the birth of our subject, and he grew up imder the fostering care of a kind and watchful mother. He attended the common schools up to the age of fifteen, and then entered an academy at Coatesville, Chester county, Pennsylvania, and afterwards at McEwensville, Northumberland county, spending in both institutions two years and a half. At the age of eighteen he commenced teaching, and taught three years in Northumberland and Columbia counties. In 1850 he began reading medicine with Dr. Joseph C. Robins, of Elysburg, North- umberland county, and graduated from the Pennsylvania Medical College, Philadelphia, in March, 1852. During his last term at college he served as assistant demonstrator of anatomy. In the spring of 1853 Doctor John came to Shamokin, and here became connected with the engineer corps under Kimber Cleaver, with whom he remained until the Shamokin Valley railroad was finished to Mt. Carmel. On the 12th of March, 1854, Doctor John was married to Elizabeth, daughter of George and Anna Krick, of Shamokin township. Five children have been born of this union: Annie E. ; Walter S., deceased; Mary A., wife of A. M. Shuman, of Shamokin; Laura V., wife of George B. Schadt, of Shamokin, and George W. Soon after his marriage he associated himself with Dr. Galen S. Robins in the practice of medicine, and as they were the only physicians in this part of the county their practice extended from Mt. Carmel to Trevorton, and embraced the whole surrounding country for miles in every direction. The practice of medicine not being congenial to Doctor John he retired from the profession in 1855, and in partnership with Joseph Bird purchased the drug store of Bruner & Weiser. The firm of Bird & John soon after bought the drug store of W. J. Haas, and thus became the only druggists in Shamokin. Late in 1857 they sold out the business for the purpose of giving their whole attention to the Big Mountain colliery, which, in partnership with John B. Douty, under the firm name of Bird, Douty & John, they had leased in 1856. They operated the Big Mountain until August, 1857, when Doctor John sold his interest to his partners. He then formed a partnership with Kimber Cleaver, as engineers and surveyors, which continued until the death of Mr. Cleaver, October 19, 1858, when Doctor John resumed his old profession of teaching. He taught in Shamokin until the spring of 1863, and rose to the position of principal of the high school. He loved his profession, and was therefore one of the most successful teachers 50 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of his day. Resigning the principalship he accepted the position of book-keeper at Shamokin furnace, which he filled in a satisfactory manner until April, 1865. He then became book-keeper for May, Patterson & Brother, operators of Buck Ridge colliery, with whom he remained about eleven years. In the meantime, in 1873, he had opened an insurance office and established a wholesale and retail coal business in Shamokin. He continued the coal business successfully for several years, and has since given his sole attention to the insurance business which he has made a gratifying' success. • In the development of Shamokin's material interests Doctor John has taken an active part. He was secretary and one of the largest stockholders of the Shamokin Town Lot Association, has been one of the managers and sec- retary of the Shamokin Cemetery Company since 1867, was an original stock- holder and is at present a director of the Shamokin Gas Light Company, is a director and secretary of the Home Building and Loan Association, and a director and secretary of the Shamokin Street Railway Company. He was one of the editors of the Shamokin Herald during the first year of its exist- ence. In 1868 he became coal editor of that paper and contributed to its columns weekly up to 1875. His contributions to the newspapers on educa- tional, historical, and other subjects have been quite extensive and various, and to him is largely due the preservation of much local history that other- wise would have been lost in the fading twilight of tradition. And to the present volume he has contributed two of its most important and valuable chapters, beside furnishing data embraced in several others. Politically an old line Whig he became a Republican in 1856, but has always been conservative in his political views. He enlisted in Company K, Thirty-sixth Volunteer Militia, during Lee's invasion, and acted as hospital steward. He has served in the borough council, also as overseer of the poor, one year each. In 1874 he was elected to the legislature and served two years in what is known as the "Centennial legislature." He served on the committees of education, mining, and contested elections, and was the originator of John's compulsory educational bill. This bill was fought bitterly in committee, which delayed its presention to the House until late in the ses- sion, and it thus failed to become a law. For the last ten years he has been one of the visitors for the Board of Public Charities, and in 1877 he pre- ferred and partially sustained charges against the superintendent and sur- geon of the Miners' hospital near Ashland for cruelty and neglect and dis- charge of a suffering patient, which created quite an excitement throughout the mining regions and won him many warm friends among the miners. Up to within the last few years Doctor John took the deepest and most active interest in educational matters and in the growth and progress of the public schools. He was one of the original members of the Shamokin Lyceum, a literary institution that flourished between 1855 and 1863, and embraced the leading citizens of the town. He served as school director BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 887 thirteen years, ten years as secretary of the board, and six years as district superintendent, and gave liberally of his time towards this worthy object. In February, 1877, he was chairman of the committee that selected a series of text books "for the schools of the county, and he personally introduced them into nearly every district. Though, coming of Quaker lineage Doctor John has never been connected with that or any other religious body, but has always been liberal and charitable towards the opinions and beliefs of every denomination. J. H. ZiMMEBMAN, liverymau, was born, January 5, 1820, in Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of George and Mary (Hall) Zimmerman. The paternal grandfather was John Zimmerman, a na- tive of Berks county, Pennsylvania, who came to Northumberland county and purchased a tract of two hundred acres in Augusta township, where he died. He married in Berks county a Miss Mahrberger, and they were the parents of five sons and two daughters. George, the father of our subject, was a blacksmith by trade, and conducted business for many years in Sun- bury. His family consisted of six children: Jeremiah; Rachel, deceased, who married Isaac Seiler; Lucy, deceased; Mary, who married Solomon Stroh; Elizabeth, who married Jesse MoClow of Shamokin, and Emily, de- ceased, who married Thomas M. Pursel. The subject of this sketch learned the blacksmith trade and was engaged in the business a number of years with his father, in Sunbury. In 1851 he was elected justice of the peace for Simbury, which office he filled two years.. He received the appointment of collector for the Pennsylvania canal, which position he filled until 1856. In 1855 he engaged in the coal business with J. P. Pursel in mining and shipping at Shamokin. In 1856 he was elected to the State legislature, serving in the sessions of 1856-57, and subsequently entered the employ of Stroh & Elliott as superintendent for their coal business. He afterwards filled positions of trust with Haas & Pagely and John Dewees & Brother. In 1869 he established the business now conducted by his son, J. B. Zim- merman, the manufacturing of wagons and carriages and dealing in harness. In 1877 he established the livery business, which he has since carried on. Mr. Zimmerman, in 1870, was elected chief burgess; in 1875, elected a mem- ber of the council; in 1876, elected chief burgess, and again elected, 1884- 86 inclusive. At the time of Lee's raid into Pennsylvania he joined Captain Bruner's company at Sunbury. Politically Mr. Zimmerman has been a life- long Democrat, and has always taken great interest in the affairs of his party. He is a member of Sunbury Lodge, F. & A. M., and Northumberland Chap- ter. In 1843 he was married to Harriet M., daughter of Jacob Bright, and by this marriage they have had nine children, seven of whom grew to matu- rity: Lucy Ella, deceased, who married J. B. Phillips; John B. ; Harriet, wife of W. P. Roth; George; Rosetta, wife of Samuel Haas; William E., attorney, of Shamokin, and William C, of Philadelphia. HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. "William C. Kennedy was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, in 1825. He was reared and educated in his native county, and after the death of his parents went to Schuylkill county and found employment in the coal mines. In 1849 he came to Shamokin and engaged in the manufacture of shingles, and subsequently turned his attention to the real estate business. He then, in connection with Jonathan Farnsworth, opened a coal drift where the Peerless colliery is now situated, and later opened a general store on the corner of Commerce and Vine streets, which was one of the pioneer stores of Shamokin. He owned the site of what is known as Gosstown and erected the first house there. H. A. Shisslee, druggist, was born at Port Carbon, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, February 16, 1836, son of Henry and Annie (Long) Shissler. At the age of twelve years he entered the drug store of his father, where he remained five years. He then engaged in teaching, which occupation he fol- lowed three years. He then located at Trevorton, this county, and estab- lished the first drug store in the place. In 1858 he removed to Shamokin, and engaged in the drug business at the place where he is now located. In 1859, in connection with W. E. Kutzner, he opened a store on the corner of Sunbury and Shamokin streets. In 1860 he sold his interest to his jDartner, and in 1862 enlisted in the medical department of the United States regular army, where he remained five months, and was discharged on account of physical disability. In 1870 he again resumed the drug business, which he has since conducted. In 1868 he was the Republican candidate for register and recorder, but was defeated. He is a member of the Masonic order, of which he is a past master, also of the G. A. K. (Lincoln Post, No. 140), and in politics a Eepublican. He is a ruling elder in the First Presbyterian church, and was superintendent of the Sunday school twenty-five years. He was married in April, 1858, to Eosetta, daughter of Joseph Kaseman, of Shamokin township. Daniel S. Millee, retired boot and shoe merchant, was born in Shamo- kin tovsTiship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 17, 1829, son of John and Eliza (Schroeder) Miller, natives of Lehigh and Berks counties, respectively, and early settlers of Shamokin township. John Miller was twice married, his second wife being Mrs. Esther Duttinger, nee Eeed, and was the father of sixteen children. He died on his farm about 1861. Daniel S. was the third son by the first marriage, and remained under the parental roof until 1846, when he went to Port Carbon and learned the shoemaker's trade. From 1849 until September, 1850, he worked in Tamaqua, and then came to Shamokin. In 1851 he engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and in connection therewith gradually built up a lucrative trade in ready-made goods, to which line the business is now confined. He erected his present store room in 1862, and in June, 1890, retired from business, and was succeeded by his sons, Albert D. and J. Harmer. Mr. Miller has been BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. twice married. His first wife was Hannah Ostler, whom he married, Novem- ber 18, 1849. She bore him three children: John F., deceased; Irene, wife of William H. Chamberlain, and Araminta. Mrs. Miller died, February 22, 1855, and November 18, 1855, he married Mrs. Elmira Stokes nee Schwartz. Seven children were born of this miion, four of whom are living: Francis A.; Kosie B., wife of W. C. Zimmerman; Albert D., and J. Harmer. The de- ceased are: Anne J.; Clara E., and George W. In politics Mr. Miller is a Kepublican, and has served in the borough council, and as school director seven years. He is one of the pioneer Methodists of Shamokin, and has been a trustee in the First Methodist Episcopal church since its organization. Daniel Yost, builder and contractor, was born in Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1826, son of Conrad and Sarah (Shull) Yost, natives of Schuylkill and Northumberland counties, Penn- sylvania, respectively. He was educated in the district schools, and learned the carpenter trade with his father. In 1845 he located at Minersville, Penn- sylvania, where he remained six years working at his trade. In 1852 he re- moved to Shamokin, and in 1854 established himself in business, in which he has continued to the present time. Mr. Yost has erected many prominent buildings in Shamokin ; among them may be mentioned the Academy, Isaac May's block on Shamokin street, the Eeformed church, and Isaac May's residence. He was for many years the principal builder of the place, and since he established his business has erected about one thousand public and private buildings in the borough. Politically, Mr. Yost is a Democrat. He has filled the office of overseer of the poor a number of years, and served as a member of the council. He is a member of the I. O. 0. F., and of St. John's Beform.ed church. He was married, October 7, 1849, to Sarah L. Hoover, of Shamokin, and they are the parents of nine children: Rev. Francis, of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania; John A.; Mary L., wife of E. W. Deibler; Lillian; Louisa, wife of William Heckman; George L. ; Sallie; Bertha, and Laura. Mr. Yost commenced business a comparatively poor man, and there are few men now living in Shamokin who have been longer identified with the material development of the town. His energy, strict attention to busi- ness, and honorable dealing place him among the prominent and respected citizens of the borough. John Shipp, deceased, was born at Hughes's Furnace, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, in 1822, son of Michael and Catharine (Smith) Shipp. He was employed at the Juniata furnace in Perry county, and from there went to Victoria furnace in Dauphin coxinty, and thence removed to Millersburg, Pennsylvania. In June, 1850, in connection with Zacharias Batorf, he engaged in the foundry business at Tremont, Schuylkill county, Pennsylva- nia. He subsequently came to Shamokin and was in the employ of Stephen Bittenbender, after which he went to Port Carbon for the purpose of casting the Henry Clay monument. Beturning to Shamokin in 1853 he again took 890 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. charge of the foundry and machine works for Stephen Bittenbender, where he remained through the years 1856-57. He then established in Shamokin the Star Iron Works, which he operated until 1873, when he sold his plant to Fisher & Medlar. He then connected himself with Boughner, Shipp & Company, coal operators, where he remained two years. At the expiration of that time he located in Ealpho township, and engaged in farming two years, when he returned to Shamokin and embarked in the mercantile bus- iness, which he conducted until his death in 1878. Politically, Mr. Shipp in early life was a Whig, and later joined the Eepublican party. He was an earnest Christian, and was one of the original members of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he was class leader many years, and was a liberal contributor of his means to the establishment of the Methodist church in Shamokin. He married Susanna Askins,' of Perry county, Pennsylvania, who died in 1853, leaving three children: James A. ; Sallie, wife of John Cruikshank, of Yorktown, Virginia, and Wilbur, of Pittston, Pennsylvania. Mr. Shipp was a member of the F. & A. M., and of the I. O. O. P., and was one of the active and enterprising citizens of Shamokin. Richard Blundin Doutt, deceased, was born, January 22, 1824, in Bush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of William and Mary (Blundin) Douty. He removed with his parents to Pottsville in 1826, where he grew up under the parental roof. He engaged early in boating upon the ' Schuylkill canal, having charge of one of his father's boats at the age of nineteen, in which business he continued eleven years. He subsequently removed to St. Clair in the same county, as superintendent for Kirk & Baum, coal operators, where he remained until 1859, when he came to Shamokin to take charge of the Henry Clay colliery. In 1869 he engaged in coal opera- tions for himself, at Ben Franklin colliery, where he continued coal mining until early in 1873, when, meeting with unfortunate financial losses, he was compelled to retire from operating. He afterwards had charge of the Mt. Carmel colliery about one year, and was subsequently engaged in developing coal veins near Centralia. Mr. Douty was elected the first chief burgess of Shamokin, and re-elected the following year. He was again chosen for the same office in 1877, and took a prominent and active part in suppressing the labor riots of that year. Politically he was a Republican until the advent of the Greenback movement, when he joined that party and became its leader in this locality. He was once the Greenback candidate for sheriff, and though a popular man his party was largely in the minority. Mr. Douty was married in January, 1845, to Rebecca A., daughter of Adam Case, of Columbia county, Pennsylvania. They were the parents of eight children, only three of whom grew to maturity, and survive their parents: Mary L., widow of Colonel Alexander Caldwell; Elmira J., wife of William A. Rich- ardson, of Shamokin, and Charles H., borough engineer. Mr. Douty died, October 12, 1889, his widow surviving him imtil December 31st of the same BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 891 year. He was a member of the Masonic order, having joined Anthracite Lodge, of St. Clair, Pennsylvania, about 1854. When Trinity Episcopal church, of Shamokin, was organized he became a member of that body, and was elected one of the wardens, and subsequently filled the office of senior warden ten years. Mr. Douty was a square-dealing, honest man, and had hosts of friends throughout this portion of the State. Charles H. Doutt, civil engineer, is a son of Eichard B. and Rebecca Douty, and was born, October 29, 1849, in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. He came to Shamokin with his parents, was educated in the public schools of that borough, and afterwards studied civil engineering. He has since been principally engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1881 he was appointed by the council borough engineer, and has filled that position con- tinuously up to the present. Politically he is an independent voter. William E. Kutznee was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, December 18, 1835, and died in Shamokin, May 24, 1885. He was a son of Edward A. and Anna (Eobins) Kutzner, natives of this State. ''At the age of twelve he went West with his parents, and there grew to manhood, principally engaged in clerking. In 1857 he returned to Northumberland county, and a couple of years later located in Shamokin, where he clerked in a drug store, and also was a . partner in the drug business. In the spring of 1861 John B. Douty took him into partnership, and they carried on a drug and general store up to 1864, when the partnership was dissolved. Kutzner then established a drug and hardware store which he conducted until August, 1883, when he sold out to Peter E. Buck and retired from business, having accumulated through the passing years a valuable estate. Mr. Kutzner was married, June 12, 1861, to Anna M., adopted daughter of John B. Douty, who survives him. She is the mother of nine children: John D. ; Anna L., wife of Dr. J. M. Maurer; Lavinia G., deceased; Kathrina B. ; William E.; HattieS. ; Edith C. ; Charles P., and W. E., deceased. Politically Mr. Kutzner was a Eepub- lican, and held the rank of major in the National Guard during the labor riots of 1877. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, and was con- nected with the Masonic fraternity. David Llewellyn is a son of Edward and Sarah (Harris) Llewellyn, na- tives of South Wales, who immigrated to this country about 1831. They first settled in Carbondale, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. In 1836 they re- moved to St. Clair, Schuylkill county, and in 1838 settled in Pottsville, where they reside«l until their death, which occurred in 1844 and 1866 respectively. Their family consisted of three sons and two daughters. David, the eldest son, was born in South Wales, November 20, 1825, and came with his parents to this State. His early life was spent in different branches of the mining business. In 1853 he located at Mt. Carmel, Northumberland county, and engaged in the development of what is now known as Bell's Tunnel, at which place he spent several years. From there he went to Locust Gap and was 892 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. inside superintendent for Haas & Bowen and others. In 1863 he settled in Shamokin as superintendent for Haas & Fagely, coal operators, and in 1869 became one of the firm. He was interested in the Cameron, Helfenstein, and Big Mountain mines, and continued in that business until 1886, when he retired from a long, active, and successful business career. On the 29th of March, 1872, he was elected a director in the Shamokin Banking Company, and September 14, 1883, was chosen president of that institution, which posi- tion he filled in a very efficient and creditable manner up to January 20, 1891. While a resident of Mt. Carmel Mr. Llewellyn was elected its first borough treasurer, and also filled the office of president of the school board. He was one of the promoters and original directors of the Shamokin Electric Light Company, and is one of the present directors of the Shamokin Water Com- pany. He has been married three times; his first wife was Mary Haine, of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, by whom he had three children: Emma, de- ceased; William, and Sarah, wife of Nathan Swank. His second wife was Susan Laubenstein, by whom he had six children: Frank; Alice; Ida; Annie; Effie, and Kate. His present wife was Annie Eobertson, of Pine Grove, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Politically Mr. Llewellyn is a Republican, and is one of the prominent and wealthy pioneers of the coal region, where he has spent the greater part of his life. Andeew Eobeetson. — For more than forty years this gentleman has been connected with the business of mining anthracite coal, and there are very few positions in or about a coal mine that have not been filled by him at one period or another of his life; slate-picker boy, blacksmith, engineer, mine foreman, and operator — all of these he has been and a success in each. There are but very few men connected with the business who have so thorough a knowledge as he has of the intricacies and difficulties of coal mining; he is equally at home in the depths of the mine developing the capacities of the veins of coal and in the breaker preparing the commodity for market, and he is one of the very few coal operators who have solved successfully the difficult problem of mining profitably and making a triangular division of the profits between himself, his workmen, and his customers. Mr. Robertson was born in Scotland about sixty-six years ago. His parents immigrated to this country when Andrew was quite young, stopping first in Canada, but afterward moved into the United States, locating at New Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, about seven miles from Pottsville. Near this place (at Lick Eun) the father and uncle had a small coal operation at which Andrew worked, and he afterward learned blacksmithing, working at Novelty colliery, at which place he was subsequently outside foreman. He also engaged later in mining on his own account at one or two small places, but these not proving profitable he went to California about 1852; there he remained some time and was reasonably successful. The place did not suit him, however, and he returned to his old home, Schuylkill county. Had he BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 893 remained in California he would ■withoiit doubt have been one of the very wealthy men of the Golden State. After his return from California, for some years he worked at his trade and filled various positions at collieries. In 1860 or 1861, in connection with Thomas Beddall, now dead, he opened the Eagle Hill colliery near Port Carbon; here his successful career commenced, after many difficulties that would have proved insurmountable to most men had been overcome, in which he was energetically aided by his partner, Mr. Beddall. This colliery proved very profitable, but, having a good offer for its pufchase in the early part of 1865, the firm sold out to a Boston party; and, strange to say, from that time the operation has ceased to be a paying one, not from any scarcity of coal, but the master workman and skillful operator who had brought success had removed to other fields of labor, and unfortunately for those who succeeded him had taken with him his energy, his brains, and his skill. In the early part of 1866 in conjunction with two other gentlemen he took a lease on a valuable tract near Shamokin, and here his Northumberland county operations commenced. Mr. Robertson was the business manager of the firm (Robertson, Guiterman & Company) and personally superintended the working, and his partners were perfectly satisfied to leave their interests in his keeping. The Shamokin region at this time was comparatively unknown. In April, 1867, the new colliery, "Greenback," was started and worked continuously and successfully until the coal above water level was exhausted, when Mr. Robertson sold his interest to his partners, who after- ward worked the colliery below water level. In 1868 the same firm bought the Henry Clay colliery, Mr. Robertson personally superintending that as well as the Greenback. This colliery under his management was also continuously and profitably worked until late in 1872, when the firm sold out to Mr. Jervis Langdon, of Elmira, New York. In the latter part of 1871 Mr. Robertson in connection with Alexander Fulton of Shamokin concluded a contract with the Mclntyre Coal Company of Ralston, Lycoming county, to mine their coal for them at a certain price per ton. Mr. Robertson personally superintended this work, and very successfully both for himself and the Mclntire Coal Company, and yet he had had no previous experience in the soft coal business, but the energy, industry, and brains of the man made the success. During this time Mr. Robertson had negotiated for the purchase of the iron furnace then in operation in Shamokin, intending to embark in the manufacture of pig iron. The negotiations, however, fell through, whether fortunately or unfortunately for himself — certainly the latter for Shamokin, as another industry would now be employing her sturdy workingmen. The furnace has since been demolished. After the conclusion of his Ralston contract Mr. Robertson was, for a man of his indomitable energy and great activity and industry, in a very 894 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. unfortunate position. For the first time in many years he had nothing to do, a great misfortune for a man of his very active temperament. As he more than once said to the writer, " I must be at work or I can not li^se," arid while the matter of money making was not paramount with him, the matter of employment was. After a short period to him of " innocuous desue- tude," with a view to a future purchase he accepted the superintendency of the Excelsior colliery, one of the oldest in the Shamokin region, but unfortu- nately then on the wane. He eventually purchased an interest in the colliery, and under his skillful management it has become a large producer and one of the most profitable operations in the Shamokin region. He still holds his interest in the colliery, but is content to leave it largely under the superin- tendency of his two sons, Andrew T>. and George W. Although Mr. Eobertson is a resident of Pottsville, Schuylkill county, the bulk of his- business interests are in and around Shamokin, and by the citizens of the town and of Northumberland county he is considered emphatically " a Shamokin man." The town owes a great deal to his enter- prising spirit in the erection of several fine buildings, stores, etc., and also a large flouring mill, which is most successfully conducted by his sons, Andrew D. and George W., and John F. Osier under the firm name of Eobertson & Osier. He also largely aided in the introduction of water into Shamokin, building and operating the gas works, electric light, etc., and his means have been freely given to aid the erection of churches, etc. At home Mr. Eobertson lives in a very plain and imostentatious manner, making no show of his large and honestly acquired wealth, giving largely to charity, and it may be truly said of him that no worthy object appeals to him and goes away empty-handed; his benefactions are known only to himself and the recipients. Mr. Eobertson is one whom to know is an honor to anybody in any station of life, a good man, and while to the writer's knowledge not professing the creed or religion of any sect, a Christian. Alexandek Fulton was for many years one of the best known and most prominent operators in the Shamokin coal region, and is recognized as one of the successful, enterprising citizens of his adopted home. He comes from the land of Burns and "Walter Scott, and possesses many of the characteris- tics that distinguish the Scotch race. Born at Hamilton, near Glasgow, Scotland, May 9, 1829, son of David and Catharine (McDonald) Fulton, his youth was passed on his native heath until the year 1848, when his parents immigrated to Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where Alexander com- menced working in the mines. In 1S50 he was placed in charge of the underground work in the mines owned by Frank McDonald, at Branchdale, Schuylkill county, which position he tilled about two years. In 1852 a com- pany was forpied at Nevada City for the purpose of tunneling a spur of the Eocky Mountains to tiirn the Soiith Yuba river and supply the mining dis- tricts with water, and Mr. Fulton was placed in charge of the work. Though BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 895 the company failed in the project, he completed his part of the contract, which took him about two years. Returning to Pennsylvania he engaged in operating Locust Mountain coal mines near Mt. Carmel in 1855. He sold out in 1859 to Schall & Donohoe, and became associated with J. Langdon & Company, then the most extensive operators in this locality. Owing to a misunderstanding with the railroad company Langdon & Company trans- ferred their operations to the Lackawanna coal region; Mr. Fulton went with them, and had charge of their business until the breaking out of the Rebellion cut ofE the Cumberland coal supply and necessitated a new field of operations. A company was then organized, composed of Joseph Scran- ton, Thomas Dickson, Joseph Albright, J. Langdon, Alexander Fulton, and Samuel A. Barnard to operate in the coal fields of Nova Scotia. Mr. Ful- ton was selected to manage the mining operations in that field, and he remained in Nova Scotia until the close of the war. After his return he was employed by John Jacob Astor, Franklin Delano, and a Mr. Kennedy to open up the New Boston mines. But in 1867, the difficulty between the railroad company and J. Langdon & Company having been adjusted, he resumed his old position in that firm. From that time they produced and purchased from one thousand to five thousand tons of coal per day, which included the surplus product of individual operators in that locality. He was connected with this firm until he retired from active business in 1885. During his operations he was interested in the following collieries : Locust Mountain, Big Mountain, Old Henry Clay, New Henry Clay, Hickory Ridge, and Stirling. Of these he opened Hickory Ridge, New Henry Clay, and Stirling, the last named being owned and operated by Fulton & Kendrick. He also owned the Mclntyre bitumen mine, which he operated in partner- ship with Andrew Robertson, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Among other enterprises Mr. Fulton was one of the principal organizers of the Miners' Trust and Safe Deposit Company of Shamokin, and was subsequently identi- fied in establishing the First National Bank, of which he was vice-president and a director up to 1889, when he disposed of his stock in that institution. He has filled the position of president of the Shamokin Cemetery Company twenty years, and was president of the Shamokin Water Company ten years. Mr. Fulton was married, December 31, 1851, to Elizabeth, daughter of William Muir of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, who has borne him eight children: Margaret, deceased wife of George Marshall, of Shamokin; Kath- erine, who died in infancy; Elizabeth, wife of George Marshall; Clara A., deceased; Clara C. J., wife of George Robertson, of Shamokin; David; Flora, and William. At the age of eighteen Mr. Fulton was made a Mason by dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Edinboro, and was initiated in Lodge No. 4, HoUytown, Scotland. He was doubtless the youngest man ever admitted to the order, and it occurred because he belonged to the Ma- sonic band, and, his services being needed with the band, all of whom were 896 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Masons, in the lodge room, the lodge petitioned for a dispensation on these grounds and it was granted. Politically he is an ardent Republican, and has been an elder in the Presbyterian church for over twenty years. He has given generously of his means towards the support of the Shamokin church, and much of its ]3resent prosperity is due to his liberality. CoNEAD Geaebeb was born at Spiesen, in Otweiler, Prussia, January 16, 1820, son of John Graeber, and one of a family of fourteen children. He received a limited education; at the age of fourteen, his father having died the year previous, he entered his mother's grocery store to assist in main- taining the family. One year later he commenced an apprenticeship at inspecting, numbering, and assorting glass and glassware, and received a diploma at the age of eighteen. Not feeling satisfied with the outlook for the future he concluded to come to America, landed in New York City, May 25, 1845, and made his way to Patterson, Pennsylvania, where he had rela- tives. The first employment he obtained in this country was to remove the dirt from the coal screens at one of the collieries; becoming dissatisfied with the remuneration, he found employment as a laborer in one of the mines. In the spring of 1846, in partnership with Samuel Heilner, he took a con- tract to sink a shaft one hundred forty-five feet deep and drive a gangway west. He was unfortunate in his first undertaking, for they soon struck the workings of an abandoned mine, when water entered the gangway and they narrowly escaped with their lives. He again found employment in the mines. Feeling satisfied that the advantages of the United States were superior to those of his native country, for working people, he concluded to go home for the purpose of inducing his mother to emigrate with her family. He went to Germany in the fall of 1846, and returned, July 1, 1847, with his mother and the entire family, excepting an older brother and sister. He then went to Patterson, Pennsylvania, and resumed work in the mines, where he remained one year, when he removed to Tuscarora, Pennsylvania, opened a confectionery store, and after two years added a restaurant and boarding house. In 1853 he was elected constable for Schuylkill township, serving two years, and was at the same time engaged at the huckster business. In 1854 he opened a general grocery store and also conducted a hotel. In the same year Mr. Graeber was elected a member of the school board, which position he filled nine years, serving in the of&ce of president five years, and as treasurer two years. In the spring of 1856, in connection with Jacob Wagner, he commenced his first operation in coal; the enterprise not proving successful they dissolved after a partnership of two years. Mr. Graeber had still kept in operation his grocery business, and in 1860 was appointed post- master for Tuscarora. In 1863 he was elected on the Democratic ticket to represent Schuylkill county in the legislature. During this session Mr. Graeber was instrumental in causing the passage of the act to prevent the payment of laborers' wages in BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 897 store orders. The following year he was re-elected by a very large majority, which showed the appreciation of his services by the people of the county. In 1867 he received the nomination for sheriff, but, owing to defection and duplicity in his own party, he was defeated by thirty-seven votes. If this was considered the death of his political aspirations it was also the birth of a successful business career. He continued in the grocery business until 1868, when, owing to the abandonment of the collieries on which the pros- perity of the mercantile business depended, he decided to engage in coal operations. He was offered a one-third interest in a colliery at Mahanoy Plane providing he would assume the entire charge of the management of the same, but not being satisfied with the prospects he refused. Disposing of his mercantile business, he formed a partnership with John Kemple of Pottsville, under the firm name of Graeber & Kemple. They then purchased the A. S. Wolf and Locust Gap collieries of Locust Gap, Northumberland county, leased from the Locust Gap Improvement Company one thousand acres upon which these collieries were situated, and commenced the mining and sale of coal, and also opened a general store at Locust Gap under the firm name of Graeber, Kemple & McCarthy. In 1869 the firm name was changed to Graeber, Kemple & Company, by the admission of Daniel Shepp, a prominent business man of Tamaqua, Pennsylvania. In the same year Mr. Graeber became a resident of Shamokin, where he was soon recognized as a prominent and influential citizen and a man of unusual busi- ness ability, and won the confidence of all who knew him. In 1871 he suf- fered a heavy loss iii the destruction of the Locust Gap colliery by fire. In connection with a number of other citizens Mr. Graeber founded the Shamokin Banking Company in 1871, and was one of the original directors. In 1873 he was elected president of the bank, which office he filled for more than ten years. This institution was the only financial one in Shamokin that weathered the panic of 1877, and to him is largely due that creditable result. In April, 1871, in partnership with Matthias Ludes, he established a general mercantile business in Shamokin, which was a successful enterprise and was continued until November, 1872, when Mr. Ludes retired from the firm and the business was conducted with Mr. Graeber's eldest son, John S., as a partner. In 1873, in connection with Reuben Fagely, William H. Mar- shall, and others, he obtained a charter and organized the Shamokin Water Company, and was elected one of the board of directors, and in 1878 he was elected treasurer of the company and filled the office three years, when he resigned. October 5, 1875, the new breaker built by the Philadelphia and Heading Coal and Iron Company was destroyed by fire, and a colliery was immediately built by the firm of Graeber, Kemple & Company to take its place. In 1876 the firm name was changed to Graeber & Shepp, Mr. Kemple retiring. In 1877 John S. Graeber retired from the mercantile business of C. Graeber & Son, Mr. Graeber continuing the business in his own name. 898 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. In 1881 he was a delegate to the Democratic State convention. In 1883, after an active business life extending -over a period of thirty-five years, he disposed of his entire business interests and retired, but soon tiring of inactivity he became the guiding spirit in the organization of the First National Bank of Shamokin, and was its first president, which office he filled up to his death. Mr. Graeber was twice married; his first wife was Catharine, daughter of Francis 0. and Katharine (Hartman) Mause of Buhlen Brage, Oltenburg, Germany, who died. May 1, 1855, leaving three children: John S., of Sha- mokin; Carolina, who became a Sister of Charity, and is now deceased, and Jacob F., a resident of Shamokin. June 12, 1856, he married Sarah, daugh- ter of Joseph and Mary (Dindinger) Mayers, natives of Stundwailer in Alsace, France, and by this marriage they were the parents of nine children, six of whom are living: Edward N.; George C. ; Charles A. ; Albert W.; Mary A., and Frederick E. Mr. Graeber's death occurred, January 21, 1888, dying as he had lived, a faithful member of the Eoman Catholic church, to which denomination the whole family belongs. His widow survives him and resides in the family honiestead. Though a close dealer and very economical in his habits, Mr. Graeber was recognized as a man of the strictest honor and integ- rity. Possessing a well-balanced mind and sound judgment, he usually suc- ceeded where other men failed, and accumulated a large and valuable estate which his children inherited at his death. George C. Geaebee, cashier of the First National Bank, was born in Tuscarora, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, February 18, 1859, son of Con- rad and Sarah (Mayers) Graeber. He received part of his education at St. Vincent's College, Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, and also received a one year's course at Bryant and Stratton's Business College of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1877. In the same year he took charge of his father's mercantile business in Shamokin, where he remained until 1881, when he removed to Locust Gap, Pennsylvania, and assumed charge of the mercantile business of C. Graeber & McCarthy, remaining with them two years. He was one of the corporators of the First National Bank of Shamokin, which was organized in the summer of 1883, and at its first meet- ing was elected one of the directors and appointed cashier, which office he still fills. In 1881 Mr. Graeber married Mary M., daughter of Jacob and Lydia A. (Thomas) Hehr, of Shamokin, and by this union they are the par- ents of five children: Conrad E. ; Clarence M. ; George H.; Marion St. C, and Sarah C. Politically Mr. Graeber is a Democrat, and is a member of St. Edward's Catholic church. EoBEET .Goodwill, coal operator, was born at Lone End, Northumber- land county, England, October 7, 1827, son of Anthony G. and Margaret (Fleeman) Goodwill. At the age of ten he began the life of a miner at Bel- ford, England, where he remained seven years. He then went to Scotland BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 899 and followed mining until the age of twenty-seven, when he immigrated to this country. His first employment in America was at Gold Mine Gap, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, where he remained three years. He then came to this county and obtained a contract at the Lancaster colliery, which he worked fourteen months. He next went to Trevorton and was engaged in mining there for many years. In 1864 he formed a partnership with A. A. Heim, under the firm name of Heim & Goodwill, and worked the Bear Valley colliery until November 15, 1877, when it was sold to the Philadel- phia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. In connection with his partner, A. A. Heim, they leased the Diamond Gas and Coal Company's colliery, and the Pentcost, located at Eeynoldsville, JefPerson county, Pennsylvania, which they operated ten years. In December, 1869, they purchased a quarter in- terest in the Monitor colliery from Richard B. Douty, and in March, 1870, another quarter interest was obtained. But in September of the latter year they sold their interest in the Monitor. During 1877 Mr. Goodwill occupied the position of superintendent with the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. In 1878 he built the Carson colliery and operated it three years, and then retired from active business. In 1886 he again entered busi- ness, organized the Goodwill Coal and Coke Company of Flipping, West Virginia, and leased a colliery from the Blue Stone Coal Company, and in connection with it has in operation fifty coke ovens. Mr. Goodwill is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he was a trustee fifteen years. He also was trustee of the Second Methodist Episcopal church four years. Politically he is a Republican, and is one of Shamokin's most sub- stantial citizens. He was married, July 27, 1847, in England, to Catherine, daughter of Philip and Margaret (Jures) Wake, and by this imion they have had five children, three of whom are living: Anthony G., a merchant of Shamokin, and Philip and William, members of the Goodwill Coal and Coke Company of West Virginia. Isaac May, Se., was born in Cornwall, England, March 18, 1819. His parents, Joseph and Anna (George) May, emigrated from England to this country, located in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently re- moved to Canada, where thef died. The subject of this sketch was employed in the coal mines of Schuylkill county, and later in the lead mines of Galena, Illinois. He returned to Schuylkill county and again found employ- ment in the mines. In 1864 he located at Shamokin, and under the firm name of May, Patterson & Company, commenced operating the Buck Ridge colliery, which they worked ten years; it was subsequently continued by May, Audenried & Company. He afterward leased the Burnside colliery, which he operated six years, when it was disposed of to the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. Under the name of Isaac May & Com- pany he leased and operated the Morris Ridge colliery for several years, and then retired from active business. Mr. May has been connected with many 900 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of the enterprises of Shamokin. He was one of the directors of the North- umberland County National Bank, president of the Miner's Trust and Safe Deposit Company, one of the originators of the First National Bank, and its second president. He married Mary, daughter of John and Sarah Sterling, of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and to this union were born fourteen chil- dren, eleven of whom are living: James; Elizabeth, widow of H. W. Mor- gan; Isaac, Jr.; Emma, widow of A. D. Allen; Jennie, wife of A. A. Heiz- man; Ida, wife of J. F. Graeber; Susie, wife of W. W. Eyon; George; Jo- seph; Carrie, and Laura, wife of D. D. DriscoU. Mr. May is a Eepublican in politics, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, while his wife and family belong to St. Edward's Catholic church of Shamokin, in which faith Mrs. May was born and reared. Majob James May, coal operator, was born in Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, December 4, 1843, a son of Isaac and Mary (Sterling) May, natives of England, and Berks county, Pennsylvania, respectively. The subject of our sketch was reared in his native county and received a common school education. In 1861 he enlisted in Company E, Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and participated in the following engagements : Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, the Wilderness (where he was commis- sioned second lieutenant), Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg Mine, Knoxville, Loudon, Campbell Station, and Petersbiirg. He was there com- misioned first lieutenant, and served until the close of the war. After his return home he was engaged in the mercantile business until 1871, when, in connection with his father, he began operating the Burnside colliery. He subsequently was interested in the Morris Kidge colliery, of Isaac May & Company, which is now operated in the name of May, Troutman & Company. In 1867 Mr. May joined the National Guard of Pennsylvania, and was ap- pointed first lieutenant of the Shamokin Guards ; later he was comxaissioned captain, and then major, serving twelve years. He was married, January 31, 1866, to Mary G., daughter of John A. and Catherine Snyder, and by this union they have had twelve children, ten of whom are living: Katie: Louise; Lizzie; Maggie; Charlie; Samuel; Eichard; Jean; Eleanor, and James I. Mr. May has served in the borough council three years, and is treasurer of the Home Building and Loan Association. He is also a mem- ber of the Loyal Legion, and Lincoln Post, No. 140. G. A. R. Politically he is a Republican, a member of St. Edward's Catholic church, and one of the leading and respected citizens of Shamokin. Colonel Alexander Caldwell was one of the bravest and most efficient soldiers that went out from this county in defense of the Union durino- the dark^days of civil strife. He was born in Shamokin, Pennsylvania Febru- ary 19, 1840, son of Alexander and Martha Caldwell, early settlers of that town. Alexander grew up in his native place, and received such education as the schools of that time afforded. He taught school at intervals and BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 903 attended academies at Millville and Tuscarora, Pennsylvania, several terms. He was a well-read man, and possessed a very retentive memory. Returning from school to respond to the first call for troops, he enlisted in Company A, Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served as a drummer boy in the three months' service. He re-enlisted, August 20, 1861, in Company K, Forty- sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, for three years, was mustered in as first sergeant, was promoted to second lieutenant, November 1, 1861, to first lieu- tenant on the battlefield of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862, and to captain of his company, November 1, 1862. He served in all the battles and cam- paigns of his regiment, and, veteranizing at the expiration of his three years' service, he took part in the closing scenes of the war, and participated in the grand review at Washington, D. C, May 24, 1865. He was mustered out of service with the rank of captain, July 16, 1865. Returning from the war he located in Shamokin, where he was married, September 11, 1867, to Mary L., eldest daughter of Richard B. Douty, of which union five children were born: Richard A.; Katherine; Grace, deceased; Frederick C, and Ralph M. Colonel Caldwell raised a company in Shamokin which was mus- tered into the National Guard, and he afterwards rose to the rank of colonel of the Seventh regiment, N. G. P. For several years he was the local agent of the Northern Central Railway Company at Shamokin, and afterwards filled the of6.ce of notary public and pension agent very successfully up to his death. PoUtically he was a stalwart Republican, and was a thorough soldier in thought and deed. He died, December 15, 1886, and a monument to his m.emory and gallant deeds has been erected in the Shamokin cemetery by his comrades of the G. A. R. Captain Haeey W. Morgan, one of the best known and most prominent coal operators of Shamokin, died at his home in that borough, October 22, 1885, in the forty-fifth year of his age. He was born in Abew Vale, Mon- mouthshire, South Wales, March 17, 1841, son of William and Sarah Morgan, also natives of South Wales. His father died in his native land, and when twelve years old our subject came with his mother to Port Carbon, Schuyl- kill county, Pennsylvania, where he grew to manhood. His mother died in Shamokin several years ago. Our subject was a machinist and engineer by trade, which he followed until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted at Philadelphia in the Anderson Troop, Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and participated in all the campaigns of his regiment until the close of the Re- bellion brought peace and harmony to a united land. During the riots at Pittsburgh in 1877 he served in the Pennsylvania National Guard as pay- master of the Seventh regiment with the rank of captain, whence he derived that title. Coming to Shamokin in 1865, he entered the employ of Isaac May, Sr., and for the succeeding ten years looked after that gentleman's coal operations, principally at Buck Ridge colliery. Being a son-in-law of Mr. May, he then became a member of the firm of Isaac May & Company, and 51 904 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. operated the Burnside colliery until its sale to the Philadelphia and Reading- Coal and Iron Company, when he became associated with William Beury in the timber business, and subsequently was engaged in the mamifacture of fire brick at Queen's Run, Clinton county. He then obtained an interest in the Morris Ridge colliery under the firm name of Isaac May & Company, with which he was connected up to his death. Captain Morgan was married, October 1, 1865, to Lizzie, eldest daughter of Isaac and Mary (Sterling) May, of Shamokin, who bore him a family of three children: Caroline, wife of James Nagle, of Shamokin, and Susannah and Isaac, both of whom died in infancy. Captain Morgan came to this country when but a mere lad, filled with a laudable ambition to succeed, and so well were his hopes realized that his success furnishes a striking illustration of what the humblest can accomplish in this land of freedom by industry, honesty, and perseverance. Without neglecting his legitimate business he sought every opportimity to cultivate his mind and enlarge his field of knowledge, and by close application made rapid advancement in the practical branches of mathematics. Although, in a measure, self-educated, few business men were better informed upon all useful subjects. He was a genial companion, an interesting conversationalist, and a conservative counselor. Captain Morgan was an expert miner, inti- mately acquainted with the coal measures of this region, and by careful man- agement amassed a handsome fortune. Shortly before his death he united with St. Edward's Catholic church, and died solaced by the sacraments of that denomination. In all the relations of life, as a citizen, husband, father, and friend, he proved true and steadfast, and in his death the community lost one of its most respected members. He was a sincere, unostentatious, and liberal- hearted man, and was always deeply interested in all that pertained to the welfare of the town wherein his fortune and reputation were estabHshed. A. A. Heim, superintendent of the Shamokin Gas Light Company, is a son of John J. and Christina (Winegardner nee Mannel) Heim, natives of AJsace-Lorraine, and Wiirtemberg, Germany, respectively. His father im- migrated to this country in 1826 and located in Philadelphia, where he worked at his trade of silk weaver. He subsequently lived in Lycoming, Montour, and Columbia counties, finally settled at Dushore, Sullivan county, and purchased a small farm adjoining the borough limits, which he laid out in lots, and it now comprises a part of Dushore. He was three times mar- ried; his first wife died upon the voyage to this country. By this marriage he had one son, Jacob J., who lives at Freeport, Illinois, engaged in farming. By his second wife, Christina Winegardner nee Mannel, who died in 1854, he had five children: A. A.; Margaret, deceased; William, deceased; Sophia, deceased, who married Samuel Gulick, of Danville, Pennsylvania, and Caro- lina, wife of M. G. Shults, of Montour county. His third wife was Anna M. Barge, who died without issue. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 905 The subject of this sketch was bom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 11, 1828, and received but a very limited education, which com- prised only four months of English and four months of German tuition, at Muncie, Sullivan county, Pennsylvania. He was apprenticed to the car- penter trade at Danville, Pennsylvania, and in May, 1850, located at Trevor- ton and engaged in the carpenter and building business. He built all the public and a large number of the private buildings of that town erected previous to 1863, among which were the Methodist and Baptist churches, the Trevorton House, Foulds' Hotel, Patton's building, and Edward Helf enstein's residence. In 1852, in connection with Jacob Gass, he built the first coal breaker at Trevortbn. While a resident of Trevorton he filled the office of justice of the peace, and served upon the school board for a number of years. In 1863 Mr. Heim located at Bear Valley and built for Stephen Bittenbender the Burnside colliery, and in the following year he leased the Bear Valley colliery, which he operated until November, 1877, when he sold his lease to the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. In 1869-70 he built the George Fales colliery on the lands of the ShamoMn and Bear Valley Coal Company, near Bear Valley colliery. In 1869 he purchased a one-half interest in the Monitor colliery at Locust Gap from E. B. Douty and completed the colliery, and in September, 1870, sold it to George W. John & Brother, of St. Clair, Pennsylvania. In 1872 he located in ShamoMn, and in 1880, in connection with W. L. Shaffer, cashier of the Girard Bank of Philadelphia, and William and Thomas Audenried, he built a colliery at Black Ridge, near Hazelton, Luzerne county, which they operated until 1882, under the namie of the Black Ridge Coal Company. Mr. Heim has been identified with many of the public and private enter- prises of Shamokin. He is vice-president of the Shamokin Banking Com- pany, and was one of its corporators. He is also superintendent and one of the board of directors of the Shamokin Manufacturing Company, and super- intendent and secretary of the Shamokin Gas Light Company. He was married in 1849 to Barbara, daughter of George Kester, of Montour county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have had seven children, three of whom are living; Arthur William, merchant tailor, Reading, Pennsylvania; David W., teller of the Shamokin Banking Company, and Charles F., of the Shamo- kin Manufacturing Company. Mr. Heim is a member of Sunbury Lodge, F. & A. M. ; he is also one of the oldest surviving members of the Shamokin Methodist Episcopal church, and one of the trustees and stewards of that society. At the time of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania he enlisted in the Trevorton Guards, which were known as Company K, Eighteenth Pennsyl- vania Militia. Politically he is a Republican, and a gentleman of broad views, liberal principles, and commendable enterprise. R. S. Atjoker, real estate dealer and builder, was born in Union, now Snyder county, Pennsylvania, July 6, , 1839, son of Emanuel and Hannah 906 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. (Snyder) Aucker, natives of Pennsylvania of German descent. He v^as reared upon the homestead farm, and received only such schooling as could be obtained at the log school houses of that period. He learned the carpen- ter and mill Wright trades, vrhich he foUovred until 1865, when he located in Shamokin and engaged in contracting and building with one apprentice; this, however, soon developed into one of the largest firms of the kind in the county, erecting as many as fifty houses in one year. In 1872 Mr. Aucker established a furniture and undertaking business, which he carried on until 1888, when he sold it to his brother, J. S. Aucker, and T. H. Paul, two of his employees. In February, 1882, he organized the firm of Aucker, Slayman & Company, taking into partnership two of his former workmen, C. J. Slayman and Joseph W. Kessler. This firm has since conducted an extensive business and erected many of the best public and private buildings in Shamokin. Among these are the Garfield school house, C. C. Leader's block, the Globe building, the new addition to the Reformed church, and the private residences of C. Q. Mc Williams and George O. Martz. Since the organization of the firm of Aucker, Slayman & Company, Mr. Aucker has given his attention principally to the management of his large real estate interests. He was married, December 25, 1862, to Mary, daughter of "\Vil- loughby Walt, of Georgetown, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of three living children: Ida, wife of M. G. Keager, a merchant of Shamokin; Emma E., and Mary E. Mr. Aucker has been a member of the borough council and school board, also president of the West Ward Building and Loan Association, and one of its directors for fifteen years. He is a member of St. John's Reformed church, and has filled the office of dea- con and elder eighteen years. Politically he is a Democrat. Twenty-five years ago Mr. Aucker established himself in Shamokin, and by hard work, energy, and enterprise he has succeeded in building up one of the finest business interests in the county, and is to-day one of Shamoldn's prominent and most respected citizens. John Mullen, proprietor of the Shamokin Iron Works, and president of the First National Bank, is a son of Thomas and Mary (Mongey) Mullen. natives of Ireland, who immigrated to Port Carbon, Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, in 1831, where our subject was born, February 27, 1838. At the age of ten he began working in a foundry at Port Carbon, and afterwards learned the machinist trade with T. H. Winterstein of the same place. In 1868 he became a member of the firm of Allison & Company, of Port Carbon, which continued only a short time when the works were burned. He then served as foreman of Allison & Bannan until 1870, when he came to Shamo- km and in partnership with David Hufman leased the Shamokin Iron Works and commenced business under the name of Mullen & Hufman. In 187-1 Ste- phen Bittenbender became a member of the firm, and the present shops were erected. On the death of Mr. Hufman in 1876 his interest was purchased by BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 907 his partners and the firm changed to John Mullen & Company. In 1880 Mr. Mullen bought out Bittenbender, and in April, 1889, took his son Thomas into partnership, when the name of John Mullen & Son was adopted. They manufacture all kinds of mining machinery, and the Allison Patent Cataract Steam Pump. Mr. Mullen is recognized as one of the most enterprising, substantial, and useful citizens of Shamokin. He is president of the First National Bank, a director and treasurer of the Shamokin Electric Illuminating Company, a director of the Shamokin Gas Light Company, president of the Shamokin Coal and Coke Company of May-Beury, West Virginia, vice-president of the Shamokin Building and Loan Association, a stockholder in the West Ward Building and Loan Association, a member of the Home Building and Loan Association, president of the Shamokin Powder Company, a charter member of the Shamokin Steam Heating Company, treasurer of the Driving Park Association, and a director in the Shamokin Manufacturing Company. He also takes an active interest in public affairs, and served in the borough council in 1884 and 1885. In politics he is a Republican. On the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers for the three months' service, and served until the expiration of his term. Mr. Mullen was married, September 3, 1861, to Miss Mary O'Brien, of Herkimer county. New York. Seven children are the fruits of this union: Thomas; Mary, wife of C. McCarthy, of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania; Will- iam; Nellie; Edward; Charley, and Lettie. The whole family are members of St. Edward's Catholic church. Possessing unbounded energy, a sound knowledge of his business, and commendable pluck, Mr. Mullen has arisen, unaided, from comparative obscurity to a foremost place in the financial and material progress of his adopted home. Imbued with rare enterprise and public spirit, and of strict integrity in all the affairs of life, he has won an enviable position among the prominent business men of Northumberland county. • HoLDEN Chester, superintendent of the Union Coal Company, was bom in Vermont, September 30, 1833, son of Joseph and Hannah Chester. His parents dying when he was very young, the advantages of an education were denied him. He began life in the mines at the age of nine years, and con- tinued at the same until fourteen years old, when he went to Tamaqua, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and apprenticed himself to the blacksmith trade, serving six years. In 1861 he enlisted in Company L, Third Pennsyl- vania Cavalry, and served three years ; his service during the last six months was as a veterinary surgeon, acting under a commission from the Secretary of War. At the close of his term of enlistment he returned to Dauphin county, built the Williamstown colliery, and was outside superintendent eight years. In March, 1873, he located at Shamokin as the superintendent of the Min- eral Railroad and Mining Company, which position he occupied until 1880, 908 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. when he was made general superintendent of the Lykens Valley Coal Com- pany, and filled that position until 1885, and was then appointed superin- tendent of the Union Coal Company. Mr. Chester is one of Shamokin's enterprising and progressive citizens, and has been identified with many of its public and private improvements. He is president of the Arc and Edison Electric Light Companies, also president of the Shamokin Gas Light Com- pany, and one of the board of directors of the Shamokin Water Company. He has always taken great interest in educational matters, and while a resi- dent of Dauphin county served as school director. He is a member of MiUersburg Lodge, F. & A. M., and is an attendant of the Presbyterian church and one of the trustees of the Shamokin congregation. In politics he is a Republican. Mr. Chester married, in 1857, Christina Wilson, a native of Scotland. During the Rebellion Mr. Chester was noted as a brave and efficient soldier, and served his country well in the hour of danger. Since coming to Shamokin he has had charge of a large number of collieries, and managed them in a very efficient manner. But on account of ill health and the laborious work which they imposed, necessitating his absence from home a great deal, he gave up the two large collieries in Dauphin county. He has always been held in the highest esteem by his employees, and, there- fore, has been very successful in the management of the large interests which he superintends. Mr. Chester is recognized as the soul of honor and integrity, and has won an enviable reputation among his business cotem- poraries. Darlington R. Ktjlp, lumber dealer, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, November 29, 1826, son of Christian and Catharine (Renninger) Kulp, natives of Pennsylvania, the former from Montgomery and the latter from Berks county. Both spent their lives in the eastern part of the State, dying at the ages of seventy-three and eighty-three years, respectively. Our subject grew up near Pottstown, Montgomery county, and received a limited education. He'learned the carpenter trade and in early manhood began the lumber business which he has followed up to the present. Mr. Kulp was married, October 5, 1851, to Elizabeth, daughter of George and SaUie (Houck) Gilbert, of Montgomery county. She was born in New Hanover, Montgomery county, and by her marriage to Mr. Kulp is the mother of twelve children, eight of whom are living: Zipporah, wife of Chester B. Thomas, of Shamokin; Joanna Catharine, widow of Edwin Shuman; Mon- roe H; Clayton A.; Ella J.; Chester G. ; Howard C, and Gilbert G., all residents of Shamokin. In October, 1867, Mr. Kulp removed to Shamokin and continued the lum- ber business in partnership with D. S. Shultz and William B. Bechtel, under the firm name of Shultz, Bechtel & Company. In 1869-70 he operated the Ben Franklin colliery under the name of .Kulp, Bechtel & Company. In July, 1871, he joined Matthias Emes and the firm of Kulp & Ernes continued BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 909 about six years, when the latter was succeeded by Isaac F. Stetler. On the 1st of May, 1878, 0. Q. McWilliams purchased Stetler's interest and the firm name became Kulp & McWilliams. In 1879 they added ice and brick to the lumber business, and carried on all three until January 1, 1882, when W. C. McConnell became a member of the firm. Kulp, McWilliams & Com- pany dissolved partnership, August 15, 1886, Mr. Kulp retaining the lumber business, which he has ever since followed successfully. In connection therewith he has purchased a large amount of timber lands, which he has cut the timber from and converted into farms, now owning ten farms in this and neighboring counties. In the spring of 1886 Mr. Kulp and his eldest son, Monroe H., opened a general mercantile store under the firm name of D. E. Kulp & Son, which they conducted about three years and then sold to J. O. Keeler. He has taken a prominent interest in the development of Sha- mokin, and was the first president of the Roaring Creek Water Company, and a director in the Shamokin Water Company. Politically a Whig and a Republican, he has always taken an active interest in the success of his party. He has served in the borough council and as poor director of Coal district. At the time of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania he was one of those loyal emergency men who responded to the call of his country in her hour of danger. Though reared in the German Reformed church he has affiliated with the Lutheran church since coming to Shamokin., He is a member of Elysburg Lodge, No. 414, and Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, F. & A. M. Mr. Kulp is recognized as a progressive, enterprising citizen, and an upright, honest man. Maktin Mabkle, proprietor of Eagle Run brewery, was born at Werlhim, Ob Balingen, Konigreich Wiirtemberg, Germany, February 12, 1835, son of George and Barbara (Souter) Markle. His father held a civil office under the government forty years. Mr. Markle was educated in the common schools, and remained upon the homestead farm until seventeen years of age. In April, 1852, he immigrated to the United States, arriving in New York, April 23d, where he remained only a brief time. , He then removed to Slat- ington; Northampton county, Pennsylvania, and found employment with the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, as lock tender, where he remained nineteen years. In 1862 he engaged in operating a general store at the lock, which is known to-day as Markle's lock. Mr. Markle located at Sha- mokin, December 1, 1871, and purchased the JohnB. Douty brewery in* Coal township, in which business he has since been successfully engaged. He was married, June 17, 1852, to Helena, daughter of Casper Eith, a native of Germany, by which union they have seven children: Hannah, wife of Pius Schweibenz; William M. ; Amandus; Helen, wife of Daniel Stahl; George F. ; Sarah, wife of Charles Tretter, and Cecelia. Mr. Markle is a member of the Lutheran church, and in his political affiliations he is a stanch Democrat. He is one of the most enterprising and progressive 910 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. citizens of his adopted home, is a director of the First National Bank, and a • director and treasurer of the Shamokin Street Railway Company. Upright and honest in all his dealings, Mr. Markle has won the respect and confi- dence of a large circle of the leading business men of this section of the State. Geoege Maeshall was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, September 23, 1847, son of George W. and Esther G. (Bowen) Marshall, who are now residents of Shamokin. He was reared and educated in his native city, where he lived until March, 1866, when, at the solicitation of his uncle, the late William H. Marshall, he came to Shamokin, and in partnership with Thomas M. Helm engaged in the flour and feed business, which they carried on six years- He then sold his interest to Mr. Helm and the following year went into the planing mill and lumber trade, which he conducted successfully up to May, 1890, when he disposed of his mill interest to his brother. "While in this business he did considerable contracting and building and erected many of the best buildings in the town, including the Presbyterian church and chapel. Hotel Vanderbilt, Boston block, and the Oram and Helm block. For several years he has been largely interested in real estate, and has done much in building up his adopted home. Mr. Marshall was married in Sep- tember, 1875, to Maggie, daiighter of Alexander Fulton of Shamokin. Two children, William H. and Ann Farr, both of whom are deceased, were the fruits of this union. Mrs. Marshall died in January, 1878, and in June, 1885, he married Libbie Fulton, a sister of his first wife, and they are the parents of three children: Elizabeth F. ; George, and Alexander. On the death of his uncle in 1878, Mr. Marshall was chosen to succeed him as treasurer of the Sha- mokin Cemetery Company, and has filled that office to the present time. Politically he is a Eepublican, and has been twice elected a member of the bor- ough council. The family adhere to the Presbyterian faith. Mr. Marshall is an active, enterprising business man, foremost in advocating and assisting m works of public improvement, and is recognized as one of the prominent and successful citizens of Shamokin. F. T. Eeed, builder and contractor, is the senior member of Eeed & Faust. He is a son of Moses and Maria (Kantner) Eeed, natives of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and was born at Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1845. His education was obtained at the public schools. He learned the carpehter trade, which business he followed at various places until 1870. In this year he located at Shamokin, working for William Moore, Samuel Yost, Lewis & Ogden, and Joseph Wildman for several years, when he accepted the position of foreman of George Marshall's planing mill, which position he filled until 1885, when, in connection with Daniel Faust, their present firm was established, and they are now among the leading builders of the coimty. Since they commenced business they have erected over two hun- dred private residences in Shamokin, and several public buildings, including ■'"'fc'^ -l^na:-l->yT&Kc-ma.TLl^y- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 911 the Grand Army opera house. In 1868 Mr. Eeed was united in marriage with Rebecca, daughter of John Dress, of Schuylkill county, and by this union they had ten children, nine of whom are living: Alice, wife of Jacob Evans; Adelia; John; Eobert; Sallie, deceased; Frank; Bessie; Edna; Nel- son, and Clara. Mr. Reed enlisted in Company C, Twenty-seventh Penn- sylvania Militia, and served until discharged. He is one of Shamokin's en- terprising and liberal citizens, and in politics is a Democrat. J. S. AucKEB, of the firm of Aucker & Paul, furniture dealers and under- takers, was born near Selinsgrove, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, July 25, 1847, son of Emanuel and Hannah (Snyder) Aucker. He attended the dis- trict schools and the Freeburg Academy, and was occupied with farming until 1866, when he removed to Shamokin and learned the carpenter trade with his brother, R. S. Aucker, in which he was engaged several years. In 1871 he and F. D. Heckard established the furniture and undertaking business, and were succeeded by R. S. Aucker. Between the years 1873 and 1888 our subject was engaged in undertaking, selling and manufacturing furniture, and house-building for his brother, and in teaching school at his birth-place, in Michigan, and in Shamokin. In 1888, in partnership with T. H. Paul, he purchased the furniture business of R. S. Aucker, and the firm of Aucker & Paul are now conducting two furniture stores in Shamokin. Mr. Aucker was married in 1878 to Sallie, daughter of Daniel Deibler of Shamokin, and by this ixaion they have had four children: Edna V. ; Grace A. ; Ira E., and Nel- lie H. Mr. Aucker is a member of St. John's Reformed church, is a Demo- crat in politics, and is a member of the Shamokin school board. T. H. Paul, of the firm of Aucker & Paul, furniture dealers and under- takers, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, May 20, 1854, son of Samuel and Catharine (Haas) Paul. When he was twelve years old his parents removed to Mt. Carmel, where they remained four years, and then located in Shamokin. He attended the common schools and worked in the mines until he was eighteen years old, learned the carpenter trade with R. S. Aucker, and followed the business four years. He then embarked in the grocery business, at which he continued four years. He subsequently took charge of the furniture business of R. S. Aucker, which position he filled until February, 1888, when, in connection with J. S. Aucker, they purchased the business, and are now conducting two stores in Shamokin. Mr. Paul was married in 1875 to Sophia Fry, of Shamokin, and by this union they have three children: Mazie; Lily, and Halen. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 664, I. O. O. F., and of Camp 30, P. O. S. of A., and is past State vice-president. In 1889 he was elected a member of the school board of Shamokin. He is a member of St. John's Reformed church, and politically a Republican. C. J. Slayman, of Aucker, Slayman & Company, builders and lumber dealers, was bom in Catawissa, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, January 21, 912 HISTOEY OP NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 1850, son of Jacob and Margaret (McClow) Slayman, natives of Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, who removed to Elysburg, Pennsylvania, where our subject was reared and educated. He was engaged at farming until 1868, when he came to Shamokin and learned the carpenter trade, at which he worked nine years. He was then employed by Peter Yocum, of Bear Gap, as a clerk, two years, after which he returned to Shamokin and worked at his trade one year with E. S. Aucker, when the firm of Aucker, Slayman & Company was formed. He was married, March 3, 1873, to Amelia, daughter of Joel Engle, of Georgetown, Pennsylvania, and to this union six children have been born: Carrie E. ; Maggie E. ; Annie A.; Ida G. ; Franklin C, and Effie C. Mr. Slayman is a member of the Methodist church, and one of its trustees; he is also a director of the West "Ward Building and Loan Association. Politically he is a Republican. He is one of the best known business men of Shamokin, and is an active member of the largest building firm in the county. Joseph W. Kessler, of the firm of Aucker, Slayman & Company, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1849, son of John M. and Elizabeth (Wolfgang) Kessler. He was reared and learned the carpenter's trade in his native county. In 1871 he came to Shamokin and found em- ployment with R. S. Aucker, with whom he remained four years. He then spent some time in Ohio and Indiana, after which he again found employ- ment with Mr. Aucker. In 1875 he accepted a position as foreman for B. Cooper, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he remained eight months, when he located at Kansas City, Missouri, and was engaged as foreman for J. F. Whitson, and subsequently engaged in business there with J. W. Werst. In February, 1882, he disposed of his interest and returned to Shamokin to ac- cept a partnership in the firm of Aucker, Slayman & Company, at which time that firm was organized. Mr. Kessler was married in March, 1876, to Polly daughter of Joel Engle, of Georgetown, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have had six children: Katie, deceased; Irwin; Sadie; Cora; Bessie, deceased, and Annie. Mr. Kessler is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics is a Republican. John A. Yost, proprietor of Rock Street planing mill, was born in Sha- mokin, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 6, 1855, son of Daniel and Sarah L. (Hoover) Yost. His education was received at the public schools; he learned the carpenter trade, which he followed with his father until May, 1889, when he established his present business, and engaged in the manufacture of doors, sash, blinds, and all kinds of molding, giving employment to eight men. Mr. Yost was married to Sarah J., daughter of Joseph P. and Soj)hia (Startzel) Kaseman, of Shamokin township, and they are the parents of four children: Edna L. ; Lillian G. ; Myrtle M., and Ralph E. Politically Mr. Yost is an ardent Democrat, and is a member of St. John's Reformed church. He is one of the pushing young business men of Shamo- kin, and commands the respect of his fellow-citizens. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 913 Edmund Moeoan, lumber dealer, was born in Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1838, son of Thomas and Catharine (White) Morgan. He was educated in the public schools of his native town, and worked at the carpenter trade in various places until 1875, when he located in Shamokin and followed the teaming business for three years. He then embarked in his present business, and has since been engaged in fur- nishing prop-timber for mine work. Mr. Morgan was married, June 18, 1863, to Eebecca, daughter of Ezra Cockill, of Schuylkill county. Nine children have been born of this union: Harvey; Frank; Edmund; Ezra; Thomas; Albert; Annie; Ef&e, and Cressy. Politically he is a Republican. In his early life he was deprived of many opportunities accorded to other young men, but by energy, self-application, and ceaseless activity he has suc- ceeded in establishing a lucrative business. He employs fifteen horses and seven or eight men of his own, besides giving employment to a large number of men and teams. In his community Mr. Morgan is respected for his in- tegrity and straightforward business character. Adam J. Gotshall, president and manager of the Shamokin Lumber Company, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 16, 1855, son of Philip and Sarah (Yeager) Gotshall. He was reared in Columbia and Schuylkill counties, and learned the car- penter trade at Ashland, Pennsylvania. In 1872 he came to Shamokin and engaged with the Mineral Railroad and Mining Company, in whose employ he remained until 1880, when he began contracting for himself, building for the Union Coal Company new breakers at the following collieries : Hickory Swamp, Luke Fidler, Cameron, and Hickory Ridge; also new breakers for William H. Douty at the Garfield colliery, and the new coal crusher at the Mt. Pleasant coUiery for the Pennsylvania Crush Coal Company in West- moreland county, Pennsylvania, and several hundred private buildings in Shamokin. In 1889 he organized and obtained the charter for the Shamokin Lumber Company for the purpose of manufacturing lumber, and they have two mills in operation in Centre county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Gotshall was married in 1877 to Matilda F. Fritz, and by this union they have six chil- dren: Mary; Edward; Holden; Ida; Jennie, and Mabel. In politics Mr. Gotshall is a Republican, and is a member of the Lutheran church. H. Floyd, plumber and steam fitter, was born in Hayle, Cornwall, Eng- land, September 23, 1844, son of William and Elizabeth (Hendrew) Floyd. His early life was spent in his native town, where he learned the .trade of machinist. In 1864 he, in company with his cousin, emigrated to this coun- try, locating at Locust Gap, where he obtained employment in the mines under Superintendent Benjamin Chellew, who was his uncle, where he remained six months. He then obtained employment sharpening tools for the workmen at that time excavating the deep cut on the Reading railroad at Locust Gap, after which he went to Centralia, where he worked on inside 914 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. repairs in the Morris Ridge colliery. He next obtained work sharpening tools for the workmen driving the tunnel at Bell Tunnel mines under the late Richard Curnow, who soon promoted him to running the saw mill. The next position filled by Mr. Floyd was breaker engineer for John Gable of the Reliance colliery, which he filled one year, when he obtained a situation in the new foundry and machine shops at Mt. Carmel. On account of dull- ness in the business he sought employment at Catasauqua, and was given work at blacksmithing in the Frederick Car Works. In a short time he was sent for to return and take charge of the engine at the Reliance colliery, which position he held until he was given the breaker engine at the Lan- caster colliery. At this period he located at Shamokin, where he has since resided, some nineteen years. He was offered a position in the machine shops of the late John Shipp, and was placed in charge of the machine work of the Helfenstein breaker. After completing the work he was outside fore- man, and afterwards superintendent of the colliery, remaining here a year. He was then employed by Fisher & Medlar, who had purchased the Shipp works, and afterward worked at Mullen & Hufman's Shamokin Iron Works, the Northern Central railway round-house shop, and the railroad shops at Marysville and Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Returning to Shamokin he did gas-fitting for the Shamokin Gas Company, and subsequently was appointed superintendent. Mr. Floyd then opened a small shop for himself, and by the assistance of C. P. Helfenstein and William Douty, the foundation of a large and lucrative business was laid. He is the inventor of a steam boiler for heating purposes, and of many other inventions and improvements. He was married in 1867 to Amanda, daughter of Abram Keiper, of Shamokin, and by this union they have had ten children, five of whom are living: Will- iam A. ; Christiana; Edward; Loretta, and Caulder M. Mr. Floyd has been a member of the school board, in which he has filled the office of president. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, and Prince of Peace Commandery, of Ashland, Pennsylvania. Politically he is a Republican. Mr. Floyd has succeeded in building up the largest business of its kind in the county, the entire capital at the start being energy and a determination to succeed. C. J. Lessig, paper hanger and decorator, was born in Pottstown, Mont- gomery county, Pennsylvania, February 14, 1849, son of Michael and Har- riet (Smith) Lessig. He received a common school education, learned the trade of painter and paper hanger in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, removed to Pottsville in 1871, and was occupied at his trade until 1881, when he located at Shamokin, established the firm of Lessig & Larer, and engaged in the bus- iness of paper hanging and decorating. In 1884 he purchased his partner's interest, and has since continued the business alone. Mr. Lessig was the second to open a store of this kind in Shamokin, and by close attention to business has succeeded in establishing a lucrative trade. He was married BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 915 July 17, 1875, to Clara, daughter of Isaac Hummel, of Pottsville, Pennsyl- vania, and by this union they have had four children: Maud, Claude, and Emma, all deceased, and Clara. Mr. Lessig is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., and Shamokin Chapter, No. 264; he is also a member of the P. O. S. of A., Camp No. 149. In politics he is a Eepublican, and in religious faith a member of St. John's Reformed church. William Hemingeay, son of John and Ann (Ellis) Hemingray, was born in the village of Heage, Derbyshire, England, in the year 1827. He was brought up as a miner, the occupation pursued by his father, and at the early age of eight years commenced work at the Morley Park colliery, carrying candles for the miners at the wages of six pence per day. From this he was promoted to the position of driver and iinally became a miner, having passed through all the intermediate positions. In 1846 he immigrated to the United States and settled in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, working at various collieries. In 1850 he married Rebecca Chaundy, of Schuylkill county, and to this union were born two children: William, a colliery engineer, and Eliz- abeth, deceased. Our subject soon became a foreman of the mines, which position he filled until 1873, when he was appointed mine inspector for the Third district, embracing the collieries of Northumberland, Columbia, and Dauphin counties, and a portion of Schuylkill county, and located in Sha- mokin, where he has since resided. This position he filled successfully for a term of five years. His excellent judgment and familiarity with the mines specially fitted him for this service. Upon his retirement from inspector of the mines, he was employed by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company to assume charge of their iron ore mines on the Hudson river. He was afterwards engaged for several years developing and opening coal mines in Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. Mr. Hemingray is a well-read and intelligent man, and has a warm regard for his adopted coiuitry. He is a member of the borough school board from the Fifth ward, and, though not favored in his early days with more than six months' schooling, is an earnest friend of the school system. William Booth was born in Yorkshire, England, February 18, 1839, son of James and Mary A. Booth. In 1848 his parents immigrated to this country and located at Llewellyn, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and in 1855 removed to Shamokin, where the father obtained the position of breaker engineer at the Lambert colliery. He was a painter and stonemason by trade, but after coming to this country, and while a resident of Schuylkill county, was engaged in farming, and was employed upon the construction of the railroad bridges of the Minersville and Westwood railroad in 1839. He died in 1858; his widow survived him until 1878. They were the parents of ten children, three of whom died in infancy. Those living are: Sarah A., wife of Henry Van Gasken; Aquilla ; Mary ; Hannah, wife of T. J. Jones; James, of Virginia; Joseph, deceased, and William. The subject of this 918 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. educated at the old Ringgold school, at Moyamensiiig, Philadelphia. At t age of fourteen he entered the employ of Brown, Potter & Company, dry goo merchants of that city, in whose employ he remained eighteen months, wh he accepted a position with the firm of Rowley, Ashburner & Company, comm: sion merchants, with whom he remained two years. He then apprentic himself to learn the trade of gold and silver spectacle frame making, which he served four years, and at the expiration of that time followed it an occupation four years, after which he was engaged on government wo of various kinds. In 1864 he accepted a position with J. C. Thompson's cc commission house, where he remained one year. He then took charge of t paper department of the American Bank Note Company under his fath< who was superintendent of tlie printing department, which position he fill two years. At the expiration of that time Mr. Richardson accepted the poi tion of superintendent and paymaster of the Luke Fidler colliery, and toi up his residence in Shamokin. In the spring of 1871 he was offered ai accepted a position with the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphi where he remained six months, and then returned to Shamokin to accept tl assistant paymastership with the Mineral Railroad and Mining Compan organized the previous spring, which he filled three years, when he w advanced to his present position. Mr. Richardson's early political afiiliatioi were with the Republican party, but for the last eighteen years he has be( a Democrat, and while he has neijer aspired to public ofiice he has giv( much valuable assistance to the furtherance of his party's interests, and is zealous exponent of the principles of the Democracy. He is president of tl Building and Loan Association of Shamokin, and past master of Shamok Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. In his religious belief he is an Episcopalia and a member of Trinity church of Shamokin, of which he is junior warde Mr. Richardson has been thrice married; his first wife was Sallie E., daug] ter of Jacob Weaver, of Philadelphia, to whom he was married in 1861 ; si died in 1874. By this marriage five children were born, all of whom a: deceased. His second wife was Lena Abel, of Lebanon, Pennsylvania, whom he was married in 1876 ; she died in January, 1877. To this marriaj was born one child, deceased. He subsequently married Ella J., daughter ( the late R. B. Douty, who has borne him three children: Holden C; Charh E., and Florence E. Veby Rev. John Joseph Koch, vicar-general of this diocese, and pastor i St. Edward's Catholic church of Shamokin, was born in the Province of Lo raine, France, Febraary 5, 1840, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Frai cois) Koch, natives of the same Province. He was educated at the College i Pont-a-Mousson, on the river Moselle, near Nancy, Lorraine, where he grac uated, August 1, 1857. He afterwards made his course of philosophy an theology at the Seminary of Nancy. In May, 1862, he came to Philadelphi Pennsylvania, and entered the Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo. On tl (s^^^oOJM^rd^^ c.^' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 921 28th of February, 1863, he was ordained priest by Bishop Wood of that dio- cese, and appointed assistant of St. Patrick's church of Philadelphia, and subsequently assistant chaplain of the government hospital in the same city. In November, 1863, Father Koch became pastor of St. Joseph's church at Milton, Pennsylvania, and had charge of five churches and fifteen stations. Under his pastorate the debts of St. Joseph's were paid, the building repaired, and other substantial improvements carried out. While at Milton he had charge of St. Hubert's congregation of Danville, Montour county, and erected its present church. He also built a church at Cascade, Lycoming county, attended the Sunbury and Trevorton congregations, and completed the church and paid ofp the debt at the latter place. His mission extended from Kalston, Lycoming county, to Georgetown, Northumberland county, and embraced four counties. In August, 1866, Shamokin was organized into a parish, with Trevorton, Locust Gap, and subsequently Mt. Carmel, as missions. Bishop Wood ap- pointed Father Koch its first pastor, and he assumed control the second Sun- day in September, 1866. With characteristic energy he applied himself towards building up the spiritual and material interests of his parish. An old place of worship was soon after torn down and erected on Shamokin street, on a corner lot purchased at a cost of three thousand four hundred dollars. In 1869 additional land was bought, and the present parochial resi- dence, costing eight thousand five hundred dollars, was erected thereon. In the meantime the congregation had grown to such proportions that a new church became an imperative necessity. On the 14th of September, 1872, Father Koch laid the first stone in the foundation of the present impos- ing stone edifice, and May 23, 1873, the corner-stone was laid by Bishop O'Hara, of Scranton. Under Father Koch's personal supervision the work was pushed forward as rapidly as circumstances would justify, and on Christ- mas morning, 1873, he celebrated Mass in the basement of the new church. Through his persevering and vigorous management the building was brought to a successful completion, was dedicated, June 6, 1880, and stands as a monument to his zeal and devotion in the cause of his divine Master. In September, 187-t, St. Edward's parochial school was opened in the old church, which served the purpose until the completion of the present substantial brick school house in the autumn of 1884. St. Joseph's congregation at Locust Gap worshiped in the school build- ing until 1870, when Father Koch erected a church costing seven thousand eight hundred dollars, which was finished and dedicated, August 27, 1871. In 1872 he purchased four acres of land adjoining the village of Springfield for a cemetery, which was consecrated, and has since been used by the Catholics of this portion of the county. Few men, either as priest or citizen, are better known or more universally respected throughout this section of the State than the pastor of St. Edward's. S2 922 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Possessing unbounded enterprise and commendable public spirit, his aid has always been extended to every worthy object. As a faithful servant of Christ his voice has always been raised against wrong-doing, and its tones have never borne an uncertain ring. By kind words and charitable acts he has impressed himself upon the history of the coal region in a manner never to be forgotten, and from the little child to the gray-haired sire all mention his name with love and reverence. Rev. Flobian Klonowski, pastor of St. Stanislaus Catholic church, was born in West Prussia, August 25, 1845, son of John and Mary Klonowski. He was educated at Kawernik, West Prussia, and at Neustadt, near Danzig, and was ordained by Archbishop Ledochowski, now cardinal at Rome. He emigrated to this country, September 7, 1875, and located in New YorkCity> where he remained a few months. December 20, 1875, he was admitted to the Harrisburg diocese. His first appointment was as assistant of the Lykens Catholic church, where he remained from January 10, 1876, until July 13, 1876, when he took charge of the Shamokin Polish parish, which then included his present church and that at Mt. Carmel. His brother now has charge of the latter. Under Father Klonowski's pastorate many improve- ments have been made, and the church is in a flourishing condition. Since coming to Shamokin he has labored faithfully for the spiritual and mate- rial welfare of his people and his efforts have borne rich fruit. Rev. James W. Gilland, pastor of the Presbyterian church, was bom in An- trim township, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, November 24, 1853, son of Thomas and Susan (Conrod) Gilland. He attended the common schools of his native township, and in 1871 entered Ursinus College, CoUegeville, Montgomery coimty, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year and a half, taking a pre- paratory course for his entry into Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, which took place in 1873, and from which he graduated in 1877. He imme- diately entered Union Theological Seminary, New York City, and graduated in May, 1880. He was ordained and licensed by the Presbytery of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, called to Duncannon, Perry county, Pennsylvania, in January, 1881, and installed in June of the same year. He received a call to his present charge, February 20, 1884, and was installed pastor, May 29, 1884. Mr. Gilland married Mary, daughter of Edwin and Mary A. (Davis) Clark, and by this union has six children; Thomas O. ; James M. ; Edwin C; William D. ; Mary F., and Susan O. During the seven years that Mr. Gil- land has been pastor of the Shamokin church, gratifying prosperity has blessed his labors. He is an indefatigable student, a careful, conscientious, and popular pastor, and a fluent, logical, and impressive speaker. His wise and kindly advice has been strongly felt in the various channels of church work, while his denunciation of wrong-doing has been always outspoken and fearless, as becomes a faithful minister of the Gospel. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 923 Rev. Thomas J. Hackeb, late pastor of St. John's Reformed church, was born at Iiincoln, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1854, son of Levi and Harriet (Yagle) Hacker. He attended the public schools, and afterward took a course at Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Penn- sylvania. In 1876 he entered the Theological Seminary of the Reformed church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and graduated. May 10, 1879. He was licensed by the Lancaster Classis, June 5, 1879, ordained by the East Sus- quehanna Classis, June 17, 1879, and assumed charge of his present pastor- ate at that time. He was married in 1875 to Susan, daughter of William Meckley, of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have one child, Oswald W. Mr. Hacker is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., of Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, and Prince of Peace Command- ery, of Ashland, Pennsylvania, and is also a member of the P. 0. S. of A., Camp No. 30. Mr. Hacker is a popular divine of Shamokin, and labored here with good results until October, 1890, when he resigned and removed to Allentown, Pennsylvania. When he took charge of his pastorate in Shamokin, the congregation numbered one hundred seventy-six; under his ministration it increased to seven hundred members. William F. Haepel, superintendent of public schools, was born near Freemansburg, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, son of the Reverend Mark and Martha A. (Morgan) Harpel, natives of Philadelphia and Schuyl- kill county, Pennsylvania. His early education was obtained at the public schools of Lancaster county and Reading, Pennsylvania, and subsequently at the State Normal School at Millersville. In 1874 Mr. Harpel commenced teaching in Elizabeth township, Lancaster county, where he remained one year. He then received the appointment of principal of the second grammar school of Shamokin; in 1877 he was appointed principal of the first grammar school, and September 2, 1880, he was elected superintendent of schools, which position he has since filled. Mr. Harpel is a member of the Lutheran church, and politically is a Republican. John B. Savidge was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 11, 1840, son of John and Mary (Bloom) Savidge, natives of Chester and Northumberland counties. He was reared and educated in the common schools of the township, and completed his edu- cation at Doctor Huff's school in Sunbury, after which he was engaged in teaching in the schools of his native township and the county seat. He studied law with Simon P. Wolverton, of Sunbury, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. He located in Shamokin, and practiced his profession a few years, when he again commenced teaching in the public schools of Shamokin, and taught sixteen years. Since he has been a resident of Shamokin he has served in the offices of assessor and auditor. Mr. Savidge was married, October 13, 1864, to Isabella, daughter of Adam and Rachel (McCurtin) Row, of Lower Augusta township, who died, February 1, 1884. He again 924 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. married, January 14, 1886, Harriet, daughter of William and Mary Ann (Marsh) Telford, of Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Savidge is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. &. A. M., and Shamo- kin Chapter, No. 264. He is a member of the Lutheran church, and polit- ically a Democrat. Simon Cameron Wagensellee, postmaster of Shamokin and a member of the firm of Wagenseller & Haas, merchants, was born in Tamaqua, Schuyl- kill county, Pennsylvania, August 13, 1852, son of John N. and Sarah (Mc- Veagh) Wagenseller, natives of Chester county, Pennsylvania, both of whom are dead. Simon C. received a common school education, and spent three years at Holbrook's Military High School, Sing Sing, New York. At the age of seventeen he entered the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Compaliy at Sunbury, where he remained until the fall of 1877. He then came to Shamokin, and continued in the company's employ until August, 1882, when he embarked in the mercantile business, and has since built up and carried on a successful trade. Mr. Wagenseller was married, April 19, 1878, to Laura M., daughter of Stephen Bittenbender, one of the leading pioneers of Shamokin. Four children have been born of this union: Walter B., deceased; Harriet S. ; Sarah McVeagh, and Mary E. The family are connected with Trinity Evangelical Lutheran church. Politically Mr. Wagenseller is a Eepublican, and has filled the office of assistant burgess of Shamokin one term. On the 13th of August, 1890, he was appointed by President Harri- son postmaster of this borough; since taking charge of the office he has fitted it up in a first-class manner, and it now compares favorably with any office in this section of the State. He is a member of the Masonic order, and is a stockholder in the Shamokin Street Railway Company, the Shamokin Industrial Company, and the Home Building and Loan Association. David L. Sollenbeegee, editor and publisher of the Shamokin Weekly Times and the Daily Dispatch, was born in Silver Spring township, Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, October 14, 1853, son of Samuel S. and Mary A. (Lehn) SoUenberger. He is a descendant of a long-lived ancestry. His great- grandfather, John SoUenberger, was born in Lancaster couuty, Pennsylvania, in 1771, and died in Cumberland county in 1855, the subject of this sketch at- tending his funeral in his mother's arms. His grandfather, whose name also was John, was born in Lancaster county in 1793. Later in life he removed to the farm where his father died, and resided there until his death in 1878. The father of David L. was born in Cumberland county in 1830. He en- listed in the army and contracted consumption, from which he died in 1873, aged only forty-three years. Our subject, who was the only child of Samuel S. SoUenberger, spent his early life upon the homestead farm, and received such advantages as could be obtained in the common schools of the town- ship. In 1809 he was apprenticed to learn the printing business in the office of the Star of the Valley, published by J. B. Morrow at Newville BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. . 925 Pennsylvania, where he remained three years. His first situation after his apprenticeship was completed was upon the New York Tribune, where he remained only one night. He then found employment upon the Philadelphia Age until the spring of 1873, when he removed to Rock Island, Illinois, but remained there only, four weeks. He returned to the Philadelphia Age, where he was employed until June, 1873, and then accepted the position to set the advertising matter of the Pittsburgh Post, which place he held nearly four years. In 1877 Mr. SoUenberger settled at Watsontown, purchased the Record from J. J. Auten, and was its owner and publisher ten months, after which he purchased a half -interest in the Northumberland County Democrat, on which he was engaged until June, 1879. In September of the same year he bought the Lewistown True Democrat, which he conducted but a short time. In November, 1879, he purchased a half-interest in the Shamokin Times, and in October, 1883, established the Daily Times, which he conducted eleven months, when its publication was suspended. In November, 1886, he founded the Dispatch, which he has since edited in an able and satisfactory manner. Mr. SoUenberger married Annie A., daughter of John Brown, of Newville, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. They are the parents of four children: Erie G.; H. Pearl; Mary G., and Vida C. Politically Mr. SoUen- berger is a Democrat; he is a member of the I. O. 0. F., and one of the most popular citizens of Northumberland county. W. H. M. Obam, attorney at law, was born in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 6, 1842. His parents, John F. and Louisa (Farr) Oram, were natives of Philadelphia and Chester county, Pennsylvania, re- spectively. Our subject received his primary education in the public schools of his native city, and graduated from the Philadelphia high school. He then entered the law office of Daniel Dougherty, the distinguished lawyer and orator, under whom he pursued his legal studies two years, and after- wards spent one year in the office of John Hanna, a leading attorney of the same city. While pursuing his studies, he, in 1862, entered the University of Pennsylvania, and after a thorough course in the law department of that institution graduated in May, 1865. In the meantime, having passed a meritorious examination, he was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia, April 15, 1865. In May following he came to Shamokin, where his scholarly attainments and brilliant pleadings soon placed him in the front rank, and won for him a large practice. From boyhood his political affiliations have always been with the Repub- lican party, and up to within the last few years his time and talents were freely devoted to advocating and defending its principles and measures. In 1873 Mr. Oram was elected solicitor of the borough, and re-elected at various times, filling the office in all sixteen years. In 1876 he was the choice of his party in Northumberland county for State Senator, but, through an unfair combination of the other candidates, he was defeated. In 1877 he 926 HISTQEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. was appointed, by the United States comptroller of currency, receiver of the Northumberland County National Bank of Shamokin, and wound up its affairs. In 1881 he was a candidate for president judge, but by mutual agreement with the two other aspirants he withdrew from the contest. He was a popular candidate for Congress in 1884, but was defeated in the county convention. Since that time he has not sought political preferment, but has devoted all his energies to the duties of his profession. Mr. Oram was married, March 4, 1865, to Miss Lavina E., daughter of Joseph W. Jones, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Seven children have been born to this union, five of whom are living: Kate A.; Fannie V.; Lavina E. ; Clara, and John. The whole family, except the eldest daughter, who is an Episcopalian, are members of the Lutheran church of Shamokin. Following the footsteps of his able preceptor, Mr. Oram has become well versed in the many intricate phases of legal science, and is recognized as one of the most fluent and able advocates at the bar. He is an indefatigable student, and prepares his cases with the greatest care, supporting his con- clusions by the strongest precedents and authorities. Gifted with a natural command of language, and a master in analyzing human motives and pas- sions, his great influence over a jury renders him a very dangerous foe in a legal conflict. He is the oldest practicing attorney in Shamokin, and his large and constantly increasing business before the several courts of the State occupies nearly all his entire time and attention. He nevertheless watches and supports the march of public improvement, and is one of the most liberal and enterprising citizens of the county. Geokge W. Eyon, attorney at law and president of the Shamokin Banking Company, is descended from two of the most prominent pioneer families of Pennsylvania. His great-grandfathers, on both sides of the ancestral tree, served in the Continental army throughout the memorable struggle for inde- pendence, one of them attaining the rank of colonel and commissary of sub- sistence in General Wayne's division. The Eyon family had been residents of the Wyoming valley for nearly a century, when John Eyon, grandfather of our subject, removed from his birthplace in Luzerne county to his future home at Elkland, Tioga county. He soon rose to considerable prominence in public affairs. For eleven years he was the Democratic State Senator from the Tioga and Bradford district, and filled the office of associate judge of Tioga county fifteen years. While in the Senate he introduced and had passed by both Houses a resolution favoring the nomination of Andrew Jackson for President. Sixty years ago he was located at Milton, Northumberland county, as superintendent of the Pennsylvania canal, and his name as such may yet be seen cut on a stone in the lock at Shamokin dam, opposite Sunbury, under date of 1829. Our subject is a son of George L. and Hannah (Hammond) Eyon, the latter a descendant of the Connecticut Hammonds who were early settlers of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 927 Pennsylvania. He was born at Elkland, Tioga county, Pennsylvania, April 30, 1839. When he was ten years old his parents removed from Elkland to Lawrenceville, in the same county, and engaged in farming, and here George W. grew to manhood. He was educated in the Lawrenceville Academy, the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima, New York, and Eastman's Commercial College, Eochester, New York. After obtaining a good education he accepted a position as civil engineer on the Kenosha, Rockford and Eock Island rail- road, with headquarters at Eockford, Illinois, which he filled one year. In 1859 he went to Tamaqua, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he entered the office of his uncle, Judge James Eyon, and commenced the study of law. After two years spent in diligent application, he passed a creditable examina- tion, and was admitted to the bar at Pottsville, September 10, 1861. Soon after his admission he returned to Lawrenceville and engaged in the practice of his profession. In 1869 he located at Shamokin, where he soon built up and has since enjoyed a successful and lucrative practice. Politically Mr. Eyon adheres to the unswerving Democratic faith of his forefathers, and has always taken an active interest in the triumph of Demo- cratic measures and principles. In 1876 he was a delegate to the St. Louis convention which chose Tilden and Hendricks as the national standard bearers of the Democratic party. He was also a delegate to the two State conventions that put in nomination Heister Clymer and Judge Persing for the governorship. His influence in the councils of his party and his prom- inence at the bar, led, in 1881, to his nomination for the office of president judge of Northumberland county, and out of a poll of twelve thousand votes he was defeated by only two hundred nineteen. Mr. Eyon has always taken a prominent part in the development of the social and material interests of Shamokin. He drew the charter and was one of the corporators of the Shamokin Banking Company. He has also been a director of the bank since its organization, was the first president of that insti- tution, and was again elected to that position, January 20, 1891. He was one of the corporators of the Shamokin Gas Light Company, and has been treasurer of the company since 1874; he was one of the promoters and is now a director of the Shamokin Manufacturing Company, and is also a stock- holder in the water company. He has filled the office of borough solicitor several terms, and at all times exerted himself in the line of progress and public improvement. He was married, April 29, 1869, to Miss Phebe, daughter of the late William Huntzinger, of Schuylkill Haven, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, who has borne him a family of three children: William H. ; Lewis H., and Bessie. In religion Mr. Eyon adheres to the faith of his ancestors, that of the Presbyterian church, and in the congregation of that denomination in Sha- mokin he and his family are constant and regular in their attendance. He has 928 HISTORY OP NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. held the ofi&ce of trustee for a number of years and was a member of the building committee during the construction of the present handsome church edifice, to which he contributed very liberally of his means and gave much of his time and personal supervision; and to his judgment, careful and intelligent counsel, the Presbyterian church of Shamokin is greatly indebted for the successful consummation of this and other projects of its manage- ment, and in whose welfare Mr. Eyon is always keenly interested. He is held in high esteem for his many acts of unobtrusive charity, and the many worthy objects of benevolence which have had his substantial support and encouraging word. In his profession he is recognized as a safe, conservative counselor, well grounded in legal science ; a plain, logical, and convincing speaker, a man of excellent judgment, and a diligent student. He is one of the ablest and best known lawyers of the Northumberland county bar. Petee a. Mahon is one of the best known lawyers of the Northumber, land county bar. He was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, Novem- ber 11, 1849, son of Patrick and Catharine (Kelly) Mahon, natives of Ireland and residents of Schuylkill and subsequently of Northumberland county for many years. His father is dead, but his mother resides in Shamokin. His parents moved from Schuylkill county to Trevorton, Northumberland county, in 1850, and our subject received his early education in the public schools of that town. He afterwards attended Fryburg Academy and Wyoming Sem- inary, and then entered the law of&ce of his brother, James Mahon, a leading attorney of Scranton. He applied himself diligently to the study of his chosen profession, and in February, 1875, was admitted to the bar of Luzerne county. After a short practice in Scranton and Wilkesbarre, he came to Shamokin in 1875 and opened a law office. Mr. Mahon was then compara- tively unknown, but with the passing years he has gradually won a practice second to none in his adopted home, and is to-day recognized as the peer of any of his professional contemporaries. He has reason to feel proud of the fact that while yet one of the younger members of the bar he was chosen to fill the ofi&ce of district attorney in November, 1883. By close application to the duties of that office he won a high degree of success, and in 1886 was re-elected to the same position, which he filled continuously for a period of six years. During his ofiScial career his vigorous prosecution of offenders won for him the reputation of being "one of the best criminal lawyers in this section of the State." He seems to possess the faculty of discovering the strongest possible evidence in a case, weaving a legal network around the criminal, and then presenting the facts to the court and jiiry with logical precision and crushing force. In his pleadings before a jury he combines eloquence, withering sarcasm, and logical argument, while his Celtic mother wit is used with telling effect against opposing counsel and witnesses. He is equally strong in civil practice, and is always a safe, conservative, and hon- est counselor. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 929 While devoting his principal attention to his professional duties, Mr. Mahon yet finds the time to take an' active interest in the social and material progress of his home. He is a charter member and director of the Shamokin Street Eailway Company, the Electric Light and Power Company, and the Market House Company, and is always willing to lend his assistance to every worthy object. Mr. Mahon is one of the stalwart and influential Democrats of this sec- tion of the State, and has filled nearly all the political offices in bdth the county and district committees. Since entering political life he has devoted his time unsparingly to the best interests of his party, and is one of the ablest advocates and most sincere defenders of Democratic measures and principles within the local councils of the party. He was married in 1883, to Kate, daughter of Thomas and Mary (Egan) Maloney, natives of Ireland and subsequently residents of Ashland and Shamokin, Pennsylvania, and both deceased. Five children are the fruits of this union: Paul; Ida; Eliz- abeth; Catharine, and Leonard. The whole family are members of St. Ed- ward's Catholic church, in which faith Mr. Mahon was born and reared. U. F. John, attorney and capitalist, was born in Shamokin township (now Ealpho), Northttmberland county, Pennsylvania, October 15, 1835, sec- ond son of Samuel and Angelina John. He spent his early years on the homestead farm, and obtained such education as the common schools of that period afforded. He was engaged in farming and clerking until 1854, when he located at Mt. Carmel, and opened the first general store in that place, which he conducted two years. Being desirous of securing a more thorough education, he entered Greenwood Seminary, Columbia county, in 1857, and graduated from the Commercial College of York, Pennsylvania, in 1862. He then entered the law office of John B. Packer, of Sunbury, and was admitted to the bar, August 4, 1863. In the same year, in connection with his father, he located at Green Mountain, Mt. Carmel township, and engaged in the development of a colliery. He followed the coal business until the spring of 1870, when he removed to Shamokin and commenced the practice of his pro- fession. Mr. John was one of the original stockholders of the Shamokin Banking Company, and is one of its present directors. He was married, October 9, 1867, to Agnes, daughter of Jacob and Sarah Dundore, of Bead- ing, Pennsylvania. They are the parents of four children: Howard, de- ceased; Flora A.; Samuel, and Sarah I. In politics Mr. John is a stalwart EepubHcan, and is a member of Lima Lodge, F. & A. M., of Lima, Ohio. He has been very successful in accumulating property, and can be safely classed as one of the wealthiest citizens of Shamokin. Addison G. Mabb, attorney at law, was born at Lewisburg, Union county, Peimsylvania, January 24, 1844, son of Eev. Phineas B. and Mary (Graham) Marr. Our subject is a descendant of one of the pioneer families of Northumberland county. His paternal grandfather, William Marr, was 930 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. descended from the Marr-Erskin familj of England, and a pioneer of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. He subsequently settled upon land adjoining Milton, where he died. The father of Addison G. silent his early life upon the homestead, and received his education at Milton Academy and Princeton College, Neve Jersey, from which he graduated. As a minister of the Presbyterian church he was located at Milton, Shamokin, and Lewisburg, and died at the place last mentioned in 1874; his widow survives him and resides in Lewisburg. His family consisted of eleven children: Mary, wife of Dr. J. E. Barber, of Leadville; William A., attorney, of Ashland, Penn- sylvania; Henry S., attorney; Eev. James; Addison G. ; Margaret, wife of P. M. Barber, of Philadelphia; Helen W., wife of J. W. Crawford, of the same city; Henrietta, widow of William Lister; Carrie, deceased; Walter, de- ceased, and Kev. George, of Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch was educated at Randolph Academy, Lewisburg, and in 1862 entered Princeton College, and was graduated in 1866. He then commenced the study of law with J. B. Linn, Secretary of the Commonwealth, and was admitted to the bar in 1867. In August of the same year he located in Shamokin and prac- ticed law three years. He then engaged in the banking business under the firm name of A. G. & J. C. Marr; in 1871 it was merged into the Miner's Trust and Safe Deposit Company, which they operated until 1877, when he resumed the practice of his profession, which he has since followed. Mr. Marr filled the office of city solicitor three years. Politically he is a Demo- crat, and has served as chairman of the county committee four years. He was married, in 1871, to Maggie W., daughter of John W. Sheriff, of Lew- istown, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of two sons: William P. and A. Graham. William W. Eyon, attorney at law, was born in Lawrenceville, Tioga county, Pennsylvania, in 1857, son of George L. and Hannah (Hammond) Eyon. He received his education at the common schools and the Mansfield State Normal School, where he graduated in 1874. He then entered the law ofiice of his brother, George W. Ryon, of Shamokin, and was admitted to the bar in 1878. He practiced his profession a short time, when he was appointed deputy sheriff for three years, after which he resumed his pro- fession, and has since enjoyed a successful practice. He was married in 1882 to Miss Sue, daughter of Isaac May, Sr., and by this union they have one child, Charles A. Politically, Mr. Ryon is an ardent and influential Democrat, and is a leading member of St. Edward's Catholic church. W. E. ZiMMEBMAN, attorney at law, was born at Sunbury, Pennsylvania, August 22, 1857, son of Jeremiah H. and Harriet (Bright) Zimmerman. His early education was obtained at the public schools of Shamokin and the State Normal School at Millersville, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Zimmerman's early occupation was that of a teacher, filling that position in the schools of Shamokin ten years. In 1881 he commenced the study of BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 931 law under George W. Ryon; he was admitted to the bar at Sunbury in November, 1886, and immediately commenced the practice of his profession at Shamokin. Politically he is an ardent and prominent Democrat; he is a member of the Lutheran church, has been a member of its official board, and has charge of a large library connected with its Sunday school. While comparatively a young man Mr. Zimmerman is pushing his way in his pro- fession, and laying the foundation for a successful practice. J. W. Gillespie, attorney at law, was born in 1850, in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Anthony and Sarah (Foye) Gillespie. He received his early education at Shamokin, Trevorton, and at the Lewisburg high school. He then learned the cabinet maker's trade, which he followed as a business until the spring of 1884, when he went to Michigan, and entered the law office of Sawyer & Knowlton, of Ann Arbor, was admitted to the bar the same year, and graduated from the law department of the Michigan University in 1886. He practiced two years in the office of Sawyer & Knowlton, and in 1886 returned to this county and was admitted to practice, but soon after removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, where he remained two years. He then returned to Shamokin, where he has since continued to prosecute the duties of his profession. He was mar- ried in 1871 to Valeria, daughter of Silas Farrow, of Shamokin township, Northumberland county. To this union have been born two children: Lillian L and J. Malcolm Asbury. In 1889 he was elected city solicitor, which office he now fills. Politically he is a Eepublican. Edwin S. Eobins, physician and surgeon, was born in Elysburg, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, June 3, 1832, son of Dr. Joseph and Leah (Shindel) Robins, of that village. He grew up in Elysburg, receiving a common school education, and subsequently attended Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Returning from school in the autumn of 1851, he commenced reading medicine with his father. In 1852-53 he attended lectures at the University of Maryland, Baltimore; in 1853-54 he attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and was graduated, March 10, 1854. He commenced practice at Elysburg with his father, and in October, 1855, came to Shamokin and entered into partnership with his brother, Galen S. The latter died, October 9, 1856, and our subject con- tinued practice alone. For more than thirty -five years Doctor Robins has been one of the prominent and successful medical practitioners of his native county, and is one of the oldest and best known physicians of this section of the State. His long and successful practice of surgery has given him a wide reputation. He has successfully performed many of the most difficult amputations, and his professional skill in this field of practice has been in frequent demand. Doctor Robins served as surgeon of the Seventh National Guard of Pennsylvania for several years during Hartranft's administration. He has built up a large and lucrative practice, and stands in the front rank 932 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. of his profession. Doctor Robins was married, October 10, 1853, to Matilda, daughter of William Gulick, of Elysburg. Eight children are the fruits of this union, five of whom survive: Frank A.; Lizzie, wife of F. A. Thomas; Ella, wife of William Brice; Edwin S., and Josephine. The family are adherents of the Episcopal church, and in politics the Doctor is an ardent Democrat. He has been a member of the Masonic order twenty- five years, and is one of the popular citizens of Shamokin. D. S. HoLLENBACK, physician and surgeon, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 26, 1836, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Sherry) HoUenback. His early education was received at the common schools of the township and at Freeburg Academy. He then entered the office of Doctor Eyster, now of Sunbury, and graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in April, 1864-. He soon after entered upon the practice of his profession at Shamokin, where he has been actively engaged up to the present time, and enjoys a large and lucrative practice. He married Clara, daughter of Isaac Sober, of Shamokin town- ship, and they are the parents of one son, William W. The Doctor is an ardent Eepublican, but has never held any public office except director of the poor, which position he filled in 1876. He is a member of St. John's Reformed church of Shamokin, and one of the oldest and best known prac- titioners now in active practice in this part of the county. Chables W. Weaveb, physician, was born in Rush township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, August 23, 1840, son of Jesse Weaver, a well known resident of that part of the county. He received his education at the common schools and Sunbury Academy. In 1861 he enlisted in the Ninety- third Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until 1863, when he was dis- charged because of physical disability. In the autumn of 1863 he com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. E. S. Robins, of Shamokin, and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College in March, 1867. He has gradu- ally built up a good practice, but on account of failing health he is unable to devote his entire attention to professional duties. On the 9th of June, 1870, Doctor Weaver married Kate, daughter of George Heckert, a well re- membered citizen of Shamokin. By this union they are the parents of five living children: Margaret; Marion A.; Helen; Edith, and Ralph. Doctor Weaver has served in the borough council and on the school board, and is a member of Lincoln Post, G. A. R., Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., and the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics he is a stalwart Republican, and in November, 1890, he was the Republican candidate for county treasurer, when, though defeated, he ran largely ahead of his ticket. M. H. Haepel, physician, was born at Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania, Febru- ary 1, 1838, son of Mark and Martha (Morgan) Harpel. He was reared in the city of Philadelphia, Northampton and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania, and received his early education at the public schools. In 1861 he entered BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 933 the State Normal School at Millersville, Pennsylvania, where he completed his education. He then began the study of medicine with Dr. Joseph Baker, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and graduated from the Homoeopathic College of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1867. In the fall of the same year he commenced the practit3e of his profession in Shamokin, where he has since continued to reside. He is one of the present members of the school board, with which he has been connected ten years. Politically the Doctor is an independent voter; he is an adherent of the Masonic order, and is a member of the Lutheran church of Shamokin. He married Mary, daughter . of Nathan Haas, of Shamokin, and they are the parents of five children: Edward F. and Flora, both of whom are preparing for the medical profession ; William L. ; Frederick, and Howard. The Doctor is one of the leading physicians of the city, and one of its prominent citizens. E. L. Weight, physician, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, son of Humphrey and Mary (Cogan) Wright; he attended the public schools until his parents moved to Shamokin township, Northumberland county. A short course of private instruction under a former tutor enabled him to secure employment as a school teacher at Shenandoah, Schuylkill county, where he at once took up the study of medicine under Doctors Eeagan and McCrea. At the age of twenty he started for Ann Arbor, Michigan, to pur- sue a classical course in the university there, but before reaching his desti- nation, an unforeseen event compelled him to retrace his steps and return home. From thence he proceeded to Philadelphia, and entered Jefferson Medical College, graduating in March, 1869. He immediately commenced the practice of medicine at Shamokin, and through energy and perseverance he has established a large and lucrative practice. He was the first physician elected to the office of coroner of Northumberland county, and after serving six years in that office he abandoned politics altogether. In 1881 he was married in Philadelphia to Monica V., daughter of Robert Barr, and by this union they have four children: Alphonse; Vincent; Irene, and Mary. Polit- ically, the Doctor is a stanch Democratic, and both he and wife are members of St. Edward's Catholic church of Shamokin. F. A. Clahk, physician, was born in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, May 23, 1841, son of Franklin A. and Louisa (Eisely) Clark. He attended the pub- lic schools, after which he was occupied as a miner twelve years. August 20, 1861, he enlisted in Company K, Forty-sixth Pennsylv^ia Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of Cedar Mountain, second battle of Winchester, Chancellorsville, Antietam, and Gettysburg, and was with Sherman on his march from Atlanta to the sea. After the war he returned to Shamokin and resumed the occupation of miner. In the fall of 1866 he took charge of the drug department of his father's business, where he remained until 1875. He then began the study of med- icine with Dr. J. S. Hollenback; in the winter of 1876-77 he took a course of 934 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. lectures at Jefferson Medical College, and subsequently studied with Dr. O. M. Eobins, of Shamokin. In the spring of 1880 he graduated from Jeffer- son Medical College and at once began the practice of medicine in Shamokin. The Doctor is a member of Lincoln Post, No. 140, G. A. E., and of the P. 0. S. of A., Camp No. 187. Politically, he is a Eepublican. He married, in 1866, Mary Ellen Eaymond, who died in 1870, leaving two children: Louisa, deceased, and Harry. His second wife was Valeria Jacobs, who died in 1878, by whom he had two children, one of whom is living, Charles. He married for his third wife Mary Kerlin. Doctor Clark is one of the leading and respected physicians of his native town. E. A. Kennedy, physician, was born at Shamokin, August 12, 1853, son of William C. and Maria (Ammerman) Kennedy, natives of Lycoming and Northumberland counties, respectively. His early education was received at the public schools of his native town. In 1869 he entered Bucknell Univer- sity, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and graduated in June, 1873. He then accepted a position in Mount Pleasant Seminary, Boyertown, Pennsylvania, where he taught three years, and read medicine with Dr. S. M. Todd of the same place. He served one year in the Wilkesbarre hospital as resident physician; in 1881 he graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, and in May of the same year returned to Shamokin and commenced practice, where he has since been engaged in the active duties of his profession. He was married in 1882 to Sallie Magee, of Lycoming county, and they are the par- ents of three children, all of whom are dead. The Doctor is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, P. & A. M., and politically he is a Eepublican. F. D. Eakeb, physician, was born in Little Mahanoy township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, December 21, 1856, son of C. H. and Susannah (Dornsife) Eaker. He attended the township schools and the Elys- burg and Freeburg Academies, after which he was engaged in teaching in Washington township. In 1877 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. D. H. Dornsife, of Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Jeiferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in March, 1881. He located at Beaumont, Wyoming county, where he practiced medicine seven months. January 10, 1882, he removed to Shamokin, where he has since been in active practice. In 1889, in connection with Dr. David S. HoUenback, he estab- lished the drug business iinder the name of HoUenback & Eaker. He has served as county coj:oner, and has also been township physician for Coal township. Doctor Eaker was married in 1882 to Alvaretta Wirt, who died, June 19, 1885. On May 27, 1890, he married M. Ada, daughter of Joseph Deppen, of Mt. Carmel. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and of the 1. O. 0. P. In politics he is a Democrat, and is a member of the Lutheran church. John W. Bealoe, physician, was born in Perry county, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1854, son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Weibley) Bealor. He BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 935 received his early education at the common schools, and later entered the New Bloomfield Academy, from which he graduated. He then commenced the study of medicine with Doctor Eichardson, of Newport, Perry county, Pennsylvania, and graduated from the Washington Medical College of Bal- timore, Maryland, in 1876. He first located at Elliottsburg, Pennsylvania, where he practiced four years, after which he removed to Locust Gap, this county, where he remained one year and a half. In May, 1 882, he located in Shamokin, where he has since practiced his profession. He was married in 1879 to Mary, daughter of George Albert, and by this union they have three children: Benjamin F. ; Florence E., and Quilla. Doctor Bealor is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 664, I. O. 0. F., and of Camp No. 189, P. O. S. of A. Politically he is a Democrat. KiMBEH C. Mo Williams, physician, was born at Elysburg, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, October 7, 1857. He attended the public schools and Elysburg Academy, and completed his education under private instruct- ors. He began the study of medicine with Dr. S. F. Gilbert of Elysburg, and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College,''6f Philadelphia, in 1884. He first located in Mainville, Columbia county, where he remained two months. He then located in Snydertown, and in January, 1886, removed to Shamokin, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. Doctor Mc Williams, while comparatively a young man, has the confidence of the public, and ranks among the leading physicians of the county. He married Lizzie J., daughter of Holden Chester, by which marriage they have two sons: Holden Chester and Kimber Cleaver. He is an elder in the Pres- byterian church, and politically a Prohibitionist. J. M. Maubee, physician, was bom in Eldred, Schuylkill county, Pennsyl- vania, June 4, 1862, son of Charles K. and Elmira (Wolfgang) Maurer, natives of Schuylkill county, who settled in Mt. Carmel in 1869, where the subject of our sketch received his early schooling. In 1877 he entered Elys- burg Academy, where he remained two years. He then entered Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and after four years' study graduated from the classical department with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in June, 1884. He afterwards entered the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania and was graduated in April, 1887. In 1886, while pursuing his med- ical studies, the Doctor was connected one year with the Philadelphia Dis- pensary. In May, 1887, he commenced the practice of his profession in Shamokin; he is one of the leading physicians, and has won the respect and confidence of the citizens of his adopted home. Dr. Maurer was married, October 1, 1890, to Anna L., daughter of William E. and Anna M. Kutzner, of Shamokin. Alfbed G. Shisslee, physician, was born in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, November 9, 1866, son of H. A. and Eosetta (Kaseman) Shissler. He was educated in the public schools of Shamokin, graduating from the high school 936 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. in 1883. He commenced the study of medicine with C. W. Weaver, gradu- ated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1889, and at once began the prac- tice of his profession. In connection with his practice he is engaged in the drug business with his father. He is a member of Camp No. 72, S. of V., and Camp No. 149, P. O. S. of A., of which he is a past president, and is scribe of Anthony Wayne Commandery, No. 13. Politically, he is a Republican. E. M. Embick, physician, son of George and Elizabeth (Myers) Emrick, was born in 1855, in Jordan township, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania. His parents removed to Uniontown, Dauphin county, where our sub- ject was reared and educated. He subsequently entered the State Normal School at Shippensburg, and completed his education under the tutorage of the county superintendent at Uniontown. He commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. J. Read of that place, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1878. Doctor Emrick then located at Augustaville, Northumberland county, where he remained in active practice eleven years, when he removed to Shamokin, where he has since continued in the active duties of his profession. He was married in 1878 to Miss A. Wiest, who is the mother of one child, Marion W. Doctor Emrick is an adherent of the Republican party, and a member of the Reformed church. Though a resi- dent of Shamokin only a short time he is building up a substantial practice. Reuben Hollenback, D. D. S., was born in Upper Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 1, 1841, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Sherry) Hollenback. He was educated in the public schools, followed the occupation of farming until twenty-one years of age and taught school one year in his native township. In 1864 he located in Shamokin, and was employed as engineer at the Big Mpuntain colliery two years, after which he was engaged in teaching the public schools of Coal township and Shamo- kin until 1868, when he commenced the study of dentistry with Doctor Van Boskirk, of Selinsgrove, Snyder county, Pennsylvania. The same year he commenced practice in Shamokin, where he has followed his profession up to the present, and has built up a successful business. He graduated at the Dental College of Philadelphia, March 1, 1877. He was married in 1865 to Dorcas, daughter of Michael M. Sober, who died, October 24, 1887, leaving three children: William S., a piano tuner of Reading, Pennsylvania, and Hudson S. and Edwin E., dentists. He was again married, December 6, 1888, to Savilla, daughter of William Fidler, of Shamokin; by this union they have one child, Harry F. Doctor Hollenback is a member of St. John's Reformed church, of which he has been chorister since 187(5. Politically he is a Republican. Db. U. S. G. Mooee, surgeon dentist, was born in 1863, in Shamokin, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of W. H. and Mary (Wolverton) Moore. His father was a native of Luzerne county, who came to Shamokin ■^"V- ay 4^,n,, ROM * eor^ {•>""■ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 939 in 1853 and engaged in the building business, and for many years was one of the prominent builders of Shamokin, erecting most of the early coal breakers for the surrounding collieries. His family consisted of two children. The subject of this sketch was educated at the public schools of Shamokin, and at the University of Pennsylvania, commenced the study of dentistry with Dr. Edwin Darby of Philadelphia, graduated from the University of Pennsylva- nia in 1885, and commenced the practice of his profession in his native city. The Doctor is a member of the Methodist church, and politically he is a Ee- publican. IvANHOE S. Htjbek, cashier of the Shamokin Banking Company, was born, October 4, 1815, at Pine Grove, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, a son of Levi and Margaret (Stackpole) Huber. In 1857, his father having been elected recorder of the county, they removed to Pottsville, where he was educated in the public schools. In 1862 he entered the law ofi&ce of F. W. Hughes, where he was engaged until 1864, when he was appointed teller of the First National Bank of Mahanoy City, which position he filled until 1868, when he became secretary and superintendent of the Ringgold Coal and Iron Company, at New Einggold, Schuylkill county. He filled this position ten months and resigned to accept the appointment of deputy pro- thonotary of Schuylkill county, which he occupied until September 4. 1871, when he was appointed cashier of the Shamokin Banking Company, which position he has since occupied. Hr. Huber was a member of the school board from 1882 to 1885, its president in 1883, and its treasurer in 1884, and has been a director and treasurer of the Building and Loan Association of Shamokin since 1883. In 1863 he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Emergency Men. He was married, September 8, 1869, to Mary B., daughter of John W. Houston, of Columbia, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of five children: Levi H. ; John H. ; Margaret E. ; Mary B., and Gertrude S. Mr. Huber is a member of Trinity Protestant Episcopal church; politically he is a Democrat, and has been treasurer of the borough since June, 1881, and is one of the respected and substantial citizens of Shamokin. Frederick W. V. Lorenz, teller of the First National Bank, was born at Burgsleinfurt, Westphalia, Germany, December 26, 1853, son of Victor and Augusta (Drost) Lorenz. He entered the University of Halle, situated on the river Saale, and prosecuted his studies until 1873. In 1877 he came to the United States and resided in Philadelphia until January, 1878, when he joined the P. and T. Collins Expedition to Brazil, where he remained until November, 1879; he then returned to the United States and entered the employ of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company as civil engineer, and later was employed as clerk in the construction of the coal docks at Elizabethport, New Jersey, where he remained until January, 1882. He then came to Shamokin, and was in the employ of the same company, as 53 940 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. civil engineer, in the construction of their various roads. In September, 1887, he was appointed teller of the First National Bank, which position he has since filled. Mr. Lorenz was married, June 26, 1884, to Clara, daughter of Christian and Nancy (Lawton) Beury, of Shamokin, and by this union they have four children: Helen B. ; Nancy L., and Charles Christian and Frederick Victor, twins. Politically he is a Eepublican, and is recognized as a worthy, enterprising, and public-spirited citizen. CuBTis Q. Mc Williams, of the firm of Mc Williams & McConnell, was born, September 10, 1852, in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, son of J. Scott and Catharine (Fagely) Mc Williams, natives of what was then Shamokin town- ship, Northumberland county. The former is still a resident of the county, but his wife, who was a daughter of Solomon Fagely, an early settler of Sha- mokin township, is dead. Our subject spent his early boyhood days at Elys- burg, where he attended the public schools and the Elysburg Academy. At the age of fifteen he came to Shamokin to accept a clerkship in the store of Valentine Fagely, and subsequently entered the employ of Reuben and William Fagely, well known pioneers of the borough. In 1870 he took a commercial course at Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie, New York, and the following year took charge of the store of William and Eeuben Fagely, which position he occupied until the autumn of 1874. He then en- tered Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, where he remained two terms. In April, 1875, he left college to enter the employ of Eeuben Fagely for the purpose of looking after his various interests. This position he filled up to Mr. Fagely's death, since which time he has been acting as executor of the estate. On the 1st of May, 1878, Mr. McWiUiams engaged in the lumber business with Darlington R. Kulp, under the firm name of Kulp & Mc Will- iams. The following year the ice and brick business was added thereto. W. C. McConnell became a member of the firm, January 1, 1882, and the title was changed to Kulp, McWiUiams & Company. In August, 1886, a dissolu- tion of partnership took place, McWiUiams & McConnell retaining the ice and brick business, which they have since carried on. Mr. McWiUiams was one of the corporators of the Roaring Creek, Anthracite, and Bear Gap water companies, and has been treasurer of all three since their organization. He has also been treasurer of the Shamokin Water Company since May, 1886. He is a stockholder and director in the Sunbury Nail Works, and is a director of the Shamokin Manufacturing Company, also a director of the Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroad. He has been largely interested in nearly all the public enterprises of which Shamokin can boast, and is one pf the most progressive and enterprising business men of his native county. Mr. McWiUiams was married, October 7, 1879, to Louisa, daughter of John and Anna (Schmid) Geywitz, natives of Wtirtemberg, Germany, who came to Shamokin before marriage, where the widow still resides. Two chil- dren are the fruits of this union: Guy E., born September 23, 1882, and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 941 Ida Catharine, bom May 20, 1885. The family are adherents of Trinity Lutheran church, and Mr. Mc Williams is a member of Elysburg Lodge, No. 414, P. & A. M., Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, and Cavalry Commandry, No. 37, of Danville. Politically he is a stalwart Eepubhcan, and since casting his first vote he has been fearless in upholding the measures and defending the principles of his party. "William C. McConnell, of the firm of McWiUiams & McConnell, was born in Halifax, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, April 4, 1860, son of George Washington and Sarah (Marsh) McConnell, natives of that county,' both of whom are dead. The former was prominently identified with the Northern Central railway, running it to Baltimore, Maryland. Our subject grew to maturity in his native county, and received his primary education at the public schools. In 1877 he entered Franklin and Marshall Academy, Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, and the following year Franklin and Marshall College, and spent two years prosecuting his studies in the latter institution. In 1880 he began the study of law under Wayne Mac Veagh, then attorney general of the United States, in Garfield's cabinet, with whom he remained one year. In the spring of 1881 he came to Shamokin and on the 9th of June in that year, married Ida V., daughter of Nathan F. and Eliza (Samuel) Martz, of Shamokin township. Mrs. McConnell is a native of this county and the mother of two children: William Donald, deceased, and Katharine Martz. On the 1st of January, 1882, Mr. McConnell entered the firm of Kulp, Mc Williams & Company, dealers in lumber, brick, and ice. In August, 1886, the firm dissolved partnership, Mr. Kulp continuing the lumber business, and Mc Williams & McConnell the ice and brick trade. Mr. McConnell was one of the corporators of the Roaring Creek, Anthracite, and Bear Gap water companies, with which he has since been ofiicially connected, and has been president of the Shamokin Water Company since May, 1886. He is a direct- or in the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, and the Arc Light Com- pany, also in the Sunbury Nail Works. In politics he has always been a stalwart Republican, and has taken a deep and prominent interest in the suc- cess of his party. In 1890 he was a delegate to the State convention which placed in nomination George Wallace Delamater for the governorship. He is one of the most liberal contributors towards the campaign expenses of his party, and is always ready to do his full share towards every worthy object. Mr. McConnell and family are attendants of Trinity Lutheran church, and he is one of the trustees of that organization. He is a member of Elysburg Lodge, No. 414, F. & A. M., Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, and Calvary Com- mandery, No. 37, of Danville. He is a progressive and public-spirited citi- zen, and is thoroughly in harmony with our nineteenth century civilization. Geobge O. Maetz, dealer in wood-burned lime, was born in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, June 4, 1842, son of Solomon Martz, a pioneer now residing at Reed station. When our subject was ten years old his parents moved to 942 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Shamokin township, and when seventeen he went to Locust Gap to accept the position of book-keeper for Haas & Bowen, proprietors of Locust Gap colliery. In January, 1864, he came to Shamokin and accepted the position of book-keeper and subsequently outside foreman at the Cameron colliery. In ] 869 he became a member of Haas, Fagely & Company, then operating that colliery. In July, 1872, the firm of Fagely & Martz, merchants, was organized. He afterwards became a member of the firm of Patterson, Llewellyn & Company, then operating Big Mountain colliery, and was inter- ested in the coal business up to within a year of the purchase of that colliery by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. In 1872 he em- barked in the lime business, which he has since continued. Three years ago he commenced manufacturing wood-burned lime for building purposes, being the first burned in this part of the State. Mr. Martz was married, Septem- ber 2, 1865, to Emma L. Keener, of Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, who has borne him one daughter, Ada G. In politics he is a stalwart Republican and unswerving in his allegiance to the men and measures of that organiza- tion. He has taken an active interest in the material progress of the towa, is a director of the Shamokin Banking Company, a director and secretary of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, a director of the Shamokin Arc Light Company, secretary and director of the Shamokin Water Company, and president of the Roaring Creek, Anthracite, and Bear Gap water com- panies. He is also a member of the Board of Trade, and one of the well known citizens of his native place. Geoege McElieoe, deceased, was a native of County Armagh, Ireland, and was born in 1819. At the age of eighteen he immigrated to this coun try and located in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. He married Mary Ann Woodside, and in 1853 he came to Shamokin as one of the section superin- tendents of construction on the Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad, which position he filled until 1864. He then removed to Locust Gap to take the position of superintendent of the A. S. Wolf colliery, where he remained until he was elected county treasurer. At the expiration of his term of oflEice he returned to Shamokin and engaged in the wholesale liquor business, which he conducted until his death in 1886; his wife survived him only one week. He was a charter member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. He was one of the leading Democrats of the county, and always took a deep and active interest in the success of his party. In religious faith he was a Cath- olic. His family consisted of six daughters and one son: Elizabeth; John; Mary, Mrs. A. J. Gallagher; Jane, Mrs. John A. Keefe; Annie, Mrs. J. J. Rigney; Isabella, Mrs. Bryan Denning, and Maggie, deceased. John McElieoe, manager of the Shamokin Electric Illuminating Com- pany and the Shamokin Arc Light Company, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, September 16, 1842, and is the only son of George and Mary Ann McEliece. He was educated in the common schools and was employed BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 943 * by his father until August, 1861, when he enlisted in Company K, Forty- sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers. At the battle of Cedar Mountain he received two gun-shot wounds, in the left shoulder and hand; he was taken prisoner and sent to Staunton, Virginia, from there to Libby prison, whence he was transferred to Belle Island, where he was paroled and returned to his regi- ment. He was honorably discharged, December 6, 1862, on account of dis- ability. At the battle of Winchester he was promoted to corporal, and was discharged with the rank of sergeant. At the time of Lee's invasion he joined Company K, Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Militia, and was a sergeant in his company. In 1862 he returned to Shamokin, and entered the employ of the Northern Central railway as a brakeman, and later as fireman and con- ductor. In 1864 he accepted the position of engineer under his father at Locust Gap, and after the election of his father as county treasurer, he suc- ceeded him in the position of superintendent, which he filled twenty years. In 1885 he removed to Shamokin. While a resident of Locust Gap he served as justice of the peace fifteen years. He organized, in 1869, the Washington Eifles, subsequently attached to the National Guard as Company A, of the Seventh Regiment, and he was its captain six years. Mr. McEliece is a member of Lincoln Post, No. 140, G. A. R., and is also a member of the U. V. U. He was married in 1866 to Ann Ellen, daughter of Michael Lukens, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have had ten children, seven of whom are living: George; Fred.; Leo; Lloyd; Isabel; Lillian, and Maggie. Politically he is a Democrat, and is a member of St. Edward's Catholic church. Petee E. Buck has been for many years one of the best known and most prominent hardware and iron merchants of Schuylkill and Northumber- land counties, and is recognized as one of the most successful business men of eastern Pennsylvania. Born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, May 13, 1840, he came to Pottsville with his parents in 1846, and attended the ipublic schools until the spring of 1853. He then entered the hardware store of George Bright, afterwards Bright & Lerch, and was with them until January, 1863, when he opened the beginning of his now large business located at Ashland, Schuylkill county. This he has carried on successfully to the pres- ent time, and has built it up to a mammoth wholesale and retail establish- ment; for some years his son, Frank L., has been the active manager, assisted by Harry J., a younger son. Mr. Buck, in August, 1883, purchased the extensive hardware establishment of William R. Kutzner of Shamokin, and has carried on a prosperous wholesale and retail hardware business there ever since, known as the Shamokin Hardware Company, Limited, William G. Buck, manager, Frank L. Buck, chairman, and. Peter E. Buck, treasurer. Mr. Buck is a leading Republican, and has held several positions of honor and trust; he was chosen without opposition an elector for Harrison and Mor- ton in 1888, was trustee of the Anthracite hospital, at Ft. Springs, and its 944 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. * treasurer for a number of years, filled the office of school director for six years and president of the board five, and was also president of the Ashland Gas Light Company in its early career. Mr. Buck is a large stockholder in the Citizens' National Bank of Ash- land, and also a director; he is interested largely in the First National Bank, and the Shamokin Banking Company, both of Shamokin, and is the largest individual stockholder in these three first-class institutions. He also owns a nice block of stock of the First National Bank of Mt. Carmel, and has recently been induced to accept a directorship in the new Merchants' National Bank of Shenandoah City, in which institution he is a leading stockholder. He has been a Mason since 1863, a Knight Templar since 1870, and became a member of Philadelphia Consistory, Scottish Eite Masonry, 32°, in 1890. Mr. Buck was married, May 8, 1860, to Anna Elizabeth Sterling, of Potts- ville, who has borne him seven children : Carrie J. ; Frank L. ; William G. ; Harry J.; Anna E. ; Walter E., and H. Gertrude, the two last named deceased. C. C. Leader, merchant, was born in Alsace township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, July 13, 1843, son of Edward and Catharine (Snyder) Leader. His early life was spent upon the homestead farm, receiving such education as the neighboring schools afforded. In 1860 he entered the employ of A. J. Medlar, of Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1865, when he engaged in business for hiniself, opening a general store in Schuylkill Haven, which he conducted successfully ten years. In 1875 he located at Shamokin and engaged in general merchandise business, under the firm name of Leader, Muir & Company, on the corner of Liberty and Independence streets, where, after three years, the firm was dissolved by mutual consent. In 1878 Mr. Leader located on the corner of Shamokin and Sunbury streets, and engaged in the dry goods business, where 'he remained two years. In 1880 he removed to Independence street, and the following year formed a partnership with R. G. Eisenhart, under the firm name of Leader & Eisenhart, and added to the business a clothing department. This partnership continued three years. Mr. Leader then purchased Mr. Eisenhart's interest and became associated with his brother, E. M. Leader, under the firm name of Leader & Brother. In 1889 Mr. Leader built his present store building, and a division of the business then took place. It would be proper to mention here that Mr. Leader's present store room is one of the handsomest and most commodious to be found out- side of the larger cities. The principal salesroom is upon the ground floor, and is forty-eight feet wide by one hundred twenty-four feet deep, and devoted to the sale of dry goods, notions, and ladies' and children's cloaks; upon the second floor are the carpet and dressmaking departments. Mr. Leader while in the development of his business has also been interested in other enterprises. He is a director of the Edison Electric Light Company BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 945 of Shamokin, aad of the Shamokin Banking Company, and is also a director and secretary of the Shamokin Arc Light Company and the Shamokin Manufacturing Company. Mr. Leader's early political affiliations were with the Democratic party, but of late years he has been an inde- pendent voter, with strong Prohibition proclivities. He is a member of St. John's Eeformed church, of which he has been an elder and a leading supporter for many years and since 1880 has been superintendent of the Sunday school. He was married in 1867 to Amanda, daughter of Benjamin Ketner, of Schuylkill Haven, Permsylvainia, and they are the parents of five children: Emma M.; Charles F.; William C. ; Harry K., and Edward E. Mr. Leader has exhibited during his business career rigid application, vigor, and fidelity, which have resulted in founding the large establishment of which he is the head. He enjoys the respect and confidence of his fellow- citizens, and is recognized as a business man of commendable enterprise and public spirit. Edwabd M. Leader, manufacturer and dealer in clothing, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, Jime 2, 1859, son of Edward and Hattie (War- ner) Leader. He was reared in Berks and Schuylkill counties, and received a common school education. In 1868 he entered the employ of his brother, C. C. Leader, who at that time was engaged in the dry goods business in Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania. In 1875 he came to Shamokin with his brother, and remained in his employ until 1885, when he purchased an inter- est, and the business was conducted under the firm name of C. C. Leader & Brother. In 1889 there was a division of the business, Mr. Leader retain- ing the clothing department and remaining at the old stand on Independence street. The retail department is a large and commodious room thirty-eight by one hundred fifteen feet, devoted entirely to the sale of clothing and gents' furnishing goods. The ladies' department for the sale of cloaks is situated in the rear of the main salesroom and is handsomely appointed. The custom department is upon the second floor, and is a room thirty-eight by fifty and finely adapted for that purpose; the manufacturing department is upon the third floor, where twenty to thirty hands find employment making the clothing for the retail department. Altogether this enterprise is the most complete of its kind in this section of the country, and Mr. Leader can feel proud of what he has accomplished in his short business career. In politics he has been a strong Democrat, but not active as a politician. He is an earnest exponent of the principles of the P. O. S. of A., of which order he has been a member thirteen years. In his religious connections he is a member of the Presbyterian church, serving in the board of trustees, of which he is treasurer. Mr. Leader was married, October 10, 1888, to Carrie, daughter of George Hamilton, of Pottsville. James M. Shuman, merchant, was born in Columbia county, Pennsylva- nia, March 8, 1844, son of J. L. and Eebecca (Miller) Shuman. He is the 946 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. senior member of the firm of J. M. Shuman & Company, and was reared and received a common school education in his native county. He began clerking at an early age, which business he followed a number of years at various places. In 1869 he accepted a situation with C. F. Ryer & Brothers of Shamokin, subsequently entering the employ of Ludes & Graeber, gen- eral merchants. In 1875, in connection with M. L. Gable and Edward Shu- man, they established their present business, which continued until 1876, when D. E. Shuster purchased the interest of Edward Shuman and subse- quently he and Mr. Shuster purchased Mr. Gable's interest. Mr. Shuman was married in 1885 to Maggie Miller, of Catawissa, Columbia county, Penn- sylvania. In politics he is a Republican, and is also a member of Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M. In his religious preferences he is a Lutheran, of which church he and family are attendants. Starting in life with but few advan- tages, Mr. Shuman, by rare shrewdness and sagacity and close attention to the details of his business, has succeeded in placing his business house among the leading mercantile establishments of Shamokin. David E. Shusteb, merchant, was born in Hummelstovrai, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, December 21, 1845, a son of Dr. John A. and Mary A. (Bre- f ore) Shuster, natives of Germany and France, respectively. When seven years old, his parents removed to Shippensburg, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, where he was reared and secured such education as the schools of the village afforded. Contrary to the wishes of his parents, who desired to edu- cate him for the medical profession, he apprenticed himself to his uncle, John Preston, to learn the trade of shoemaker, and completed his trade with H. F. Snyder at Newville, Pennsylvania. In 1863 he went to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, entered the employ of George M. Groff, and found employ- ment at his trade until 1869; in the latter year he entered the employ of the Northern Central railway, filling the position of passenger brakeman between Harrisburg and Sunbury. He was shortly transferred to the Shamokin Val- ley and Pottsville division, and promoted to baggage and express agent, which position he filled until 1871, when he was promoted to passenger con- ductor upon the same division. This position he filled with credit to himself, making hosts of friends among the traveling people, who, as a mark of their appreciation for his courtesy and attention while filling this position, pre- sented him, November 27, 1875, with an elegant gold watch as a testimonial of their regard. Mr. Shuster became a resident of Northumberland county in 1869, locating at Mt. Carmel. In 1876 he resigned his position with the Northern Central railway, removed to Shamokin, and purchased an interest in the mercantile business of J. M. Shuman & Company, in which business he is now engaged. He has been a warm friend to the cause of education, which he has aided by his influence and means. He has been a member of the school board five years, was president of the same inr 1888, and served as councilman of Shamokin borough in the year 1881. In his religious prefer- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 947 ences he is a Presbyterian, of wliich church he and family are attendants. Mr. Shuster organized the choir and has been the chorister a number of years, and is also connected with the P. 0. S. of A. He is interested in the Hamilton Car and Wheel Manufacturing Company of Catawissa, Pennsyl- vania, and one of the directors of the same. In politics he is a prominent Republican. He was married in 1876 to Kate, daughter of W. M. Weaver, of Shamokin, and by this union they are the parents of two children : Will- iam W. and Lulu B. J. K. Haas, wholesale merchant, was born in Upper Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 4, 1842, son of Nathan and Eliza (Knorr) Haas. He was reared upon the farm and received his primary education in the common schools. In 1860 he entered Freeburg Academy, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, and the following year commenced teaching in the public schools of Schuylkill county. In 1862 he enlisted in Company C, One Himdred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served six months, when he was discharged for physical disability. Returning home impaired in health he remained on the homestead until 1863, when he en- tered Allentown Seminary and remained until fall, when he resumed teach- ing in the schools of Lehigh county until the spring of 1864. He then located at Kutztown, and attended the high school five months, and subse- quently entered Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Peimsylvania. His health again failing he was forced to return home. From 1865 to 1868 he taught at intervals in the schools of Shamokiii, Schuylkill county, and Herndon. In the spring of 1869 he accepted a situation as slate picker boss with Isaac May, Sr., and in the fall commenced teaching in Shamokin, and continued teaching and working on the public roads of the borough at inter- vals. In 1871, in partnership with E. G. Seiler, he started a small confec- tionery and grocery store, and this was the beginning of what are now the two wholesale houses of Seiler, Zimmerman & Company, and Haas, Snyder & Sowers. The business of Haas & Seiler continued until 1876, and in the meantime they had established a general store in connection with their con- fectionery business. In 1876 a division of the business took place, Mr. Haas forming a partnership with W. K. Erdman,^ and under the name of Haas & Erdman conducted a general store, Mr. Seiler retaining the confec- tionery business. The partnership existing between our subject and Mr. Erdman ceased in 1879, when D. G. Seiler purchased Erdman's interest and became associated with Mr. Haas, under the firm name of Haas & Seiler, which lasted until 1881. Mr. Haas carried on the business until 1883, when he sold out and purchased the wholesale and retail notion busi- ness of William F. Kleinsmith, of Simbury, Pennsylvania, and formed a partnership with D. G. Snyder under the name of J. K. Haas & Com- pany. In 1888 they sold the retail department of their business, and in 1889 removed to Shamokin, took into partnership C. L. Sowers, and estab- 948 HisTOEY or nokthumberland county. lished the present firm of Haas, Snyder & Sowers. In 1872 Mr. Haas was a member of the council of Shamokin, and has filled the office of assessor in the Second ward three times. Politically he is a Democrat, and a mem- ber of St. John's Eeformed church, of which he has been deacon and elder for many years. He was married, March 28, 1868, to Mary M., daughter of Daniel Seiler, and by this marriage they have four daughters: Eose M.; Flora E. ; Sadie E., and Mary A. Daniel K. Haas, merchant, was born in Upper Mahanoy township, North- umberland county, December 1, 1851, a son of Nathan and Eliza (Knorr) Haas. He was reared and educated in his native township, and in 1869 be- gan working in the mines, at which he continued until 1875. He subse- quently learned the plasterer's trade, which he followed until 1876, when he resumed work in the mines until 1879, and then opened a green grocery store. In 1883 he formed a partnership with C. L. Sowers for the purpose of conducting a general store. In 1885 he sold his interest to Mr. Sowers, purchased a new property on the corner of Spruce and Market streets, and engaged in general mercantile business. In 1887 he disposed of his busi- ness to J. A. Wort, purchased a farm of one hundred eighty acres in Snyder county, and engaged in farming and distilling. In 1888 he returned to Shamokin, and again associated himself with Mr. Sowers, and they opened his present store, which they conducted until April 25, 1889, when he pur- chased Mr. Sowers's interest. Mr. Haas is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 664, I. O. O. F. Politically he is a Democrat, and takes an active in- terest in the welfare and success of the party. He is a member of St. John's church. Mr. Haas married Mary E., daughter of W. W. Wary, of Shamo- kin, and by this union they have five children : William D. ; Charles W. ; Carrie E. ; Daniel R., and Clarence L. E. G. Seilee, merchant, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, June 21, 1847, son of Daniel and Sarah (Geist) Seiler. He was educated in the public schools, and lived upon the homestead farm until he was eighteen years of age, when he learned the carpenter trade, which he followed five or six years. In 1868 he removed to Shamokin, and in connection with J. K. Haas engaged in the dry goods, grocery, and confectionery business. He sold his interest in the dry goods business to Mr. Haas, and conducted the grocery and confectionery business a niimber of years. In 1879 he formed a partnership with Henry S. Zimmerman, as E. G. Seiler & Company, which continued until 1886, when he sold the retail business to Zimmerman, Haas & Company, and engaged in the wholesale fancy groceries and confectionery business under the name of Seiler, Zimmerman & Company. He was mar- ried in 1869 to Caroline, daughter of Michael Bower, of Lower Mahanoy township, and to this union two children have been born : Cora and Lula. Mr. Seiler has been a member of the borough council, and is treasurer of the West Ward Building and Loan Associatian. He is a member of St. John's Eeformed church, and politically he is a Eepublican. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 949 Heney S. Zimmeeman, merchant, was bom in Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, January 22, 1852; Although prominent in the pursuits of peace, the wholesale house of Seilcr, Zimmerman & Company, of «rhich he is a member, being among the more prominent institutions of Shamokin, he springs from a war-like ancestry, his great-great-grandfather having achieved fame as a general under the king of Holland. His great-grandfather, Abra- ham Zimmerman, im.migrated to Pennsylvania in the colonial days, settled in Maxatawny township, Berks county, and when the patriots engaged the mother country in a war for independence, Mr. Zimmerman was one of the first to enroll himself under the banners of the struggling Republic as a soldier in Washington's army. General Washington was a frequent visitor at the Maxatawny homestead, and on two or three occasions established his headquarters there. It was there that Sebastian Zimmerman, the grand- father of the subject of this sketch, was born, May 7, 179G. Arriving at man's estate, he moved to Schuylkill county. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was one of the four men detailed to bury the dead in the disas- ters about Washington that resulted in the burning of the national capital by the British. He died in the ninetieth year of his age, July 15, 1885. He had two sons in the war of the Rebellion, one of whom was killed at Peters- burg. The surviving son, Sebastian Zimmerman, Jr., father of Henry S. Zim- merman, married to Miss Elizabeth Slobig, had sundered the tender ties of home and family circle to go forth to battle for the Union, leaving his chil- dren without a father's guiding hand to mould their character. Young Zimmerman, however, came up to the threshold of man's estate, a model citizen. He received his education at the public schools in Lower Augusta township, and in 1874 entered the employ of Haas & Seller as a clerk. Five years later found him a member of the firm of E. G. Seiler & Company, which was remodeled in 1886 as Seiler, Zimmerman & Company, for the purpose of conducting a wholesale business in fancy groceries and confec- tioneries. In 1875 Mr. Zimmerman was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Zartman, and by this union they have four children: Laura; Walter; Emma, and Annie. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., and of Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, also of Camp No. 30, P. O. S. of A. He is a consistent Christian and a member of Trinity Lutheran church, of which he has been a trustee for a series of terms. Joseph Wolf, clothier, was born at Gratz, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, December 9, 1844, son of Solomon and Amelia Wolf. He was educated in the common schools, and was employed by his father, who was engaged in farming and the bottling business, until eighteen years of age. He then found employment with Newsbaum & Company, dry goods merchants of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, as a clerk, where he remained one year, after which he entered the employ of his brother-in-law, William Wolf, with 950 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. whom he remained one year. In 1865, in connection with Mr. Wolf, they opened a store for the sale of clothing to the returning soldiers. In the fall of this year h» accepted a position with Hecht & Lochman, clothing mer- chants of Altoona, Pennsylvania, where he_ remained until the fall of 1866, when he took charge of the general store of Samuel Smith, Phillipsburg, Centre county, Pennsylvania, where he remained until the spring of 1867; he then came to Shamokin, located upon Sunbury street and opened a store for the sale of ready-made clothing, which he conducted two years, when he removed to Shamokin street and located where the New York shoe store now is. In 1873 he located at his present stand in the May block on Shamokin street. His main salesroom is sixty-four feet deep and twenty wide, in which he carries a large and fine stock of clothing and gent's and boys' furnishing goods. Upon the second floor is situated his custom department, a room fifty feet deep and twenty wide. Mr. Wolf by close attention to business and with a studied desire to please, has built up one of the finest trades in Shamokin. He has always taken a deep interest in the enterprises connected with the city, and is a member of the Board of Trade, and is interested in the two electric light companies, also the Shamokin Manufactur- ing Company and water company as a stockholder, and is a director of the Driving Park Association. He is connected with the F. &A. M., and politic- ally is a "Republican. Mr. Wolf was married in June, 1876, to Johanna, daughter of William James, of Shamokin, Pennsylvania ; by this union they are the parents of three children: Marlin; Solomon, and WiUiam. William H. E. Smink, druggist, was born in Shamokin township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, April 29, 1852, son of Daniel C. and Eva (Kaseman) Smink, now residents of Shamokin. At the age of eight years he found employment picking slate in the breaker of the Cameron colliery, where he remained three years.- He then entered the office of the Shamokin Herald and remained there two years, when the enlistment in the army of O. M. Fowler, editor and publisher of the paper, necessitated his obtaining other employment, on account of the office being closed. He was engaged at different places clerking, and subsequently found employment with Ryer Brothers & Company, where he remained five years, the last two of which he filled the position of book-keeper. In 1871 he opened a confectionery store on Market street, in Shamokin, which he conducted for some time. In 1872, in connection with his father, he erected the first planing mill in Shamokin, which was destroyed by fire one year after it was built, and in which was in- vested their entire capital. He was compelled again to seek employment, which he obtained with C. C. Leader, where he remained two years. In 1877 he went to Seisholtzville, Berks county, Pennsylvania, and took charge of the store of his father-in-law, Henry Guiterman, at whose death he was appointed superintendent of the iron mines of the estate, for the executors, which position he filled three years. In 1883 he returned to Shamokin and BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 951 established his present business, and by close attention has built up one of the largest retail drug trades in the county. Mr. Smink is a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association. Politically he is a Republican; he is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, Mount Moriah Council, No. 10, R. S. Ex. and S. M., and Caldwell Consistory, S. P. R. S. 32°, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, and since 1869 has been a member of Camp No. 30, P. O. S. of A. Mr. Smink was married in 1872 to Annie L., •daughter of Henry Guiterman, of Schuylkill county, who died, September 8, 1879, leaving three children: Henry G. ; Eva K., and Annie L. He was again married, December 24, 1880, to Ella, daughter of Charles Knappen- berger, of Allentown, Pennsylvania, who has borne him two children:' Ella R. and Marion L. M. G. Reageb, merchant, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1856, son of George and Elizabeth (Grimm) Reager. His early life was spent in Dauphin and Northumberland counties ; at his father's death his mother settled in Uniontown, and engaged in the millinery business, where she still resides and carries on that business. His education was ob- tained in the schools of those counties, and at the age of fifteen he commenced his business career, entering the employ of Noah Cluck, of Jordan township, Northum^berland county, as a clerk for two years. At the expiration of this time, being desirous of a better education, he again entered school. His next position was manager of Gabriel Adams's general store in Jordan town- ship. At the expiration of one year the business passed into the hands of J. Yeager & Son, for whom he was manager two years. In 1879 he accepted a position with D. & R. G. Eisenhart, of Shamokin, and at the end of two years became a member of the firm. In 1883 he severed his connection with this firm, rented a store od Market street, and engaged in the notion busi- ness ; in six months he added dry goods, which business he carried on about three years, when he erected a building adjoining his store, combining the two, and added carpets and ladies' and gentlemen's clothing, and has since done an extensive business. Mr. Reager was married in 1884 to Ida, daughter of R. S. Aucker, of Shamokin, and they are the parents of one child, Goldie M. He is a member of St. John's Reformed church, and a teacher in the Sunday school. Politically Mr. Reager is an ardent Demo- crat,- and is one of the enterprising merchants of Shamokin. N. C. WoLVEBTON, merchant, was born in New Jersey, September 4, 1861, son of Isaac and Mary J. (Creamer) Wolverton. At the age of ten years he removed with his parents to Shamokin, and was educated in the public schools. In 1872 he entered the employ of James Sible, merchant, where he remained one year, after which he was engaged with Thomas & Blosser, grocers, as a clerk, in whose employ he remained two years. He then clerked for C. C. Thomas, John Shipp, and Isaac May, Sr. In 1879 he was employed by G. 952 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. H. Holshue, where he remained four yqars, after which he clerked for Edward Stewart, and later for D. Eisenhart & Company, and Haas & Sowers. He then engaged in business under the name of Zimmerman & Wolverton, and at the expiration of one year sold his interest to D. K. Haas. In 1889, in connection with Mr. Wirt, the firm of Wirt & Wolverton was formed, and they are engaged in the general merchandise business, conducting one of the largest stores in the city. Mr. Wolverton was married in 1886 to Amelia, daughter of D. Eisenhart, of Shamokin, and by this marriage they have one child, Sadie. He has served as assessor for the Fourth ward four years, and is a member of the P. 0. S. of A., and of the fire department. In politics he is an ardent Republican, and one of Shamokin's enterprising merchants. John H. Adams, wholesale liquor dealer, was born in Up]per Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1834. He received a liberal English and German education in the public schools of his native township, and in the borough of Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. From 1857 to 1863 he was engaged in the mercantile and hotel business in Upper Mahanoy township. In 1863 he removed his family to Freeburg, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, to embrace the superior advantages which this town then afforded in an educational view. There he was engaged with John S. Lentz, wholesale liquor dealer, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as travel- ing salesman, remaining in his employ for a period of five years. In 1871 he located in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, where he embarked in the mercantile business, which he conducted two years. He then became the head of the firm of Adams, Haldeman & Company, wholesale liquor dealers, of Philadel- phia, in which business he remained for a period of five years. In 1878 he again embarked in the mercantile business at Shamokin, with T. F. Foltz; the latter sold his interest to Mr. Adams, who formed a partnership with Levi Shoop, and engaged in the same business under the firm name of Adams & Shoop. Purchasing Mr. Shoop' s interest he conducted the business alone for a few years, when he sold his entire interest to Miller, Weaver & Company, intending to retire into private life, but being a man of active busi- ness habits his entire lifetime he found such ati existence unbearable and connected himself with the firm of Charles F. Stadiger & Company, whole- sale liquor dealers of Philadelphia, with whom he remained until March, 1889. He then established his present business on Market street, Shamokin. Politically Mr. Adams is a stanch Eepublican, and, having been elected just- ice of the peace on said ticket, was commissioned by Governor Packer, April 4, 1860, and by the same Governor commissioned major in the State Militia, June 6, 1859. He is a member of Sunbury Lodge, No. 22, F. & A. M., Shamokin Chapter, No. 264, and Prince of Peace Commandery, of Ashland, Pennsylvania. He was married in 1856 to EUehna H., daughter of Peter Beisel, of Upper Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, and by this union they have three children, all living: John Q., attorney at law; Emma BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 953 E., widow of Thomas F. Foltz, and Martha J., wife of Francis A. Miller. He entered the political arena of Northumberland county, and became the Ee- publican nominee for sheriff in 1877, and ran for treasurer in 1881, but was defeated both times by small majorities. William H. Lewis, dealer in books, stationery, and music, was born at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, June 13, 1857, son of William B. and Elizabeth (Douty) Lewis. His father was a native of Schuylkill county, and at his death the family removed to Shamokin, where the subject of our sketch was reared and educated. He and F. Hoover engaged in the dry goods and grocery business in 1877, with whom he was associated eight years, when they dissolved partnership and he then established his present business. Mr. Lewis was married, March 24, 1881, to Helen, daughter of Adam Brown, of Schuylkill county, and they are the parents^ of three children: William; Agnes, and Helen. Mr. Lewis is a member of the P. O. S. of A.,' in his religious faith he is a Presbyterian, and has been secretary of the board of trustees of the Shamokin church for the last four years. In poli- tics he is a Eepublican. W. H. Unger & Company, dealers in stoves, tinware, hardware, and plum.bing supplies, was organized in 1886. The members of the firm are William H, George C, and Warren Unger, sons of Daniel and Huldah (Eaker) Unger, natives of Shamokin and Lower Augusta townships, North- umberland county, respectively. William H. Ungeb, attorney at law, was bom in the borough of Shamo- kin, June 24, 1864. His early education was received at the common schools, and at the age of fifteen he engaged in the droving business, which he fol- lowed ten years. Being desirous of obtaining a better education he entered Elysburg Academy, and later Central Pennsylvania CoUege, at New Berlin, Union coimty, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1887. He read law with W. H. M. Oram, of Shamokin, and was admitted to the bar in September, 1890, since which time he has been engaged in the practice of his profession. Mr. Unger was married, April 16, 1890, to Ella, daughter of Emanuel and Hannah Malick, of Shamokin. In politics he is a Eepub- lican, and since attaining his majority up to 1889 he served on the county committee of his party. In the spring of 1890, though a resident of the borough only six months, he was elected a member of the borough council. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. George C. Ungee was born in Shamokin township, October 13, 1865. He received his education at the public schools, and was employed some years with his brother, William H. In 1883 he entered the employ of A. Eaker and learned the tinsmith trade, and now has the general supervision of the business of W. H. Unger & Company. He was married in 1887 to Clara E. Smink, of Shamokin, and by this union they have had three chil- dren, two of whom are living: Edith L., and Clarence. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and S. of V. In politics he is a Eepublican. 954 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Waeeen Ungeb was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, April 7, 1868. He received his education at the common schools and Central Penn- sylvania College, and learned the trade of tinsmith. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and a Republican in politics. F. P. Williamson, furniture dealer, was born in Liverpool, Perry county, Pennsylvania, October 15, 1849, son of J. W. and Maria (Shell) Williamson. He was reared and educated in his native town. He learned the tinner trade, which business he followed a number of years. In 1880 he located at Shamokin and entered the employ of J. G. Farrow, furniture dealer, where he remained four years, after which he was employed by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. In 1886 he purchased the upholstery bus- iness of J. G. Farrow, which he conducted until 1888, when he embarked in his present business. Politically, Mr. Williamson is a Democrat, and is a member of the Baptist church. He was married in 1878 to Ellen M. Cook, of Liverpool, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have one child, Emma D. David Johnston, retired, was born, November 13, 1809, near the site of Kirkwood, Broome county. New York, on the North Branch of the Susque- hanna river. He is a son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Snedaker) Johnston, and was the f oui'th son of a family of seven children, six sons and one daugh- ter: James, Garrett, Ursula, and Kenneth A., all of whom are deceased; David; John B., who resides at Great Bend, Pennsylvania, and Andrew, a resident of Scranton, Pennsylvania. The father of our subject died when David was only three years old and he was reared upon the homestead farm and received a common school education. He followed farming until his majority, when, in connection with his brothers, Kenneth and John, he located one mile and a half below Great Bend, Susquehanna county, and leased the McKinney mills and farm, which they operated six years. He subsequently farmed about three years and then removed to Clearfield countv, where, in partnership with B. C. Bowman, he purchased a tract of three hun- dred fifty acres of timber land and engaged in the lumber business nine years. He then sold his interest and removed to Phillipsburg, Centre county, em- barked in the mercantile business, and afterward in the hotel business. In 1857 he located in Curwensville, where he carried on a hotel rmtil 1860, and then leased the Mansion House in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, which he con- ducted ten years. In 1870 he removed to Pittsburgh and leased .the Mer- chants' Hotel, but at the expiration of ten months he sold his lease, and, returning to Clearfield, leased the Leonard House. Six months afterwards he purchased a hotel at Luthersburg, where he remained only a few months, removing to Bellefonte, Centre county, where he leased and operated the BrockerhofE House five years, and then retired from active business life. Mr. Johnston was married, August 17, 1846, to Charlotte, daughter of Thomas and Ellen (Owen) Hancock, of Phillipsburg, Pennsylvania. Four children are the fruits of this union: James E., of Shamokin; JohnK, a merchant of Clearfield; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 957 Clarence A., proprietor of the Hotel Vanderbilt, Shamolda, and Thomas O., of Wilkesbarre. Politically he is a Republican, and while a resident of Phillips- burg served as justice of the peace. In May, 1885, he came to Shamokin, where he and wife reside with their son, Clarence A., and are in the enjoy- ment of the blessings of a well-preserved and ripe old age, and in the posses- sion of all their mental faculties. Aaron Baeeell, proprietor of the City Hotel, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1829, son of John and Anna (Kroskopp) Barrell. He learned the milling trade, and was located in AUentown, Pennsylvania, four years previous to settling in Northumberland county. In 1851 he came to this county to accept a position in Jacob Leisenring's mill, at Bear Gap, which he filled four years. In 1856 he purchased a farm near Paxinos on which he resided seven years, and then engaged in merchandising at Paxi- nos, where he remained one year. He was subsequently engaged in mer- cantile business at Elysburg, Mt. Carmel, and Turbutville, successively, for about seven years, when he retired from that business and located upon his farm on the Centre turnpike near Paxinos, which he had purchased in 1868. He commenced purchasing and selling all grades of horses and mules, and conducted that business at his farm until increasing trade necessitated a more central location, and in November, 1888, he removed to Shamokin. In December, 1889, he leased the City Hotel and has since conducted that house in connection with his previous business. Mr. Barrell is also extensively engaged in farming, owning some three hundred fifty acres of land. He has been twice married; his first wife was Juliann, daughter of William Krig- baum. She died, February 8, 1885, leaving four children : William; Francis F. ; Annie, and Alice, wife of ;^'red Zeizer. He was again married, August 29, 1885, to Mrs. Jane Snyder, a daughter of Nicholas Campbell, of Elys- burg. Mr. Barrell is a Democrat, and filled the ofiice of overseer in Ealpho township three terms, also serving as school director for the same length of time. He was once the Democratic candidate for county commissioner. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M., and of St. Peter's Lutheran church, of Ealpho township. John Schabo, proprietor of the Shamokin Hotel and county treasurer, was born in Germany, March 26, 1841, son of John and Annie (Karis) Schabo. The family immigrated to this country in 1853 and located in Car- bon county, Pennsylvania, where the parents died. At the age of twelve years our subject commenced work on the Lehigh canal, which business he followed in its various branches until he yfas thirty years old. In 1871 he located at Weissport, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the hotel business, in which he continued until 1875. In April of the same year he removed to Shamokin and established the Shamokin Hotel, which he has since conducted. In 1883 he was elected chief of the fire department, which position he filled up to the close of 1889. In 1884 he was elected a member of the council, 54 958 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and served one term. He is a director of the First National Bank, the Shamokin Building and Loan Association, and the Shamokin Street Rail- road Company, and is treasurer of the Shamokin Driving Park Association. He was married, February 12, 1862, to Eva Schweibenz, a native of Germany, and they are the parents of two children: John W., who is engaged in the boot and shoe business in Shamokin, and Annie. Politically Mr. Schabo is a stanch Democrat, and in November, 1890, he was elected treasurer of Northumberland county by a majority of three hundred twenty-nine votes, after one of the hardest and most exciting political campaigns in the local history of this region. Mr. Schabo and family are members of St. Edward's Catholic church, and he is one of the popular, well known citizens of Shamokin. Geohge S. Fishee, proprietor of the Park Hotel, was bom, August 29, 1839, in Owego, New York, son of George L. and Angeline (Leach) Fisher. He is of German and English extraction, and traces his ancestry on the paternal side to the landing of the Mayflower. He was educated in the pub- lic schools of his native town, and his youth was spent upon his father's farm. He learned the trade of railroad engineer on the New York and Erie, now the New York, Lake Erie and Western railroad, where he remained seven years. In 1868 he located at Scranton, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the hotel business. In 1870 he kept the Tunkhannock Hotel, at Tunkhan- nock, Pennsylvania. In 1871 he removed to Shamokin and took charge of the restaurant business at the Douty House, and subsequently opened the Delmonico restaurant in the same town. In 1873 he built the City Hotel, which was partially burned in 1887. He rebuilt it and was landlord there- ■ of until December, 1889, when he leased it to Aaron BarreU. In the spring of 1890 he leased the Park Hotel, the property of the Shamokin Driving Park Association, which he has since conducted successfully. Mr. Fisher was married in 1870 to Kassie A. Shaw. Politically he is an independent voter, and is a member of Shamokin Lodge, No. 255, F. & A. M. He is a director of the Shamokin Driving Park Association, and was one of its cor- porators and its first president. B. E. Adams, proprietor of the Anthracite Hotel, was born in Upper Mahanoy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1837, son of Gideon and Sarah Adams. His early life was spent upon a farm, and at the age of fourteen he went to live with Jacob Maurer as a hired boy. At the end of nine months he left his place, came to Shamokin, and was employed in building bridges on the Northern Central railway between Mt. Carmel and Sunbury. From Shamokin he moved to Stone Valley, where he woirked in a lime quarry, and was subsequently employed by Gabriel Herb until he went into the huckster business. He kept at this business until his marriage, February 22, 1858, to Anna, daughter of Henry and Anna Arnold, a native of Snyder county. They have had eleven children, eight of whom are living: BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 959 Henry F. ; Arthur R. ; Percival A.; J. Elmer; W. Clyde; Charles O. ; Bernard E. ; Sylvia L. ; Warren E. ; Anna J., and Mabel F. Percival A. died, Sep- tember 11, 1890, at the age of twenty-six, and two of his brothers in early childhood. During the war he enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventy- second Pennsylvania Militia, and served nine months. In 1863 he went to Locust Gap and worked at the stone mason trade, which he has followed up to the present. Mr. Adams resided in Freeburg from 1867 till 1870, and during this time he erected the school house in that town and was engaged in much other mason work. He returned to Shamokin in 1870 and con- tinued to work at his trade for several years, and also carried on a liquor store in connection with it. He subsequently engaged in the hotel business which he still carries on. He operates the largest marble works in Sha- mokin. Mr. Adams has been a life-long Republican, in which party he is a quiet but efficient worker. He is a member of Lincoln Post, G. A. R., and of Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., also of the Conclave, and belongs to the Tag- neghdorn Tribe, No. 225. His father, who is eighty-three years old, resides with him, and the family are adherents of St. John's Reformed church. Geoege F. Ceone, restaurant proprietor, was born in Westphalia, Prus- sia, in 1832, son of Gotlilf C. and J. W. L. (StoUen) Crone, whose sketch appears in the biographical department under the head of Zerbe township. He came to this country in 1849 with his parents, and was engaged in the slate and coal mines. In 1865 he was appointed superintendent of the mines at Trevorton, and subsequently filled the same position at Mahanoy Valley and Shamokin until 1885, when he opened his present place of busi- ness. Mr. Crone is associated with his brother, H T. Crone, in the manu- facture of powder, their works being located at Trevorton. While a resi- dent of Trevorton he filled the offices of election judge and constable. He was married, in 1857, to Charlotte Creamer, and by this union they have had eight children; those living are: Lena, wife of Isaac P. Treon; Christian; Herman T., and Sarah A. In 1862 Mr. Crone enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., of Lincoln Post, G. A. R., and the Lutheran church, and politically is a Democrat. Stanislaus Wevna, proprietor of the Central Hotel, was born in Prussian Poland, August 16, 1843, son of Frank and Eva Weyna. He was reared and educated in Poland, and in 1863 immigrated to this country and settled in Shamokin, Pennsylvania. He was employed in the mines at this place and in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, nineteen years. In 1882 he en- gaged in the hotel business, and established the Central Hotel. In 1890 he built his new hotel, situated upon Shamokin street, containing twenty-two rooms. Its appointments are first-class, and altogether it is one of the desirable hotels of Shamokin. In 1888 Mr. Weyna established a gents' fur- nishing and clothing store, and has since conducted it in connection with his 960 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. hotel. He was married, October 18, 1865, to Margaret Garski, and by this union they have eight children: Tekla, wife of Albert Krantz; Mary, wife of Peter MayesM; Stanislaus; Joseph; John; Anthony; Agnes, and Eva. Mr. Weyna is a member of the fire department, and also a member of St. Stanislaus Catholic church, and St. Stanislaus Society, and major in the Kos- ciusko Society. John Cliffobd (Klofeta), merchant, was born, February 20, 1843, in Wierzchucin, State of Posen, Poland, Prussia, son of Joseph and Victoria (Klofeta) Clifford. The first eleven years of his life he spent in his native town. In 1854, in company with his mother and stepfather, John Stanka, he emigrated to Quebec, Canada, and in the same year removed to Shamokin, where he found employment in the coal mines of Shamokin and Trevorton, and upon the construction of the Northern Central railway and in the- roll- ing mill at Danville. In 1867 he embarked in the hotel business at Shamo- kin, and was proprietor of the Pulaski House twelve years. In 1879 he erected his present place of business, and engaged in keeping a general store, which business he still continues. He was a member of the borough council for the years 1886-87. He was married, December 27, 1864, to Barbara, daughter of Anthony Harris, of Shamokin, and they are the parents of eleven children: Cecilia; John; Joseph; Frank; Charles; Kate; Alfred; Gertrude; Genevieve; Leo, and Marcella. Mr. Clifford is one of Shamokin's enterprising and progressive business men. In 1863, at the time of Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, he enlisted in Company K, Thirty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Emergency Militia. Politically he is a Democrat, and a member of St. Stanislaus Catholic church. C. E. Hughes, livery and sale stable proprietor, was bom in Bloomsburg, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, June 25, 1847, son of Charles and Mary (Roth) Hxighes, natives of Philadelphia and Columbia county, respectively. He was educated in the public schools of Bloomsburg and at the age of six- teen commenced life as a clerk in a drug store, where he remained three years. He then served an apprenticeship at the painting business and worked as a journeyman until 1869, when he located in Shamokin and con- tinued at the business two years. He then entered the employ of Stephen Bittenbender as a clerk at his coal mines, after which he again engaged in the painting business, which he carried on for several years. In 1882 he went into the livery business and in 1884 sold out, and two years later resumed the business. He was married in 1871 to Alice, daughter of the late Stephen Bittenbender, and by this union they have had six children, two of whom are living: Harry B. and Stephen B. Politically Mr. Hughes is a Eepublican. E. H. Maetz, liveryman, was born, January 3, 1867, in Paxinos, North- umberland county. His father, Franklin Martz, was a native of this county, a fpmer and carpenter by occupation, and died in July, 1887, a consistent member of the German Eeformed church. His mother, Margaret (Fisher) BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 961 Martz, is a native of Northumberland county, and survives her husband. She is a member of the German Reformed church. Of her ten children live survive: Kate A.; E. H. ; William; Clarence C, and Bertha M. Our sub- ject was educated in the common schools, and began his business life in the mines. After working three years in the mines he purchased, in 1889, a half-interest in the livery and feed stable of 0. M. Adams, which he has since conducted. He married Miss Hannah Brocius. Mr. Martz is a member of the I. O. O. F. and the P. O. S. of A., and in politics is a Eepublican. Benjamin Haupt, butcher, was born in Cameron township, Northumber- land county, Peimsylvania, January 15, 1841, son of John and Catharine, (Maurer) Haupt, natives of Cameron township, and grandson of Henry Haupt, one of the early settlers of that township. He was reared upon the farm settled by his grandfather until 1862, when he was drafted and assigned to the One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania Militia, serving nine months. He then engaged in mining, which he followed seventeen years. In 1880 he located on Market street and engaged in business, and after- wards removed to his present stand. He was married in 1863 to Catharine, daughter of Thomas Henninger, who died in 1880, leaving four sons and four daughters. Those living are Joseph; Augustus; Elizabeth, wife of George E. Long; James; William T., and Harry. Mr. Haupt was again married in 1883 to Elizabeth, daughter of Elias Daniel, of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have one son, Charles. Mr. Haupt is a Republican in politics, and has served as a member of the borough council. He is a member of the Evangelical church, and one of the trustees of the Shamokin congregation. I. S. Eeitz, butcher and grocer, was born in Jackson township, April 12, 1849, son of Joseph and Catharine (Siders) Reitz, natives of Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania. He was reared upon the farm in Little Mahanoy township, and received his education at the common schools. His father was a farmer, and carried on butchering and a general store in con- nection with his farm. He subsequently located at Trevorton and engaged in the mercantile business, which he conducted until his death in 1870. His wife survives him and resides in Shamokin. Their family consisted of eight children: Susan, wife of H. L. Rodgers, of Shamokin; Nathaniel, merchant of Kansas City, Missouri; Joseph S., of Shamokin; L S. ; Sedick S., lumberman, of Juniata county; William, of Shamokin; Sallie, wife of William Zaring, of Shamokin, and Wilson, merchant and cattle dealer of Wyandotte, Kansas. April 3, 1866, the subject of this sketch in connection with H. L. Rodgers engaged in the butcher business in Shamokin, which they conducted two years. Mr. Reitz then engaged in the business individu- ally one year, when he engaged in selling patent rights, which business he continued two years, when he again engaged in butchering and dealing in cattle and horses, and for a number of years gave his whole attention to his 962 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTy. meat market. In the spring of 1890 lie moved to his new store, situated on East Sunbury street, and has one of the most convenient and handsomely fitted-up meat markets in the county. He was married in 1871 to Lydia S., daughter of Daniel Eeed, of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania; by this marriage they are the parents of three children: Lizzie; Emma Eebecca, and Samuel W. Mr. Eeitz is a life-long Eepublican, but never sought public office, and in religion is a member of the Evangelical church. Levi Shoop, plasterer, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1830, son of Michael and Elizabeth (Kneer) Shoop. His early life was spent upon the farm, receiving such education as could be obtained at the district schools. At the age of twenty-one he learned the trade of plasterer, at which he was occupied in an adjoining coimty until 1866. He then located at Shamokin and established himself in business, in which he was engaged until 1880, when he embarked in the mercantile business, which he conducted a short time; he then resumed the plastering business, at which he has since continued. Mr. Shoop has been a member of the council, and has served in the office of assistant burgess. He is a member of Shamokin Lodge, P. & A. M., and has been for many years a member of the I. O. O. P. He is an attendant of the Evangelical church, to which he is a liberal contributor. In politics he is a Republican. He was married in 1854 to Lydia Hepler, of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have had ten children, six of whom are living; Rev. James M., of Dauphin county; George O. ; Sarah P., wife of David Zaring; Charles O., who married Mary Seifert, of Dauphin coimty, Pennsylvania; William E., who married Laura Mayer, of Shamokin, and Robert C, of Shamokin. Thomas H. Lippiatt, photographer, was born in Somersetshire, England, January 3, 1853, son of Henry and Ann (Hodges) Lippiatt. He came to this country with his parents in 1864 and settled at Locust Gap, and in 1865 came to Shamokin, where he attended the public schools, and at an early age commenced working in the mines, where he was employed seven- teen years. In 1881 he commenced the manufacture of picture frames, and subsequently engaged in the photograph business in connection with the frame business. His place is situated on Independence street, and his art room contains a splendid collection of oil, crayon, and photographic works of art. Mr. Lippiatt in the development of his business brought energy and close application to the object he had in view, which has resulted in building up one of the largest trades of the kind in this part of the country. He was married in 1875 to Clara, daughter of George Zimmerman, of Upper Augusta township, by which union they have had seven children. Mr. Lip- piatt is a member of the I. O. O. P. and the Methodist church, in which he is class leader and superintendent of the Sunday school. In politics he is a Eepublican. BIOQBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 963 Joseph Henningeb, superintendent of public works, was born in Schuyl- iill county, Pennsylvania, in 1821, son of Thomas and Catharine (Karl) Henninger, natives of Berks and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania. He received a limited education in the common schools. In 1838 his parents settled in Cameron township. He learned the trade of miller in Schuylkill county, and followed it eight years. He then returned to Cameron town- ship and in 1850 commenced mining, which he followed twenty years, hold- ing the position of inside boss for Zimmerman & Pursel, the Lancaster Coal Company, John Langdon & Company, and Patterson, Llewellyn & Pagely. In 1866 he located in Shamokin, and in 1882 was elected burgess, filling the office two terms. He then engaged in the cattle business, which he carried on two years, when he was elected superintendent of public works, and, February 18, 1890, was elected receiver of taxes for Shamokin. Mr. Henninger was twice married. His first wife was Sarah, daughter of George Heed, of Jackson township, who died, April 13, 1869; by this marriage were born thirteen children, eleven of whom grew to maturity: Ephraim; Emanuel, deceased; Joseph; Charles; J. Monroe; Cellotes; Zacharias; Cephas; Priscilla, wife of Henry Knorr; Kate, and George. His second wife was Mrs. Mary Eveland, daughter of Henry Pry, of Shamokin, and by this union they have one daughter, Elizabeth. Mr. Henninger is a warm Eepublican, and enjoys the confidence of the citizens of Shamokin. In his religious belief he is a Lutheran. Joseph H Davidson, justice of the peace, was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1831, son of William and Elizabeth (Hempton) Davidson, natives of Ireland and Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, respectively. After the death of his father, which occurred a few months after his birth, his mother removed to Schuylkill county, where the subject of this sketch was reared and educated. He learned the painter's trade, and at the age of eighteen years returned to Wiconisco, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and entered the employ of Miller & Company as a clerk, where he remained ten years. In 1859 he accepted a position in West Virginia, where he remained a few months, when he returned to Schuylkill county and entered the employ of P. W. Sheafer of Girardsville. He then entered the United States service as assistant dispatcher and commissary to the railroad employees of the Orange- ville and Alexander railroad. In 1862 he was transferred to the post com- missary department under Captain Wilson, of the regular army, and was stationed at Warrenton Junction, Virginia, and at other points at the front. He returned home and again entered the employ of P. W. Sheafer as super- intendent of his coal business at Mahanoy Plane, where he remained until 1879. In 1880 he located at Shamokin and engaged in the grocery business a short time, after which he worked at his trade. In 1887 he was elected justice of the peace, and has served in this office continuously to the present time. Mr. Davidson was marrried, December 8, 1856, to Harriet M., daugh- 964 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ter of Michael Shaffer, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have had eight children, five of whom are living: Emma, wife of J. C. Connor; Eleanor; Harry; Annie E., and Edith. Politically he is a Eepub- lican. Peancis a. Miller, justice of the peace and insurance agent, was bom in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1859, son of Daniel S. and Elmira (Schwartz) Miller. He received his education at the pubhc schools of Sha- mokin and learned the shoemaker's trade, at which he was occupied until 1880, when he entered the employ of J. H. Adams as clerk in his general store. In 1885 he bought a one-half interest in the same, and the firm name was changed to P. A. Miller & Company, which business they conducted until 1887. Mr. Miller served in the council as a member from the Pourth ward for the years 1883 and 1884, and in 1887 was elected assistant burgess. March 14, 1889, he was appointed by Governor Beaver justice of the peace for Shamokin borough, and was elected to the same office in Pebruary, 1890, to serve for five years. In connection with this office he is engaged in the general insurance business. Mr. Miller was married in 1880 to Martha J., daughter of J. H. Adams, and they are the parents of six children : Ella V. ; Olive M. ; J. Prances; Emma P.; Julia A., and George D. Politically Mr. Miller is an ardent Republican. William K. Ebdman, insurance agent, was born in Upper Mahantango township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 12, 1837, son of George and Mary (Knorr) Erdman, of German and Scotch extraction. He had limited advantages of an education; six months cover the entire tuition received by him. His life until twenty-four years of age was spent upon the homestead farm. In 1861 he came to Shamokin and obtained employment as a laborer upon the railroad. He subsequently obtained work at the Big Mountain colliery in loading cars, where he remained five years, when he was promoted to outside superintendent, which position he filled three years. He then worked at the Buck Kidge colliery several years, leaving there to engage in carpenter work, and was employed by Daniel Weaver, Joseph Kaseman, and others. In 1873 he opened a small grocery store, shortly afterward entered the employ of J. K. Haas as clerk, and in 1875 entered into partnership with Mr. Haas, which continued two and a half years. In 1869 and 1871 Mr. Erdman filled the office of street commissioner. In 1873 he was elected justice of the peace, serving until 1878. At this period he estab- lished his insurance business. He was again elected justice of the peace in 1883, and filled the office five years, after which he was elected clerk of the directors of the poor, which position he filled two years. In 1888 he was again elected to the office of justice of the peace, discharging the duties of the office two years, when he resigned. Mr. Erdman has filled the office of constable, has served two terms in the borough council, and was a member of the first school board elected after the erection of Shamokin borough. In BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 965 politics he has ever been a strong Democrat and an active worker in his party. His reputation for intelligence and force of character gives him an influence that does much to further the success of his party. He possessed no early advantages, but employed his leisure hours in study and by self- application he gained in book knowledge; he also educated himself ty close observation and judgment of men and things, which has contributed in no small degree to his standing as a citizen and success as a man. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and represented his lodge in the Grand Lodge of the State. He was married to Mary Dimick, of Northumberland county, and to them have been born seven children: Clara T., wife of T). B. Felix; Luther M.; Oscar O. ; Ida M., wife of L. M. Fisher; Emma S.; William E., and Lizzie M. James A. Shipp, borough clerk and manager of the City Hotel, was born in Perry county, Pennsylvania, October 9, 1843, son of John and Susanna (Askins) Shipp. He received his education at the public schools of Shamo- kin, after which he learned the trade of machinist. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, Forty- sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, of which he was corporal. At the battle of Cedar Mountain, August 9, 1862, he received a gun-shot wound in his left shoulder, was taken prisoner and sent to Staunton, Vir- ginia, and transferred from there to Libby prison, where he remained until January, 1863, when he was paroled. In 1868, under the firm name of Boughner & Shipp, he was engaged in the coal business, operating the Penitentiary colliery. In 1872 he was operating the Frank Gowen colliery, and was burned out by the Mollie Maguires. He then, in connection with Isaac May, Jr., engagedin the mercantile business until 1876. In 1878 he 'was engaged in the oyster business, and was elected in this year secre- tary of the borough council and market clerk. In 1879 he was appointed a member of the borough police, and served four years. In 1881 he was appointed a member of the coal and iron police, and was at the Houtzdale riots in Clearfield county. In 1881 he was appointed depot master for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. January 1, 1890, he ac- cepted the position of manager of the City Hotel. In 1871 Mr. Shipp was elected lieutenant of the Shamokin Guards, and in 1873 became its com- manding officer, and was at the Shenandoah riot in 1874, Williamsport in 1872, and the Pittsburgh riots with his company. He was one of the charter members of Lincoln Post, G. A. A.; he is also a member of the Masonic order and the K. of G. E. Politically he is a Republican. Mr. Shipp was married in 1864 to Kate Boughner, of Shamokin, who died, July 25, 1889, leaving two children: Harry R. and Charles A. Francis Schleip was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 7, 1852, son of Francis and Barbara (Stien) Sohleif. He was reared and educated in his native coimty and commenced work as a miner, which occu- pation he followed in SchuylkiU and Northumberland counties. In 1885 he 966 HISTOKY OF NOETHDMBEELAND COUNTY. engaged in the grocery business, at which he continued until 1887, when he was elected to his present position as secretary of Coal township poor dis- trict, and re-elected in 1889. He was married in 1889 to Mary Schwoyer, of Shamokin, and by this union they have had six children, four of whom are living: Francis; Solomon; Eva, and Clara. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and of the K. of P. Mr. Schleif is a member of St. John's Ee- formed church, and politically a Eepublican. He is now filling the office of secretary of Coal township poor district, to which he was re-elected in 1889. Isaac G. Kase, teacher of music and dealer in musical instruments, was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, November 22, 1834, son of William H. and Ann (Haugh) Kase. He was reared on the homestead farm and educated in the common schools of the township. He learned the carpenter's trade, and at the age of twenty-two he purchased from his father his tannery business and conducted it thirteen years. He then found employment at his trade upon the construction of the bridges for the Sunbury, Hazelton and Wilkesbarre railroad. Having educated him- self for the musical profession, he subsequently engaged in teaching vocal music. In 1876 he located in Shamokin, and engaged in teaching vocal and instrumental music and the sale of pianos and organs. Mr. Kase was mar- ried in 1856 to Sarah J., daughter of B. P. Kase, of Eush township, who died leaving three children: William E. ; Sarah L., wife of J. E. Sharpless, and Agnes, wife of H. Hardrex. His second wife was Jennie, daughter of Isaac Snyder, of Shamokin, who has borne him three children: Maud; Mal- colm, and Clara A. While a resident of Eush township Mr. Kase served in the offices of aijditor, constable, and school director. In 1883 he was elected borough assessor, and in 1884 was appointed to the same of&ce by the com- missioners. Politically he is a Democrat, and was a member of the county committee nine years. Mr. Kase is a member of the Presbyterian church. John J. Delaney, local manager of the Singer Sewing Machine Com- pany, was born in Forestville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, October 18, 1859, son of John and Sarah (Dougherty) Delaney, both natives of Schuyl- kill county. His paternal grandfather, John Delaney, was a native of Canada, and settled in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, about 1810. His maternal grand- father, Patrick Dougherty, a native of the North of Ireland, settled in early life in Pottsville, where he held the office of justice of the peace fifteen years. John Delaney, father of our subject, was inside foreman at different collieries for many years, and was killed at Eagle Hill shaft, July 9, 1870. He was a soldier in the Eebellion, serving in the Sixteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers three months, and fifteen months in the Forty-eighth regiment. Our sub- ject was reared in Pottsville up to the age of twelve years, and afterwards lived in St. Nicholas until 1874, when he lecated in Mt. Carmel, Northum- berland county. For several years he worked in a breaker, firing and run- ning the engine at Alaska shaft for the Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 967 Iron Company. In 1882 he engaged in the sewing machine business, which he followed in Mt. Carmel and vicinity until May 26, 1890, when he removed to Shamokin and became local manager for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Mr. Delaney was married, December 26, 1879, to Mary, daughter of John and Ellen (Flanigan) Flynn, of Mt. Carmel, who has borne him four children: John, deceased; Ellen; Sadie, and Margaret. Politically he is a Republican, and is a member of the Sons of Veterans, at Mt. Carmel. The family are members of the Catholic church. Thomas L. McNamaka was bom in Mt. Pleasant, Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, in March, 1859. He is a son of Eichard and Helen (Lee) McNamara, natives of Ireland, both of whom are dead. His father served in Company K, Ninety-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Our subject was reared and edu- cated in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and learned the engineer's trade. He ac- cepted a position in Atkinson & Brother's machine shop, in Pottsville, which he filled two years. He then removed to Williamstown to accept the posi- tion of loader boss at the Mineral mine, where he remained ten years. He then came to Shamokin and clerked for E. C. Hamilton, of the Exchange Hotel, which position he filled for three years. In April, 1890, he leased the hotel at Paxinos, which he conducted until 1891, when he returned to Shamokin. Mr. McNamara was married in February, 1883, to Ida, daughter of William and Sarah Patrick, of Williamstown, Pennsylvania. They are the parents of three children: Eichard; William, and Sadie. He is a mem- ber of the S. of v., Camp No. 29, and the K. of L., Lodge No. 210, both of •Williamstown. Politically he is a Democrat, and is a member of St. Ed- ward's Catholic church of Shamokin. CHAPTER XLIV. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. MILTON. Dr. James and Jane (Starbett) Dougal, natives of Ireland, and early settlers of Milton, were married, October 14, 1793. The former was a gradu- ate of the College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and was practicing medicine in Ireland when he became involved in the Irish rebellion of 1798, and was compelled to escape in disguise to the United States, whither his wife and two children, James and Margaret, followed him. He located in Milton, Pennsylvania, where he erected the stone house in 1803 now occu- 968 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. pied by his grandson, and practiced his profession until his sudden death, July 18, 1818, caused by a fall from his horse. He was the pioneer physi- cian of Milton, and a gentleman of marked ability and patriotism, whose loyalty to the emblem of freedom in his adopted home was as fervent as his hatred of tyranny in his native land. During the war of 1812 he did all in his power against English oppression, and sent his son, James S., into the ranks of his country's defenders to fight for the flag of liberty. Db. James S. Dougal was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, October 7, 1794, and came to Milton with his parents. Dr. James Dougal and wife, where he received a good education. He read medicine with his father, and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1817. Upon his father's death the following year he succeeded to his practice, and for fifty-eight years he was actively engaged in the duties of his profession. He served in the war of 1812, against the oppressor of his native land. In politics he was originally a Democrat, but in later years united with the Republican party. Doctor Dougal was married, July 2, 1818, to Sarah, daughter of William Pollock, and sister of the late ex-Governor James Pollock, who was born, July 16, 1799. She died, April 1, 1873, and he survived her until May 23, 1878. They had a family of eight children: James, a physician, and Will- iam P., both deceased; Sarah Jane, widow of James Gilmour; Mary Louisa, wife of E. H. Duncan, of Washington, D. C. ; Caroline, deceased wife of Horace A. Beale, of Chester county, Pennsylvania; Margaret P.; Charles H., of Milton, and Elizabeth E., wife of Eobert Bailey, of WiUiamsport, Penn- sylvania. Doctor Dougal was a gentleman of enterprise and public spirit, " and was for many years one of the leading citizens of his adopted home. Captain William P. Dougal was the second son of Dr. James S. and Sarah (Pollock) Dougal, and grandson of Dr. James Dougal, the second res- ident physician of Milton. He was born, December 28, 1823, in the sub- stantial stone house erected by his ' grandfather on the corner of Front and Mahoning streets, Milton, Pennsylvania, early in the present century, and was educated at the old Milton Academy. In early manhood he engaged in farming in Union county, and followed agricultural pursuits until 1860. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he at once gave his active support to the Union cause, and September 4, 1862, he was commissioned first lieuten- ant of Company D, One Hundred and Fiftieth (Bucktail) regiment, Penn- sylvania Volunteers, which company he recruited in Union county, where he then resided. His regiment was at once sent to the front, and afterwards became celebrated as one of the fighting regiments of the Army of the Potomac. Lieutenant Dougal was promoted to the captaincy on the field of Gettysburg, July 1, 1868, where he was so severely wounded as to necessitate his retirement from active service, and he was finally discharged, February 1, 1864. The firm of Murray, Dougal & Company was organized the same year, and the Milton Car Works established, with which Captain Dougal BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 969 Avas actively ideatified until 1878, when he withdrew from the firm and lived a retired life up to his death, July 8, 1890. Captain Dougal was twice married, first to Sarah Clingan, of Union county, who bore him one daughter, Sarah, wife of William C. Lawson, Jr., of Milton. His second wife was Agnes, daughter of Robert and Eliza (Mont- gomery) McCormick, of Milton, a descendant of two well known pioneer families of the West Branch valley. Seven children were the fruits of this union: James; Eobert; William; Eliza; Charles; Agnes, and Margaret, all of whom are living except the eldest. Captain Dougal was a member of the Presbyterian church, to which faith his widow and family also adhere, and in politics he was an ardent Republican. He was a director of the Milton National Bank, and always manifested a deep interest in the social and material growth of his native town. He was affable, kind, and generous in all the relations of home and family, and in business life he was recognized as the soul of honor and integrity. Chaeles H. Dougal, physician, was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 20, 1838, son of Dr. James S. and Sarah Dougal. He received a good common school education, and subsequently entered Princeton College, New Jersey, where he graduated in the springof 1859. He then commenced the study of medicine in his father's office, but in 1861 entered the United States service under General Stoneman, as a medical cadet. He was taken prisoner, July 1, 1863, and was confined in Libby prison five weeks, when he was exchanged and assigned to duty at Eckington hospital, near Washington, D. C, where he remained until the following September. He then returned to Milton and resumed his medical studies, and in March, 1864, graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. He has since been one of the active practitioners of Milton, and has built up a large practice. Doctor Dougal was married, January 4, 1866, to Annie M., daughter of Samuel Oakes, of Montour county, Pennsylvania. Two children were born to them, one of whom is living, J. Starrett. Mrs. Dougal died, March 26, 1873, and he was again married, March 19, 1891, to Miss Emma Clinger, of Williamsport. Politically the Doctor is a Republican; he has been chief burgess of Milton and has served in the borough council three terms. He has also served in the school board. He is an adherent of the Presbyterian church, and a mem- ber of the G. A. E. and the Masonic fraternity. Dk. William McCleebt was for many years one of the best known medical practitioners in the county. He was a native of Dauphin county, Pennsyl- vania, and a son of John McCleery, a ■ merchant of Harrisburg and subse- quently of Milton, who died on his farm near the latter place. William re- moved with his parents to Milton in boyhood, read medicine with Dr. James S. Dougal, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in the class of 1827. For more than thirty years he practiced his profession in Milton and the^surrounding country for miles in every direction, and shared with his 970 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. contemporaries a large and lucrative practice. Doctor McCleery married Margaret, daughter of William Pollock, and a sister of the late ex-Governor James Pollock, who bore him six children, five of whom survive: J. P., of Milton; Mary, wife of Joseph D. Potts, of Philadelphia; Julia J., wife of Jesse Merrill, of Lock Haven; John, of Milton, and William P., of Troy, Pennsylvania. In 1857 Doctor McCleery turned over his practice to his eldest son, Dr. J. P. McCleery, and engaged in the lumber business. He erected the first steam saw mill on the river at Milton, and followed the lum- ber trade up to his death, December 4, 1867. His wife died fourteen years prior to his decease. J. P. McCleeet, physician, is the eldest son of Dr. William McCleery, and was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, November 13, 1832. He received a good education at the schools of Milton and McEwensville. He began the study of medicine with his father, and attended Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, graduating in March, 1857, and since that time has prac- ticed his profession in Milton. June 4, 1870, he was united in marriage with Margaret S., daughter of John McCormick, of Lewis township, this county, and by this union they have five children: Annie M. ; Mary H. ; Martha Gr. ; William, and Josephine P. Doctor McCleery is a Republican in poHtics, and the family are adherents of the Presbyterian church. Abbaham Stkaub was born in Milton, Northumberland county, December 9, 1794, son of Andrew Straub and twin brother of Isaac Straxib. He re- ceived the ordinary educajtion of that period, learned the tanner's trade, and carried on a tannery in Milton until 1824, at which time he sold out and joined his brother Isaac in what were knovra. as the Birchwood Mills, on the island opposite Milton, where they were engaged in the lumber and milling business a number of years. They invented and introduced into their mill the first reaction water wheel probably ever used in the State. They also had a railroad track to their mill and yard. In 1832 and 1833 they erected the first bridges over the West Branch of the Susquehanna at Milton, which were carried away by the flood of March 17, 1865. In 1834 Isaac retired from the firm and went to Lewistown, where he engaged in merchandising. Abraham continued to operate the mills until 1840, when he took down the grist mill and moved it to Muddy run, two miles above Milton, where he continued the milling business until 1853, when he sold the same and erected a bridge across the Susquehanna river at Uniontown. After the completion of this undertaking he turned his attention to the invention of a centrifugal pump. He was a self-educated surveyor, and became one of the foremost in this section of the State. November 29, 1821, he married Nancy Balliet, whose father was a native of Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, and a settler in Limestone, Montour county. They were the parents of the follow- ing children: John Andrew, deceased; Ambrose White, who died in infancy; Stephen Daniel, of Hagerstown, Maryland; Elizabeth Caroline, wife of Eev. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 971 William Goodrich; Clement Calvin, of Milton; Ambrose White, of Philadel- phia; William Alfred, of Cumberland, Maryland, and Mary Louisa, de- ceased. He died, August 21, 1864. Isaac Straub left Lewistown in 1838 and went to Cincinnati, where he died, December 17, 1875. Christian Straub taught school and engaged in merchandising in Schuylkill county, where he served as sheriff; he was also elected to the Pennsylvania legislature and to Congress, but died before the expiration of his term, and was buried in the congressional burying ground at Washington, D. C. Clement C. Steadb was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, November 23, 1833, son of Abraham and Nancy (Balliet) Straub. He attended the public schools and academy under Reverend Dieter, and was for many years engaged in the mercantile business. For the last twenty-five years he has been engaged in building portable mills in connection with his brother Ambrose, the inventor, their place of business being in Philadelphia. He is a director in the First National Bank of Milton. February 17, 1864, he was united in marriage with Elizabeth A., daughter of Justus Swenk, of Milton. She died, May 24, 1872. Mr. Straub is a prominent Republican, and was for many years a member of the school board and town council. Joseph Mark was one of the pioneers of Turbut township, Northumber- land county, the site of his home being now embraced in the borough of Milton. He was born, June 15, 1750, in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, where he married Susannah Frampton of the same county, born April 27, 1754. In 1792 he purchased three hundred seventy-nine acres of land from the widow of Turbutt Francis, a part of a tract known as " Colonel's Re- ward," lying on the east bank of the West Branch, immediately north of Milton. It must have been well improved property, as he paid at the rate of four pounds per acre for it. In 1793 he settled upon his purchase, where he died, September 3, 1796; his widow survived him until December 27, 1826. They were the parents of six children: Mary, who married Robert Martin; Hannah, who became the wife of William Hull; David, who died, February 14, 1819; William, who died, December 18, 1823; Joseph, who died, October 5, 1804, and Alem, who- became quite a prominent lawyer and politician and served two terms in Congress. William Hull was a native of Sussex county, New Jersey, born July 17, 1771, and settled in Turbut township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in the last decade of the eighteenth century, where he married Hannah Marr, January 12, 1797. Her father, Joseph Marr, came from Northamp- ton county, Pennsylvania, in 1793, and located immediately north of Milton. She was born, March 23, 1777, and was about sixteen years old when her father settled in this county. To William and Hannah Hull were bom four- teen children, only nine of whom reached maturity: Susan, who married Samuel McCarty; Elizabeth; Jesse; David; Alem; William P.; Thomas R. ; Sarah A., who married John H. Brown, and Hannah M., who married Robert 972 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. M. Slater. William Hull died upon the homestead farm in 1828 ; his widow afterward moved into Milton, where she died, February 10, 1858, in the eighty-first year of her age. Db. Thomas E. Hull, youngest son of William Hull, was born on the old homestead near Milton, February 19, 1815. He here grew to manhood, and received his early education at the old Milton Academy. About 1832 he entered Lafayette College, and subsequently read medicine under Doctors James S. Dougal and William McCleery, and graduated from Jefferson Med- ical College in 1838. He commenced practice at Washingtonville, Montour county, Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1861, when he remved to Milton and continued in the active duties of his profession up to his death. May 25, 1886. On the 28d of February, 1843, Doctor Hull was married to Elizabeth McCormick, who survives him. Seven children were born to this union: Margaret Mc. ; William; Alem P.; Thomas R. ; Harry B. ; Edward L., deceased, and Elmer S. Doctor Hull was a skillful, careful, and consci- entious physician, and enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. Politically he was a RepubUcan, and was a member of the electoral college which elected Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. He was chief burgess of Mil- ton two terms, and always took a deep interest in the public schools, and was a member of the board of education several years. He was an attendant of the Episcopal church and a man of unquestionable integrity and upright character. William Hull, dealer in coal and grain, was bom in Montour county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1846, and is the eldest son of Dr. Thomas R. Hull. He was educated in the Milton schools, and in 1869 he began clerking for his uncle, William P. Hull, and continued in that capacity until the death of the latter in 1876, when he and his father purchased the business and con- ducted it under the firm name of William Hull. On the death of Doctor Hull in 1886, his son, Thomas R., became a member of the firm, which has since been known as Hull & Company. Mr. Hull is also interested in the lumber business at Jersey Shore and Pine Creek, Pennsylvania, and is a stockholder in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company. He was married, July 4, 1872, to Emma, daughter of Samuel Leidy of Milton, who has borne him two children: May, and William P. Politically Mr. Hull is a Republican, and is now serving his ninth year as school dil-ector. The MgCormiok Family.— The ancestry of the McCormick family is traced to James McCormick, of Londonderry, Ireland, one of the signers of a memorial to William and Mary in 1689. His son, Thomas McCormick, was born in 1702 and immigrated to America in 1735, locating in Paxtang township, Lancaster (now Dauphin) county, Pennsylvania. In 1745 he removed to East Pennsboro' township, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, where he died in 1762. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Adam Carruth, and they were the parents of six children. The eldest, Thomas McCormick, was born BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 975 in the North of Ireland in 1727, and died in East Pennsboro' township, Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, in 1778. In 1756 he married Jean, daughter of John and Mary (Patterson) Oliver. Of the five children born to this union the eldest, John McCormick, removed to Northumberland county in 1794 and was the progenitor of the branch of the family to which this sketch more particularly relates. He was born near Silver Spring, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1757, and died in his adopted county, September 22, 1815. He married Ann, daughter of John Sample, and they had issue as follows: Elizabeth, who married John Cook; Robert, who married Mrs. Eliza Wood, nee Montgom- ery; Jane, who married John Sample; Maria; John, who married Martha Giffen; William, who married Eachel Slote, and Sarah, who became the wife of David Davis. RoBEET M. McCoKMicK, eldest son of John and Ann McCormick, was born on the old homestead in this county, January 25, 1796, and died in Milton, whither he had removed from his farm, September 10, 1873. He was married. May 4, 1830, to Mrs. Eliza Wood, widow of ;Dr. jThomas Wood, of Muncy, and eldest child of David and Agnes (Shaw) Montgomery. She was born, April 27, 1800, upon the old homestead in what is now Lewis township, and died in Milton, February 1, 1876. Six children were born to Robert and Eliza McCormick: David M., who died in childhood; John, who died in early manhood; Robert, who was killed by guerrillas at Bardstown, Kentucky, December 29, 1864, while serving in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry; Charles C, a gallant soldier of the same regiment, since deceased; Agnes, widow of William P. Dougal, and William C, of Kansas. Genebal Charles 0. McCoemick, deceased, was born in Paradise, Lewis township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 18, 1838, and died, January 31, 1884. His parents were Robert and Eliza McCormick. He was reared on the homestead farm, and manifested a great love for books and a desire to improve his mind. He attended the McEwensviUe Academy and the Lewisburg University, and took a course at the Pittsburgh Commercial College. He removed with his parents to Milton in 1860. At the breaking out of the civil war he was among the first to respond to his country's call, and, owing to his military tact, indomitable energy, and unquestionable bravery, he gradually arose from the rank of private to that of brigadier general. October 9, 1861, he enlisted in Company D, Eightieth Regiment (Seventh Cavalry), and November 18, 1861, was promoted to captain of Company L; January 10, 1865, he became colonel of the regi- ment, and was brevetted brigadier general, March 13, 1865, for long, faith- ful, and gallant service. He was mustered out, August 23, 1865, and was promoted after the war to the rank of major general of the National Guard of Pennsylvania. He fought in the Army of the Tennessee as a cavalryman, and was wounded at Bardstown, Kentucky, and Selma, Alabama. The 55 976 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. bullets received at the latter place remained in his body until his death. He participated in the battles of Murfreesboro, Stone Eiver, Alexandria, Chickamauga, Macon, Dallas, Atlanta, Columbia, and Kennesaw Mountain. At the close of the war he returned to Milton and purchased an interest in the firm of Murray, Dougal & Company, car manufacturers; from which he retired in 1877. June 30, 1868, he married Charlotte A., daughter of L. M. and Sarah (Blake) Wright, of Troy, New York, and to them were born three children: Robert C, a student at Cornell University; Helen C, and Walter W., now attending school. The Follmee Family are among the earliest settlers of this portion of Northumberland county. George Jacob Folhner was born, December 4, 1738, in Berks county, Pennsylvania. His father with an older brother, Michael, emigrated from Germany in 1737, and located near Reading, Berks county, Pennsylvania. In 1778 Michael and George Jacob came to this county and located in Turbut township. They took up a large tract of land, built their cabins, and engaged in clearing and improving the same. George Jacob FoUmer married Catharine Walters and reared a family of twelve children. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war five years, and a Democrat in politics; he was elected as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1794 and continuously from 1798 to 1802, and was elected to the Senate in 1803. He died in 1804 before his term ex- pired. From these two brothers sprang the Follmer family, which now has several hundred descendants in this county. Daniel Follmer, youngest son of George Jacob Follmer, was born in Northumberland county, June 9, 1786, and was a farmer by occupation. He was colonel of a militia company for many years, and participated in the war of 1812. He was associate judge of Montour county one term. He married Susan Diflfenbecher, a native of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, who died in 1836. Eight children were born to this union, three of whom are living: Conrad, of Kansas; Mary, widow of John A. Eshbach, of Iowa, and J. M., of Milton. His second wife was Mrs. Rachel Grier, by whom he had one child, who died at the age of twelve years. Mr. Follmer was a member of the German Reformed church, and served as elder many years. He died in 1873. J. M. Follmeb was born in Limestone township, Montour county, Penn- sylvania, May 3, 1825. He attended the public schools and Danville Academy, and has been engaged in farming, lumbering, and stock-raising. In 1863 he enlisted in Company E, Thirty-seventh Militia, received the appointment of regimental quartermaster, and was honorably discharged, August 4, 1863. He was a charter member of Bryson Post, G. A. R., of Watsontown, and chaplain of Henry Wilson Post, Milton. In 1865 he was a candidate for the legislature, but was defeated. In 1888 he was elected to the House of Re])resentatives by a majority of about two hundred. In BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 977 1850 he was united in marriage with Susan, daughter of J. P. Hackenberg, of this county. Seven children were born to this union: Emma; Matilda, Mrs. C. G. Wilson, of St. Mary's, Pennsylvania; Edward H., who died at the age of one year; Ada, Mrs.' J. G. Bower, of Watsontown; William H., phy- sician, of Milton; Roland B., of Philadelphia, and John H. Mr. Eollmer was connected with the Masonic order for twelve years, and Royal Arch three years; he is a member of the German Reformed church, was an elder several terms, and has been superintendent of the Sunday school for many years. He is now engaged in the insurance business, and represents several of the strongest companies. Seth Cadwallajjeb was one of the pioneer merchants of Milton, in which town he settled about 1812. He was born in Montgomery county, Pennsyl- vania, October 11, 1796, and after coming to Milton engaged in clerking, but subsequently went into business and followed merchandising until 1854, when he retired. On the 3d of February, 1824, he married Elizabeth, daughter of George Hammond, and a native of Northumberland county. Her father was one of the first settlers of this part of the State, was captured by the Indians during the Revolutionary war and turned over to the Hessians, and was held a prisoner five years. Eleven children were born to Seth and Elizabeth Cadwallader, only three of whom are living: Hammond, of Juni- ata county; Albert, of Milton, and Kate, wife of James McConkey, of Phila- delphia. The parents died, August 24, 1863, and June 3, 1880, respectively. Albert Cadwalladeb was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, October 11, 1841, was reared and educated in his native town, and was engaged in the grocery and provision business until 1879. October 20, 1868, he married Annie L., daughter of Andrew Supplec, of Philadelphia, and by this union they have seven children: Gertrude H. ; Austin S. ; Seth Iredell; Mary Louisa; KateE. ; Bertha May, and Albert. During the Rebellion he volun- teered in Company A, Third Pennsylvania Militia, and later in Company E, Twenty-eighth Emergency Men, and was afterwards appointed agent for the United States sanitary commission to distribute supplies to the sick and wounded soldiers at the front. In politics he is a Republican, and was elected county treasurer in 1871, the first Republican ever elected to that oifice in this county. He served five terms as chief burgess of Milton, and has also been a member of the town council. He is secretary and treasurer in the Milton Knitting Factory, and has been a director of the Milton National Bank for several years. Mr. Cadwallader is a member of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. R., and served as quartermaster of the same four years. He and family attend the Presbyterian church. Samuel T. Beown was for many years one of the best known business men of Milton, where he lived nearly half a century. He was born in White Deer valley. Union county, Pennsylvania, July 18, 1798, and was a descend- ant of an old Puritan family that settled in that valley at an early date in its 978 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. history. He learned the tanning trade, and in 1830 came to Milton and purchased the property now known as the Milton tannery, where he carried on business over thirty years. During this time he became actively identi- fied with the growth and progress of the town. He was a stockholder and director of the old Northumberland Bank more than twenty years, and was one of the organizers and directors of the First National Bank from its incep- tion up to his death, June 4, 1875. Mr. Brown was twice married, first to Nancy Woods, June 18, 1819, who bore him five children, three of whom grew to maturity: Cyrus; J. Woods, and Oliver. The two last mentioned are dead. He married for his second wife Elizabeth A. Young, of which union one child was born, but died in early youth. His widow survived him until October, 1883. Mr. Brown was an excellent citizen, a good neigh- bor, a man of sterling business character, and a kind husband and father. Politically he was a Democrat, and in religion a consistent member of the First Presbyterian church of Milton. » Cyeus Bbown, druggist, was bom in White Deer valley. Union county, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1824, eldest son of Samuel T. and Nancy (Woods) Brown. He was educated at the schools of Milton, and the Lewisburg Academy, after which he entered a drug store in Philadelphia, where he remained until he acquired a thorough knowledge of the business. In 1854 he returned to Milton, and established his present drug house, which is now the largest in the county. He was burned out in May, 1880, with a loss of fifty thousand dollars, outside of his insurance, but rebuilt the same year, and in 1882 erected his present store. Mr. Brovra. handles white lead in large quantities, and is the inventor and manufacturer of the Eed Horse powder. He is a believer in printer's ink, and is probably the most extensive advertiser in the county. In 1859 he married Louisa B., daughter of David Krauser, who died leaving one daughter, Hettie L. He was again married, January 1, 1876, to Mrs. Eebecca H. Ehodes, widow of Doctor Ehodes, of Milton. Politically Mr. Brovm is a Democrat; he has served as city council- man, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. J. Woods Bbown, deceased, was born in White Deer valley. Union county, Pennsylvania, December 1, 1826, son of Samuel T. and Nancy (Woods) Brown. He attended the Milton Academy, also the McEwensville Academy under the Eev. S. S. Sheddon, D. D. He entered Jefferson Col- lege in the spring of 1846, and graduated from that institution in 1848. He then read law one year with Samuel Hepburn, of Milton, and afterwards entered the law school at Easton, Pennsylvania, under Judge McCarty and Henry Greer, and graduated in 1851, when he returned to Milton and engaged in practice. In 1853 he entered into co-partnership with W. C. Lawson, which relation continued successfully until 1880. After the great fire of that year in Milton neither partner cared to continue in the practice of law. Mr. Brown was an active and influential Democrat and a leader in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 979 the local councils of his party. In 1 862-63 he represented Northumberland county in the House of Eepresentatives in the State Legislature and oocu - pied a prominent position in that body. He held a number of positions in civil life, in which his fidelity and conscientiousness were prominently mani- fested. He was the principal factor in the organization of the First National Bank of Milton in 1863, was elected its president, and continued in this office until his death. He was a remarkably quiet and unobtrusive man, yet possessed of that courage which always prompted him to follow the line of duty in a forcible, and oftentimes, aggressive, manner. His conceptions of right and his condemnation of all things that reflected the image of impro- priety rnade him a fearless advocate of good. January 29, 1851, he married Maria, daughter of William and Catherine Polk, of Easton, Pennsylvania. Seven children were born to their union, four of whom are living. Mr. Brown died, January 6, 1888. "William Heinen, deceased, was born in York county, Pennsylvania, in 1817, son of Doctor Heinen, who emigrated from Germany and married Miss Etzler, of York county, and practiced medicine in that county before remov- ing to Milton. William Heinen came to Milton with his parents when a child, and received his education at the Milton Academy under Rev. .David Kirkpatrick. He started in life as a clerk, and served an extended appren- ticeship. In 1835 he, in co-partnership with Jesse Schreyer, established the mercantile firm of Schreyer & Heinen. He remained a member of that firm until 1866, when he withdrew and retired from active business in 1870. He married Anna M., daughter of Henry Funk, of Bucks county, by whom he had eight children, three of whom are living: Catharine, wife of D. M. Krauser; William A., and T. C. Mr. Heinen was one of the organizers of the Milton National Bank, and served as a director many years. He was a prominent member of the Lutheran church, and a Democrat in politics. He died, July 19, 1879; his widow died in 1885. William A. Heinen was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, October 16, 1850, son of William and Anna (Funk) Heinen. He received his education in the Milton schools and Bucknell University, Lewis- burg, Pennsylvania, and in early life turned his attention to farming. In 1870 he became a member of the firm of Heinen, Schreyer & Company, but retired from the same in 1880, and has since returned to farming. He is a director in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, the Milton Iron Company, the Milton Gas Company, and the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association, a stockholder in the Milton Water Company, and a member of the Milton Bridge Company, also one of the organizers and secretary and treasurer of the Milton Creamery Company. Politically he is a Republican. October 8, 1889, he married Mary, daughter of S. J. Shinier, of Milton. T. C. Heinen was born in Milton, March 11, 1859, son of William and Anna (Funk) Heinen. He was educated in the schools of Milton, after 980 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. which he entered the mercantile business as clerk, and succeeded his father as a member of the firm of Heinen, Schreyer & Company. He is a stock- holder in the Milton Iron Company, the Milton Knitting Company, the Mil- ton Water -Company, the Milton Gas Company, and the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association. In 1885 he married Carrie V., daughter of D. W. A. Belford, of Milton, and has one child, Catharine E. William Chambeblin was born in New Jersey, September 25, 1736. He was lieutenant colonel in the New Jersey militia, and served in the Eevolu- tionary war. He was married in 1758 to Miss Tinbrook, who bore him, seven children. March 3, 1771, he married Ann Park, who bore him four chil- dren, and died, November 12, 1779. In 1782 he married Margaret Park, and by her were born four children; she died, April 29, 1791, and August 16, 1794, he married Ann Mary Kimble, and to this union were born eight children. He was twenty-three years of age at the birth of his first child, and seventy-six years of age at the birth of his twenty -third child. He died, August 21, 1817. His oldest son Lewis, while on a visit to his father, was killed at the battle of Germantown, October 4, 1777, by a cannon ball. About 1792 he removed to Buffalo valley and purchased six hundred acres of land, in what is now Kelly township, Union county, where he lived in prosperity until his death. He was a prominent member of the Baptist church. His last wife came of an old family. She was familiar with Washington Irving, George Washing- ton, and others. She was a member of the Presbyterian church, and having a very retentive memory, committed many chapters of the Bible to mem- ory. She died, March 4, 1859. Moses Chambeblin was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, November 8, 1812, youngest son of William and Ann Mary (Kimble) Chamberlin. He was reared on his father's homestead and educated at the schools of that period. At the age of twenty years he went to Lewisburg and served an apprenticeship of three years at the tanner's trade. In 1833 he removed to Milton, engaged in the mercantile business, and followed the various occupations of milling, lumbering, and farming until 1874, when he retired from active life. He purchased the land and laid out what is known as the Chamberlin addition to Milton, and also laid out and sold land upon which Watsontown is situated. He was married in 183.") to Mary Ann, daughter of George Correy, of Milton, who died, August 15, 1838. One child was born to this union, Elizabeth H., widow of William Pollmer, of Watsontown. He was again married in 1840 to Jane H. Montgomery, daughter of John Watson, of Watsontown, and to them six children have been born, four of whom are living: William, of Milton; Caroline, Mrs. A. O. First, of Belle- f onte ; James, of Harrisburg, and Frank, an attorney of Milton. Mr. Cham- berlin is a Republican in politics, and has served in the several municipal officos of his town. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and has served as trustee, recording steward, class leader, Sunday school superintendent, etc. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 981 John Haag, deceased, was a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and after marrying Mary Knauss, of that county, he removed in 1836 to Turbut township, Northumberland county, where he followed farming until his death in 1867 ; his widow survived him until 1882, and they were consistent members of the Lutheran church and the parents of seven children: John, deceased; Catharine, deceased; B. K. ; Elizabeth, deceased; Rebecca, who married William Balliet and lives in Montour county, Pennsylvania; Hettie, wife of William Gouger, also of Montour county, and Sarah, deceased. B. K. Haag, merchant, was born, January 9, 1817, in Berks county, Pennsylvania, and is a son of John and Mary O. (Knauss) Haag. His edu- cation was received in the subscription and common schools. At the age of twenty-one years he left his father's farm to begin a business life for him- self, his first employment being in the general mercantile store of Geddes, Green & Walls at McBwensville, this county, where he remained four years. Following this were four years' service as a clerk in a general store in Lewis- burg, Pennsylvania. In 1847 he came to Milton and formed a partnership with T. S. Mackey & Son, under the firm name of Mackey & Haag, dry goods and hardware. At the expiration of two years Mr. Haag withdrew from this connection and joined Montgomery Sweney, and for one year did a general dry goods and grocery business, under the firm title of Sweney & Haag. After one year's association with the concern of Haag & Caldwell, the stock was divided and Mr. Haag kept a store for a period on the present site of the Milton National Bank. In 1853 he established his present hard- ware and book store, which was conducted under the firm cognomen of Haag & Brown until the panic of 1857, which compelled Mr. Haag to assume all responsibility of the business, and since when he has been alone until joined by his son-in-law, John Buoy. In 1863 he purchased a lot south of his present hardware room, of Elizabeth MiUer, and in 1865 erected buildings on the same. In 1875 his business block was burned, rebuilt, and again burned in 1880, and soon after rebuilt the second time. Besides this hand- some brick block, he has constructed many dwellings in the town of Milton, including the Hotel Haag, which magnificent structure was erected in 1890 at a cost of over seventy-five thousand dollars, and opened up for business on April 1, 1890. Mr. Haag was married, February 20, 1852, to Sarah Schuck, daughter of Philip and Catharine (Diebert) Schuck. She was born, July 19, 1821, in Union county, Pennsylvania, and to her union with Mr. Haag have been born six children: William A., deceased; Mary E., the wife of John Buoy; Charles H., deceased; Sallie, deceased; Thomas J.; and Hettie, the wife of C. A. Chapin. Mr. Haag was postmaster while at McEwensville and also trustee of school funds at the same place. He was appointed one of the distributing committee of the relief funds after the great fire of 1880. He was a director of the National Bank of Milton from 1865 to 1875. 982 HISTORY OF NOKTHDMBERLAND COUNTY. William C. Lawson, president of the Milton National Bank, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, December 3, 1817, son of Joseph and Aim Clingan) Lawson, natives of Lycoming and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania, respectively. Eoger Lawson, the original ancestor of the family in America, came from the North of Ireland in 1720, and settled at Bohemia Manor, Mary- land, whence John Lawson, grandfather of our subject, removed in 1785 to Lycoming county, Pennsylvania. Joseph Lawson was born and reared in that county, and subsequently went to Union county, where he married Ann Clingan, whose parents moved from Lancaster to Union county in 1801. He was a prominent farmer, and both he and wife died in that county. Though originally a Democrat he became a Whig during Jackson's administration, and ever afterward voted that ticket. The subject of this sketch was reared in his native county, and in 1830 commenced attending an academy at Milton, then under the charge of Rev. David Kirkpatrick, where he spent two years and a half. In 1835 he entered Delaware College, at Newark, Delaware, from whence he was graduated in 1838. After leaving college he began the study of the law in the office 6f James F. Linn, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and completed his studies under Judge Eeed of Carlisle. He was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county in 1840, and the same year opened an office in Greenville, Mercer county, where he practiced his profession until the fall of 1843, when he located in Milton and was admitted to the bar of Northumberland county, April 1, 1844. Mr. Lawson continued in active and successful practice at this bar for about forty years, but the fire of 1880 having destroyed his home, office, and library, he concluded to abandon the active duties of his profession, and he gradually gave up the practice of the law and has since devoted his attention to his private affairs. He was one of the organizers of the Milton Savings Bank in 1858, and since July, 1860, he has been presi- dent of that institution and its successor, the Milton National Bank, continu- ously, up to the present. He also has been president of the Milton Bridge Company for many years. Mr. Lawson has been twice married. His first wife was Hannah P., daughter of James P. Sanderson, of Milton, to whom he was wedded, Oc- tober 19, 1843. She died in 1854, leaving two children: James Lawson, cash- ier of the Williamsport National Bank, and Mrs. William B. Chamberlin, of Milton. His second marriage occurred in April, 1858, to Mrs. Ann D. Shannon, daughter of James Strawbridge, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. She died, December 11, 1885. In religious faith the Lawsons have been Presby- terians since the coming of Roger Lawson to America in 1720, and our sub- ject has been a member of that church since early manhood. He has always taken a very deep interest in the progress and prosperity of the Milton church, in which body he has filled the office of elder since 1859. In politics he was originally a Whig, and since the birth of the Republican party he has been an active supporter of that organization. BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 983 Samuel Wilson Mubbay was born at Lewisburg, Union county, Penn- sylvania, October 16, 1829. He was educated at the old Lewisburg Academy under Hugh Pollock and his successor in that venerable institution, John Robinson. When he was about seventeen years of age he went to Lancaster, where his father then resided. Two years later he went to Portland, Maine, and entered the Portland Locomotive Works for a term of three years for the purpose of learning the trade of a machinist. At the expiration of his time at the Portland Works he spent a year and a half at Vernon, Indiana, and in Rhode Island, after which he returned to Lancaster and was employed for the three succeeding years as draughtsman in the Lancaster Locomotive Works. In September, 1856, he went to Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and in con- nection with William Vanderbilt and Charles Bowman engaged in the machine business under the firm name of Vanderbilt, Murray & Bowman. ■■ About the middle of the following January their works were entirely destroyed by fire. They immediately purchased another establishment then owned and operated by John B. Hall, but during the following summer came the great commercial crash of 1857, and this, together with their losses by fire, crippled the firm to such an extent that they deemed it expedient to resell the works to Mr. Hall and retire from business. Mr. Murray then returned to Lancaster, and shortly afterward went to Pittsburgh, where he was employed a year in the shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. The succeeding year he spent in the Baldwin Locomotive Works at Philadelphia. In the fall of 1860 he returned to Lewisburg, and became interested in the firm of Slifer, Walls, Shriner & Company, which was about to engage in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In February, 1864, he came to Milton, and in connection with several other gentlemen, founded the Milton Car Works, with which enterprise he is still identified. Mr. Murray was married, December 17, 1866, to Sarah Matilda Meekly, a daughter of Dr. John Meekly, of Milton, and two children, a son, John Heber, and a daughter, Helen Beatrice, are the result of this union. While a resident of Portland, Maine, Mr. Murray cast his first vote at the municipal election at which Neal Dow was elected mayor of the city and which resulted in the enactment of the famous "Maine Law." He became at that time a convert to the theory that prohibition was the only practical remedy for the evils of intemperance and he has remained a life-long adher- ent to the cause. In early life he joined the Methodist Episcopal church, to which creed his parents and sister also adhered, and he has been a prominent leader in church work for many years. He has been a liberal contributor to religious and benevolent purposes and his business career furnishes evidence that a competence can be secured without the sacrifice of religious principles or honor. Chaeles Hebeb Dickebman, manufacturer of railroad equipment, was 984 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. born in Harford, Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, February 3, 1843. His father, Clark Dickerman, was a native of Guilford, Chenango county, New York, born June 12, 1803, and a son of John and Thankful Dickerman. The family traces its paternal ancestry back to 1635, when Thomas Dickerman came from England and settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts. At his death he left two sons: Isaac and Abram. The latter married Mary Cooper, and died at New Haven, Connecticut, leaving a family of eight children; the fifth child and oldest son was also named Abram. He married Elizabeth Glover, who bore him four sons, the third being John Dickerman, who removed to Brattleboro, Vermont, and married Esther Sperry. Nine children were born of this union, the fifth, also named John, being the founder of the Guilford branch of the Dickerman family. He married, in 1789, Thankful Smith, a native of Granby, Massachusetts, and a daughter of Seth and Thankful Smith, the former -having served with the rank of colonel in the Eevolution- ary war. John Dickerman was born in Vermont, March 17, 1764, and served in the Revolution nine months, being employed as a scout during the latter part of his service. He learned the blacksmith trade in New Haven, Con- necticut, and about the year 1800 moved with his family from Vermont to Guilford, Chenango county. New York, where he followed blacksmithing and farming. Both he and wife died in Otsego county, New York, November 6, 1848, and October 7, 1856, respectively. They were the parents of eleven children, Clark, the father of our subject, being the seventh in the family. He was twice married, first in November, 1829, to Eliza Knapp, who died, November 9, 1830. He was again married, October 14, 1833, at Gibson, Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Adelia Chandler, born June 30, 1815, who bore him the following children: James Bedell, and Eugene Durand, both deceased; Eliza Knapp, wife of Ralph H. Eaton; Charles Heber; Payson Kingsbury, and Mary Louisa, wife of Clement E. "Woodin. Clark Dickerman was a physician, and died at Harford, Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, August 5, 1853. His widow is still living at Hazelton, Lu- zerne county, aged seventy-six years. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools and at Har- vard University, and for several years was a teacher in the public schools of Susquehanna and Luzerne counties. In 1862 he was registered as a law student in the office of Daniel S. Dickinson, Binghamton, New York, but in 1863 he abandoned the law and accepted a position with Carter & Son, coal operators, at Beaver Meadow, Carbon county, Pennsylvania. In 1868 he removed to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the coal commission business. In 1869 he became interested in the Chapman Slate Company, Chapman Quarries, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, miners and manu- facturers of roofing slate and other slate products, and was elected secretary of that company, and in 1870 was chosen general manager. In 1880 he be- came associated with S. W. Murray in the manufacture of freight oars, and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 985 removed to Milton, where he has since resided. Mr. Dickerman is secretary and treasurer of Murray, Dougal & Company, Limited, and is a director of the First National Bank of Milton. During the past eleven years he has taken a prominent part in the social and material development of his adopted home, and is to-day one of the best and most favorably known citizens of Northumberland county. He has always been an unswerving, uncompromis- ing Democrat, and a fearless, outspoken advocate of Democratic principles. Three years ago he was elected chairman of the county committee, and has been twice re-elected to the same position. Under his wise and vigorous management the party has been twice successful in carrying the county, and filling the offices with stanch Democrats. Mr. Dickerman was married, March 10, 1869, at Beaver Meadow, Carbon county, Pennsylvania, to Joy I., daughter of William and Margaret Carter, natives of Cornwall, England, where Mrs. Dickerman was born. Four chil- dren are the fruits of this union: Adelia Margaret; William Carter; Grace Beatrice, and Joy Chandler. The family are attendants of the Presbyterian church, and Mr. Dickerman is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Samuel Johnston Shimee, senior member of the firm of S. J. Shimer & Sons, was born in Bethlehem township, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, December 3, 1837, son of Abraham B. and Margaretta (Johnston) Shimer, natives of the same county and of German and Scotch descent, respectively. Mr. Shimer was reared upon the old homestead in Bethlehem township, and during his youth he followed the daily routine of farm life. He attended the public schools of his neighborhood, and finished his education at an academy in the borough of Bethlehem. Throughout his early manhood Mr. Shimer was engaged in farming, but in October, 1871, he came to Milton for the purpose of joining his brother George in the lumber business, whither the latter had preceded him in the spring of 1869 and commenced operations under the firm name of Applegate, Shimer & Company. Their first purchase consisted of a tract of eighteen hundred acres of heavily timbered land in Union county, from which they cut the timber, and, converting it into lum- ber, hauled it to Milton, their nearest shipping point. Subsequent purchases increased these operations until the product of about three thousand acres of fine timber lands had been cut and marketed. During this period, in 1873, an event occurred that has proven an incal- culable benefit to the firm — the invention of a matcher-head by George and Samuel J. Shimer, which is recognized as one of the most valuable inven- tions of the century. In 1872 the firm established a saw and planing mill in Milton, with a small machine shop attached, which was operated up to its destruction by the fire of May, 1880. They then rebuilt the plant as a machine shop for the manufacture of cutter heads and other specialties, and from that time forward devoted their whole attention and energies to the prosecution of the new business. In 1884 George Shimer retired from the HISTOBY OF NOETH0MBEELAND COUNTY. firm, and our subject became sole proprietor. He afterwards took into part- nership his sons Elmer S. and George S., and the firm then became S. J. Shimer & Sons. In the fall of 1888 they assumed control of the Milton Manufacturing Company's plant, which they have since operated success- fully. In the spring of 1889 Mr. Shimer invented and patented a valuable machine for cutting washers, to the manufacture of which the latter plant is principally devoted. Mr. Shimer was married, September 27, 1860, to Catharine A., daughter of Isaac and Catharine (Clemens) Stout, the former a native of Northamp- ton county and the latter of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and both of Ger- man origin. Mrs. Shimer was born in Northampton county, and is the mother of three children: Elmer S. ; Mary C, wife of William A. Heinen, and George S. The whole family are members of the Presbyterian church, and are ardent supporters of the principles and measures of the Republican party. Mr. Shimer is one of the corporators of the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and a director and vice-president of that institution. He is widely known and recognized as a gentleman of commendable enterprise and public spirit, as well as one of the most successful manufacturers of the West Branch valley. P. C. Johnson, secretary and assistant treasurer of the Milton Iron Com- pany, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1828. His grand- father, Christopher Johnson, was a native of New Jersey, settled ia Union county in 1787, and died there in 1837. He served as captain in the Revo- lutionary war seven years. Jonathan C. Johnson, father of our subject, was a native of Union county, and married Elizabeth Coldren of Northumberland county. They were farmers by occupation, and removed from Union to Cen- tre county in 1832, where the father died in 1874 and the mother in 1888. They reared nine children, eight of whom are living: Josiah, of Centre county; William E., of Illinois; J. C, of Lock Haven; Maria, Mrs. Levi Dixson, of Centre county; P. C, of Milton; Joel H, of Centre county; Dan- iel J., of Centre county, and Emily Elizabeth, Mrs. McMully, of Centre county. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Centre county, where he removed when four years old, and remained on the farm until he was twenty years of age. In 1857 he entered the employ of the Hecker Furnace as book-keeper, and has since been engaged in the iron bus- iness. He came to Milton in 1872, and was one of the organizers of the Mil- ton Iron Company. In 1861 he married Margaret A., daughter of Samuel Lowrie, of Montour county, and they are the parents of three children: Newell Lowrie; William Howard, and James Curtis. Mr. Johnson is a member of Belief onte Lodge, F. & A. M., a Republican in politics, and a member of the Presbyterian church. Johnson B. Godcharles, of the firm of C. A. Godcharles & Company, manufacturers of nails, was born in Crescent, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 987 October 1, 1851, son of Henry and Esther (Price) Godcharles. He was reared in his native town, and received his education at the township schools and Bloomfield Academy, after which he learned the nailer trade, and has since followed that occupation. In 1870 he went to Towanda, Bradford county, Pennsylvania, and was a member of a co-operative manufacturing company two years, and from there went to Lycoming county, and was engaged in business until 1875; he then removed to Milton and worked at his trade until 1888, and then became a member of the present firm. Mr. Oodcharles is a director in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company. In 1877 he married Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of George Baker, of Milton. They have one daughter, Sarah Baker. Politically he is a Eepublican, and is connected with the P. & A. M. ; both he and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal church. Chakles E. Coui>, shipping clerk of J. B. Godcharles's nail works, was born in Tuscarora, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 14, 1848, son of A. Nelson and Elizabeth (Hank) Coup, of Union county, Pennsylvania, and of German descent. The family removed to Chillisquaqiie township, this county, in 1851 where the father followed carpentering. After completing his school days the subject of this sketch traveled through the western States; in 1869 he enlisted in the Eighth Cavalry Regiment of the United States Regular Army and was stationed in Arizona and New Mexico in serv- ice for five years. He was married in Junej 1876, to Sarah M., daughter of David S. Carbaugh, of Milton, and to this union have been born eight chil- dren: James H., deceased; Clara M., deceased; Annie E., deceased; David A.; Martha D. ; Charles E. ; Samuel L., and Isaac I. Mr. Coup has been with his present employers since 1877, and has held the position of shipping clerk since January, 1889. He is a Republican in politics and his wife belongs to the Evangelical church. E. P. CoLViN, proprietor of machine shop and foundry, was born in Lu- zerne county, Pennsylvania, March 29, 1855, son of Israel and Eliza (Smith) Colvin, natives of Massachusetts. His father was a carpenter and millwright by trade. He died in 1876; his widow still survives him. They reared six children: James W.,of Wilkesbarre; C. W., of Plymouth; Jess W., of Scranton; H. P., of Tunkhannock; Louisa M., of Dalton, Lackawanna county, and E. F. The subject of this sketch was reared in his native county and educated at Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Pennsylvania, after which he learned the machinist trade at Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania. In 1880 he removed to Milton and worked at his trade until 1885, when he pur- chased his present business. In 1876 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Abram Fairchild, of Chillisquaque township, and to this union have been born three children: Abbie E. ; Dora M., and Dix. Mr. Colvin is a stock- holder in the Milton Knitting Company, the Milton Creamery, the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association, and Montandon Paint Works. 988 HISTOEY OF NOBTHTJMBEBLAND COUNTY. Feedeeick Malcolm Kelly was born in Huntingdon coitntyj Pennsyl- vania, July 1,1856. He was educated at the university in IJewisburg, (now Bucknell University) from which he was graduated in 1875, being the first grandchild of that institution. In 1879 he came to Milton where he became connected with the Milton Iron Company, of which he was made secretary in 1882. He held this position six years, and in September, 1888, was made general traveling agent, which he resigned to accept his present posi- tion with the Milton tannery. Mr. Kelly possesses great business ability, and is recognized as one of Milton's prominent business men. His is a stockholder in the Milton Iron Company, one of the directors and ex-secre- tary of the Milton Driving Park Association, a stockholder in the Milton Water Company, and a member of the Milton Board of Trade. Politically he is a Bepublican. Jacob Fetteb, lumber dealer and proprietor of a planing mill, was bom in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1836, son of Samuel and Mary (Wise) Fetter, natives of Cumberland county, this State. His father was a carpenter by trade and moved to Sunbury in 1832. He was captain of a militia company and was familiarly known as Captain Fetter. His wife, Mary Wise, was born, September 23, 1802, and died in 1879, while he was born, February 18, 1798, and died in 1887. They reared a family of six children, four of whom are living: Henry Gr., a retired photographer of Peru, Indiana; Eebecoa, wife of Gideon Conrad, of Purdytown; Jacob, and James H., who resides in Peru, Indiana. Our subject was reared in Sunbury and received a common school education. He learned the carpenter trade, which he followed from 1854 to 1880, when he removed to Milton and in 1881 established his present business. In 1860 he was married to Jane Ann Gossler, daughter of Samuel Gossler, of Simbury. To this union were born two children: William G., who married, October 20, 1887, Margaret B. Kremer, a daughter of Daniel Kremer, of Philadelphia, and James Her- bert; both of these sons are engaged in business with their father. In 1865 he went out as a corporal of the Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He is a member of Sunbury Lodge, No. 22, P. & A. M., is a Eepublican, served nine years as school director of Sunbury, and with his family belongs to the Lutheran church of Milton. D. Clingee, lumber manufacturer, was born in Lycoming county, Penn- sylvania, November 18, 1837, son of Henry and Susanna (Wagner) dinger, natives of Chester and Berks counties, respectively, who removed to Lime- stone township, Lycoming county, in 1828. The father purchased a large farm, and erected thereon a grist mill and saw mill, and also purchased a mill site and built thereon a tannery. He became one of the representative men of the county. He was a prominent Democrat, colonel of a military company in the early days, was justice of the peace many years, was county commissioner, and a general land surveyor and conveyancer. He served as BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 989 elder in the Keformed church for some years. He died in 1854. Eight of his children grew to maturity, six of whom are living: John, of Winchester, Virginia; Abraham, of Williamsport; Daniel, of Milton; Mary, wife of Michael Sypher, of Antes Fort, Lycoming county; Catharine, wife of Adam Baker, of Winchester, Virginia, and Susan, wife of John Knouf, of Milton. The subject of this sketch was reared in Lycoming county, and was edu- cated at the township schools. In June, 1867, he came to Milton, and became a member of the firm of Balliet, Dreisbach & Clinger, lumber manufacturers. He has siace purchased the interests of the other members, and for fourteen years he has conducted the business alone. Mr. Clinger is a stockholder and director in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and also one of the executive board. He has stock in the Milton Knitting Company, the Milton Water Company, and is the president of the Milton Driving Park and Pair Association, and director in the Milton Creamery Company and the Milton Eecord Publishing Company. He is an active Democrat, and is a school director of Milton and treasurer df the school and building fund. In 1860 he married Sarah Amanda, daughter of Israel and Leah (Moore) Gann, of Lycoming county, and by this union they have six children: Harry E. ; Edgar M. ; Frank W. ; George W. ; Joseph A., and Daniel J. Mr. Clinger has served as elder in the Reformed church for many years. He is a director in the Young Men's Christian Association, and a member of Milton Lodge, F. & A. M. H. G. CoHiLL was bom at Williamsburg, Blair county, Pennsylvania, August 25, 1858, son of Andrew A. and Mary Jane (Mapes) Cohill, of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, and New York State, respectively. His father removed to Williamsport and accepted the position of general super- intendent of the Pennsylvania canal. During the Rebellion he was em- ployed by the government as a civil engineer. He died in Williamsport, December 4, 1887. His first wife died, June 20, 1861 ; by her he had two children: Edmond P., of Hancock, Washington county, Maryland, and H. G. His second wife was Annie E. Egan, by whom he had five children, three of whom are living: Andrew A., a civil engineer; Ella Maud, and Thomas W. The subject of our sketch was reared in Williamsport and educated in the public schools, after which he engaged in railroad contract- ing and building. He built four miles of the Shamokin, Sunbury and Lewisburg railroad, also the Wilkesbarre and Western from Watsontown to MiUville, and was connected with the Reading railroad, building the annex from West Milton to Milton. In 1888 he organized the Milton Knitting Company, erected the building, and became one of the heaviest stockholders, and held the position of secretary and treasurer up to a recent date. He is a director of the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, a stockholder in the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association, and one of the auditors of the same. February 22, 1883, he married Annie L., daughter of Maurice 990 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Van Buskirk, of Milton, by whom he has two children: Thomas Haskins and Maurice Blanchard. Mr. Cohill is a member of the Presbyterian church, and politically is a Democrat. Isaac F. Eitteb, proprietor of the Bitter Granite Works, was born in Chillisqtiaque township, June 9, 1865, son of Solomon H. and Annie E. (Miller) Bitter, natives of Northampton county, who settled in Chillisqua- que township in 1842?and still reside there. The subject of this sketch was educated in the township schools, and Pottsgrove Academy, and remained at home until 1885, when he came to Milton, and engaged in his present occupation as an apprentice. In 1887 he engaged in business on his own account at Lewisburg, and in 1888 purchased his present business. Mr. Bitter is a stockholder in the Milton Knitting Company. He is a member of the Lutheran church, and politically is a Democrat. Chables Newhaed was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, March 17, 1823, son of John and Eva (Beber) Newhard, natives of that county. In 1837 they removed to Montour county and engaged in farming. The father served in the war of 1812, and was a prominent and consistent member of the German Beformed church. He died in 1858 ; his widow still survives him with her son, Charles. Their family consisted of eight children, three of whom are living: Charles; Isabella, Mrs. Peter Carr, of Montour county, and Cyrus, of Sunbury. The subject of this sketch was reared on the homestead farm, and received his education at the public schools. He remained with his parents until 1847, when he engaged in the lumber busi- ness on Muddy run, two miles from Milton. He later built two saw mills in Milton and was engaged in manufacturing lumber twenty-one years. The mills were both destroyed by fire; the first mill burned in 1864, the second in 1 877, and since then he has retired from active business. He was reared a Democrat, and voted with that party until 1860; since then he has been an active member of the Bepublican party. In 1887 he was elected county commissioner, and served three years in that office. In 1850 he married Anna M., daughter of David Eckert, of Turbut township. Five children were born to this union, one of whom is living: William G., in the employ of the Penn- sylvania Eailroad Company at Sunbury. Mr. and Mrs. Newhard are mem- bers of the German Beformed church of Milton, and for twenty-eight consecu- tive years he has served as deacon and elder in that organization. BoBBBT Wilson, deceased, was born near Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in 1810, and subsequently became a resident of the State of New York until about the year 1844, when he returned to his native county and followed the saddler's trade in Williamsport. In 1850 he removed to Milton, where he continued his trade. In 1856 he devised what is known as the " Wilson fly net " for horses, had it patented in 1858, and with the machinery invented by him, he engaged largely and profitably in the manufacture of that article. In 1863, at the age of fifty-five years, he volunteered and served three <::::^'^^^^'i^ / r^-e^^^Ce^n_ BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 993 months in the defense of his country. He married Luccetta, daughter of Dr. Henry Heinen; she died in 1853, leaving three sons: William E.; Henry H., and Eeuben F., the last named being the only survivor. He was again mar- ried in 1860 to Mrs. Eebecca Overpeck, and died in 1870. Michael Faeley was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, April 5, 1829, son of Abraham and Eebecca (Wolf) Farley, natives of Union county, and of German ancestry. They reared six children; those living are: Abraham, residing upon the homestead in Union county; Jacob, of White Deer town- ship, Uriion county, and Michael. The subject of this sketch was reared upon the farrn, and received but three months' schooling. In October, 1849, he removed to this county, and first settled in Turbut township, and in 1859 located on the site of his present homestead in South Milton. He was engaged in manufacturing brick twenty-four years, in the butchering busi- ness twelve years, and since 1855 has followed the dairy business and farm- ing, being the proprietor of the South Milton dairy. During the war of the Eebellion he furnished two substitutes for the Union army. In March, 1857, he married Hannah, daughter of John Hoy, of Turbut township, and three children were born to this union: John; William E., deceased, and Harry M. Mr. Farley is a Democrat in politics, and has served as assessor of Turbut township. Though a contributor to several churches he is not connected with any denomination, but his wife is a member of the Lutheran church. William Eiddell, farmer, was born in Turbut township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1830. His grandfather, Charles Eiddell, emigrated from Ireland, and was among the very early settlers of Delaware township, where he remained imtil his death. He reared a family of eight sons and two daughters. Charles Eiddell, the father of our subject, was reared in Delaware township, and was a farmer by occupation. He married Catharine, daughter of William Stadden, of Turbut tovraiship. In politics he was a Whig, and served as tovsmship supervisor eight years. He was one of the charter members of the Presbyterian church of McEwensville, and for many years served as deacon of the same. He died, January 6, 1860; his wife died, February 21, 1865. They were the parents of three children: William ; Mary, Mrs. Samuel Eckert, of Milton, and Margaret, Mrs. Oscar Hartranft, of Michigan. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Turbut township. December 11, 1856, he married Annie, daughter of David and Elizabeth (Crissman) Eckert, natives of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have one child, Mary Ellen, Mrs. C. F. Balliet, of Milton. Mr. Eiddell followed the occupation of a farmer until his retirement from active life, and has since , resided in Milton. He is a stockholder in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company and the Milton creamery. He and family are members of the Lutheran church, and he has served in the office of deacon. 994 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. George W. \ Steine was bom in Mifflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, March 15, 1818, son of Matthias and Catharine (Welshans) Strine, natives of York county, Pennsylvania, and early settlers of Union county. His grand- father emigrated from Germany and served in the Eevolutionary war. The father of our subject removed to Milton, April 1, 1818, where he worked at his trade and boat building. Prior to this he was engaged in saddletree making at Mifflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania. He was an elder in the Lutheran church many years. He died in 1861; his wife died in 1858. They were the parents of nine children, four of whom are living: Henry.; George W. ; Daniel, and Matthias. The subject of this sketch was reared and edu- cated in Milton, and learned the trade of boat builder, which he has followed about thirty years, twenty of which he was a contractor, and built boats for the Pennsylvania Canal Company. He was also engaged in farming about ten years. In 1811 he married Mary, daughter of Frederick Bumman, who died in 1883 leaving three children: Melancthon; Mary, wife of John Peeler, of Milton, and Alice, wife of Lewis Small, of York county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Strine has been an active member of the Democratic party. He was postmaster at Milton under James Buchanan's administration, was elected sheriff of Northumberland county in 1875, and served one term, and has also served several terms as councilman and member of the school board of Mil- ton. He is a stockholder in the Milton Knitting Company and the Milton Bridge Company. He is a member of the Lutheran church, in which he has served as elder. William A. Dean, retired farmer, was bom in Montour county, Penn- sylvania, October 27, 1827. His father, Joseph Dean, was born in that part of Columbia county which is now attached to Montour county, Pennsylvania. He was a farmer by occupation, and was captain of a company in the war of 1812. He served as treasurer of Montour county, also as associate judge ten years, and was a Democrat in politics. He was an elder of the Presbyterian church for many years, and became a wealthy and influential citizen of the community in which he resided. He married Adeline Cole, of Fishing Creek, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, by whom he had eight children. William A., the oldest, was reared and educated in his native county, and has followed the occupation of farming and surveying. In 1872 he purchased a farm in Lewis township, this county, where he resided untU 1884, when he retired to Milton. October 3, 1853, he was married to Susan, daughter of John and Mary Ganger, of Montour county, Pennsylvania. She died, March 3, 1881, leaving two children: Mary Ada, wife of John Z. McFarland, of Watsontown, and Jessie, wife of George F. Richmond, of Scranton, Pennsylvania. He was again married, January 8, 1884, to Louisa McCurdy, daughter of Jacob McCurdy, of Union county, Pennsylvania. He has always been an active Democrat, and for twenty years was a justice of the peace for Montour and this county. From 1886 to 1888 he represented Northumberland county BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 995 t in the- State legislature. He is a stockholder of the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and one of the examining board of the same. He is a member of Danville Lodge, No. 224, P. & A. M., and with his family belongs to the Presbyterian church. William P. Wendle was born at Muncy, Lycoming county, Pennsyl- vania, August 16, 1840, son of Peter and Sarah (Buck) Wendle, natives of that couaty. His father was a wagon maker by trade, and prominent in Dem- ocratic politics, served as county commissioner, and in various other offices, and was a member of the Evangelical church. He died in 1868; his wife died in 1848. They reared a family of eight children, six of whom are living: D. B., merchant, T. P., carriage maker, P. E., cabinet maker, and Ellen, Mrs. Joseph Gibson, all of Philadelphia; Jane, Mrs. Phelix Axtel, of Iowa, and Will- iam P. The subject of this sketch was educated in the schools of Muncy, went to Indiana in 1856, where he learned the trade of cabinet maker, and in 1861 enlisted in Company H, Twentieth Indiana Volunteer Infantry. He was taken prisoner in North Carolina, was honorably discharged because of physicial disability, and returned to Muncy, where he engaged in business. In 1863 he married Ellen J., daughter of Daniel Blue. In 1871 they re- moved to Indiana, and in 1874 came to Milton, where he engaged in cabinet making until 1879, when he was elected justice of the peace and has since held that office. They have three children: Carrie Ida, wife of Eeverdy J. Bramble, of Winchester, Virginia; Nellie T., and Elizabeth M. Mr. Wendle is a member of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. E., the Knights of the Golden Eagle, and K. of P. He and family attend the Lutheran church, and politically he is a Republican. Spencek L. Finney, merchant, was born in Buffalo valley. Union county, Pennsylvania, February 16, 1834, son of James and Elizabeth (Johnson) Finney, farmers by occupation. His father was a Republican in politics, and filled various township offices in Union county. About 1864 he removed to Milton, where he died in 1876 ; his wife died in 1872. They reared seven children: Elizabeth, wife of John S. Lawson, of Milton; Mary H. ; Spencer L. ; Margaret S., widow of J. H. Haines, of Genesee county. New York; Eleanor, wife of B. Young, of Mifflinburg, Union county, and James R., of Lawrence, Kansas. Mr. Finney was reared on the homestead farm and received his education at the township schools, and at the old academy on Broadway hill, Milton, Pennsylvania. At the age of eighteen years he came to Milton and entered the store of William Heinen & Brother as clerk, and has since been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He established his present business in May, 1856, starting in a small way, and had become one of the prosper- /ous merchants of Milton when the fire of 1880 burned him out, with a loss of twenty thousand dollars above all insurance. He immediately rebuilt his present store room, where he conducts one of the leading mercantile estab- lishments in Milton. He is a stockholder in the Milton Knitting Company 996 HISTOBY OP NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. and the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, of which he is one of the examining committee. Politically he is a Eepublican, and has served as chief burgess of Milton two terms and as member of the town council fif- teen years. In September, 1856, he married Sarah W., daughter of Elias Wertman, of Colimibia county. Mr. and Mrs. Finney are members of the Presbyterian church, in which he has served as trustee and librarian many years, and has been a ruling elder for about twenty years. He is a mem- ber of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. E., Si Milton. In 1862 he served as cor- poral in Captain Thaddeus Bogle's company of Emergency Men that went out to assist in repelling the rebel invasion of that year, but saw no further active service. W. A. ScHBEYER, merchant, was born, June 9, 1833, in Milton, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, a son of Jesse and Maria (Heinen) Schreyer. He received his education in the common schools and at an academy at Lew- isburg. In 1848 he was employed as a clerk in the mercantile establishment of William Heiner at Milton, where he remained until 1852, when he was transferred to his father's general store at Lewisburg. Upon reaching his majority he was taken into partnership by his father and continued to do a mercantile business in Lewisburg until 1861, at which time he became the company part of the general mercantile establishment of Heinen, Etzler, Eoush & Company, located at Milton, and has ever since been connected with this house. He and W. C. Lawson laid out what is known as Lawson and Schreyer's addition to Milton. He is a director in the Pirst National Bank of Milton, and is president of the Milton Iron Company. He was first married in 1861 to Mary E. Young, ^and has four living children: Maria, who married W. E. Kremer; Eebecca Y. ; John Y., and Henry H. Mrs. Schreyer died in 1876 and he was subsequently married to Octava L. Kelch- ner, and to this union two children have been born : Kate W. and Sarah L. Mr. Schreyer is a Eepublican and one of the best known and most highly respected citizens of the community in which he resides. He and family are adherents of the Presbyterian church of Milton. Henby Koeebee, merchant, was born in York county, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1834, and is a son of Jacob Koerber, also a native of that county. He was educated in the common schools and learned the cedar cooper's trade which he followed for several years. In 1865 he came to Milton, where he worked at his trade until 1870, when he established his present grocery busi- ness. In 1864 he enlisted in Company H, Two Hundredth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He was married in 1856 to Sarah Agnes Wasser, daughter of John Wasser, of York county, Pennsyl- vania. He is a stockholder in the Milton Knitting Company, the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and the Evangelical Publishing Company, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He belongs to Henry Wilson Post, No. 129, G. A. E., and Mutual Lodge, No. 84, I. O. O. P., is a Eepublican in poli- BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 997 tics, and one of the progressive business men of Milton. His wife is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal church. C. P. FoLLMER, insurance agent, was born in Turbut township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1838, son of Daniel and Sarah (Lance) FoUmer. Daniel FoUmer was a son of Henry and a grandson of John FoUmer, the first of the family to settle on Limestone run in Turbut township. The subject of this sketch was educated at the township schools and the McEwensville Academy. He engaged in farming until about 1864, when he established his present business, representing many of the best com- panies of America and England. Mr. Folhner is interested in the Buffalo Milling Company of Lewisburg, and the old homestead in Turbut township. He is secretary and treasurer of the Milton Gas Company, and one of the directors of the First National Bank In 1872 he was united in marriage with Abby, daughter of William F. Thomas, of Moorestown, New Jersey, and by this union they have two children : Henrietta and Annie G. Mr. FoUmer and family are members of the Presbyterian church, and politically he is a Democrat. J. R. Smith, proprietor of a furniture and music store, was born in Cen- tre county, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1838, son of William and Isabella (Eeighard) Smith, natives of Union and Centre counties, respectively. They removed to Union county, where the father died, and where the mother still resides. The subject of this sketch was reared in Union county from the age of four years, and received his education at the MiiHinburg Academy, after which he engaged in teaching. He subsequently removed to Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and was engaged in the mercantile and boat building business three years, and then went to Mooresburg and one year later to Pottsgrove, this county, where he conducted a mercantile business until 1884. In November, 1879, he established his present business in Milton, and was burned out in May, 1880, but immediately started again under a tent, and continued his business until the completion of his present mammoth store room, which is erected upon the former site of the Academy of Music. He now has the largest wholesale and retail establishment of the kind in the county, and one of the largest in the State. Mr. Smith is a stockholder in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company. He is a member of Milton Lodge, F. & A. M., the Watsontown chapter, and the consistory of Blooms- burg. In December, 1869, he married Sarah C, daughter of William Reed, of Pottsgrove, by whom he has two children: William K. and John R. G. Mr. Smith is a Presbyterian, while his wife is a member of the Lutheran church; in politics he is a Democrat. J. J. Fausnaught was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, August 3, 1839, son of George and Mary (Swartz) Fausnaught. His grandfather, John Fausnaught, was a native of Germany, and located in Milton between 1800 and 1805. His children were: George; Catharine; 998 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Henry, and Joseph. George Fausnaught, father of our subject, was born in 1806, and was a millwright and distiller by trade. He died in 1842. His widow married J. M. Huff, of Milton, and died in 1878. The children of George Fausnaught were: David, who died in infancy; Catharine, deceased; George, and J. J. His widow had six children by Captain Huff, four of whom are living: Martha, wife of J. C. Balliet; Laura M. ; Harry E., and William A. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools and began life by working in a planing mill and sash and blind factory, which he followed six years. His step-father was proprietor of the Huff House, and after his death he conducted the same from 1874 to 1879. Pre- vious to this, however, he had been engaged in the mercantile business, was burned out in 1880, and started again in 1881. In 1866 he was united in marriage with Adelaide Cherry, of Steuben county. New York, by whom he has two children: Mary Matilda, and James Cherry, of Boston, Massachu- setts. He is connected with the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F., has been a member of the German Reformed church thirty-three years, and has served as elder and as superintendent of the Sabbath school for several years. Politically Mr. Fausnaught is a Republican, and has sei-ved as chief burgess of Milton one term. John Y. Btjoy, member of the firm of B. K. Haag & Company, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 14, 1851, son of James and Eliza (Yearick) Buoy. His father was a cabinet maker by trade, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and served as steward and treasurer of the same many years. Politically he was a Democrat, and was candidate for sheriff at one time. His wife died in 1854, and. he was again married, to Eliza Cronmiller, of Union county. He died in 1861, and his widow in 1885. Seven children were born to the first imion, five of whom are living: Sarah, of Olean, New York; Charles W., pastor of Trinity Meth- odist Episcopal church, Philadelphia; Clara, Mrs. P. L. Hackenberg; James, grocery merchant, and John Y. By the second marriage there was one child: Thomas, of Penfield, Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch was reared in Milton, and received his education at the public schools and the Williamsport Commercial College. In 1869 he went to Williams- port, entered the office of the general superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad as train dispatcher, and held that position until 1887, when he re- moved to Milton and became a member of the present firm. In 1882 he mar- ried Mary, daughter of B. K. Haag, by whom he has three children; Robert; Charles, and John. He is a member of the Williamsport Lodge, F. & A. M., and politically is a Republican with Prohibition proclivities; he is the present treasurer of the borough of Milton. Mr. Buoy and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is steward. G. W. Imbody, merchant, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 22, 1852, son of George and Julia (Heintzelman) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 999 Imbody, natives of Berks and Northumberland counties, respectively. His father was a shoemaker by trade, and came to Milton about 1844. He en- listed in 1862 and v?as honorably discharged in 1865. He v?as a Eepublican in politics, and a member of the German Reformed church. He was killed by accident in 1866; his wife still survives him. They reared seven chil- dren, five of whom are living : William, undertaker, of Milton ; John H. ; George W. ; Henry J., and Cyrus B., a druggist of Bridgeport, Connecticut. The subject of our sketch was reared and educated in Milton and learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed until 1870, when he engaged in the mercantile business as clerk, and in 1883 established his present grocery business. In 1877 he married Clara, daughter of Samuel Shuman, of Cata- wissa, by whom he has one child: Bertha Irene. Mr. Imbody is a stock- holder in the Milton Knitting Company. Politically he is a Republican, and he and wife attend Christ Evangelical Lutheran church. John T. Fishee, merchant, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, Jan- uary 21, 1854. His father, Thomas T. Fisher, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, and was a blacksmith by trade. He married Annie Addis of the same county, and April 1, 1849, they removed to Union county, where they still reside. Their children are: Addis, of Union county; Emma J., deceased; Kate E., wife of Philip Davis, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania; Margaret A., wife of Robert Hartzel, of Wilhamsport; Hannah B. ; Edna J., of Williamsport; Victor B., of Newberry; Bennette, and DoUie, of Williams- port. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Union county, and learned the blacksmith trade, which he followed until May 27, 1885, when he was appointed clerk in the railway mail service and ran from New York to Pittsburgh on the Pennsylvania railroad. He was promoted to chief clerk, November 1, 1888, having his office at Harrisburg, and held the same until April 4, 1889. He then came to Milton and became a member of the firm of Stahl & Fisher. He was married, February 8, 1882, to Martha Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Riddell, of Milton, and they have three children : Charles Merrill; Frank Monteville, and Ralph Stewart. Mr. Fisher is connected with the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. He is a stockholder in the Milton Record, and politically is a Democrat. J. H. Stout, druggist, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, June 1, 1856, son of Charles Stout, a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, who came to Milton with his parents at an early date. He was a carpenter by trade, and married Elizabeth, a daughter of J. B. Heller, and reared a family of fourteen children, ten of whom are living. He served as deacon in the Reformed church for many years. The subject of this sketch was educated in Milton, and in 1876 he entered the drug store with the view of learning the retail drug business, and ■ clerked for a number of years, in the meantime attending the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In 1884 he embarked in business for himself, opening a new drug store on 1000 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Broadway where he is still located. Success began from the ^ay he and his assistant — his brother, Charles E. Stout — opened up their doors. In con- nection with the drug business he is sole proprietor of Dr. D. Waldron's Improved Liver Pills, having had the doctor's signature patented in Wash- ington, D. C, "Trade mark No. 14,745." His trade in this liver piU is growing wonderfully, even extending as far as Florida. He is a member of the Eeformed church of Milton, and one of the progressive business men of the place. GEOEaE C. Stahl, merchant, was born in Paradise, Lewis township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 24, 1858, and is a son of George Stahl. He was educated in the common and public schools, and Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in 1883, and in 1886 the degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by this institution. He taught in the common and normal schools, and for one term he was principal of the McEwensviJle public schools. For a time he was connected editorially with one of his home papers, was deputy post- master at Milton under President Cleveland's administration, and was once a delegate to the Democratic State convention. He is a Democrat and was elected a member of the Milton Council in 1890. He is a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, the I. O. O. F., Encampment and Patriarch mili- tant, Masonic order. Knights of the Golden Eagle, and Royal Arcanum. He was married near Turbutville, this county, December 18, 1884, to Lillie B. White, born in Milton, Pennsylvania, July 9, 1859, and is a daughter of James White, born in Kempton, Bedfordshire, England, January 15, 1819, and Isabella (Frymire) White, a native of McEwensville, this county. By this union he has one child, Isabella D., born November 12, 1885. Mr. Stahl belongs to the Reformed church. John Hensy Kbeitzeb, wholesale and retail grocer, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 24, 1858, son of Washing- ton and Catharine (Lore) Kreitzer. He attended the public schools and when fourteen years of age engaged himself to a boatman as driver on the tow path. At the close of the season he found employment at William Price Hull's grain and coal office two years, after which he attended school until 1877, and was engaged as clerk until 1881, when he associated himself with James Buoy, trading under the firm name of Buoy & Kreitzer. The same year he was elected auditor for three years. In 1883 James Buoy retired from the firm, and Mr. Kreitzer took charge of the entire business. In 1884 he was elected borough councilman for three years, and in 1887 was elected ward committeeman. He is a director in the Milton Board of Trade. February 11, 1886, he married Mary Catharine, daughter of George H. and Amanda C. Ettla. Mr. Kreitzer is a member of the Presbyterian church, and served as secretary of the Baptist Sunday school nine years. In poli- tics he is a Republican. He is a stockholder in the Milton Knitting Company, BIOGKAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1001 also stockholder and auditor of the Milton Driving Park and Fair Associa- tion, and a stockholder in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company. H. M. OvEEPECK, dealer in stoves and tinware, was bom in Milton, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, February 21, 1862, son of George W. and N. E. (Hougendoubler) Overpeck. His grandfather was a native of Berks county, and settled in Turbut township previous to 1836. The father of our subject was born in this county in 1839, and was a merchant by occupa- tion. He was a member of the One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served two years. He is a member of the German Reformed church, and of Mutual Lodge, I. O. O. F., and in politics is a Republican, He died in 1876; his widow still survives him. They reared two children : H. M., and John E., of Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch was reared in Milton, and received his education at the public schools and Eastman Commercial College, Poughkeepsie, New York. In 1884 he married Emma E., daughter of David Hertz, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He is a mem- ber of Mutual Lodge, L O. O. F., and politically is a Republican. W. H. Hackenbekg, attorney at law, was born at White Pigeon, Michi- gan, May 14, 1859, son of P. L. and Mary E. (Hood) Hackenberg. His parents removed to Milton in 1861, where he received his education in the public schools, after which he read law with his father, and was admitted to the bar in 1881. He immediately formed a partnership with his father in the practice of law, which continued until 1889 when his father retired from the firm. Mr. Hackenberg' s large practice is entirely due to his own efforts and his thorough knowledge of his profession. He is recognized as one of the leading young lawyers of the county, and is a member of the examining board of the Northumberland county bar. Politically he is a Republican; at the age of twenty-one years he was elected justice of the peace, and was probably at that time the youngest man in the State holding that oifice. After serving one half of the term he was compelled to resign on account of his increasing law practice. Mr. Hackenberg was twice elected burgess of Milton, and was a delegate to the Republican State conventions in 1886 and 1890. In 1878 he married Mary H., daughter of' D. H. and Susanna Krau- ser, of Milton, and by this union they have two children: James Osborne and Nina K. Allen S. Hottenstein, attorney at law, was born in Liberty township, Montour county, Pennsylvania, son of Charles and Veronica (Kauffman) Hot- tenstein. He was educated in the public schools of Turbut township and Milton Academy, and remained on his father's farm until twenty-two years of age, when he went to Berks county, this State, and taught school. He was a member of the first faculty of the Keystone State Normal School at Kutztown, Berks county, Pennsylvania, which position he resigned to accept the principalship of the high school of that place. He subsequently began the study of law with H. H. Swartz, judge of the orphan's court of Berks 1002 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. county, and was admitted to the bar at Lebanon, Pennsylvania, January 14, 1871. He removed to Scranton, where he practiced his profession for ten years. In July, 1881, he returned to Milton, the home of his youth, and has since engaged in various occupations in connection with his profession. Politically he is a Democrat and is considered a leader in the party of the community in which he lives. While residing in Berks county he was in the internal revenue service and also held the office of justice of the peace. He was appointed postmaster of Milton, July 26, 1886, by President Cleveland, serving his full term of four years, two of which were under a Republican administration. In 1867 he was married to Mary E., only daughter of Daniel Zimmerman, of Berks county. She died, August 2, 1869. He was again married, on the 24th of September, 1870, to Henrietta Frances, daughter of Frederick W. Graif, of Philadelphia, by whom he has seven children: Bessie May, Lulu GrafE; Katie Veronica; Annie Boneta; Ethel Margaret; Henry Kauflfman, and Eobert Lee. In 1884 Mr. Hottenstein became connected with the Milton Economist, which he successfully conducted until 1888. Starting with an old Washington hand press, he refitted the office with steam power and Campbell presses and increased the circulation from six hundred to one thousand nine hundred copies. Mr. Hottenstein and his family are members of the German Eeformed church. Samuel T. Swaktz, attorney at law, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Janiiary 25, 1859. His father, George P. Swartz, was born in New Berlin, Union county, this State, and his mother, Eliza (Trucken- miller) Swartz was a native of McEwensville, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania. The subject of this sketch was admitted to the bar of Northum- berland county, September 6, 1881, and began at once to practice in Milton, where he has since remained. Clarence G. Vobis, attorney at law, was born in Danville, Montour coun- ty, Pennsylvania, January 29, 1851, son of A. G. and Eebecca N. (Frick) Voris. His father was born, November 14, 1817, in Chillisquaque township, Northumberland county, and his mother was born in the borough of North- umberland, January 15, 1815, and died in Danville, August 25, 1887. His father is a builder and contractor, and has resided in Danville since 1840. They were both members of the Presbyterian church, in which his father has served as elder for many years. Five of their children grew to maturity: Elizabeth A., deceased; Mary; Clarence G.; Louisa, and John G. The sub- ject of this sketch was reared in Danville, attended the academy of that place, and graduated from Lafayette College in 1872. He read law with Silas M. Clark, . now a member of the Supreme bench, also attended the Columbia Law School, of New York City, and was admitted to the bar of Indiana county in the spring of 1876. In 1877 he opened an office in Sun- bury, where he practiced his profession until January 1, 1887, when he re- moved to Milton, and formed a co-partnership with Colonel John McCleery. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1003 McCleery & Voris are attorneys for the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Com- pany. He is a Eepublican in politics, and is a member of Mahoning Lodge, F. & A. M., of Danville. In March, 1888, he married Mary G., daughter of Captain Charles J. Bruner, deceased, of Sunbury. Mr. and Mrs. Voris are members of the Presbyterian church. J. HuNTias Miles, physician and surgeon, was born in what is now Columbia county, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and is a son of Eev. J. G. and Isa- bella (Hunter) Miles, natives of Centre and Northumberland counties, Penn- sylvania, respectively. He was reared in Lock Haven and Williamsport, and educated at the public schools of those cities. He read medicine with Doctor Brown, of Port Carbon, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1872. He began his professional career in Limestoneville and Muncy, this State, and located in Milton in the fall of 1 872, where he has built up an extensive practice. He was married in 1872 to Florence Eunyan, daughter of G. B. Eunyan, of Montour county, Pennsylvania, by whom he has one daughter, Elizabeth E. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, and after a service of nine months, re-enlisted in Company C, Two Hundred and Seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. He is one of the directors of the Milton Driving Par]:: and Pair Association, in politics is a Eepublican, and with his family belongs to the Baptist church. J. S. FoLLMBK, physician and surgeon, was born in Turbut township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, July 18, 1852, son of Daniel and Sarah (Lover) Follmer. His father was born in Turbut township in 1805, and was a farmer by occupation. In politics he was a Democrat up to the war, served in the various township offices, and was trustee of the Follmer Lutheran church many years. He died in 1887; his wife died in 1882. They reared four sons and four daughters; Mary E., wife of Charles Engle; William G. ; Margaret; C. F., insurance agent of Milton; Elmira, wife of William Eaup, of Lewis tovmship; Daniel H. ; Susan L., and J. S. The subject of our sketch was educated at the public schools of Milton and at Limestone Academy. He read medicine with Dr. C. H. Dougal, and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia in 1876. Previous to this he had served an apprenticeship in the drug business, and after practicing medicine one year, he engaged in the drug business, which he has since fol- lowed. In 1879 he married Lizzie B., daughter of Peter Voris, of Chillis- quaque township, by whom he has two children : Fred Voris and Malcom Murray. Doctor and Mrs. Follmer are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and politically he is a Democrat. James A. Osboen, physician and surgeon, was born in Philadelphia in 1840, son of Peter and Eebecca (George) Osborn, of that city. He was educated in Philadelphia, read law in Washington, D. C, graduated from 1004 HI8T0KY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. the law department of Columbia College, and was admitted to the Washing- ton bar, but never practiced. He read medicine with Dr. Seth Pancoast, of Philadelphia, graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadel- phia in 1875, and came to Milton, where he has since been engaged in an extensive practice. He married in 1884 Anna H., daughter of Rev. A. M. Barnitz, of York, Pennsylvania, by whom he has two children: Harry and Herbert. Politically the Doctor is a Eepublican. H. C. Sticker, D. D. S., was born in Eeading, Berks county, Pennsyl- vania, September 24, 1838, son of Frederick and Elizabeth (Gift) Sticker, natives of Philadelphia. His father was a paper manufacturer by trade, and also a hotel keeper. He came to Milton at an early day and became proprietor of the Washington House, and continued as such until his death, which occurred in 1856. He was a Democrat in his early life. He was a member of the Eeformed church; his widow survived him until 1877. Their family consisted of eleven children, of whom the following are living: Eliza, wife of Abraham Martz; Catharine, wife of Col. Thomas Swenk; Isaac, a resident of California; Louis, a resident of Philadelphia; Charles, a moul- der, residing in Milton, and H. C. The subject of this sketch was reared in Milton, and received his literary education in the high schools of that city. His professional education began in Milton, and was completed in Philadel- phia and New York. His practice in Milton has extended over a period of thirty years. In 1863 he was married to Rosetta, daughter of William Smith, of Milton, by whom he has four children: Laura; Hattie; Lake, and Carroll. He at one time belonged to Company A, Third National Guard of Pennsylvania. He is a Eepublican, and has served as burgess of Milton for three consecutive terms, also in the town council and as school director. Eev. M. J. Cabothebs, presiding elder in the Central Pennsylvania Con- ference of the Evangelical Association, was born near Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 14, 1825, and is a son of William M. and Fannie (Clark) Carothers, also natives of Cumberland county, and of Scotch- Irish extraction. Theiy ancestors were among the very early settlers of that county. The subject of this sketch was reared on the farm tmtil the age of twenty-one years. His literary education was obtained in the com- mon schools and the Union Academy in his native county. Before reaching his majority he began preaching, having been appointed to the Bedford charge in Bedford and Somerset counties, this State, which position he filled creditably for one year, and was then transferred to the Somerset charge in Somerset and Westmoreland counties for one year. Following this was a service of two years in the Perry charge, two years in Cumberland county, and two years in Shrewsbury, York county, this State. He was then two years at Hagerstown, Maryland, and from there went to the Cumberland charge two years. On account of failing health he was granted a vacation of one year, after which he was on the Leesburg charge, Cumberland county, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1005 and then transferred back to Shrewsbury, thence to Lock Haven and New Berlin. In 1807 he was elected presiding elder and stationed in the Centre district, and at the end of four years was re-elected and stationed in the Lewisburg district, which he also served four years. He was again elected and stationed in the Williamsport district and after this in the city of Willi amsport for one year. He was then elected conference agent to raise money to pay ofE the mission church debts, after which he was again elected elder and stationed in the York district. In 1872 he came to Milton, where he has since resided in charge of the Lewisburg district. He has been a member of the General Conference since 1854 and of the Board of Missions since 1870. In 1848 he was married to Elizabeth Weller, a daughter of Ludwig Weller, of Somerset county, Pennsylvania, by whom he has five children: Carrie Belle; Amanda Elizabeth, wife of Bishop E. Dubs, D. D., of Cleveland, Ohio; James Moran, of Albany, New York, special agent of the Phoenix Fire Insurance Company; Flora Jane, wife of James M. Tag- gert, of Milton, and John Weller, M. D., of Somerset, Somerset county, this State. Mr. Carothers is a Democrat, and has served as president of the Milton school board three years. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and also of the I. O. O. F. He is president of the board of trustees of the Cen- tral Pennsylvania College at New Berlin, this State. Joe. a. Logan, editor and publisher of the Miltonian, was born in Mil- ton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Samuel and Rose (Sties) Logan. His father was a native of Philadelphia, and removed to Milton in 1840, and died in September, 1863; his mother was born in Germany, and still resides in Milton. The subject of this sketch was educated in the pub- lic schools and an academy. In December, 1880, he became publisher and proprietor of The Miltonian. He was married, in 1882, to Lulu, daughter of Enos and Isabella Tilden, natives of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, respectively, and to them were born two children; Bolton and Inez. Mr. Logan is a Republican in politics; he has served as a member of the town council, and held the position of postmaster under President Arthur. He enlisted when fifteen years old in Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, served until discharged, re-enlisted in Company E, Fifty-first regiment, and served until the close of the war. He is a past post commander of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. R., and a member of the F. & A. M. Mr. Logan is a stockholder in the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company and the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association. William Heney Smith, editor and publisher of the Record, was born at Huntington Mills, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, October 12, 1847, son of Conrad and Julia Smith, the former a native of Germany and the latter of Pennsylvania. His primary education embraced only three months' attend- ance at the public schools, but through the passing years he devoted his spare time to study and reading, and thus obtained a wide and diversified 1006 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. knowledge of men and books. At the age of twelve he was apprenticed to the copper and tinsmith trade, and at seventeen engaged in business for him- self. He carried on tinsmithing several years, and then sold out and took control of the Independent Weekly at Benton, Columbia county, Pennsylva- nia, which he published four years. In September, 1876, he came to Milton and established the Argus, which he edited and published until March 23, 1889. The Economist and Argus were then consolidated, the Record Pub- lishing Company organized, and the name changed to the Record, of which Mr. Smith became editor and general manager. After the great fire of 1880 he procured the loan of two freight cars from the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and with characteristic energy and enterprise had an entirely new printing office in operation within four days, bringing all the necessary mate- rials from the eastern cities, and not missing a single issue of the Argus. Mr. Smith was married, June 25, 1869, to Mary J. Gibson of Rohrsburg, Columbia county, Pennsylvania. Seven children have been bom to them, four of whom died in early childhood. The living children are as follows: Julia A.; Elizabeth G., and Cleveland R. Politically our subject is a stanch and active Democrat; he is a member of the Royal Arcanum, and the United American Mechanics. RoBEBT W. CoBBBY, machinist and postmaster, was born in Milton, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, December 26, 1833. His father, George Correy, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, January 24, 1786, a son of Robert and Rachel Correy. He came to Milton when a young man, started one of the first wagon maker shops in the town, and was the manufacturer of the old Dearborn wagon a number of years, after which he was engaged in the mercantile business twenty-five years. He was a public spirited man, and was highly esteemed by all. He was one of the organizers of the Pres- byterian church, and a member of the same over fifty years; in politics he was a Whig. He married Susan, daughter of John Evans, of Roaring Creek valley, Columbia county, and reared a family of seven children, four of whom are living: Rachel; Hannah M., wife of E. W. Chapin; John K., of New York, and Robert W. The subject of our sketch received his education at the public schools, and learned the trade of machinist. In 1855 he and his brother John K. engaged in the mercantile business, succeeding their father under the firm name of J. K. Correy & Company, and continued about twenty years. Mr. Correy then engaged in the foundry and machine works under the firm name of Correy, Bailey & Company, and continued until 1873. He then became employed in Shimer's matcher-head factory as machinist, and has since held that position. In 1856 he married Lucretia, daughter of John Murray, by whom he has four children: George, a machinist in Milton, who married Belle Hagenbach; John M., druggist, of Milton; William, and Rob- ert Irwin. Mr. Correy is an active member of the Republican party, and has served as overseer of the poor fifteen years. He and wife are members of BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1007 the Presbyterian church. June 26, 1890, he was appointed postmaster at Milton, and August 27th following took possession of the same, with his son, John M., as deputy. I. D. Gkesh, professor of music, was born in Montour county, Pennsyl- vania, April 22, 1852, son of Jesse and Mary (Derr) Gresh, natives of Berks county, who came to Northumberland county about 1832, located in Chillis- quaque township, and afterwards removed to Montour county, where they lived until 1877. The mother died in 1869, and the father died in Milton in 1884. He was an elder in the Lutheran church for many years. They reared twelve children, five of whom are living: Joseph, of Washington ville, Montour county; George D. ; Ephraim; Sallie E. Odell, of Haverstraw, New York, and I. D. The subject of our sketch was reared in Montour county, and received his education at the township schools and Bloomsburg State Normal School. He also paid close attention to the study of music. He removed to Milton in 1873, and engaged in the mercantile business for two years, and since 1876 has been the organist and leader of the choir of the Presbyterian church. He married, December 22, 1874, Clara, daughter of Samuel Lerch, of Lewis township, and has four children : Cyrus L. ; Mary Edith; Theodore Ralph, and Maurice Evans. He is a member of Mutual Lodge, No. 84, I. O. O. P., and a Knight of the Golden Eagle, Castle 265. Politically he is a Democrat, and takes an active part in the success of the party. Mr. Gresh is a member of the Presbyterian church, and his family of the German Reformed church. Chakles a. Kkam was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, April 17, 1867. He was educated in the common schools of his native town and at the Milton Academy under Professor Elias Schneider, and graduated at the Milton high school in 1884. During the years 1884-89 he taught a sub-grammar school in the Milton school district. In the fall of 1889 he entered Bucknell Uni- versity at Lewisburg, but, owing to a protracted illness, was obliged to dis- continue his studies. In February, 1890, he was appointed to a position in the census bureau, and is now in charge of a section of the tabulating force of the office. Mr. Kram is an active young Republican, and was elected borough auditor when twenty-one years of age by the largest majority on the ticket. Since residing in Washington, D. C, he has been pursuing studies at the Georgetown Law School, an institution whose halls are filled with hundreds of Uncle Sam's ambitious sons. John W. Rombach (originally Rambach), was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, October 5, 1847, son of Silas and Sarah Rombach. He re- moved with his parents to Watsontown in 1859, where he attended school until 1866, after which he took a business course at Reading Commercial College. He was then engaged as a clerk in the general store and postoffice of Captain Shay at Watsontown one year, and in 1870 went to North Caro- lina and clerked for a lumber company two years. He returned to this 1008 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. county for one year, and then located at Hall's Station, Maryland, on the Baltimore and Potomac railroad, where he engaged in the lumber business, sawing timber for railroads, the United States government, and foreign coun- tries. In 1881 he removed to Milton, and is now engaged in farm.ing. In 1874 he married Clara, daughter of William and Catharine (Wagner) Faux, of Riverside, Pennsylvania, natives of Columbia county, and to this union have been born four children: Sallie E. Howard; William Jesse; Katie Faux, and John W. Mr. Eombach is a director of the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, the Pleasant Valley Creamery Company, and the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association, and vice-president of the latter. He is a member of the Lutheran church. He is a member of the town council and in politics is a Democrat. Thomas A. Muedock, ■ station and freight agent for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at Milton, was born in Milton, June 20, 1847, and is a son of Thomas M. Murdock, who was born in Chillisquaque township in 1803, and a grandson of Augustus Murdock, the first white male child born in Fort Augusta. His great-grandfather was of Scotch ancestry and. came to America on account of religious troubles. He was with Braddock at the time of his defeat, and was afterwards stationed at Fort Augusta. His son, Augustus Murdock, learned the trade of a cabinet maker and lived and died in Chillisquaque township. He reared seven children, all of whom are dead. Thomas M. Murdock became a carpenter by trade, married Eleanor Wilson, a native of Montour county, Pennsylvania, and located in Milton, where he died in 1872. His widow died in 1874. To their union were born six chil- dren: Sarah M., wife of C. W. Tharp of Milton; R. H., agent for the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company at Corry, Pennsylvania; Jane Mary, widow of William Marsh, of Milton; Nathaniel W., who died in 1860; Thomas A., and Elizabeth Ellen, wife of George Barclay of Milton. Our subject was reared and educated in Milton. He learned telegraphy and worked six years in Sunbury for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. In 1872 he was ap- pointed passenger and freight agent at Milton and has since held that posi- tion. In 1870 he was married to Margaret L. Gray, daughter of P. W. Gray, of Sunbury, by whom he has five children: Edna G.; Helen; Donald; Will- iam, and Fannie. Mr. Murdock is a Republican. Captain William Gray, the great-grandfather of Mrs. Murdock, was a Revolutionary soldier and one of the charter members of the Society Cincinnatus. He married a sister of Captain Samuel Brady and General Hugh Brady, both noted in Indian warfare. L. O. Clikgeh, agent for the Adams Express Company, was born in Ly- coming county, Pennsylvania, January 31, 1852, son of J. W. and Rebecca (Meixell) dinger, natives of Lycoming and Union counties, respectively, and now residing at Winchester, Virginia. His father is a Democrat, and served as jiistice of the peace many years. The subject of our sketch removed X^y(l^^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1011 to Union county, Pennsylvania, when nine years of age, and was educated in the public schools and the Bloomsburg State Normal School. In 1865 he came to Milton, and, with the exception of four years spent in Virginia, has since resided here. His principal business had been book-keeping until 1883, when he accepted his present position.' In 1871 he married Sarah Jane, daughter of William Nagle, of Milton, and they are the parents of five chil- dren: John Benton; William Bruce; Sarah Nagle; Mary, and Eebecoa. Mr. dinger is a member of the Eoyal Arcanum of Lewisburg, and politically he is a Democrat. He and wife are members of the German Eeformed church. Charles Malady, liveryman, was born in Ohillisquaque township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, February 18, 1842, son of Lydia and An- thony (Wertz) Malady. His father was a native of Ireland who immigrated to America when eighteen years old. He came to Milton and helped build the Pennsylvania canal, and died in Ohillisquaque township in 1860. The subject of this sketch was reared on the homestead farm, and received his education at the township schools. He was engaged in boating on the canal until 1877, when he established his present livery business. In 1865 he married Emily, daughter of Jonathan Kissell, of Danville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Malady is a stockholder in the Milton Driving Park and Fair Associa- tion, and in politics is a Democrat. Henky Wilhelm was born in Lancaster county in 1810, a son of Anthony Wilhelm, a native of Prussia, who removed from Lancaster county to Milton in 1811 and engaged in butchering, which he followed some years. He also founded the Broadway House, and was proprietor of the same many years. His children were: Henry; Catharine, deceased; Mary, of Lock Haven; Eliza, deceased wife of Joseph Wolfinger; Angstadt; Sarah, Mrs. James Bobbins, of Williamsport; John, deceased, and Frederick, deceased. Henry Wilhelm came to Milton when one year old, and was educated in the public schools. He learned the butcher trade of his father, and engaged in that business. He married in 1836 Mary A., daughter of William and Catharine Wolfinger, and reared seven children, five of whom are living: Sarah Cath- arine, widow of William H. Wolf, of Lewisburg; Mary Susan, wife of John L. Bennage, of Lock Haven; Charles H. ; Ellen Nora, wife of Dr. Wilson P. Ard, of Centre county, and Emma, wife of Horace Evans, of Philadelphia. Henry Wilhelm, as well as his father, was a Democrat in politics, and a mem- ber of the Baptist church. He died in 1874; his widow still survives him. Chables H. Wilhelm was born at Milton, April 26, 1846, son of Henry and Mary A. (Wolfinger) Wilhelm. He received his education at the Milton Academy. He engaged in clerking for some time, for seven years was the proprietor of the DanviUe Hotel, and has since been engaged in the livery business and dealing in horses. In 1868 he married Elizabeth E., daughter of John L. Goodlander, of Milton. She died in 1871, leaving two children: 57 1012 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. John Henry, born, February 10, 1869, and Linda B., born. May 22, 1871. He married in 1875 Katie J., daughter of William H. Bright, of Ashland, Pennsylvania, who died in 1884 leaving two children: Anna B., who was born on the 15th of July, 1876, and died on the 15th of July, 1890, and William Bright, who was born on the 13th of February, 1878. Fbedebick Wilhelm, son of Anthony Wilhelm, was born in Milton, August 25, 1825, and after growing to maturity succeeded to his father's business as proprietor of the Broadway House for many years. He also formed a co- partnership with his brother Henry in the livery business, which he followed until his death in 1871. He married Mary, daughter of Captain John M. Huff, of Milton, who still survives him. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, and a Democrat in politics. Ten children were bom to them, five of whom are living: William B. ; James B. ; Flora, Mrs. D. J. Bachtel, of Trenton, New Jersey; Elizabeth, Mrs. J. Frank Trogle, and Annie L. W. B. Wilhelm was born in Milton, May 26, 1854, and was reared and educated in his native town. In 1878 he married Sadie, daughter of Peter Leedy, of Danville. James B. Wilhelm was born in Milton, October 19, 1855, and in 1882 married Dora, daughter of John Peeler, of Milton. These gentlemen have been engaged in the livery business a number of years under the firm name of W. B. Wilhelm & Brother. Politically they are both Democrats, and take an active part in local politics. James B. is a member of Milton Lodge, F. & A. M., and Mutual Lodge, I O. O. F. Jacob Dietzlee was born in T.urbut township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of John and Hannah (Yeager) Dietzler, natives of Ger- many, who immigrated to America in 1818, settled in Turbut tovmship, this county, and engaged in farming. They were members of the Lutheran church, in which he served as deacon and elder many years. They both died in McEwensville. Eight children were bom to them, six of whom are living: Jacob; Frederick, of Turbut township; Christina Ann, widow of Frederick Goodman; Mary, widow of Daniel Smith, of Turbut township; Matthias, of Hlinois, and Hannah, widow of William Smith, of Turbut township. The subject of this sketch was reared upon the homestead, and attended the public schools, after which he learned the carpenter's trade, which occupation he followed several years. In 1865 he removed to his present farm in the outskirts of Milton, and for the past four years has been engaged in the butchering business. He was married in 1845 to Sarah, daughter of George Overpeck, of Turbut township, by whom he has four children, three of whom are living: Isaiah, who married Susanna Deihl; George M., of Point township, who married Isadore Bitenbinder, and Jacob, who married Annie Sanders, of Northumberland. Mr. Dietzler is a Repub- lican in politics, and sent a substitute to the war of the Rebellion. He and wife are members of Trinity Lutheran church of Milton. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1013 William G. Millee, nailer, was born in Point township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1863, son of Jarrett and Susan (Van Kirk) Miller, the father a native of New Jersey and the mother of this county. They settled in Point township in 1861 and engaged in farming. The father died in 1872; the mother is still Hving. They were members of the Lutheran church. Pour children were born to them, three of whom are living: William G.; Daisy, and Albert. The subject of this sketch was reared in Point township, and was educated in the township and Milton schools. He learned the nailer trade, which he has since followed. He is a member of Mutual Lodge, I. O. O. F., Pilgrim Encampment, and the Knights of the Golden Eagle of Milton, and politically is a Eepublican. CHAPTER XLV. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. MT. CARMEL. Patkick Donohoe was born in County Galway, Ireland, January 1, 1828. He landed in New York, July 19, 1846, and at once boarded the train for the SchuylkiU mining region, and secured employment as a miner at Branch - dale. He remained in that vicinity until 1853, when he made Mt. Carmel his home. In July, 1853, he was married to Julia Pahey, of Philadelphia, from which union a large family were born. At the time of Mr. Donohoe' s arrival at Mt. Carmel a forest grew on the site of that prosperous town, and the coal trade, to which it owes its development, received but little attention. The Locust Mountain Coal and Iron Company, following the discoveries of Professor Eogers, geologist, had done some shafting; soon after Mr. Dono- hoe's arrival he was given the contract to drive two hundred yards of gang- way at what is known as the Eough and Eeady, and thus became the first miner of any consequence in the Mt. Carmel region. In 1854 he was given the contract to open the mine now operated by S. S. Beckel & Company. Later he opened the Skidmore at the Coal Eidge colliery and subsequently upon the failure of Eckle & Son, the operators, and the abandonment oi the Eough and Eeady by Beaver, Geddis, Marsh & Company, secured the lease of the entire tract and with George Schall and Eichard Curnow operated very extensively until 1866, when their lease expired. Mr. Donohoe was very successful in his coal ventures and shortly after the war erected a fine stone mansion on the outskirts of the town, where at an advanced age he now lives 1014 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. in retirement. He is a consistent member of the Catholic church, has filled various positions of public trust in the town, and enjoys the esteem of the entire public. Alfeed M. Montelids, deceased, was born at Mifflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, son of John Montelius, a native of Philadelphia and grandson of Charles Montelius, the progenitor of the family in this State. The latter was a Frenchman of noble birth, who was educated for the French legislat- ure, but during the French Eevolution the opposing parties kidnapped him and sent him to America, where he was sold as a " redemptioner," serving over seven years for his freedom. He was purchased by a merchant on Market street, Philadelphia, and by his natural business ability eventually became a member of the lirm, and finally married the daughter of his former purchaser. During the " Buckshot war " he was a member of the legislat- ure of Pennsylvania. Alfred Montelius was reared and educated in Mifflin- burg, and in his early manhood he was a clerk and teacher, and for several years a merchant at Curwensville, Pennsylvania. He served in the late war eleven months as a member of the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and after leaving the service came to Mt. Carmel in October, 1862, as superintendent of what is now the Mt. Carmel colliery. He after- ward operated this colliery as a member of the firm of Montelius, Righter & Company, and was also interested in the mercantile business of that firm un- til his death, November 27, 1885. He married Eliza J., daughter of Benja- min Hartshorn, a pioneer distiller of Clearfield county, Pennsylvania, where he settled in 1806. To Alfred M. and Eliza J. Montehus were born eight children: William T.: Ealph W.; Walton H.; Kate, Mrs. Heniy Brown; Belle, Mrs. D. M. Hinkle; E. Clark; Howard H, and Frank S. Bernard Harvey, contractor and builder, was born in County Donegal, Ireland, January 1, 1837, son of Jeremiah and Margaret (Harvey) Harvey. His early life was spent in his native land, where he received a common school education and learned the stone mason and bricklayer trade with his father. In 1864 he came to America and located in Mt. Carmel, Northum- berland county, where, with the exception of two years spent in Kansas, he has ever since resided. He has been engaged in contracting and building, and has erected many of the largest public and private buildings in the bor- ough, among them being the Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel and the new public school building. He also erected the Catholic church at Locust Gap, and has laid the foundations of nearly all the principal buildings of Mt. Carmel and vicinity. Mr. Harvey was married, July 3, 1867, to Fannie, daughter of Frank and Margaret (Boyle) Cull, of Mt. Carmel. They are the parents of six children: Jeremiah; Frank; James; Joseph; Mary, and Kate. The whole family are practical members of the Catholic church, in the growth and prosperity of which denomination Mr. Harvey has always taken an active interest. He was a director for several years of the Mt. Carmel BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1015 Building and Loan Association, was one of the organizers of the First National Bank, and is at present a member of its board of directors. Politic- ally he is independent, and is now serving his second term of three years in the borough council. Mr. Harvey is recognized as one of the enterprising and successful business men of the borough. RicHAED AND Saeah (Geipe) Cuenow, uatives of England, came to Amer- ica about the year 1847, and settled in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where the former worked in the mines until 1860, when he removed to Mt. Carmel and engaged in business for himself as a coal operator. He was one of the pioneer operators of the town, and died there in January, 1886, at the age of sixty-three years. He was the father of five children, thre^ of whom survived him: "William; Henry, of Philadelphia, and Sarah J., deceased wife of M. K. Watkins, of Mt. Carmel. William Cuenow, station agent of the Philadelphia and Reading rail- road, was born in Llewellyn, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1852, and is the eldest son of Richard and Sarah Curnow. He was reared in Mt. Carmel from the age of eight years, and received a common school education. He began his business hf e as a slate picker in the breaker, and later worked as a driver. At fifteen years of age he learned telegraphy, spending ten months in the local office of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. One year later he was appointed station and telegraph agent at Mt. Carmel for the Northern Central Railway Company, and held that posi- tion seven years, later held positions as operator at Sunbury in the superin- tendent's office, Pennsylvania Railroad Company, at Susquehanna for the same company, at North Bend for the Standard Oil Company, and spent two years in Albany, New York, in the employ of the Western Union Telegraph Company, thence to Norristown, Pennsylvania, a short time, and October 1, 1883, was appointed station agent and telegraph operator for the Philadel- phia and Reading Railroad Company at Mt. Carmel, which position he has since filled to the satisfaction of the company and the public generally. On July 6, 1876, he married Rebecca, daughter of John B. and Catherine (De Frehn) Reed, of Mt. Carmel, who has had five children: Harry E., de- ceased; Albert R.; Glenn N,; William R. C, and Russell Vivian. Mr. Cur- now is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, I. O. O. F., P. O. S. of A., and R. A. Politically he is a Republican. John Yaenall, retired, was bom in Coal township, Northiunberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1828, son of Richard and Mary (King) Yamall. The father of our subject was a carpenter and millwright by trade; in early manhood he located at Mt. Carmel, where he erected the Mt. Carmel Inn, one of the first dwellings within the limits of that borough. The subject of this sketch, who has been a resident of Mt. Carmel forty years, learned the carpenter trade with his father, and worked at that occupation for some years. In 1859 he married Henrietta, daughter of Henry B. and Elizabeth 1016 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. (Winters) Mussina, of Centre county, Pennsylvania. They are the parents of eight children: Mrs. William H. Hinkel; Henry M.; Newton L.; Eichard K. ; Jerusha M., deceased; John W. ; William, and Lizzie. RicHABD K. Yabnall was born at Mt. Carmel, February 6, 1865. After taking advantage of the education afforded by the public schools of his native town, he learned the trade of painter and paper hanger. After working as a journeyman five years he commenced business at his present location, March 1, 1889, since which time he has met with much success. He is a Eepub- lican, and now holds the ofiice of constable of Mt. Carmel. David J. Lewis, justice of the peace, was born in Shropshire, England, October, 1824, son of David and Margaret (Nay lor) Lewis. He came to America in 1832, with John Jones, an uncle, who located in Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where our subject was reared and received a common school education. In 1853 he settled at Mt. Carmel, and em- barked in the general merchandise business, dealing also in coal, until 1857. September 3, 1861, he enlisted in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry; he was taken prisoner in the battle of Stone Eiver, and spent two months in Libby prison. He was then paroled and detailed from camp parole to make out a list of drafted men under Provost Marshal Clement, and was soon after exchanged, receiving an honorable discharge from the service, September 30, 1865. Mr. Lewis was first married to Carolina Price, of MinersviUe, Penn- sylvania, by whom he has one daughter living: Margaret, Mrs. J. Henry Merkle. He married for his second wife Amanda Hill, of Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, by whom he has four children: John, a druggist; Kate, Mrs. Albert Norsted; Josephine, Mrs. William Camp, and WiUiam H., a physi- cian. Since the war Mr. Lewis has been elected three terms as justice of the peace. He is a member of the K. of M. and G. A. E., and politically is a Eepublican. John B. Eeed, late justice of the peace, was born in what is now Miners- ville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, April 16, 1819, son of Jacob and Eebecca (Bittle) Eeed, both natives of SchuylkiU coxmty. His father served as justice of the peace in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, fifty-four years, and was a prominent citizen of his locality. He was a son of Thomas Eeed, also a native of SchuylkiU county, who was a son of Samuel Eeed, a native of Scotland, and a pioneer of Schuylkill county. The maternal grandfather of our subject was Jacob Bittle, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and of German descent. John B. was reared and educated in his native county, and began his business life in the mines, with which he was connected forty years as a miner and superintendent of mines. He resided at St. Clair, Schuylkill county, fifteen years, and during that time was justice of the peace ten years. In July, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Seventh Penn- sylvania Cavalry, serving as a private four months, when he was promoted to regimental commissary, in which capacity he acted until the company re- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1017 enlisted in 1864, when he was detailed as chief clerk and superintendent, Third division. Quartermaster General department, under Colonel T. E. Dudley, serving in that position until his discharge in September, 1865. He then located at Mt. Carmel, where he was superintendent of coal works three years, and also held the same position at Locust Gap one and a half years, when he became superintendent of Coal Ridge mines at Mt. Carmel until 1874. In 1876 he was elected justice of the peace at Mt. Carmel, and resigned in 1879 and removed to Mahanoy City, residing there three and a half years ; he then returned to Mt. Carmel, where he resided until his death, February 22, 1890. Mr. Reed was twice married, his first wife being Cath- erine, daughter of Jacob DeFrehn, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, by whom he had eight children: Emma E., Mrs. David Huffman; Sarah J.; Mary A., Mrs. John Stahl; Rebecca, Mrs. William Curnow; Clara, Mrs. William Umpleby, deceased; John E. ; Jacob H., and Kate I., Mrs. H. P. Helwig. His second wife was Eleanor F. (Teague) Adams, daughter of William Teague, of England, who survives him. Mr. Reed was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and politically was a stanch Republican since the organization of the party. Edward C. Herb, deceased, was born in Eldred township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 23, 1849, son of Decatan and Maria (Con- rad) Herb, natives of Schuylkill county and Sunbury, Pennsylvania, respect- ively. His father was a merchant and hotel keeper in Schuylkill county and afterwards in Mt. Carmel, and was a son of Adam Herb, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania. John Conrad, maternal grandfather of our subject, was a pioneer of Sunbury and resided there until his death. Deca- tan Herb and family moved to Mt. Carmel in 1868, where he was engaged in merchandising and subsequently in hotel keeping. Edward C. purchased the hotel from his mother in 1872, and erected the four-story brick, corner of Chestnut and Market streets, now known as the Locust Mountain Hotel, in April, 1886. He was engaged in the hotel and livery business, and also in the purchase and sale of horses, up to his death, December 5, 1889. Mr. Herb was married, April 18, 1870, to Mrs. Maria A. Detrich, daughter of Lemuel and Sarah J. (MaHck) Chamberlin, of Northumberland county. Two children are the fruits of this union: Decatan E. and Clarence G. By her first husband, Harry Detrich, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, she had one child, Sarah J., wife of Harry Martz, of Mt. Carmel Throughout his residence in Mt. Carmel Mr. Herb was recognized as a progressive and enter- prising citizen. He served in the council for several years, was a director of the First National Bank, treasurer of the K. of M., and a member of the Lutheran church. Politically he was a Republican. He was an upright, honest man, and by close attention to his business affairs accumulated through the passing years a valuable estate. 1018 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Michael Hoban, retired, was born in County Galway, Ireland, in 1815, son of Thomas and, Maria (Grady) Horan. His father was a farmer by occupation, and our subject was reared upon a farm. He came to America in 1835, stopped in Philadelphia for a few months, and then went to Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year. He then removed to Maryland, where he was employed on a tunnel by the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company four years, after which he went to Indiana, where he was engaged for some time. He then returned to Ireland, remaining nine months, and in 1838 was married to Maria, a daughter of Bryan McDermott, of County Galway, Ireland, by whom he has three children living: Thomas J. ; Hannah, Mrs. William H. Gallagher, and Bernard F. Mr. Horan re- turned to America in 1838 and located in Pottsville, where he worked in the mines for a time, subsequently engagmg in the hotel business at Miners- ville, Pennsylvania, eleven years, after which he removed to Ashland, where he built the Union Hotel and conducted it ten years. In 1864 he was elected sheriff of Schuylkill county and filled that oifice three years. At the end of his term he resumed the hotel business for a period, and then engaged in the coal trade. He located at Mt. Carmel in 1870, where he has since resided. He was engaged for part of the time as a railroad contractor, but since the fall of 1888 has lived a retired life. He is a Democrat in politics, has served in the borough council one term, and is a member of the Catholic church. M. K. Watkins, cashier of the First National Bank, was bom in Miners- ville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, June 11, 1851, and is a son of James and Mary A. (Kear) Watkins, natives of Wales, who came to America in 1851 and reared a family of five children, four of whom are living: Ann, Mrs. Robert Wilson; William; Lizzie, and the subject of our sketch, who was reared in his native county, educated in the public schools of Miners- ville, and at the age of fourteen years began life for himself as a telegraph messenger, the first in that place. While acting in this capacity he learned telegraphy, and in 1871 located at Mt. Carmel, where he received the appointment of ticket and freight agent of the Philadelphia and Reading railroad, which position he filled five years, to the satisfaction of the com- pany and the public. In April, 1875, he embarked in the book, news, and stationery business in Mt. Carmel, conducting the same until November, 1878. In 1879 he established the Mt. Carmel News, which he successfully conducted alone until 1885, when he disposed of a half-interest to Professor E. E. White, and in 1887 disposed of the balance to his nephew, R. J. Wilson. January 29, 1889, he was elected cashier of the First National Bank of Mt. Carmel, which jiosition he now holds. He was one of the main organizers of that institution, having disposed of a large majority of its stock, and is the largest stockholder. He was also one of the prime movers in the organization of the Mt. Carmel Water Company in 1883, and also in BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1019 the Edison Electrical Illuminating Company, of which he is president, and is the largest stockholder in both institutions. He is a member of the Citi- zens' Building and Loan Association, of which he has been secretary ten years. In fact, there have been few public enterprises attempted at Mt. Carmel in which the aid and influence of Mr. Watkins have not been felt. He is a man of great business energy and commendable public spirit, and is always ready to extend substantial encouragement to every enterprise that has for its object the welfare or advancement of his adopted home. He was married, July 8, 1880, to Sarah J., daughter of the late Eiehard Curnow, a pioneer coal operator of Mt. Carmel. Four children were the fruits of this union: James Marshall; Shirley S. ; Matthew K., and Richard Vivian. Mrs. Watkins died, December 27, 1889. She was a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal church of Mt. Carmel, and contributed liberally towards the erection of the present church edifice. Mr. Watkins is treasurer of the board of trustees of that church, is a member of the F. & A. M., chapter and commandery, the I. O. O. F., and E. A. He is an ardent and influential Republican, and is now (1890) president of the borough council. Thomas M. Righteb, of the firm of T. M.Righter & Company, general merchants and coal operators, is one of the best known and most prominent citizens of the anthracite region. He is a native of Berwick, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and a son of Dr. W. W. and Jane F. (McNair) Righter, natives of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. His father wag' a well known physician of Berwick and Mauch Chunk, and died at the latter place at the early age of thirty-three years. Our subject was reared in Mauch Chunk and received a good education. He first engaged in clerking, and was afterwards ap- pointed United States mail agent between Mauch Chunk and Janesville, Pennsylvania, and later was timekeeper in a foundry in the former city. He was an engineer of construction on the Lehigh and Susquehanna railroad, now a portion of the Jersey Central, and was afterwards weighmaster of the Lehigh and Susquehanna railroad at Upper Lehigh, and subsequently mining engineer and assistant superintendent of the Upper Lehigh Coal Company. From 1876 to 1882 he was superintendent of Sandy Run colliery, and in the latter year removed to Mt. Carmel and embarked in the coal business as a member of the firm of Montelius, Righter & Company, successors to Montel- ius, Robinson & Company, proprietors of the 'old Stuartville colliery. Mr. Righter has operated these mines very successfully, mining about one hun- dred fifty thousand tons of coal annually. In October, 1882, the present store was established by Montelius, Righter & Company, and on the 1st of January, 1886, T. M. Righter & Company succeeded the old firm. Mr. Righter is recognized as a man of enterprise and commendable public spirit. He is a director in the Edison Electrical Illuminating Company and president of the Mt. Carmel Water Company, and was one of the principal promoters of the latter enterprise. He has taken an active • interest in educational 1020 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. matters, and has been a member of the school board for six years and presi- dent of the board five. He is a member of the board of managers of the Miners' hospital, located at Ashland, Pennsylvania, and devotes much time to the interest and welfare of that institution. Besides his local interests he is also connected with the Midvalley Coal Company at Wilburton, and Oak Hill colliery, near Minersville, operated by Leisenring & Company; he is inter- ested in the Moosic Mountain Coal Company and the Mt. Jessup Coal Com- pany near Scranton, and is a director in the First National Bank of Shenan- doah. He is politically a Republican, is a member of the Presbyterian church, and is connected with the Masonic fraternity. He has always taken a deep interest in the growth and progress of his adopted home, and is a lib- eral contributor towards the development of its social and material institu- tions. Daniel D. Bolich, dealer in boots and shoes, was bom in Barry town- ship, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, July 22, 1850, son of Charles and Sarah (Dengler) Bolich. His paternal grandfather, Michael Bolich, was a native of Pennsylvania and a pioneer of Schuylkill county. His great-grand- father, Andrew Bolich, was a native of Connecticut, a Revolutionary soldier, and one of the first settlers of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. His mater- nal grandfather, Daniel Dengler, was a son of George Dengler, a resident of Pottsville, Pennsylvania, ,as early as 1812, and there erected the first hotel in that town, now knovm as the Merchant's Hotel His father, Charles Bolich, was born in Schuylkill county, learned the shoemaker's trade, and resided in his native county until the spring of 1864. He then came to Mt. Carmel and embarked in the boot and shoe trade, which he carried on until his death, July 27, 1872, at the age of fifty-two years. He was appointed postmaster of Mt. Carmel by President Johnson, September 27, 1865, and served in that office nearly three years. To Charles and Sarah Bolich were born the following children: Daniel D. ; Susan E., wife of T. J. Klace; T. Eliza, wife of Dr. James L. Seibert; Charles I.; Newton A.; Michael O. ; Sadie E. ; Abraham L., and David W. Our subject came to Mt. Carmel with his parents in the spring of 1864. He worked in his father's shop for a short time, and for two years served as deputy postmaster. He afterwards remained in his father's employ until the death of the latter, when he suc- ceeded to the business which he has since conducted. Mr. Bolich was mar- ried, September 9, 1880, to Emily, daughter of Benjamin and Catharine (Burchfield) Hartshorn, of Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. Three children have been the fruits of this union: Charles; Wayne, deceased, and Newton. Politically Mr. Bolich is a Republican, and an enterprising and progressive citizen. Heney T. John, merchant, was born in Locust township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1835, son of Abia and Jane (Teats) John. His paternal grandfather, Asa T. John, was a son of Abia John, a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1021 native of Chester county, Pennsylvania, and later a resident of Northum- berland county. Asa T. was born in Chester county, and lived and died in Ealpho township, Northumberland county. The maternal grandfather of our subject was John Teats, a pioneer farmer of Shamokin township, North- umberland county. Abia John, father of Henry T., was a tanner by trade, but in later years engaged in farming, and died in what is now Ealpho town- ship, near Bear Gap. He reared a family of six sons: Daniel T., of Ne- braska; Henry T., of Mt. Carmel; Asa T., a member of the Fourteenth United States Regulars, who died at Fairfax, Virginia, in the fall of 1863; Lloyd Gr., of Nebraska; Josiah E., who also served in the Fourteenth United States Regulars, and is now residing on the old homestead in Ealpho town- ship, and Jeremiah M., of Mt. Carmel. The subject of this sketch was reared in Columbia and Northumberland counties, received a common school education, and at the age of sixteen began teaching in the public schools, which vocation he followed some time. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Thirty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, as second sergeant, and was honorably discharged at the expiration of nine months' service. In September, 1864, he enlisted in Company H, Seventeenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served in the ranks until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Cedar Creek, Gordonville, Five Forks, and other engagements, and was present at the sur- render of Lee at Appomattox. After the war Mr. John settled in Mt. Car- mel, where he has resided up to the present. In 1869 he embarked in the gen- eral merchandise business, in which he has since been successfully engaged. In June, 1863, he married Mary E., daughter of Silas H. and Eliza (Eunk) Johnson, of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and has seven children living: Silas C. ; Charles L. ; Clarence E. ; William H. ; George W. ; Abia F., and Milton. Mr. John is a member of the F. & A. M. and the G. A. E., is vice- president of the Mt. Carmel Water Company, a director of the Electrical Illuminating Company, and a stockholder in the First National Bank. Polit- ically he is a stalwart Eepublican, and has served two terms as chief burgess of Mt. Carmel. William MoFee, retired merchant, was born at Ayrshire, Scotland, January 26, 1831, son of George and Mary (Armour) McFee. He was edu- cated in his native land, where he also learned the trade of carpet weaver, at which he was engaged seventeen years in Scotland. He immigrated to America in 1863, and first located at Branch Dale, Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, where he remained six months. After removing to various places in this part of the State, he came to Mt. Carmel, July 1, 1866, where he has since resided. During the first few years Mr. McFee worked in the mines and at his trade, and in 1868 embarked in the candy business on a small scale, enlarging his business from year to year. In 1870 he estab- lished a general mercantile business, which he continued until 1888, when 1022 HISTOEY OP NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. he retired in favor of his son George. December 31, 1851, he married Margaret, daughter of John and Mary (Gibb) Weir, of Ayrshire, Scotland, and to this union have been bom five children: George; Mary, Mrs. James Shaffer; Jeannette, Mrs. Alexander Hunter; John, and William. Mr. and Mrs. McFee are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and in politics he is a Republican. Joe Gould, dealer in general merchandise, v?as born in Belmont, near Pottsville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, April 21, 1840, a son- of Will- iam and Catherine (Hill) Gould. His father was a native of Bristol, Eng- land. He came to America in early life, and enlisted in the United States Navy, in v?hioh he served eight years. He then located in Pottsville, Penn- sylvania, where he was engaged as a huckster for many years, and in later life was boss and clerk for a coal company in Taylorsville, Pennsylvania. In 1866 he located in Mt. Carmel, and died there in 1870. His widow still survives him at the age of eighty. She was a daughter of John Hill, a miller of Berks county, Pennsylvania, whose wife, Mary Boone, was a de- scendant of Daniel Boone, the celebrated Kentucky pioneer. The family of Mr. Gould consisted of eight children: Maria, Mrs. A. B. Cochran; Joseph; Mary; WiUiam; Lizzie, Mrs. John Reith; John; Kate, Mrs. John F. Ostler, and George B. The subject of our sketch was reared in his native county; he served in the war of the Rebellion, enlisting September 21, 1861, in Com- pany F, Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and re-enlisted in the same company and regiment, January 1, 1864. He was honorably discharged, July 24, 1865, quartermaster sergeant of the regiment. In 1866 he located in Mt. Carmel, where he was contractor in a steam saw mill one year, when he accepted a position with the Coal Ridge Coal and Improvement Company, until 1867. He then located in Bath, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, where he held the position of superintendent of roofing slate quarries two years. He returned to Mt. Carmel, where he was station agent for the Le- high Valley railroad two and one half years, when he accepted a position as clerk for William Montelius, which position he held until March, 1878. He then embarked in the general merchandise business with Frederick Gross, which partnership existed up to January, 1887, when he purchased his partner's interest, and has since conducted a successful business alone. Mr. Gould was twice married: his first wife was Elizabeth M. Laurie, of Easton, Pennsylvania; the second, Sarah D., daughter of Charles and Elizabeth (Lerch) Culp, of Ashland, Pennsylvania, by whom he has had two children: Anna C, and Joseph W., deceased. Mr. Gould is a leading merchant of Mt. Carmel, and one of its most enterprising citizens. He is a member of the F. & A. M., G. A. R., and R. A. Politically, he is a stanch Republican. OsoAE H. SiLLYMAN, merchant, was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Jan- uary 26, 1830, a son of John and Margaret (Bobb) Sillyman. His paternal grandfather, James Sillyman, was a native of Pennsylvania, and an early BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1023 settler of Schuylkill county, where he died. His maternal grandfather, Con- rad Bobb, was a pioneer hotel keeper of Schuylkill county. John Sillyman, the father of our subject, settled in Pottsville about 1818; he was one of the first rivermen to raft coal to Philadelphia, and helped to develop the coal interests of that section. He was superintendent of collieries for many years, and was recognized as one of the most successful superintendents in the Pottsville region. The last twenty years of his life he lived retired. Our subject was reared and educated in Schuylkill county, and began his busi- ness life when a boy in the mines, where he worked in different capacities with the view of being trained for the superintendency. In 1847 he became clerk in a general store in Pottsville and served in that capacity up to 1853. He then engaged in business for himself for a period, after which he had charge of stores for different persons in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, until 1865, when he came to Locust Gap, and embarked in merchandising. In 1868 he removed his stock of goods to Mt. Carmel, where he has since done a general mercantile business. Mr. Sillyman has always taken a deep interest in the public schools, is a Mason, and has been an ardent, uncom- promising Republican since the inception of that party. Thomas Scott, manufacturer, was born in Northumberland county, Eng- land, February 24, 1836, and is a son of John and Mary (Patton) Scott, who came to America in 1837, settling at Mine Hill Gap, where his father was engaged in mining ten years, when he removed to what was then known as Payne's Patch, where he sunk the second slope in that valley. After a resi- dence of seven years at that place he removed to Plymouth, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, where he was superintendent of mines seven years. In 1861, after a short stay at Hazelton, he located at Locust Gap, this county, where he was superintendent of mines until his death in 1869. He had five chil- dren: Thomas; Mary A., Mrs. Henry Eckman; Elizabeth, Mrs. George Boudenbush; George, and James. The subject of our sketch settled at Lo- cust Gap, this county, in 1861, where he was outside superintendent of a breaker three years. He then engaged in the hotel business at that place until June, 1867, when he sold out and engaged in farming in New Britain, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, eighteen months. In 1869 he settled in Mt. Carmel, where for fifteen years he was engaged in the hotel business. In the spring of 1885 he embarked in the wholesale liquor business, in which he is still engaged. In June, 1889, the Progress Hat and Cap Manufacturing Company was established, of which concern Mr. Scott is president and treas- urer. He was one of the prime movers and one of the charter members of the Mt. Carmel Water Company, and has been its efficient superintendent since its organization. He is a director of the Citizens' Building and Loan Associa- tion, and a stockholder of the Edison Electrical Illuminating Company. In 1862 he married Sarah, daughter of Christian Gunsett, of Locust Gap, and has seven children living: Minnie; Oscar; Prank; Alex.; George; Katie, and 1024 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Sallie. Mr. Scott is a prominent and leading citizen of Mt. Carmel, a member of the I. O. O. F., and in politics a Republican. Samuel A. Bergsteessee, hardware merchant, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, December 26, 1816, son of John and Ann (Auchmuty) Berg- stresser, of Scotch Presbyterian ancestry. His paternal grandfather was Philip Bergstresser, a native of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, a farmer by occupation, and a pioneer of Snyder county, where he died. His mater- nal grandparents were Samuel and Ann (McMahan) Auchmuty, who resided at Fisher's Ferry, Northumberland county, as early as 1772. Samuel Auch- muty was drafted in the war of the Revolution, in which he served four years, participating in the battles of Monmouth, Valley Forge, Long Island, Germantown, and elsewhere, under General Washington. He resided in this county until his death. John, father of our subject, was a millwright by trade. He settled at Fisher's Ferry, this county, in 1817, and built a saw and grist mill, which he operated nine years. He then removed to Ber- rysburg, Dauphin county, and followed his trade in connection with farming up to his death in 1833. He was the father of ten children: Jacob; Will- iam; Mary, Mrs. Joseph Shipman; John; Lot; Phebe, Mrs. Jonathan Hoff- man: Samuel A.; Hannah, Mrs. Daniel Rumbarger; Asa, and Julia, Mrs. A. B. Sprout, all deceased but Asa and Samuel A. The latter came to this county in 1817 with his parents, removed with them to Dauphin county in 1826, and returned to Northumberland county in 1834. He worked as a millwright until 1846; he then located at Elysburg, and embarked in the general merchandise business, which he successfully continued for twenty- three years. In 1870 he removed to Mt. Carmel and engaged in his present business; his son, Samuel E., has been associated with him since 1876. Mr. Bergstresser was married, June 9, 1846, to Elizabeth, daughter of John and Eleanor (De Witt) Case, of this county, by whom he had seven children, of whom two are living: James C, editor and proprietor of the Insurance World, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Samuel E. Mrs. Bergstresser died, April 27, 1869. January 16, 1872, he married Ann M., daughter of Dr. Joseph C. Robins, of Elysburg, Pennsylvania, who died, March 25, 1873. Mr. Bergstresser is an elder in the Presbyterian church, of which he has been a member many years. In 1853 he represented Northumberland county in the legislature, and in 1S60 he was a delegate to the national Republican convention at Chicago which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency. Politically he has been a stanch Republican since the organization of the party. David Camp, merchant, was born in Elysburg, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, November 22, 1834, a son of Benjamin and Magdalena (Hinkle) Camp. His paternal grandfather, Henry Camp, and maternal grandfather. Abram Hinkle, were pioneer farmers near Elysburg; both died near Bear Gap and are buried in the Reed Church cemetery. Henry Camp had seven BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1025 children: Benjamin; Samuel; David; Lambert; Mary, Mrs. John Long; Sarah, Mrs. Daniel Hill, and a daughter who married Daniel Bloom, all of whom are dead. Benjamin Camp, a carpenter and farmer, removed from Elysburg to Columbia county, Pennsylvania, in 1839, and died there in 1873. He had ten children who grew to maturity. Abraham; William, killed in a breaker, August 8, 1854; Samuel; Benjamin; Daniel; David; Lavinia, Mrs. David Everett; Mary, Mrs. Jacob Culp; Hannah, Mrs. Joseph Boyer, and Sarah, Mrs. Joel Cox, all living except William. The subject of this sketch was reared in Celumbia county, received a limited education, learned the carpenter trade with his father, and at the age of twenty-one years started out for himself. He was a resident of Centralia, Pennsylvania, thirteen years, where he worked at his trade eight years, and conducted a drug store five years. In 1872 he settled in Mt. Carmel and in 1875 embarked in the lumber business, in which he continued thirteen years. In Noverdber, 1886, he en- gaged in the general merchandise business, and still continues at that occu- pation. His first wife was Lavinia, daughter of Peter and Mary (Taylor) Persing of Columbia county, by whom he has two children: Edward A. and Robert E. His second wife was Phebe Persing, by whom he has seven children living: Ida, Mrs. Eobert Davis; Joseph; Stella; George W.; May; Carrie, and Garfield. Mr. Camp is a member of the Lutheran church, and is con- nected with the F. & A. M., I. O. O. P., and K. of M. He has served as councilman and member of the school board of Mt. Carmel several terms. Politically he is a Republican, and in November, 1890, he was a popular candidate of his party and borough for the legislature, but was defeated. E. C. TiEK, merchant, was born in Utica, New York, in 1840. He received his early education at the common schools, and at the age of seventeen left home and followed the sea for eighteen months; on his return he received further education at the Academy of Clinton, New York, a private school at Waterville, and under private tuition at Woodtown, New Jersey. In Sep- tember, 1862, he enlisted in Company H, Twelfth New Jersey Volunteers. He received a very severe wound in the battle of Gettysburg in 1863, after which he was promoted to corporal, then to sergeant, and afterwards to first sergeant. Just before the siege of Petersburg he was honored with a first lieutenancy, and with that rank was discharged at the close of the war. Mr. Tier is a Republican, and has served as councilman of Mt. Carmel; he is now a member of the school board, of which body he is treasurer. Louis JoHNKOWSKi, merchant, was born in Nakel, Reg Bezirk Bromberg, Province of Posen, Prussia, April 17, 1857, and is a son of Louis and Mary (Smoczkiewicz) Johnkowski. He was reared and educated in his native country, and came to America in 1872, locating at Shamokin, this county, where he was occupied as a barber six months. In 1873 he settled in Mt. Carmel, where he conducted a barber shop five years. In 1878 he began teaching music, which vocation he followed until 1885, when he be- 1026 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. came manager of the general merchandise business of Partica & Lubeski, which position he held until August, 1888, when he embarked in his present business, and has already built up a large and successful trade. August 31, 1876, he married Lizzie, daughter of Joseph and Susan (Weaver) Neal, of Mt. Carmel. Mr. Johnkowski is a member of St. Joseph's Catholic church, of which he has been organist since 1884. Politically he is a Democrat. Isaac Goldschmidt, clothing merchant, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, December 24, 1847, son of Henry and Hannah (Shoenhouse) Goldschmidt, natives of Germany. His father came to America in 1840, and located in Baltimore one year; he then went to Cincinnati, where he remained fourteen years, thence in 1855 to Iowa, residing there thirty-two years, and in 1887 located in Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania, where he still resides. He is a cabinet maker by trade, and has followed that occupation fifty years. He is the father of five children: Isaac; Max; Dorothea; Abraham, and Lewis. His wife died in 1887. The subject of this sketch was reared in Cincinnati, where he received a common school education. He began business life at the age of fourteen as clerk in a general store, which occupation he followed for some time. In 1870 he located in Shamoldn, where he was book-keeper for Strouse & Company seven years, when, on the dissolution of the firm, succeeded by W. H. Douty, he became manager of the business three years. In 1880 he removed to Mt. Carmel, where he embarked in business on an individual basis. He is now proprietor of the leading clothing house in Mt. Carmel. He married, October 5, 1873, Amelia, daughter of Solomon and Amelia Wolf, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. They are the parents of eight children, of whom seven are living: Charles; Helen; Saidy; Hattie; Jennie, deceased; Amy; Solomon, and Joseph. Mr. Goldschmidt is a member of the I. O. O. P., and a director in the Edison Electrical Illuminating Com- pany. Politically he is a Democrat. Thomas J. Hoban, book-keeper, was born at Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, March 22, 1845, son of Michael and Maria (McDer- mott) Horan, natives of County Galway, Ireland. He was reared and received his education in his native county, and began life as clerk in the office of the superintendent of the Philadelphia and Beading Kailroad Com- pany, which position he filled one year. On his father's election as sheriff he was appointed deputy, which office he held three years, and at the expira- tion of this time he read law one year with John W. Eyon, of Pottsville. In 1862 Mr. Horan enlisted in the first nine months' service, in Company K, One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers. Prom 1871 to 1877 he acted as book-keeper for railroad contractors, engaged in the con- struction of railroads, after which he removed to Kansas, where he was engaged in the same business three years. He located at Mt. Carmel in 1881, since which time he has held his present position. February 5, 1880, he married Martha C, daughter of Frederick G. Walbridge, of Kansas City. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1029 In politics Mr. Horan is a Democrat, and one of the respected citi'Zens of Mt. Carmel. Chaeles K. Maukeb, deceased, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsyl- vania, m 1835, son of John K. and Catharine Maurer. He was reared upon the homestead farm and early engaged in butchering; in 1869 he located at Mt. Carmel and established the first meat market in that place, which he conducted until 1887, when he retired from business on account of failing health and removed to Shamokin, where his death occurred in February, 1889. Mr. Maurer was married in 1860 to Elmira, daughter of John Wolf- gang, of Schuylkill county, who survives him and resides with her son. Dr. J. M. Maurer, of Shamokin. Mr. Maurer's family consisted of six children, three of whom are living: J. M.; May, and Valeria, all of whom reside at Shamokin. William Kiefee, Je., was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, No- vember 9, 1859, son of William and Ladora Kiefer, natives of Germany. His father came to America in 1850 and located at Pottsville, where he learned the butcher trade, which he followed several years. In 1885 he removed to Mt. Carmel, where he still resides. He is the father of seven children: Alice, wife of Dr. A. W. Samuels; William; Anna, wife of Oscar Scott; Thomas; Mary; Mark, and Emma. The subject of our sketch was educated in the public schools of Schuylkill county, and learned the butch- er's trade with his father. In 1878 he located at Mt. Carmel in the employ of C. K. Maurer. October 20, 1885, he embarked in business for himself. Mr. Kiefer has been a successful business man, and in 1889 he erected a large three-story brick dwelling, on the first fioor of which he has his meat market. He married, December 15, 1887, May, daughter of Peter and Lydia (WoUey) Eddy, of Shamokin, by whom he has two children: Eay and Will- iam. The family attend services at the Lutheran church; politically he is a Democrat. William W. Klees was born near Fountain Springs, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, July 15, 1855, a son of Isaac and Ann (Stevens) Klees. His paternal grandfather, a native of France, was a drummer boy under General Lafayette in the war of the Revolution, and settled in the Wyoming region of Pennsylvania. His maternal grandfather was of English descent, a pio- neer of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and at one time wasovmerof a large part of Frackville. The father of our subject resided for many years in Schuylkill county, and died at Girardville, where he reared a family of seven sons and two daughters. The subject of this sketch was reared in his native county, began life picking slate in the breaker when seven years of age, and afterward engaged in mining ten years, when he served an apprenticeship of two years at the butcher trade. He came to Mt. Carmel in 1881, where for seven years he was employed in the meat market of 0. K. Moyer; he then purchased the business, which he has since successfully conducted. Mr. 1030 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBBKLAND COUNTY. Klees married, December 12, 1883, Kate, daughter of John Tysher, of Mt. Carmel, and has two children : Anna and Delia. He is a member of the K. of M. and P. O. S. of A., was elected to the borough council of Mt. Carmel in 1889, and, politically, is a'Eepublican. OsoAK J. Scott, manufacturer and dealer in furniture, was born in Mt. Carmel township, Northumberland county, July 28, 1864, son of Thomas and Sarah A. (Gunsett) Scott, of this borough. He was reared in Mt. Carmel and received his education in the public schools. At the age of thirteen he began clerking in a general store, and followed that occupation five years. He afterwards served a three years' apprenticeship at the cabinet maker's trade. In the spring of 1885 he embarked in the furniture trade, and has built up a fair business. Mr. Scott was married, August 22, 1888, to Anna, daughter of William and Deborah (Zindel) Kiefer, of Mt. Carmel, who has borne him one son, Ealph. Mr. Scott is a member of the F. & A. M. and P. O. S. of A., and in politics he is a Republican. Eev. Mark A. O'Neill, pastor of the Church of Our Lady, was bom at King James Battery, County Koscommon, Ireland, in 1844, a son of John and Alice (Dunn) O'Neill. His father was a major in her Majesty's Royal Artillery. The subject of this sketch first studied for the army at the Royal College, Woolwich, England, and later studied three years at the Missionary College of All Hallows, Dublin. In 1866 he went to Rome to study for the priesthood, and remained four m.onths at the Carmelite Convent. After spending two years at home he came to America, located at Windsor, On- tario, and taught in Sandwich College one year. He then came to German- town, Pennsylvania, joined the order of St. Lazarus, and was connected with Lazarus College nine months, after which he went to Philadelphia, where he was ordained to the priesthood, November 4, 1870, and was assigned as as- sistant of St. Joseph's church, Danville, Pennsylvania, serving in that capac- ity six months, after which he was pastor one year. In 1871 he was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's church, Milton, and St. Michael's church, Sunbury, which charges he filled four years, with residence at Milton. He was then assigned to charges at Lykens and Williamstown, Pennsylvania, and resided at Lykens thirteen years, where he built a parsonage, and also erected a church at Williamstown. In 1887 he took charge of the Church of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and under his supervision the present fine church edifice was erected. This church has a membership of fifteen hundred, and under the pastorate of Father O'Neill, has grown rapidly. Rev. Jerome Klonowski, pastor of St. Joseph's Catholic church, was born in West Prussia, February 28, 1862. He received a classical education in his native land, and came to America in 1879. He studied theology three years and a half at St. Vincent's College, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and a year and a half at the Catholic Seminary on Sylvan Heights, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Shanahan, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1031 December 24, 1884, and was immediately appointed assistant of St. Stanislaus Catholic church at Shamokin, Pennsylvania. He remained in Shamokin until December 9, 1886, when he was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's church of Mt. Carmel, where he has since been located. Since coming to Mt. Carmel Father Klonowski has shown much energy, and made many improvements in the church property. He has fenced and painted the buildings, put in steam heating apparatus in both the residence and church, and has recently had the latter beautifully frescoed. He contemplates erecting a substantial brick school building, on the site of the present parochial school, in 1891, and is working hard for the spiritual and material interests of his congregation. William N. Lehman, superintendent of the Mt. Carmel public schools, was born in Tremont, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 1, 1853, son of John E. and Sarah H. (Cressman) Lehman. His paternal grandfather, Jacob Lehman, was a native of Schuylkill county, and of German descent. His maternal grandfather was born in Montgomery county, and for many years was a resident of Schuylkill. His father is a native of Schuylkill county and is now engaged in the boot and shoe business at Tremont, Pennsylvania. Professor Lehman obtained his early education at local common and select schools, and began teaching at the age of sixteen. From that time until the present he has been continuously engaged in educational work, with the exception of one year. For twelve consecutive terms he taught in his native town, rising from the lowest grade to the position of principal. He was elected to the superintendency at Mt. Carmel in 1882, and has per- formed the duties of this responsible position in a manner creditable to him- self and valuable to the community. On the 10th of July, 1871, he married Alice E., daughter of Amos and Lydia (Seltzer) Shirk, of Grantville, Dauphin coimty, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of five children: Katie L.; John S. ; Minnie G. ; William C, and Emily. Mr. Lehman is a Eepublican in politics, and is connected with the P. O. S. of A. He is a member of the Lutheran church, in which he has served as superintendent of the Sunday school Elijah White was bom in England in 1832. His early days were spent in superintending machinery in the mines of Cornwall and Devonshire. He came to America in 1866, and worked as a miner and mine contractor and foreman of mines in the anthracite coal regions. He has filled several posi- tions of honor and trust in the borough of Mt. Carmel, and is a Eepublican in politics. Mr. White was married in his native land to Catharine New- combe, a native of England, who is the mother of six children. He is a Methodist in religious persuasion, and a member of the Order of Foresters, L O. O. F., and K. of P. Elijah E. White, editor and school teacher, was born near the city of Plymouth, England, March 15, 1858, and is a son of Elijah and Catharine White, of Mt. Carmel. He came to America in 1869, and spent his early 1032 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. days in the coal mines near Mt. Carmel He received his education in the common schools of that borough and at Elysburg Academy, also from private instructors. In 1874 he began nevrspaper work as correspondent for the Shamokin Herald and seven years later accepted the editorship of the Mt. Carmel News, vs^hich position he iilled in an able and eflS.cient manner until his retirement in 1891. In 1876 he was appointed a teacher in the Mt. Car- mel public schools, with which he has since been connected, and is now principal of the grammar school. In connection with his professional duties he is also engaged in the real estate business. He is a director of the Citizens' Building and Loan Association, clerk to the borough council, and notary public for the First National Bank. Mr. White was married in June, 1887, to Fannie, daughter of Tobias and Julia Bickel, of Mt. Carmel. One daugh- ter, Julia Catharine, has been bom of this union. He is a Republican in politics, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is connected with the I. O. O. F. and Masonic fraternity. Geobgb a. Steckek, postmaster, was born in Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania, May 13, 1858, a son of A. F. and Mary A. (Beck) Stecker, natives of North- ampton and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania, respectively, who settled at Mt. Carmel in 1856, where the father was identified with the coal interests in different capacities, and for several years was postmaster. His family consisted of seven children: Charles Edward; William H. ; George A.; Joseph O. ; Mary E. ; Ada, and Kate, Mrs. Frank Semmet. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in his native town, began his business life in the collieries, and was engaged at mining engineering twelve years. In 1881 he married Alma E., daughter of Elijah and Catharine White, of Mt. Carmel, formerly of England, and has three children: Leon; Mabel, and Eaymond. In politics Mr. Stecker is an active Eepublican; he was appointed postmaster of Mt. Carmel, August 17, 1889, and confirmed by the Senate, December 20, 1889. Joseph Deppen, dealer in real estate, was born in Upper Mahanoy town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 2, 1837, son of Abra- ham and Mary (Snyder) Deppen. His father is a farmer, and resides in Jackson township, this county. He is the father of six children, four of whom are living: Louisa, wife of Dr. Eeuben Muth; George; Joseph, and Alexander. The subject of this sketch received a limited education in a school taught in a grist mill, situated in Dauphin county, close to the line of Northumberland ; after attaining his majority he was engaged in the droving business three years, and afterwards in mercantile pursuits at Herndon nearly two years. In April, 1869, he removed to Mt. Carmel, where he was engaged in the hotel business fifteen years, being proprietor of the house now known as the Commercial. Mr. Deppen was one of the organizers of the Mt. Carmel Savings Bank, in which he is still a director. He was married, Sep- tember 7, 1867, to Lizzie, daughter of Jacob and Eve Elizabeth (Weiser) BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1033 Hoffman, of Jordan township, Northumberland county. They are the parents of four children: Lizzie; Mary Ada, wife of Dr. P. D. Eaker, of Shamokin; Joseph, and Gertrude. Mrs. Deppen has been a member of the Evangelical Lutheran church all her life, and November 2, 1890, her hus- band and four children united with that church. In politics Mr. Deppen is a Democrat, but has never taken a very active interest in political affairs. Walton H. Montelius, dealer in real estate, was born in Curwensville, Pennsylvania, July 13, 1856, son of Alfred M. Montelius. He was reared and educated in Mt. Carmel, and subsequently took a course at Pierce's Commercial College of Philadelphia. He then became a partner of the firm of A. M. Montelius & Sons, merchants, in which he was interested three years, when the firm became Montelius, Eighter & Company, in which our subject retained the position of manager. In November, 1887, he went to Slater, West Virginia, as secretary and vice-president of the Slater Creek Coal and Coke Company, with which he was connected until June, 1888. Returning to Mt. Carmel he afterwards entered the real estate business with headquarters at Charleston, West Virginia, in which he has since been engaged. Mr. Montehus was married, September 17, 1879, to Alice M., daughter of Abraham Gates, of Curwensville, Pennsylvania. Two children, Ella and Jeimie, are the fruits of this union. Politically he is an independ- ent Republican, a member of the P. & A. M., Lodge No. 378, and Griscom Chapter, No. 219, also Prince of Peace Commandery, the last two of Ashland, Pennsylvania. William B. Faust, attorney at law, was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, a son of Samuel and Margaretta (Miller) Faust, August 5, 1853. His father was a hatter by trade, and removed to Sunbury, this county, in 1863, where he died, January 1, 1888. The early education of the subject of this sketch was received in public and private schools. In 1869 he entered Mercersburg College, Frankhn county, Pennsylvania, for a preparatory course, remaining there until 1873. The same year he entered Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year. In 1875 he began the study of law with A. N. Brice, of Sunbury, Pennsylvania, and was admit- ted to the bar, June 8, 1877, remaining with Mr. Brice until September, 1878, when he located at Mt. Carmel, where he has built up a successful practice. Mr. Faust is a prominent member of the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F., and, politically, he is a Republican. VoRis AuTBN, attorney at law, was bom in Chillisquaque township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1856, son of William Maxwell and Sarah (Allison) Auten. His paternal grandfather was a native of this county, and a miller by occupation; his maternal grandfather was a pioneer of this county. His father was born in this county, was a millwright by trade, and resided in Chillisquaque township until his death in January, 1891. He and his wife were both married twice, and reared a family of thirteen children. The 1034 HISTORY ,0F NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. subject of this sketch was reared in his native township, and educated in the common schools, the Lewisburg Academy, and the University at Lewisburg, receiving at the latter institution a partial scientific course. He taught school several terms in his native township and six years in the public schools of Sunbury. He began the study of law with Frank Marr of Sun- bury, in April, 1879, and was admitted to the bar in September, 1881. In 1883 he located at Mt. Carmel, where he has since been in active practice. He married, June 9, 1887, Jennie, daughter of Dr. George M. Renn, of Sun- bury. Mr. Auten was elected district attorney for this county in the fall of 1889. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and F. & A. M., and in politics is a Democrat. Jeeemiah Snyder was born in Penn township, Snyder county, Pennsyl- vania, June 18, 1832, a son of George A. and Catharine (Schoch) Snyder. He was reared in his native county, and was nearly twenty years of age be- fore he could read or write. The first twenty years of his life were passed on the farm and in the saw and grist mill of his father. He then began to attend a common school during the summer months, and worked in the mill during the winter. He had now arrived at an age when he felt most keenly the need of an education, and therefore applied himself with great diligence, both in and out of school In a short time he became qualified to impart instruction to others in the common English branches, and taught school for a few winters in the vicinity of his home, and also for a short time in New Berlin. While thus engaged in teaching he began the study of law by himself, bending all his energies in that direction, and improving all the spare time therein. During this time he received occasional instructions from Isaac Henker. When about twenty-five years of age he entered the law office of Charles Hower, at Selinsgrove, where he finished the preparation for his profession, and in March, 1861, was admitj;ed to the bar at Middle- burg, Snyder county, Pennsylvania. The summer previous he had served as a delegate of the Democratic party to the Charleston convention. In April, 1861, when the call was issued by President Lincoln for seventy-five thou- sand volunteers to aid in quelling the Rebellion, Mr. Snyder was the first man to enlist from Snyder county. He was elected corporal of Company G, Fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and after three months' service was honora- bly discharged and returned to his home in Middleburg. In June, 1862, he recruited Company F, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and, although the unanimous choice of the company for captain, yet, owing to political influences, he yielded the honor to George W. Ryon, of Snyder county, who obtained the position. Mr. Snyder was then elected lieutenant of the company; unfriendly political influences, however, were brought to bear against him, and he resigned his position at Hagerstown, Maryland, and returned home. During the winter of 1868 he removed to Shamokin, where he entered upon the practice of his profession. The follow- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1035 ing April he located in Sunbury, and in 1865 lie was elected district attorney, and re-elected in 1868, and served six years. In August, 1866, he was a delegate from the Fourteenth congressional district of Pennsylvania to the "Union convention at Philadelphia. In 1873 he was elected justice of the peace, and resigned his position to enter the lower house of the Pennsyl- vania legislature, to which he had been elected by the Democratic party of Northumberland county in the fall of 1876. In 1884 he purchased the Com- mercial Hotel at Mt. Carmel, which he still owns, remodeled it into a first- class hotel, and conducted it two years. He then removed to Sunbury and remodeled the Fairmount Hotel, which he had purchased in 1879, conducted it one year, and sold it in 1889. He returned to Mt. Carmel in the spring of 1889, where he now resides. Mr. Snyder was first married, April 24, 1862, to Harriet, daughter of Henry A. Smith, of Middleburg, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, and May 1, 1879, to Emma, daughter of Jonathan and Cath- arine (Byerly) Eupp, of Mt. Carmel. William T. Williams, physician and surgeon, was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, April 27, 1854, a son of Thomas T. and Margaret (Hughes) Williams. They immigrated to America in April, 1855, and located at Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the father, who was a stone mason by trade, followed his vocation several years. In 1864 he removed to Northumber- land county and engaged in mining and contracting; he is now living in Mt. Carmel, where he has resided since 1865. He reared a family of four children: William T. ; John R., for several years a merchant of Mt. Carmel, where he died in August, 1886 ; Maggie, a teacher in the public schools, and Mary, who is clerking in E. C. Tier's dry goods store. Our subject was educated in the public schools of Mt. Carmel. In 1872 he began the study of medicine under Dr. H. Gulick, with whom he studied two years, after which he read with Dr. D. V. Boynton, of Knoxville, Tennessee. He then attended two courses of lectures at the Louisville Medical College, and in September, 1874, entered the Medical University of the City of New York, from which he graduated, March 14, 1875. The same spring he began the practice of his profession at Plains, Luzerne county, 'Pennsylvania, where he remained one year. In January, 1876, he removed to Mt. Carmel, where he has built up a large and successful practice. He has ^Iso been engaged in the drug business with Dr. E. W. Montelius since November, 1886. He married, April 13, 1880, Jennie, daughter of Howell and Sarah Jeffries, of Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania, and has had two children: Thomas Lamar, and Harold, deceased. Doctor Williams is a member of the Congregational church, the F. & A. M., K. T., and I. O. 0. F. He is a member of the Schuyl- kill County Medical Society, is ex-president of that society, member of the exec- utive committee on medical State law, the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and the American Medical Association, and was a member of the International Medical Congress of 1887. Politically he is a Eepublican, and one of the enterprising citizens of the county. 1036 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Ealph W. Montelius, physician, was bom in Curwensville, Clearfield county, Pennsylvania, February 5, 1854, son of Alfred L. and Eliza J. (Hartshorn) Montelius. After reaching the age of nine years his parents removed to Mt. Carmel, v?here he was reared and received a common school education. He also attended the academies at MifHinburg and Elys- burg, and the State Normal School at Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. He began the study of medicine under Dr. W. J. Haas, of Mt. Carmel, in 1871, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, March 11, 1876, at the head of his class. In the autumn of the same year he entered upon the practice of his profession at Mt. Carmel, where he has since successfully prosecuted its active duties. October 17, 1876, he married Carrie E., daughter of O. H. Sillyman, and they are the parents of two children: Car- rie E. and Katharine. Doctor Montelius is a member of the F. & A. M. and E. A., the Schuylkill County Medical Society, the State Medical Society, and the American Medical Association. He is a Republican in politics, and one of the best known and most progressive citizens of his adopted home. Edmund W. Samdel, physician and druggist, was born at Blanavon, Eng- land, November 27, 1857, son of Edmund and Mary (Bower) Samuel, who came to America in 1860 and located at Scranton, Pennsylvania. In 1861 they removed to Schuylkill county and in 1863 settled in Ashland, where they resided until 1872; after changing about to different parts of the county they finally returned to Ashland in 1886, where they now reside. The Doctor's father occupied the position of superintendent of the Phila- delphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company fifteen years, and in 1889 was a member of the State board of mining examiners. He was the father of seven children, three sons and four daughters: Dr. Edmund W. ; Lizzie, wife of Samuel McConnell; Thomas P.; William C. ; Mellie; Emma, and Gertrude. The subject of this sketch received his early education at the public schools, and was under private instructors four years. In 1874 he entered the drug store of J. H. Pritchard & Company, Ashland, Pennsylva- nia, and while engaged in the drug business he also pursued his medical studies with Dr. William E. Owens of the same place. He entered Jeffer- son Medical College, Philadelphia, in October, 1878, and graduated from that institution, March 13, 1880. He commenced practice in Ashland in April of the same year, and the following November located in Mt. Carmel, where he has since been engaged in the active duties of his profession. In 1887 Doctor Samuel became a member of the firm of Dr. E. S. Heiser & Company, druggists, which partnership existed until July 25, 1889, when he purchased Doctor Reiser's interest and has since conducted the business alone. Doctor Samuel was married, April 28, 1886, to Alice, daughter of William and Deborah Kiefer, of Mt. Carmel, who has borne him two sons: Frank and Eoger. The Doctor is a member of the Schuylkill County Medical So- ciety and the State Medical Society. Politically he is a Ee;^ublican, and is BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1037 a member of the school board, taking a deep interest in the growth and progress of the public schools. He is a member of the Methodist Episco- pal church, the I. O. O. P., K. of M., and E. A. George W. Haepel, homoeopathic physician, was born at Nazareth, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, November 12, 1849, son of Mark and Martha (Morgan) Harpel, of German and Welsh descent, respectively. Mr. Harpel was educated at the State Normal School at Millersville, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and began the study of medicine with Dr. M. H. Harpel at Shamokin, Pennsylvania. In 1879 he entered Hahnemann Med- ical College, Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1881, and began the practice of his profession at Lititz, Lancaster coimty, Pennsylvania, the same year. In January, 1882, he located at Mt. Carmel, where he has since been in active practice. In May, 1882, he married Annie E., daughter of George and Lizzie (Kennedy) Garrett, of Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, and to this union one child has been born, Bessie E. Doctor Harpel is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and politically is a Eepublican. B. F. Babtho, physician, was born in Halifax, Dauphin county, Pennsyl- vania, July 4, 1862, son of Gabriel and Magdalena (Kessler) Bartho, natives, respectively, of Berks and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania, and of German origin. His father is a miller by trade, and resides in Schuylkill county. John Bartho was the father of Gabriel Bartho; the father of Magdalena Bar- tho was Michael Kessler, a pioneer of Hegins township, Schuylkill county, where he owned and improved a tract of three hundred acres of land which acquired the name of Kessler's District. It was with him that B. P. Bartho was reared, obtaining an elementary education at the public schools, after which he attended Berrysburg Academy and the Millersville State Normal School. He taught three terms of school in Schuylkill county. In 1882 he began the study of medicine with Professor H. E. Barnham, demonstrator of anatomy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, Maryland; he entered that institution in 1884, and was graduated with honors in 1886, receiving the gold medal in gynaecology. He was at once appointed resident physician to the Maryland Lying-in Asylum, Baltimore. Eesigning this position in 1887 he came to Mt. Carmel, where he has since been engaged in the active duties of his profession. He is a member of the Schuylkill County and State Medical Societies, and while in Baltimore he belonged to the Med- ical Chirurgical Society. He is a member of the K. of M., and in politics is a Eepublican. Doctor Bartho was married, June 10, 1890, to Annie, daugh- ter of Tobias Bickel of Mt. Carmel. William H. Lewis, physician and surgeon, was bom in Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania, August 2, 1860, son of David J. and Amanda (Hull) Lewis, mentioned in this chapter. He received his education in his native town, and began the study of medicine with Dr. W. T. Williams, of Mt. Carmel, in 1884. He entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania 1038 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. in 1885, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1888. He began the practice of medicine at Locust Dale, and in 1889 came to Mt. Carmel, where he has since been in active and successful practice. In politics he is Republican. H. H. Geigee, of the firm of Geiger, Hinkel & Company, proprietors of planing mills, was born in Port Carbon, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, September 8, 1851, son of Michael and Mary A. (Handwork) Geiger, natives of Berks county, Pennsylvania. Our subject was reared in Port Carbon, and served an apprenticeship of three years at the carpenter business. He worked as a journeyman up to February, 1883, when he located in Mt. Car- mel and in connection with his brother William established a planing mill under the firm name of Geiger Brothers. They operated the mill four years, and in March, 1887, William H. Hinkel and John P. Gibson were admitted into partnership, since which time the business has been conducted under the name of Geiger, Hinkel & Company. It is the only planing mill in Mt. Car- mel, and is doing quite a successful business. Mr. Geiger was married, December 18, 1888, to Lizzie, daughter of George and Catherine (Marquardt) Gwinner, of Port Carbon. He is one of the representative and weU known business men of the borough. William H. Hinkel, of Geiger, Hinkel & CompaAy, proprietors of a planing mill, was born in West Delaware, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 28, 1851, son of Michael and Lydia (McCord) Hinkel. His paternal grandfather, Abraham Hinkel, was a pioneer stone mason of. North- umberland county. His maternal grandfather, John C. McCord, was a native of Schuylkill county and of Irish descent. He was a carpenter, wheel- wright, and cabinet maker by trade. Michael Hinkel, father of our subject, was born near Elysburg, Northumberland county, is a brickmaker by trade, but has spent most of his life working in the mines. He has been a resi- dent of Mt. Carmel since 1866, and is the father of the following children: Elizabeth, wife of John D. Prank; William H. ; Daniel M. ; Lydia, wife of James Gibson; Samuel; Elmer; George and Sherman, deceased, .and James. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools of Schuyl- kill and Northumberland counties. After working in a machine shop six months, he learned the carpenter trade in Ashland and Shenandoah, and has ever since followed that occupation. Mr. Hinkel has been a resident of Mt. Carmel since 1866, a contractor since ISSl, and a member of the firm of Geiger, Hinkel & Company, since March, 1887. On the 16th of September, 1880, he married Elizabeth, daughter of John and Henrietta (Mussina) Yar- nall, of Mt. Carmel, and to this union have been born four children: Fremont Newton;. Henrietta; William, and Daniel. In politics Mr. Hinkel is a Re- publican, and is serving his second term as overseer of the poor. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., K. of M., and P. O. S. of A. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 10B9 DoMiNicK Oats, contractor and builder, was born in County Eoscommon, Ireland, in 1825, son of Dominick and Jane (Logan) Oats. His father came to America in 1846 and enlisted in the United States Army for the Mexican war, but whether he was killed in battle or died of disease was never known, as nothing was learned of his subsequent history. Our subject was reared in England, where his mother died. After reaching manhood he returned to Ireland and learned the carpenter trade with his uncle, and in 1869 immi- grated to this State and located at Locust Gap, where he remained about two years. He then went to Green Eidge, where he spent twelve years, coming to Mt. Carmel in 1883. He has followed contracting and building since that time, and has carried on quite a successful business. Mr. Oats married Catharine Burns, a native of Ireland, and has one daughter, Jane. The family are members of the Catholic church, and politically Mr. Oats is a stanch Democrat. Geoege Morse, architect and carpenter and builder, was born in Pem- brokeshire, South Wales, December 23, 1841, son of Alexander and Jane (Llewellyn) Morse, natives of the same shire. He grew up in his native land, learned the carpenter trade, and worked there as master-builder until the spring of 1882, when he immigrated to Philadelphia. He worked there one year and then returned to Wales for his family, which he brought out in October, 1883, and located in Mt. Carmel, where he has since resided. He has followed his trade up to the present, and since September, 1887, has been foreman and architect for Bernard Harvey, the leading contractor and builder of the town. Mr. Morse has been twice married, first to Margaret Morgan, of Pembrokeshire, June 2, 1862, who bore him one son, George Arthur. She died, January 4, 1863. He was again married in April, 1867, to Mrs. Susanna Lewis, nee Thomas, of Carmarthenshire, South Wales, who had three children by her first husband:' Esther J.; James J., and Henry E. By her marriage to Mr. Morse the following children have been born: Will- iam T.; Alexander; Elizabeth T.; Charles; Laura; Gertrude; Letitia; Meli- cent, deceased; Clara S., and Alfred. The family are adherents of the Meth- odist church, but originally belonged to the Church of England. Politically he is a Eepublican, and a member of the K. of G. E. EuDOLPH Hekb, carpenter, was born near Eeading, Pennsylvania, April 17, 1842, son of John and Leah (Eeddinger) Herb, natives of Berks county, Pennsylvania. His father was a farmer and spent his life in Berks county. Eudolph was reared on the homestead farm, and received his education in the common schools. He learned the carpenter trade, which he followed in Berks, Schuylkill, and Northumberland counties seventeen years. He came to Mt. Carmel in 1871, and in 1881 engaged in the dairy business, which he conducted until April 1, 1890, when he sold out and resumed carpentering. Mr. Herb was married. May 20, 1866, to Valeria, daughter of WiUiam and Susan (Shipe) Buck, of Schuylkill county. Thirteen children have been born 1040 HISTOKY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of this union, six of whom are living: Alice, wife of Joseph Keiser; Matilda; Emma; Minnie; James, and Bertha. The deceased children are as follows: Willie; Valeria; Harry; Kate; Curtis; Bertha, and one who died in infancy. Mr. Herb is a Eepublican, and has served as constable of Mt. Carmel five years, and in the council two terms. He is a member of the K. of M. Chaeles E. Steckee, carpenter, was born in West Branch valley, Schuyl- kill coiTnty, Pennsylvania, in April, 1854. In 1856 he came with his father to Mt. Carmel, where he was reared and educated in the public schools. He learned the carpenter trade, but spent many years working in the mines, where he began as a slate picker, and later worked as schute boss and in the carpenter shop. Since 1887 he has followed general carpentering. He mar- ried, May 23, 1887, Susan, daughter of Nathaniel and Harriet Reader, and to this union have been born three children: Hattie; Mary A., and Florence. Mr. Stecker is a member of the P. O. S. of A., is a Republican, and has served one term in the borough council. Petee F. Kelly, carpenter, was born at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, in 1835, son of John and Mary (McGuire) Kelly, natives of County Mona- ghan, Ireland, who came to America about 1825, and located in New Jersey. They removed from there to Harper's Ferry, Virginia, where the father worked on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. He died about 1839, leaving four children: James; John; Peter F., and Bernard. Our subject was reared in Cumberland, Maryland, and removed to St. Clair, Pennsylvania, with his mother and brothers in 1847, where he worked in the mines up to 1856. He then served an apprenticeship at the carpenter trade, which he followed up to April, 1861 , when he enlisted in Company H, Ninth Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, for the three months' service, and was discharged. July 21, 1861. In September following he enlisted in Company A, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served until mustered out at Macon, Georgia, August 23, 1865. He was promoted in succession from private to corporal, then to quartermaster sergeant, and was commissioned second lieutenant at Gravelly Spring in the spring of 1865. He participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Stone River, Shelbyville, and Selma, besides many other minor engagements. At the close of the war Mr. Kelly returned to St. Clair, Schuylkill county, where he worked at his trade up to 1S72, and then re- moved to Mahanoy City. In 1879 he came to Mt. Carmel, where he has since been engaged at the carpenter business in the Reliance colliery. He was married in 1867 to Mary, daughter of David and Julia Gorman of St. Clair, Pennsylvania, who is the mother of five living children: John; David; Mary; Peter, and Alice. The family are adherents of the Catholic church, and in politics Mr. Kelly is a Republican. He is a member of Burnside Post, G. A. E., and has held the office of junior vice-commander of his post. Chaeles H. Hobson, patentee and manufacturer of Hobson's patent lamp carriers, was born in Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, September 27, 1845 BIOGBAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1041 son of William and Eliza (Hodgson) Hobson, also natives of England. He grew up in his native land, and there learned th» house and sign painter's trade, which he followed in England until February, 1871^; he then immi- grated to Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he continued working at his trade. In May, 1881, he came to Mt. Carmel and soon after es- tablished a business for himself which he conducted until the fall of 1889. Having in the meantime invented a miner's lamp carrier he obtained a patent for his invention, December '>i, ISN'.J, and at once began their manufacture, which business he has since prosecuted successfully. It is regarded as one of the best lamp carriers in the market, and is destined to have an extensive and i)ermanent sale. He has also obtained patents on two improvements on thi' original lamp carrier that renders it still more valuable. He is also the l)atentee of a railroad frog-switch which dispenses with the old frog-crossing usually employed. He is now working on other inventions from which he hopes to realize good profits in the future. Mr. Hobson was married, No- vember 4, 1873, to Elizabeth Jane, daughter of George and Jane Hodges, of Minersville, Pennsylvania. Seven children have been born of this union: Effeldipha J. ; Hettie H. ; Charles H. ; George W. ; Elizabeth E. ; Johanna S., deceased, and Stuart J. Politically Mr. Hobson is a stanch Democrat. HnoH M. Phillips, deceased, was a native of England and immigrated to America wh(^n a young man. He located in Schuylkill county, Pennsyl- vania, prior to 1851), and was subsequently married to Caroline Bickelman, of Pottsville. He worked in collieries at Tusoarora, Middleport, and New Phil- adelphia, all in Schuylkill county, before coming from the last named place to Shamokin, where he was boss of one of the Shamokin collieries until he removed to Mt. Carmel in 1805. He was outside foreman of the Reliance colliery from the time he located at Mt. Carmel up to his death in 1889. He was an honest, upright citizen, a member of the Episcopal church, a Repub- lican, and an Odd Fellow. He was deeply interested for many years preced- ing his death in the Building and Loan Association of Mt. Carmel. His widow, a daughter of Conrad Bickelman, resides with her son, W. H. Phil- lips. She belongs to the Methodist church. Her father was a native of Germany, a wheelwright by trade, and for many years a resident of Schuyl^ kill county, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Phillips and Harriet, wife of Nathaniel Reader, of Mt. Carmel, are the only living children of Mr. Bickelman. He died in Pottsville, but for a year before his death he had spent the most of his time with his daughter, Mrs. Phillii)s. The children of Hugh M. and Caroline Phillips are: Martin, an engineer; Edward, a blacksmith; W. H., merchant, and Matilda, wife of Myer Kolb, an auditor of the Reading rail- road, living in Philadelphia. W. H. Phillips, hardware merchant, was born in Middleport, Pennsyl- vania, July 6, 1859, son of Hugh M. and Caroline (Bickelman) Phillips. He was educated in the public schools, and began his business life as a slate 1042 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. picker in a breaker. For several years preceding 1879 he clerked in a store, and in 1880 he was employed to manage a breaker engine at the Eeliance coll- iery. This he continued until 1890, when he opened a general hardware store in Mt. Carmel, which he has since conducted with successful results. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and the K. of M., a Republican, and one of the progressive young business men of the community. Olabk B. Zimmekman, yard foreman for the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany, was born in Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, March 15, 1841, son of Ephraim and Priscilla (Campbell) Zimmer- man. His paternal grandfather, Michael Zimmerman, was a native of Penn- sylvania of German parentage; he removed to this county, where he engaged in farming, and died in Shamokin township. His maternal grand- father, William Campbell, was a native of Scotland, a wheelwright by trade, and quite an early settler of this county. The father of our subject was a farmer, and resided in this county up to his death at Shamokin in 1864. Two children, Clark B. and Diadem C, wife of K. T. John, are the fruits of this union. Our subject was reared in Shamokin township, was educated in the common schools and at Williamsport Academy, and commenced teaching at the age of seventeen, following that occupation eight years. At the breaking out of the Rebellion in April, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, Tenth Pennsylvania Reserve, and served three months, when he was dis- charged from the service and returned to Shamokin. He re-enlisted in the Forty- sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, in which he served two years and eight months, and was again discharged. He then enlisted as a veteran in Deckerd, Tennessee, and served until August, 1865, when he was mustered out of the service, and the same year located in Mt. Carmel. He clerked in the store of S. A. Bergstresser a short time, and then engaged in mining. In 1883 he was appointed assistant inside foreman at Mt. Carmel colliery, which position he held one year. In May, 1884, he entered the employ of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company as car inspector, and was appointed to his present position in October, 1888. Mr. Zimmerman was married, January 21, 1866, to Sally A, daughter of Jonathan and Sarah (Keiser) Hoover, of this county. Two children have been born to them : Lorenzo B. and William H. In politics he is a Republican, has served as chief burgess of Mt. Carmel one term, and filled the unexpired term of J. B. Reed as justice of the peace. He is a member of the P. & A. M., G. A. R., K. of M., and P. O. S. of A. William T. Bdrkeet, car inspector, was born in Minersville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, March 27, 1848, son of Thomas and Mary (Koch) Burkert, both natives of Pennsylvania and descended from two of the old- est families of the State. They located in Mt. Carmel in March, 1865, where his father leased the Mt. Carmel House and operated it three years. They were the parents of ten children, six of whom are living: Sarah; Caroline; BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1043 Mary Jane; William T. ; Emma, and Oliver C. The father died in Mt. Carmel and the mother lives in Shamokin. Our subject was seventeen years of age when he removed with his parents to Mt. Carmel. He learned the blacksmith trade in Ashland and followed that business for many years. He traveled in the western States, working at his trade, and returned to Mt. Carmel in September, 1884. For the past five years he has been employed as car inspector for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Mr. Burkert was married, December 22, 1872, to Susannah, daughter of Abraham and Sarah (Simerson) Lerch, of Mt. Carmel. Politically he is a Eepublican; he was elected burgess of Mt. Carmel in February, 1889, and served one term. He is a member of the K. of M. Joseph S. Ramsey was born at Cornwall Furnace, Lebanon county, Penn- sylvania, April 13, 1822, son of Daniel and Nancy Ramsey. He was reared in Lebanon and Berks counties, received his education at the academy of Womelsdorf, and began life as a country school teacher, which vocation he followed twelve years in Schuylkill and Northumberland counties; he also taught a select school at Mt. Carmel, where he located in 1858, for two terms. He had charge of breakers in the vicinity of Mt. Carmel and Shamokin, and for two years had sole control of the Lancaster colliery breaker near Sha- mokin. In 1866 he was elected justice of the peace in Mt. Carmel, which office he filled to the satisfaction of the people for a term of five years. In 1841 he married Sarah, daughter of Henry and Martha Houser, of Lebanon county. They are the parents of ten children, seven of whom are living: Cyrus; Rufus; Lydia, Mrs. William Ewing; Daniel; Samuel; Catharine, Mrs. Abram Markle, and Clara, Mrs. Richard Jones. In politics Mr. Ram- sey is a Republican. " ■ John Kdlick, hotel keeper, was born in the Province of Posen, Prussia, February 20, 1845, and is a son of John and Mary Kulick. He was reared in his native country and came to America in 1867, settling in Mt. Carmel, where he worked in the Mt. Carmel colliery for over sixteen years. He then embarked in the hotel business, which he has since continued with success. He erected his present brick hotel in the spring of 1889. Mr. Kulick was married. May 30, 1866, to Cassie Dix, a native of Prussia, and to this union have been born eleven children,, eight of whom are living: Rosa; John; Mary; Anna; Maggie; Josie; Prank, and Florence. The deceased are: Peter; An- thony, and Katie. Mr. Kulick is a member of St. Joseph's Catholic church, the Kosciusko Guards, of which he is general, and St. Joseph's Society. He is one of the representative Polish citizens of Northumberland county, and in politics is a Republican. Enoch Lubeski, proprietor of the Kosciusko Hotel, was born in the Prov- ince of Posen, Prussia, in February, 1853, and is a son of Michael and Anna Lubeski. He came to America in May, 1872, and settled in Mt. Carmel, where he worked in the mines thirteen years. He was also engaged in the 1044 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. grocery trade three years, and in 1886 embarked in the hotel business near the Lehigh Valley depot, which, with the exception of one year, he has since continued. In July, 1890, he erected the new addition to his hotel. He was married, October 4, 1874, to Eosa, a daughter of Lawrence Kornaski, of Mt. Carmel, anji has the following children: Enoch; Walter; John; Bronie; Frank, and Martha. Mr. Lubeski is one of the popular Polish citizens of Mt. Carmel, is a Republican, a member of St. Joseph's Catholic church, and St. Stanis- laus and Kosciusko societies. Ben Wiet, proprietor of the Valley House, was born in Jordan township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 29, 1848, son of John and Ju- dith (Wentzel) Wirt. His paternal grandfather, John Wirt, was a native of Dauphin county and an early settler of Jordan township, where he en- gaged in farming and spent the remaining years of his Ufe. His children were as follows: John; Lydia A., who married David Campbell; Ann, who became the wife of Frederick Snyder; Kate, who married Jacob German; Elizabeth, second wife of David Campbell; Moses; Michael; Daniel, and Mary, who married Martin Horris. His maternal grandfather, Christopher Wentzel, was a farmer of Jordan township and a veteran of the war of 1812. The father of our subject, John Wirt, is a farmer and miller by occupation, and is living in Jordan township, this county, where he was born and reared and has always resided. His family consists of four sons: Ben; William; Daniel, and Michael. Our subject was reared in his native tovmship and learned the milling trade in his father's mill, which he followed seventeen years, the first ten years in the old mill and the remaining seven years at MiUersburg, Dauphin county. He then returned to Jordan township and engaged in buying cattle two years, thence removing to Herndon, where he kept hotel one year. In February, 1885, he removed to Mt. Carmel and has since been the successful landlord of the Valley House, which he purchased in October, 1888. Mr. Wirt was married, April 30, 1871, to Mary Malinda, daughter of Isaac L. and Anna (Bubb) Witmer, of Lower Mahanoy town- ship, Northumberland county. Five children have been born to them: Moses, deceased; Alice; Charles Edgar; George, deceased, and Cyrus Webster, de- ceased. The family are adherents of the Reformed church; Mr. Wirt is a member of the F. & A. M. and K. of M., and in politics is a Democrat. James Haebis, proprietor of the Harris Hotel, corner of Second and Market streets, was born in South Wales, October 10, 1838, son of John and Eliza- beth (Banner) Harris. He was educated in his native country, and in June, 1865, immigrated to America, locating at Frostburg, Maryland. In 1869 he removed to Mt. Carmel, where he was engaged in mining until 1887. Dur. ing this period he was inside foreman at Hickory Ridge and Garfield coll- ieries five years; he also opened the latter and put it in good working order, and entered his present business in January, 1887. March 6, 1858, he mar- ried Mary, daughter of Samuel and Mary Thomas, natives of Wales. They (^\)tHy^^b^ /l^^l^i^t^^A' BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1047 are the parents of nine children: William; John; George; Lydia; Thomas; Eliza; Frederick; Helena, and Elizabeth. In politics Mr. Harris was born a Eepublican, and still holds the fort. J. B. Young, proprietor of the National Hotel, was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, June 10, 1857, a son of John and Maiy Young, natives of . Germany, who came to America about the year 1850 and located in Schuyl- kill county, Pennsylvania. The subject of our sketch was reared and edu- cated in his native county, and began life for himself in the mines as breaker and slate picker. At the age of sixteen he entered a general store as clerk at Locust Dale, Pennsylvania, where he was employed twelve years. In 1882 he located at Ashland, Pennsylvania, where he conducted a store one year; in 1883 he removed to Mt. Carmel and embarked in the general mer- chandise business, which he conducted successfully until October, and for two years was also the proprietor of one of the leading drug stores of the place. In the fall of 1888 he purchased the National Hotel property, of which he has been proprietor since February 20, 1889, and has built up a successful business. In 1882 Mr. Young was married to Ella M., daughter of Patrick and Mary (Horn) Carey, of Ashland, Pennsylvania, and has three children living: Joseph; Ella, and Frank. Mr. Young is one of the live and enterprising business men of Mt. Carmel, is a member of the Catholic church, and in politics a Democrat. Dakiel F. Gallagher, was born at Big Mine Kun, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, April 7, 1861, and is a son of Anthony and Nancy (McMani- man) Gallagher, natives of County Donegal, Ireland, who came to America in 1847 and settled in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where his father en- gaged in mining. In 1864 the family removed to Mt. Carmel, where Anthony worked as a miner until within" a short time of his death, which occurred, February 22, 1883.' He had the reputation of being one of the most prac- tical miners in the anthracite coal regions. His children were seven, of whom three survive: Daniel F. ; Mary, Mrs. M. J. Carroll, and Anthony. Our subject was reared in Mt. Carmel and educated in the public schools of that vicinity. He began working at the age of eight years in a breaker in Columbia county, Pennsylvania. He worked in the mines at Mt. Carmel from 1870 to 1886, and subsequently kept the Washington Hotel at that place one year. He was active in labor circles from boyhood, and held vari- ous positions of trust in labor organizations. In January, 1888, he was appointed deputy sheriff under Jacob Kremer, but resigned four months later to engage in the gents' furnishing business in Mt. Carmel, which he carried on a year and a half. In May, 1888, he was nominated by the Labor Union party for the House of Eepresentatives, which nomination was endorsed . by the Eepublican party, and he was elected in the fall of 1888 for a term of two years. He was the father of the Anthracite Miners' Examining bill, ■which became a law. January 27, 1884, he was married to Fannie, a daugh- 1048 HISTOEY OF NOBTHDMBEBLAND COUNTY. ter of Michael and Mary (Dougherty). McCauley, of County Donegal, Ireland, and has three children: Anthony; Daniel, and Patrick. Mr. Gallagher is a member of the Catholic church, the Father O'Eeilly L. S., A. O. of H., and K. of L. He is a Eepublican in politics, and a young man of much enterprise and public spirit. Daniel F. Haetline, restaurant proprietor, was born at Pottsville, Penn- sylvania, September 9, 1842, son of John and Catharine (Mowry) Hartline. His paternal grandfather, Daniel Hartline, and his maternal grandfather, Daniel Mowry, were natives of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and farmers by occupation. The father of our subject was a farmer who resided near Potts- viUe for many years and died in that vicinity. Daniel was reared near Potts- ville, where he received a common school education and served a twenty months' apprenticeship at the machinist trade. He enhsted at PottsviUe, August 22, 1861, in Company A, Ninety-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers. He received four wounds at Spottsylvania Court House, where he was captured and taken to Libby prison. He was transferred to Lynchburg and Salis- bury, North CaroUna, and after suffering one hundred six days' confinement he at last reached Annapolis, Maryland, and was discharged at Philadelphia, October 21, 1864; He located at Mt. Carmel in 1865, where he worked at his trade a few months, followed railroading eight months, as conductor on the Northern Central railway, after which he was station engineer twenty years, and then embarked in his present business. Mr. Hartline married Caroline, daughter of Owen J. and Catharine (Heffner) Owen, of Coal town- ship, this county, by whom he has four children: William; Kate; Thomas, and Guy. The family is connected with the Presbyterian church. Mr. Hart- line is a Republican in politics, and has served as school director and tax col- lector. William H. Steckeb, restaurant proprietor, was born in Cressona, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, February 21, 1855, and is a son of Amelius F. and Mary A. (Beck) Stecker, who settled in Mt. Carmel in 1856. He was reared and educated in Mt. Carmel, and was left an orphan at the age of fourteen, when he began life for himself by working in a breaker, at which he was employed for several years, afterwards working for twelve years as a miner. In the spring of 1881 he was elected chief burgess of Mt. Carmel, and re-elected the following year. In 1879 he was elected to the council and served two years. In 1885 he entered the employ of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company as a car inspector at Mt. Carmel, which position he filled satisfactorily three years. He opened a restaurant in Mt. Carmel in Febru- ary, 1889, and has built up a good business. He was married in 1884 to Christiana, daughter of Levi and Sarah (Hawes) Werntz, of Mt. Carmel. To this union have been born two children: Lela, deceased, and an infant. Mr. Stecker is an enterprising citizen, a member of the P. O. S. of A., and polit- ically is a stanch Republican. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1049 W. C. James, proprietor of the Exchange Hotel, was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, November 10, 1849, and is a son of John H. and Charlotte (Cooper) James, natives of Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey, respect- ively. Thej' settled in Mt. Carmel in 1856, where the father carried on busi- ness as a carpenter and contractor up to 1859; during that time he was elected a justice of the peace, and was also the Republican nominee for mem- ber of the legislature, but was defeated. He removed to Pottsville in 1859, and died there in 1862. He had a family of twelve children, all but one of whom grew to maturity: Sarah, Mrs. Joel Moore; Jesse M.; Thomas H., who was a member of the First New York Lincoln Cavalry and was killed in action near Alexandria, Virginia, in 1864 ; David E. ; Charles M. , who was a member of the Eighth Illinois Infantry and was killed at the battle of Shiloh; Annie M., Mrs. A. B. Martin; Harrison, who was a member of the Eighth Kentucky Cavalry, Confederate Army; George W., who was a member of Com- pany E,. Forty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was wounded at Spott- sylvania, in May, 1864, and at Petersburg, Virginia, in April, 1865; Emily I., Mrs. George Fox; Eliza, and W. C. Our subject was reared in Mt. Carmel from ten years of age. In January, 1864, he enlisted in Company E, Forty- eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and on the 12th of May, 1864, was wounded in the right arm at the battle of Spottsylvania. He was shot through the right lung at Petersburg, Virginia, April 2, 1865, and was honorably dis- charged from service in November of that year. After the war he was engaged as a clerk in the hardware store of S. A. Bergstresser, of Mt. Carmel, with whom he remained six years, after which he engaged as clerk with the Phila- delphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Company at Alaska, serving in that capacity nine years. In 1880 he was appointed United States postal clerk, between Mt. Carmel and Penn Haven junction, and after five years' service on that route, he was transferred to the route between Harrisburg and Lock Haven, where he remained two years. In 1886 he embarked in the hotel business at Mt. Carmel, in which he has since continued. In 1888 he erected the building he now occupies, which was opened to the public in April, 1889. Mr. James is one of the charter members of Burnside Post, No. 92, G. A. E., of Mt. Carmel, also a charter member of Camp No. 116, P. O. S. of A., a charter member of the K. of M., and a member of Ivanhoe Conclave, No. 9, S. P. K. Politically he is a stanch Republican, and has always taken an active interest in the success of his party. Peter F. Omlob, proprietor of the Kozyjesko Hotel, was born in Crow Hollow, near St. Clair, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1859, son of Frank and Josephine (Beiersohmitt) Omlor, both natives of Germany. His paternal grandfather was John Omlor and maternal grandfather, Michael Beierschmitt, both natives of Germany, and for many years residents of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Frank Omlor, father of our subject, settled at Locust Gap, this county, in 1870. He was superintendent of the 1050 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Monitor colliery of that place sixteen years, and died there, February 21, 1888. Prior to removing to Locust Gap, he held the position of mine fore- man at St. Clair for several years. He had seven children: Henry J. ; Peter F. ; Charles N. ; Frank J.; Lizzie, Mrs. John Meagher; Mary, and Josephine. By his second wife, Lizzie Eeichwein, there are two children living: Joseph and Aloysius. The subject of our sketch was reared in Schuylkill and Northumberland counties; he received a common school education and a course of instruction at the Pottsville Business College. He worked in the mines for several years at St. Clair and Locust Gap, was a shipping clerk for eleven years, and outside foreman at the Black Diamond colliery one year. He has been engaged in his present business since August 19, 1889. Mr. Omlor married. May 23, 1883, Lena, daughter of Ferdinand and Mollie (Smeltzer) Tretter, of Shamokin, and has four children: Lizzie; Josephine; Ferdinand, and Franklin P. He is a member of the Catholic church, and politically a Democrat. Thomas Eoney, miner and proprietor of restaurant, was born at Beaver Meadows, Carbon county, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1888, son of Ferdinand and Eleanor (Kelly) Eoney, natives of the counties of West Meath and Kil- kenny, Ireland, respectively. His father immigrated to Canada about 1831, and there married Eleanor Kelly, and in 1837 located in Carbon county, Pennsylvania. He was one of the first coal inspectors of that county, also one of the pioneer operators in that section of the State. He died there in 1857, and his widow in 1859. They were the parents of three children: Thomas; Mary, deceased, and John. Our subject was reared in his native county, and received a common school education. /He began working in the mines as door-tender, and has been connected with the mining interests of the anthracite region nearly forty years. He located in Mt. Carmel in 1861, where he was employed in the mines up to 1889. He then embarked in the restaurant business, and has also recently returned to his previous occupa- tion. Mr. Eoney married Catharine, daughter of John and Eve (MoQuade) Blackwell, of Carbon county, by whom he has had ten children, seven of whom survive: Thomas B.; Eve E.; Catharine; Margaret; Ferdinand; Sarah, and John. In politics he is a Democrat, and has been a member of the council of Mt. Carmel two terms. In 1885 he was a member of the committee appointed to revise the mining laws of the anthracite region. The whole family are members of the Catholic church. Samuel Deitbioh, liquor dealer and bottler, was born in Llewellyn, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, June 21, 1854, son of George and Han- nah (Oister) Deitrich, natives of Pennsylvania, who removed to Mt. Car- mel in 1870, where they now reside. Our subject was reared in Schuyl- kill and Northumberland counties, and received a common school education. At the age of nine years he commenced working in a breaker at the mines, and subsequently followed mining for eighteen years. In the spring of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1051 1889 he embarked in his present business in Mt. Carmel, which he has con- tinued up to the present. He was married, April 8, 1876, to Margaret Manney, of Mt. Carmel, who has borne him five children: Mary; Idella I.; Maud; George, and Ada. Mr. Deitrich is a stalwart Eepublican, has served one year as constable of the borough, and three terms in the council He was one of the original members of the fire department, and has always taken an active interest in its prosperity. "William F. King was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, April 25, 1854, son of Thomas and Jane (Mitchell) King, natives of St. Austle, Corn- wall, England. The latter died in Ireland and the former still resides there. Our subject grew up and received his education in Ireland, and in the fall of 1870 came to 3hamokin, where he engaged in mining. In 1878 he located at Mt. Carmel and followed mining until 1882, when he was elected constable, and has filled that position continuously up to the present. He also served as mercantile appraiser of the county in 1889. Politically he is a stalwart Eepublican, and is one of the original members of the Mt. Carmel fire department. Mr. King was married, July 25, 1880, to EUa, daughter of Henry and Emma Werntz, of Mt. Carmel. Four children have been bom to them: Edith; Emma and Ella, twins, the former deceased, and Harriet. Daniel McCauley, wholesale agent for Teungling & Son, was born in County Londonderry, Ireland, in 1857, and is a son of Michael and Mary (Dougherty) McCauley. He came to America in 1861, first locating at Hazelton, Pennsylvania. At an early age he began work in the miines, and followed mining as an occupation in different parts of the coal regions up to 1880, when he was badly injured in a fall of coal and was laid up for a year. He then embarked in the hotel business in Mt. Carmel, conducting the Washington House five years, and has been in his present business for several years. He has been a resident of Mt. Carmel since 1874. He mar- ried Mary, daughter of Thomas Monroe, of Ashland, Pennsylvania. Mr. McCauley is a member of the Catholic church, and in politics is an independ- ent voter. John Cael, superintendent of collieries, Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, was born in Prussia, October 2, 1835, son of Henry and Catharine (Kline) Carl, who emigrated to America in 1853, and settled at St. Clair, Schuylkill coimty, Pennsylvania. There the father pursued the occupation of weaver (although a farmer in Germany) until 1881, when he removed to Shenandoah, where he now resides at the advanced age of eighty- four. Seven children were born to Henry and Catharine Carl: Philopena, Mrs. Peter Bauer; John; Frederick; Anna, Mrs. Adam Bonnesbough; Con- rad; Peter, and Henry. John Carl was reared and educated in his native country, and came to America with his parents in 1853. He began work in the mines, continuing at that until the breaking out of the war, when he 1052 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. enlisted (April 27, 1861) in Company A, Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers. In the following August he entered the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry and served until the close of the -war, experiencing the hardships of a protracted military service. He then returned to Schuylkill county and was employed as a miner from 1865 to 1867. In the latter year he became colliery super- intendent; three years later he was sent by the company to Berks county to take charge of ore mines, remaining there seven months. The following seven years he was superintendent of a colliery in Schuylkill county, and was then appointed to his present position with seven collieries under his supervision. In March, 1879, he took up his residence at Mt. Carmel, where he has been a member of the local school board. September 26, 1865, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Leonard and Lena (Best) Kline, of Bavaria, Germany, by whom he has eight children: John; Peter; Mary; Joseph; Lizzie; Millie; George, and Alice. Mr. Carl is a Republican in politics; he is connected with the Lutheran church, the F. & A. M., I. O. O. P., and G. A. E. John Stine, inside foreman at Reliance colliery, was bom in Eldred township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, July 12, 1831, son of George and Catharine (Eisenhart) Stine. His paternal grandfather, Anthony Stine, was a native of Alsace-Lorraine, a pioneer of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and later a resident of Schuylkill county. He died in what is now Eldred township, and was a farmer and weaver by occupation. He was the father of five children, two of whom were sons: George and David. The former was a farmer and weaver and lived in Schuylkill county many years, dying in Eldred township. He had a family of seven sons and one daughter: Joseph, Jonas L., and Levi, all of whom are dead; William; Elias, deceased; John; Daniel, deceased, and Caroline, who married Elias Yoder. The ma- ternal grandfather of John Stine was John Eisenhart, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and an early settler of Washington township, North- umberland county. Our subject was reared in his native county, received a limited education in the common schools, and began working in the mines at the age of nineteen. In 1859 he removed to Mt. Carmel, and in 1868 was appointed inside foreman at the Reliance colhery, which position he has since occupied. Mr. Stine was married, November 19, 1855, to Amanda, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Hoffman) Fisher, of Branch township, Schuylkill county, who has borne him fifteen children, ten of whom are living : Elizabeth, wife of Robert Camp; William P.; Ira H., deceased; Joseph T. ; George W. ; David E. ; Alfred, deceased; Caroline M. ; Sarah J.; John P., deceased; Miriam, deceased; Charles W.; Howard P.; Millard L. , deceased, and Edmund J. The family are adherents of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which Mr. Stine has served as trustee. He is a member of the P. & A. M. and I. O. O. P., a Republican in politics, and has been connected with the local civil administration in various official capacities. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1053 John Kline, assistant inside foreman at Eeliance colliery, was born in Bavaria, Germany, near the river Ehine, July 24, 1834, son of Leonard and Mary M. (Baest) Kline. He was reared in his native country and served two years at the baker's trade, at which he worked four years. He came to America in 1852, located in St. Clair, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and engaged in mining. He worked in the mines at that place up to 1880, when he removed to Mt. Carmel; he has since been employed at the Eeliance coUiery, with the exception of one year, and has held his present position eight years. Mr. Kline was married, October 6, 1862, to Eliza- beth, daughter of George and Catharine (Bosche) Young, of St. Clair, and formerly of Germany. They are the parents of eight children: Mary, George; John; Joseph; Lizzie; Henry; William, and Christian. Mr. Kline served three months in Company F, Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, the first com- pany to leave Pottsville for the front. He was honorably discharged at the expiration of his term of service, and re-enlisted, but on account of disabil- ity was again discharged before joining the regiment. Politically he is a Democrat and the whole family are adherents of the Catholic church. William Camp, outside foreman, Eeliance colliery, was born in the town of Barey, Michigan, November 25, 1855, son of Abraham and Olive (Nor- wood) Camp. His father is a native of this State and has resided at Mt. Carmel thirty-four years. He is a carpenter by trade and the father of nine children, five of whom are living: William; Frank; Edward; Mary, Mrs. Albert Jefferson, and Lydia. William Camp received his education in the public schools at Mt. Carmel. He learned the carpenter trade, which he followed eighteen years. He has held his present position since 1889. Jan- uary 19, 1882, he married Josephine, daughter of David J. and Amanda (Hill) Lewis. They are the parents of four children: Helen; Bertha; Stew- art, and Walter. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mr. Camp is a Eepublican in politics. Thomas Mokton, miner, was born in Eenfrewshire, Scotland, June 29, 1830, and is a son of James and Agnes (Connell) Morton. He removed with his mother to America in 1846, located at Brockville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and worked in the mines until 1853, three years of that time in Tamaqua. Catching the gold fever, he went to California in 1853, and was engaged in mining there until 1860, returning to Schuylkill county in November of that year. In September, 1861, he enhsted in Company H, Eighty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, as second lieutenant, was promoted to first lieutenant at Antietam in September, 1862, and to the captaincy in April, 1863. He was mustered out of service, June 10, 1863, on account of wounds received in the left leg above the knee at Chancellorsville, and was a participant in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac from Fair Oaks to Chancellorsville. On his return he was for a short time located in Colum- bia county, and later removed to Carbon county, where he held the position 1054 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. of mine foreman from 1864 to 1866. In June, 1866, he settled at Mt. Car- mel, where he has since resided. For a tirne he held the position of mine foreman and for several years operated on his own account, and has been connected with the mines in various capacities, contracting and otherwise, since his removal to Mt. CarmeL In 1864 he married Jeannette, daughter of John and Jane (Young) Paterick, of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and has four children: Jean L. ; Agnes C. ; Margaret J., and John R. Mr. Morton is a member of P. & A. M., I. O. O. F., and Gr. A. E. He served one term of three years as councilman of Mt. Carmel. Politically he is a Eepublican. Morgan Davis, outside foreman at Mt. Carmel colliery, was born in Min- ersville, Schuylkill co.unty, Pennsylvania, November 25, 1836, son of Reese and Mary (Williams) Davis, natives of South Wales, who came to America in 1829 and settled in Minersville. His father followed mining for a time, and was subsequently superintendent of mines fifteen years. He was a resi- dent of Mt. Carmel eleven years, coming here in 1853, and sunk the first slope in the county. He removed to Centralia in 1864, where he filled the position of inspector for the Lehigh Valley Coal Company until his death in January, 1870. He was the father of eight children: Sarah, who married M. Watkins; Rachel, who married John Lewis; Morgan; Mary, who married William Davis; Isaac; Reese, deceased; Reese (2d), and Elizabeth, deceased. Our subject was reared in Schuylkill and Northumberland counties, received a common school education, and has been engaged in the mines since early boyhood. He was for many years an engineer, and has held his present position since 1868. In August, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, was promoted to first corporal, and served under Generals Buell, Rosecrans, and Sherman. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Stone River twice, but escaped both times. He served three years and two months, and was honorably discharged from the service. Mr. Davis was married, September 7, 1861, to Deborah, daughter of John and Ann (George) Plyer, of South Wales. They are the parents of five living chil- dren: Mary A.; Morgan; Reese A.; Deborah, and Lillian. The family are. adherents of the Congregational church. Politically Mr. Davis is a Repub- lican, and is a member of the G. A. R. and the Masonic fraternity. Calvin D. Weight, clerk at Mt. Carmel colliery, was born in Springfield, Chester county, Pennsylvania, July 21, 1844, son of Robert and Margaret (Mortimer) Wright. His paternal grandfather, Hugh A. Wright, was a son of John Wright, a native of Cornwall, England, and a pioneer mechanic of Chester county, Pennsylvania. His maternal grandfather, William Mortimer, was a miner of Schuylkill county and a son of William Mortimer, of English and Scotch descent. Robert Wright, father of Calvin D., was a native of Chester county, Pennsylvania, a millwright by trade, and lived and died in his native county. Our subject was reared in Chester county, and received a BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1055 common school education. On the 19th of August, 1861, he enlisted in Com- pany L, Third Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served three years and two months, when he was honorably discharged from the service. He served in all the bat- tles of the Army of the Potomac during his term of service, and was wounded at Kelly's Ford and Gettysburg. After the war he located in Schuylkill coun- ty, and was clerk in collieries at Donaldson, William Penn, and Shenandoah, and was subsequently employed as brakeman, baggageman, and conductor, successively, on the railroad. In August, 1871, he located in Mt. Carmel, and entered the employ of Thomas Baumgardner & Company, of the Eeliance colliery, with whom he served as clerk nine years and a half. He then ac- cepted his present position with T. M. Righter & Company, which he has fiUed in a satisfactory manner ever since. Mr. Wright was married in March, 1866, to Kate, daughter of John and Henrietta (Potts) Gartly of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Six children are the fruits of this union: Margie, wife of C. C. Boyer; Eobert; Harry; Calvin, Jr.; Maud, and Gartly W. Mr. Wright is a member of the F. & A. M., G. A. R., and K. of M., and in politics he is a Republican. CoNBAD Heiseb, engineer and carpenter at Mt. Carmel colliery, was born at Janesville, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, May 2, 1858, son of Charles and Barbara (Lingelbach) Heiser. His parents were natives of Germany, came to America in the '50's, and located in Luzerne county, where his father worked in the mines until his death. Conrad Heiser was reared anS educated in his native county, where he began life by working about the mines. Later he served an aprenticeship of |, three years at the carpenter trade. Since 1880 he has been employed about the Mt. Carmel colliery as carpenter and engi- neer. He married in 1881, Amelia, daughter of Henry and Margaret (Dell) Knopp, by whom he has two children: Edward and Charles. The family are Lutherans in faith; Mr. Heiser is a member of the P. O. S. of A. and in politics a Republican. John H. Reilly, late inside foreman at Mt. Carmel colliery, was born in Cass township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 4, 1853, son of Terence and Ann (McManus) Reilly, natives of County Cavan, Ireland. They came to America in 1851 and settled in Cass township, Schuylkill county, where they are still residing. Tbey are the parents of four children : John H.; Francis; James B., and Mary, wife of William Reilly. Our subject was reared in Schuylkill county, and at the age of seven years commenced working in the mines. He followed the life of a miner up to 1881, when he embarked in the coal trade at Forestville, where he carried on business one year. He was subsequently foreman for Harrison & Company one year, and afterwards employed about the mines of that section until his removal to Mt. Carmel in 1886. He then became inside foreman at Mt. Carmel colliery, which position he held until his removal to Tennessee in 1890. Mr. Reilly was married in December, 1878, to Mary A., daughter of Francis and Ann 1056 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. MoCabe, of Sohuylkill county, but formerly of Ireland. Five children are the fruits of this union: Annie C. ; KateF. ; Mamie; Ella, andCittia. Polit- ically he is a Democrat, and the family are adherents of the Catholic church. Benjamin H. Williams, miner, was born at Carbondale, Pennsylvania, July 19, 1833, son of David and Sarah Williams. His father was a native of South Wales, and came to America in 1829. He first located at Carbon- dale, where he remained some time, filling the position of foreman for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. In 1836 he removed to Pottsville, Schuylkill county; after remaining there for some time he removed to Sum- mit Hill, Carbon county, where he operated a mine known as Spring Tunnel five years. At the expiration of this time he accepted the position of general agent for the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, which he filled until his death, November 6, 1848. The subject of our sketch was reared in his native State and received his education in the common schools. In 1852 he went to California, where he remained five years, engaged in mining, after which he returned to Pennsylvania for one year, and again went to Califor- nia in 1858, where he made his home until 1874. He then returned to Penn- sylvania and located at Mt. Carmel, where he has since resided, engaged in coal mining. Mr. Williams is a Eepublican. Joseph Beiekschmitt, inside foreman of Merriam colUery, was born at Wartenburg, Germany, May 7, 1843, son of Michael and Catherine (Herman) Beierschm'itt, who came to this country in 1846. They first located at Potts- ville, Schuylkill county; three months later they removed to St. Clair, where the father was employed in the mines until his death in 1864. His first wife died in Germany; his children by her are: Mary, Mrs. Matthias Kline, and Peter, who was killed in a mine at St. Clair. Those by his second wife are : Katherine; Rosa; Josephine; Joseph; John; Lizzie; Lena, and Margaret. The subject of this sketch was reared at St. Clair, where he began work in the breaker at the age of eight years, and when thirteen years old began work in the mines, at which he continued fourteen years. In 1870 he lo- cated at Locust Gap, this county, where he was assistant foreman at the mine two years. He was then appointed inside foreman of the Monitor colliery, which position he held seventeen years. In 1889 he was appointed to the same position in the Merriam colliery, and removed to Mt. Carmel. He was married. May 19, 1868, to Mary, daughter of Prank and Magdalena Prey, of St. Clair, a native of Germany. They are the parents of eight children: Lizzie; Mary; Prank; Josephine; Joseph; John; Henry, and Albert. The family are adherents of the Catholic faith, and in politics Mr. Beierschmitt is a Democrat. Thomas J. Woodside, outside foreman of the Merriam colliery, was born in "Upper Paxton township, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1829, a son of Thomas and Mary (Yarger) Woodside. His paternal grand- father, John Woodside, was of Irish descent; he was reared on a farm in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1057 Dauphin county, in which his father was one of the first settlers. His maternal grandfather was also reared in Dauphin county, of German descent, and was a farmer. The father of our subject was also a farmer, and lived and died in Dauphin county. . The subject of this sketch was reared in his native county, where he received a limited education, and before attaining his majority, had served an apprenticeship at the carpenter trade, which he followed until 1854. He then located at Lykenstown, and had charge of the carpenter work in the collieries of that place three years, after which he entered the employ of the Lykens Valley Eailroad Company, with which he remained until the fall of 1862. In November of that year he enlisted in Company K, One Hundred and Seventy-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was honorably discharged from the service in August, 1863. The following year he built a forge and iron works at Oakdale; in September, 1864, he located at Shamokin, where he held various responsible positions in the collieries until 1869. He then removed to Locust Gap, being employed about the mines in various capacities for the period of eight years. In 1876 he located at Mt. Carmel, and has held his present position nine years. Mr. Woodside married in October, 1859, Kate, daughter of James L. Pell, late of Locust Gap, and has four children: William W. ; Josephine, Mrs. Charles Strauss; Mary, Mrs. Eobert Benning, and Edith. Mr. Woodside is a member of the F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., and G. A. E., and politically is a Democrat. Matthew P. Ward, engineer, son of James and Margaret (Coleman) Ward, was born in Staffordshire, England, March 16, 1838. He was reared in his native country, where he served a twelve years'' apprenticeship as mechanical engineer. He came to America in 1861, locating in Philadel- phia, and for over a year was in the employ of Simons & Jenkins, govern- ment contractors. In 1862 he located at Ashland, Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, and for three months was engineer for Bast & Pearson, at Big Mine Eun. In the fall of the same year he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months, when he was honorably discharged. Eeturning to Ashland, he again entered the employ of Bast & Pearson, with whom he remained until 1865. He then settled at Mt. Carmel, where he has since resided, and has been employed as engineer in and outside of the principal collieries of the place. Mr. Ward is the patentee of several of his inventions, and is the inventor, patentee, and manufacturer of the Miners' Safety Tube, to prevent miners from being burned with powder. He is also the inventor of a square and spirit level for truing engines, and a pulley for carrying wire ropes. In 1860 Mr. Ward married Margaret George, a daughter of Edward George, of North Wales. He is a member of the Episcopal church, in politics a Eepublican, and a member of the G. A. E. Samuel Owen, outside foreman of Black Diamond colliery, was born in Staffordshire, England, May 25, 1854, and is a son of William and Emma A. 1058 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. (Cooper) Owen, who came to America in 1856 and settled in Trevorton, this county, where the father engaged in mining four years. He then removed to Shamokin, where he resided until his death in 1879. The last seven years of his life he was inside foreman of Helfenstein colliery, and seventeen years prior to his coming to America he was inside foreman of a colliery in Eng- land. His family consisted of fifteen children, seven of whom grew to matu- rity: Thomas, a minister of the Methodist church; Sarah, Mrs. Joseph Tay- lor; Richard, paymaster of the Piedmont Air Line railroad. West Point, Vir- ginia; William, assistant principal of the public schools of Shamokin; John, shipping clerk of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company; Job, a machinist of Shamokin, and Samuel The subject of our sketch was reared and educated in Northumberland county, and began life in the breakers at Trevorton when nine years of age. He worked as a miner until 1879, when he was appointed assistant outside foreman, which position he has filled to the present time. Mr. Owen has been twice married; his first wife was EUa Willson, of Shamokin, the second, Anna L., daughter of William Salter, of Shamokin. By the latter he has three daughters living: Minnie B.; Hazel S., and Emma A. He is a member of the Methodist church, has served three terms as member of the borough council of Shamokin, and in politics is a Republican. Joseph Schwartz, miner, was born in Bavaria, Germany, April 25, 1845, a son of John and Mary Schwartz, who came to America in 1851, locating in Philadelphia, and residing there until 1854, when both parents died of chol- era. The subject of this sketch was reared in Philadelphia, where he learned the shoemaker trade. In December, 1861, he enlisted in Company I, Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry. After two years' service he re-enlisted, February 26, 1864, in Company L, Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was honorably dis- charged, August 7, 1865. After his return from the army, he worked at his trade at St. Clair, Pennsylvania, six months, and later at Tremont. In 1868 he located at Excelsior, near Shamokin, and worked at mining three years, and in 1871 located at Mt. Carmel, where he has been employed in the mines ever since. In 1867 he married Mary, daughter of John Hamer, of Schuyl- kill county, Pennsylvania, and has six children living: John; Emma; Clara; Sallie; Ida, and George. Mr. Schwartz is a member of the G. A. R., and was the commander of Burnside Post, G. A. R., No. 92, in 1888. Politically he is a Republican. Charles Wightman, miner, was born in Derbyshire, England, April 3, 1S29, and is a son of James and Rebecca (Booth) Wightman. He was reared in England; in May, 1854, he came to America and located at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, where he engaged in mining two years, after which he removed to La Salle, Illinois, worked at mining two years, and declared his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States. He then went to Trevorton, this county, where, with the exception of three months of service in the army, he BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1059 ■was engaged in mining iintil 1866, when he removed to Locust Gap, and worked in the mines there six years. He came to Mt. Oarmel in 1872, where he has since resided, being employed about the mines in various capacities. Mr. Wightman was married in 1859 to Sarah A. Jones, of Trevorton, Penn- sylvania, by whom he had thirteen children, of whom eight are living: Mary E., Mrs. Jacob Eeed; James; Charles; John; Sallie; Edith; Warren, and Phebe. The family of Mr. Wightman are members of the Methodist Epis- copal church. He enlisted in 1862 in Company I, Eighteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was honorably discharged after three months' service. He is a member of the F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., and G. A. E., has held the offices of assessor, councilman, and assistant burgess of Mt. Carmel, and in politics is a Eepublican. Fbancis McCarthy, deceased merchant and postmaster. Locust Gap, was born in Aughagreagh, County Longford, Ireland, June 4, 1826, son of Michael and Catherine (Farrelly) McCarthy, of the same county, where both spent their lives. Francis passed his boyhood days in his native land, and soon after reaching his majority he immigrated to Pennsylvania and settled at Mine Hill Gap, Schuylkill county, where he engaged in mining coal. While thus employed he met Mary Jane Eobinson, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Patton) Eobinson, natives of England and residents of Mine Hill Gap, whom he married in Philadelphia, at St. Peter and St. Paul's chapel, January 1, 1862. She was born in Minersville, Pennsylvania, February 17, 1842, and bore him a family of four children: Michael A., of Locust Gap; Elizabeth A., wife of Thomas Donlan, of Mt. Carmel; Francis G., of Locust Gap, and Mary Florence, deceased. In March, 1862, Mr. McCarthy located at Locust Gap, and in partnership with Thomas Scott opened the first regu- lar hotel in the place. He also engaged in mining, which he followed three years in connection with hotel keeping. The firm of Scott & McCarthy then opened a general store, and carried on the hotel and mercantile business three years longer, when Mr. McCarthy purchased his partner's interest and became sole proprietor. In 1875 he abandoned hotel keeping, but continued merchandising up to his death. For a number of years he was in partner- ship with the late Conrad Graeber, and the firm of Graeber & McCarthy conducted the principal mercantile establishment of Locust Gap throughout its existence. Politically Mr. McCarthy was an ardent Democrat, and took a very active interest in local affairs. On the 14th of February, 1871, he was appointed postmaster of Locust Gap, by J. W. Marshall, first assistant postmaster general, and served continuously through the several administrations for nearly seventeen years, and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Michael A., who has since held the office. He was a life-long member of the Catholic church, and died in full communion with that faith, November 6, 1887. Mr. McCarthy was a careful, honest, and successful business man. 1060 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. and was respected by the community in which the last twenty-five years of his life were spent. He was a kind father and husband, and left to his widow and children a handsome estate. Michael A. MoCaethy, merchant, Locust Gap, was born at Locust Gap, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 13, 1862, and is the eldest son of Francis and Mary Jane (Robinson) McCarthy. He was reared in Locust Gap and educated in the common schools and at Pottsville Business College. He commenced his business life as a clerk in his father's store, and was admitted to a partnership in 1883, under the firm name of McCarthy & Son, in which name the store is still conducted. He is also interested in the dry goods and millinery store of McCarthy & Donlan in Mt. Carmel, which was established in December, 1888. Mr. McCarthy was married in January, 1884, to Anna, daughter of Thomas and Anna Carney, of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. She is the mother of two children, one of whom, Ambrose, survives. Politically he is a Democrat, and has been postmaster of Locust Gap since the death of his father in 1887, who filled the same office nearly seventeen years. Mr. McCarthy and family are adherents of the Catholic church, and he is one of the most enterprising and best known business men of his vicinity. < James A. McCaethy, dealer in general merchandise. Locust Gap, was born at that place, February 10, 1864, son of John and Maggie (Mahan) McCarthy. The paternal grandparents, Francis McCarthy and wife, were natives of County Longford, Ireland, and came to America prior to 1840. They settled in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. John McCarthy was born in Schuylkill county, was an engineer by trade, and prior to the year 1863 removed to Locust Gap, thenceforth his residence until his death, which occurred in July, 1865. His wife was born in County Fermanagh, Ireland, daughter of James and Catharine (McGwyn) Mahan, who immigrated to New Orleans in 1841 and subsequently removed to Pittsburgh, where both died. To John and Maggie McCarthy were born three children: Frank; James A., and John. Our subject was reared at Locust Gap, received his education at the common schools, and at the Bryant and Stratton Business College of Philadelphia, and began his business life as door-keeper in the mines. In the year 1841 he became clerk in a store, and on the 26th of August, 1889, embarked in his present business, and condticts one of the leading stores at Locust Gap. Mr. McCarthy married Bridget, daughter of William and Bridget (Cannon) Harvey, December 31, 1885; to this union two daughters have been born: Mamie and Margaret. He is a member of the Catholic church, and in his political affiliations an ardent Democrat. Michael KellacIhee, proprietor of Locu.st Summit Hotel, Locust Gap, was born at Forestville, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, November 21, 1857, son of Patrick and Jane (Lynch) Kellagher, natives of Counties Fermanagh and Cavan, Ireland, respectively. His parents came to America in 1840 and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1061 settled in Schuylkill county, where his father began work in the mines ; he is still following that occupation, and has resided at Locust Gap for the past twenty-one years. They are the parents of twelve children, two of whom are deceased. Those surviving are: Michael; Mary, Mrs. John McHugh; William; Jane; Robert; John; Anna; Kate; Susan, and Elizabeth. The sub- ject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and at the age of nine years began work in a coal breaker. He was engaged at the mines until twenty-one years old, when he established his present business at Locust Gap in which he has been quite successful. April 14, 1887, he married Margaret, daughter of Simon and Mary (Casey) Brown, of Danville, Penn- sylvania, and to this union has been born one daughter, Jane. Mr. Kella- gher is a Catholic in faith, a Democrat in politics, and has filled the offices of school director and of county commissioner ; the latter office he filled for two successive terms, being first elected in 1881. John McDonnell, proprietor of the National Hotel, Locust Gap, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1840, son of Peter and Hannah (Patton) McDonnell, natives of Ireland and England, respect- ively. The father came to America in 1838 and located at Pottsville, Penn- sylvania, where he was engaged in mining until 1861, when he removed to Locust Gap. He:re he worked in the mines for several years, and during the latter part of his life kept the hotel now conducted by his son. He was the father of seven children: John; Thomas; Elizabeth J., Mrs. Thomas Pepper; George; Andrew; Mary, Mrs. Jacob R. Betz, and Hannah, Mrs. Henry J. Omlor. The grandfather of our subject, Thomas Patton, was a native of England, and settled in Minersville, this State, in 1838, where his sons opened the first coal mines in that region. Our subject was reared at Mine Hill Gap, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and began life in the mines as a laborer. In 1860 he located in Locust Gap, where he was employed about the mines for nine years. In 1879 he was appointed inside foreman of Locust Gap ooUiery, which position he held four years, and was then transferred to the position of hoisting engineer, which he filled until 1883. He then engaged in his present business, and has continued it with good success. He was married, May 20, 1865, to Catharine, daughter of Frank and Ann (Lynch) McCarthy, natives of County Longford, Ireland, by whom he has had eight children: Peter; Anna, deceased; Lizzie, deceased; Frank; Mary; Agnes; Catharine, and John, deceased. The family are members of the Catholic church. Mr. McDonnell has served three years as school director, and in politics is a Democrat. Charles Dugan, proprietor of the Harvey House, Locust Gap, was born in County Donegal, Ireland, in 1829, son of Hugh and Bridget (O'Don- neU) Dugan. He was reared in his native country and came to America in 1852, locating in Carbon county, Pennsylvania, where he remained twelve years engaged in mining. In 1864 he removed to Locust Gap, where he 1062 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. worked in the mines until 1883. From this time to 1886 he was super- visor of the roads of Mt. Carmel township. He then engaged in the hotel business, in which he has since continued with good success. He was mar- ried in 1863 to Susan, daughter of Michael and Isabella (FrieU) Dougherty, of Ireland. Of the children born of this union, five are living: Charles E., Cassie; Belle; Mary A., and John. He is a member of the Catholic church, and a Democrat in politics. Chables H. Doughekty, proprietor of the Locust Gap Hotel, was bom in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, June 28, 1856, son of Michael and Mary (Boyle) Dougherty, both 'of Irish parentage. The father was a native of County Donegal, Ireland, and the mother, of Pennsylvania. They settled in Locust Gap in 1866, where the father followed mining sixteen years. He reared a family of five children: Charles H. ; James F. ; Edward; Michael, and Mary. Our subject was reared in Locust Gap, and was educated in the common schools. He began his business life in a breaker at the age of eight years, and worked about the mines fourteen years. In 1875 he was employed as clerk in the store of Graeber & McCarthy, at Locust Gap, with whom he remained two years, and afterwards held the same position with William Harvey & Son two years. He then became clerk of a hotel and store combined, of which he has been proprietor since 1886. He was mar- ried in 1886 to Margaret, daughter of John and Ellen Hogan, of Locust Gap. To this union one daughter has been born, Gertrude. He and wife are members of the Catholic church, and in politics he is a Democrat. Peter Beeckeb, mine foreman, Locust Gap colliery, was bom in Bavaria, Germany, January 5, 1841, son of Peter and Magdalena (Omler) Brecker, who emigrated in 1849, and from that date until 1871 the father was em- ployed in the mines of Schuylkill county. In the latter year he removed to Locust Gap, where he was killed by the fall of an embankment, May 5, 1875. Of his family five children are living: Peter; Nicholas; Harriet, Mrs. Alexander Butt, and Charles. Their maternal grandparents, John and Magdalena (Colby) Omler, natives of Germany, settled near St. Clair in 185 1 . There Mr. Brecker received his education, and began life as a miner. In 1871 he came to Locust Gap, and assumed his present position in 1875. May 15, 1867, he married Mary A., daughter of Peter and Magdalena (Luck) Steinfeld, natives of Bavaria, and to this union seven children have been born: Henrietta C. ; Elizabeth; Peter N.; Josephine M.; Joseph J.; Henry W., and George F. In politics Mr. Brecker is a Democrat, and has been in- trusted with various township offices ; the family is Catholic in faith. Mark Whalen, engineer, was born at Locust Gap, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1863, son of John and Julia (Brennan) Whalen, natives, respectively, of Counties Queen and Kilkenny, Ireland. His father came to America in 1845 and located at Mt. Carmel, where he labored in the mines fifteen years. Later he removed to Brookville, where BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1065 he remained five years, and in 1866 he removed to Locust Gap, where he hassipce resided. Up to 1887 Mr. Whalen worked as a miner; he then received the appointment of watchman at Locust Gap colliery, which posi- tion he still holds. The mother of the subject of this sketch is a daughter of John and Eliza (McCormick) Brennan, who were among the earliest residents of Mt. Carmel. They are the parents of thirteen children, eight of whom are living: Mary; James; Mark; Margaret; Bridget; John; William, and Kate. The subject of our sketch was reared and educated at Locust Gap, where he learned his trade, and has occupied his present position eleven years. He is a member of the A. O. H. and the Catholic church, and polit- ically he is a Democrat. John Davis, engineer at Locust Gap colliery, was born in Buckley, Wales, November 7, 1849, son of Thomas and Anna (Reed) Davis. He was reared and educated in his native town, and served a six years' apprenticeship at his trade. In 1869 he immigrated to Pennsylvania and located at Mahanoy City, where he found employment at Lawton's colliery. He subsequently went to Colorado, where he spent two years, and returned to Doutyville, Northumberland county, where he remained four years. He then located at Locust Gap and has since filled his ■ present position. Mr. Davis has been twice married. His first wife was Alice, daughter of John and Ellen (Reed) Boyer, natives of England and Scotland, respectively. She bore him four children, all of whom are dead: Anna; Ellen; Sarah, and Thomas. His second wife was Anna, daughter of William and Sarah Bodgers, of Sher- manville, of which union four children have been born: Thomas; George; Emma, and Sarah. In politics Mr. Davis is a Republican, and is an adherent of the Episcopal church. Peteb Smith, engineer at Locust Gap colliery, was born, October 16, 1858, in Riley township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, and is a son of Dennis and Margaret (Wall) Smith, natives of County Cavan, Ireland, who came to America about 1850 and located in Schuylkill county, whence the father, who was a carpenter by trade, removed with hi's family to Locust Gap in 1865, and resided there until his death in 1882. He had five children: Edward, deceased; Mary, deceased; Ann, who married James Donlan; Kate, Mrs. Robert Broderick, and Peter. The last named was reared from eight years at Locust Gap, and began his active life as slate picker in a breaker. For eight years he had charge of the breaker machinery, and since 1887 has held the position of engineer at Locust Gap colliery. He is a member of the K. of L., an adherent of the Catholic church, and a supporter of the Democratic party. Joseph P. Whalen, outside foreman of the Monitor colliery, was born at Tuscarora, Schuylkill township, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, in 1837, son of Michael and Bridget (Gormley) Whalen, natives of Ireland and pioneers of Schuylkill county. They were the parents of six children: 60 1066 HISTOBY OP NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Patrick, deceased; Thomas; Joseph; Michael, deceased; John F., and Mary, Mrs. Thomas Campbell. The father was a miner and died in Schuylkill county. The paternal grandfather was Patrick Whalen, an early resident of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Joseph P. Whalen began his business life picking slate in a coal breaker at the early age of eleven years. He then learned engineering and followed this vocation twenty-five years. In 1885 he was appointed outside foreman at the Bast colliery in Ashland, Pennsyl- vania. In 1889 he was transferred to the Monitor colliery at Locust Gap, with which he is still connected. In 1873 he married Theresa, daughter of Patrick and Mary (Tracy) Langton, of Ashland, and to this union were born four children: Mary E. ; Laura; William, and Theresa. Mrs. Whalen died, October 14, 1890, a practical member of the Catholic church. Mr. Whalen is independent in politics, and is a member of the Catholic church. Joseph Watkins, inside foreman of Monitor colliery, Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, was bom in South Wales, May 13, 1854, son of John and Jane Watkins. He was educated in his native country, where he began life in the mines at nine years of age. After following that vocation in Wales fifteen years he came to America in 1880, and located at St. Clair, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Here he was employed in the mines fifteen months, and two years at Baven Run, same county. He was then engaged at the Hammond colliery, Girardsville, where he remained six- teen months, and was then employed at another colliery as inside foreman three years, when he was transferred to Gilberton colliery, where he was em- ployed ten months. In the spring of 1889 he located at Locust Gap, since which time he has filled his present position. In 1876 he married Elizabeth, daughter of William and Anna (Morgan) Morgan, of South Wales, and they are the parents of four children: William; Edward; Albert, and May. He is a member of the Welsh Congregational church, the I. O. O. P., and K. of G. E., and politically he is a Republican. John W. Mokbison, outside foreman, Alaska shaft, was born, September 13, 1854, at St. Clair, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, son of John and Martha (Hoffman) Morrison. His paternal grandfather, William Morrison, was a native of England and one of the earliest settlers of Schuylkill county. His maternal grandfather, Henry Hoffman, was among the early settlers of Berks county, Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch spent his childhood days in Schuylkill county, where he began life as a slate picker on the breaker at the age of nine years. In December, 1889, he removed to Mt. Carmel to accept his present position. In 1876 he married Emily, daughter of Henry and Hannah Heim, of St. Clair, and to them were born six children: Delia; Clara; Hannah; Beulah; Harry, and Robert. Mr. Morrison is con- nected with the P. O. S. of A., and is a Republican in politics. Alfeed Ayebs, inside foreman at Alaska shaft, was bom at York Tunnel, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, July 25, 1841, son of Abram and Anna BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1067 (Bussell) Ayers, natives of England. His maternal grandfather, .James Eussell, was a pioneer miner of Schuylkill county, and lived and died there. Abram Ayers, father of our subject, was a miner in Schuylkill and North- umberland counties, and at one time a mine foreman, also operating a mine on his own account. He located in Mt. Carmel in 1853, where he resided until his death in 1883. His children were as follows: Mary A., who mar- ried Frank Pershing; Alfred; Caroline; Ettie, who married John Bell; Clara, wife of John Shaw, and Sarah, wife of Prank Shoener. Mr. Ayers has been a resident of Mt. Carmel since 1853, and is therefore one of its oldest citi- zens. He began in the mines, worked on a breaker, afterwards worked as loader, and finally engaged as a miner. He was promoted to fire boss, then to assistant boss, and became inside foreman in December, 1888, which posi- tion he has since filled in the Alaska shaft. He was married, October 18, 1860, to Caroline E., daughter of James Adams, of Mt. Carmel, and has ten living children: Eliza E., wife of Eobert Taylor; Matthew H. ; Bessie, wife of Charles Hertzog; S. Matilda; Carrie; James; Alfred; Claude; Howard, and Irvin. Mr. Ayers served nine months in Company G, One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, aild was honorably discharged at the close of his term of service. Politically he is a Republican. Nicholas Metzingee, inside foreman, Locust Spring colliery, was born in Bayarn, Germany, March 22, 1835, son of Jacob and Gertrude (Schraier) Metzinger. His parents came to America in April, 1852, and located at St. Clair, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where they remained until their death. They were the parents of six children: Peter; Jacob; Nicholas; Eva, Mrs. Jacob Yohan; Joseph, and Kate, Mrs. Matthew Drobile. The subject of our sketch began life as a miner, which occupation he followed until 1870. In 1874, he located at Locust Gap and was appointed to his present position in 1885. He married, April 30, 1859, Elizabeth, daughter of Philip and Catharine Diehl, of St. Clair. They are the parents of seven children: Augustus; Lewis; Eva; Catharine; Gertrude; Carrie, and Lottie. Mr. Metzinger is a member of the Catholic church, and is independent in politics. James M. Dekbt, clerk at Pennsylvania colliery and postmaster, was born at Dunmore, near Scranton, Pennsylvania, September 10, 1850, son of Chauncey and Esther (Carey) Derby. He received his education at Scranton and began life by learning the trade of tinsmith, which he followed until 1875, when he located at Shamokin. Here he clerked in a general store several years, when he embarked in business on his own account four years. Later he was in business at Mt. Carmel, and in 1887 he removed to Green Eidge, where he accepted the position he has since occupied. Mr. Derby is a member of the F. & A. M., K. T., and I. O. O. F. In politics he is a Re- publican, and is justice of the peace of Mt. Carmel township. Through his efforts a postoffice named Strong was established in July, 1886, of which he is postmaster. 1068 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. CHAPTER XLVI. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. WAT80NT0WN. Silas Rambach was bom in Newport township, Luzerne county, Pennsyl- vania, February 15, 1813, son of Jolin and Elizabeth Rambach. His father died, October 17, 1836, and his mother, August 13, 1846. He engaged in teaching in the common schools of his neighborhood, and afterward entered the general store of his uncle, Jacob Rambach, first as clerk, and subse- quently becoming the owner of the store. He later formed a co-partnership with Michael Hess, and opened a store at Newport Centre, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, in 1847. During the administration of President Polk, a post- office was established at this point, and Mr. Rambach was appointed post- master. He soon afterward sold his interest in? the mercantile business, and directed his attention to the management of his farm, which was situated in the immediate vicinity. In 1854 he decided to enter politics, and presented his name to the Luzerne county Democratic convention for nomination to the office of county commissioner. His friends did not indorse him for that office, but the convention voltmtarily nominated him for the office of county treas- urer. He was elected by a large majority, and made for himself an enviable reputation as a business man and financier. In the spring of 1859 he re- moved with his family from Luzerne county to Delaware township, North- umberland county, having purchased the Frederick Fox farm, which now forms the northern boundary line of the borough of Watsontovm. Here he resided until the village of Watsontown commenced to assume the propor- tions of a modern town, when he erected for himself a commodious brick mansion, where he resided until his death. At the erection of the first church edifice in Watsontown, St. Bartholomew's Evangelical Lutheran and German Reformed, he was the chairman of the building committee, and the treasurer. He declined to serve longer as an elder, but served as trustee and treasurer until his decease. He was one of the corporators and managers, as well as the secretary and treasurer, of the Watsontown Cemetery Association, a member of the Watsontown town council, and borough treasurer a number of years. He took an active part in the organization and placing upon a good business basis of many things pertaining to the town. At the organiza- tion of the Watsontown Bank, he at once became identified with its interests, solicited for stock, became a member of the board of directors, and was the BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1069 vice-president, and he succeeded Ario Pardee in the presidency after the in- stitution was made a national bank. He was also for many years a director and treasurer of the Watsontown Building Association. July 14, 1834, he married Sarah Fenstermacher, of Salem township, Luzerne county, and to this union were born three children: Emily, who married George W. Hess, of Watsontown, and died June 19, 1878; George W., cashier of the Watson- town National Bank, and John W., of Milton. He was a man of sterling in- tegrity, and of most excellent business qualifications, and maintained the respect and confidence of the entire community. He died, September 8, 1881. His wife was a consistent member of Trinity Reformed church of Watsontown, and contributed very generously to the erection of the new church edifice built several years ago. She also presented the bell hanging in the tower, which is engraved with the name of the congregation, the date of the presentation, and the name of the donor. She died. May 16, 1887, aged seventy-seven years and ten months. The portrait of Mr. Eambach which appears in this work, was inserted by his son John W., of Milton, as a filial tribute to the memory of his father. Geobge W. Eombach, (originally Eambach) cashier of the Watsontown National Bank, is a son of the late Silas Eambach, and was born in Newport township, Luzerne coxmty, Pennsylvania, on the 22d of February, 1840. He was educated in the public schools and at Wyoming Seminary, Kings- ton, Pennsylvania, and soon after the completion of his education, his parents left Luzerne county and located on a farm in Delaware township, Northum- berland county, adjoining the borough of Watsontown. Mr. Eombach followed farming until the year 1 873, when he accepted a position, first as a clerk, and subsequently as teller in the Watsontown Bank. In the fall of 1876, he was chosen cashier, which position he has filled up to the present. He is a member and one of the trustees of the First Lutheran church of Watsontown, was the chairman of the building committee of the substantial new edifice erected by that church, and was one of the many contributors to the building fund. He is also a member of Watsontown Lodge, No. 401, F. & A. M., has been a member of the town council, and is at this time treasurer of the White Deer Bridge Company, and secretary and treasurer of the Watsontown Cemetery Association. On the 27th of September, 1864, he was married to S. Kate Lantz, only daughter of Simon and Harriet Lantz of Watsontown. To this union have been born three children: Hat- tie N. ; De La. G., and Howard W. Philip Shay was born in Pittston, Kennebec county, Maine, in 1813. His parents were Michael and Anna Shay, who both died in the year 1821, after which the subject of this sketch went to reside with a married sister, Mary, the wife of Abiathar Field, at Brookline, near Boston. Soon thereafter Mr. Field removed to Baltimore, where as a young man, Mr. Shay assisted his brother-in-law in the establishment and management of one of the pioneer 1070 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. oyster packing houses of the Monumental City. It was in the interest of this business that Mr. Shay located in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, where he opened a depot for the distribution of this, then, comparatively unknown bivalve to the citizens of the West and North Branches of the Susquehanna. While a resident of Northumberland he became connected with the packet company, and by reason of it was known by his many friends along the route as Captain Shay. In 1854 he left Northumberland and located in Muncy, Lycoming coimty, where he engaged extensively in the mercantile and lumber business; soon after this time, but for one year, however, he resided in Hughesville, in the same county, at the end of the term returning to Muncy, where he continued his mercantile and lumber operations, and in the great flood of 1865, he was one of the heavy losers. During the civil war, Mr. Shay was one of the directors of the old Northumberland Bank, of which Joseph Priestley was the cashier, and John Taggart and John B- Packer were in turn the president. General Simon Cameron, Samuel T. Brown of Milton, and other leading citizens of this part of the State were his associates as members of the board. In 1868 he removed from Muncy to Watsontown, and at once became one of the leading merchants and citi- zens of the new borough, and was identified in many interests pertaining to the early growth and establishment of the town. In 1871 he was elected chief burgess and for a number of years he served as a member of the school board. He was one of the corporators and a charter member of the Watsontown Bank (now the Watsontown National Bank) and soon after its establishment he was appointed to the office of notary public by Governor Geary, and at the expiration of his term, he was reappointed by Governor Hartranft. He was also one of the corporators and influential members of the First Presbyterian church of Watsontown, and served many years as one of the trustees. In 1868 he was appointed postmaster of Watsontovm, and commissioned by Alexander W. Kandall, postmaster general. He held the office under this commission only a short time, but eleven years afterwards he was again appointed, and held the office during several administrations to the date of his death, his last commission being under the hand of Presi- dent Arthur. Mr. Shay was married three times; first, in 1851 at Northumberland to Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Samuel H. Wallis, (son of the pioneer Samuel Wallis) ; Mrs. Shay died in 1853, and left to survive her an only son, William Field Shay. Mr. Shay was next married on the 22d of November, 1855, at Muncy to Priscilla Minerva Llewellyn. By this union there were four children: Charles P.; Edward E. ; Mary V., and Priscilla L. The wife and mother died at Muncy, April 19, 1862. Mr. Shay was again married, March 9, 1865, to Emma J., daughter of the late Leonard Stoughton, of Milton. Their children are Frank S. and Emma E. Shay. Philip Shay took part as a good citizen in many of the affairs of life. He was a patriot, BIOGEAPHICAL SKETOHES. 1071 loved his countiy, and in all proper ways sought to advance her interests. In his younger days he was an old line Whig, and a great admirer of Web- ster and Clay, having heard them both speak during his boyhood. He was present at the laying of the corner-stone of the great Bunker Hill monument by General Lafayette in June, 1825, when Daniel Webster pronounced the oration to an immense concourse of people, and he was also present at the dedication of the monument, eighteen years afterwards, when Webster was again the orator. Mr. Shay was temperate in all things, and opposed exces- ses of every kind. He was a moral and religious man and his neighbors respected him. He loved his family and his home, and he was a kind and affectionate husband and father. His death occurred on the 2d of February, 1885, and his remains repose in the beautiful cemetery at Watsontown. His wife and children survive him. William Field Shay was bom in Northumberland, Pennsylvania. He is a son of the late Philip Shay and Mary Elizabeth Shay, nee Wallis, who was a daughter of Dr. Samuel H. Wallis and Elizabeth Wallis, nee Cowden, and a granddaughter of Samuel WaUis, the noted pioneer. His paternal grandparents were Michael and Anna Shay, of Pittston, Kennebec county, Maine. Some years prior to his majority, the subject of this sketch entered the law office of Oscar Foust, at Watsontown, who was a leading member of the Northumberland county bar and an able preceptor. After three years of hard study and close application he was admitted to the bar, after a very creditable and satisfactory examination, and soon thereafter he engaged in practice in Watsontown, where he is still pursuing his profession. He has been admitted to all the courts of the neighboring counties, as well as to the Supreme court of Pennsylvania, and to the district and circuit courts of the United States. He has given considerable attention to local historical mat- ters, and a number of leading articles in print are from his pen. He has been closely identified with leading projects in Watsontown, prominently the building of the water works, and the securing to the town the terminus of the Wilkesbarre and Western railway. He has been the solicitor of the road smce its inception, as well as for the Watsontown National Bank and the borough of Watsontown for many years. In addition to his legal business, he has for years managed a large and profitable insurance agency. Masonic matters have received considerable attention at his hands. He has served both as secretary and worshipful master of Watsontown Lodge, No. 401, and as secretary and most excellent high priest of Warrior Eun Eoyal Arch Chapter, No. 246, at Watsontown. He is also a member of the coun- cil, the commandery, and of the A. & A. Rite, thirty-second degree. He is a member of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, and the Grand Holy Eoyal Arch Chapter, and in the years 1885-86 he was the grand high priest's deputy for the counties of Lycoming, Clinton, Elk, Snyder, Union, and a portion of Northumberland. Mr. Shay is married to M. Alice, the only 1072 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. daughter of Charles Hower, the leading member of the Snyder county bar. KiLYAN DuNKEL WES bom in September, 1805, and was the third son of Peter Dunkel, who removed from Northampton to Union county, Pennsylvania, at an early date. Peter Dunkel's family consisted of six sons and five daughters, Kilyan being the third son. When the latter was about thirty years of age his father removed with his family to Northumberland county. In March, 1836, Kilyan Dunkel married Mary, youngest daughter of James Slote, of this county. She was born, August 9, 1815, and became the mother of one son, Hiram, now cashier of the Farmers' National Bank of Watson- town. Her father lived near the Warrior Run church, his farm being the site of Port Preeland, until his removal to Michigan with his family about 1837. His family consisted of seven sons and three daughters. About one year afterward he returned on a visit to this county, and was taken sick and died. His interment took place in the Warrior Run graveyard. Mr. Slote was active in the rebuilding of the old Warrior Run church, and served on the building committee. Kilyan Dunkel was a farmer all his life, and for thirty-three years owned and cultivated a farm near Muddy nm, in Turbut township. He was industrious and energetic, a man of strict integrity and unimpeachable character. The last two years of his life he resided with his only son, Hiram, in Delaware township, and died, March 2, 1878. He was buried in the cemetery at Paradise church. His widow still survives, and is spending her declining years with her son and married grandchildren. HiKAM Dunkel, cashier of the Farmer's National Bank of Watsontown, was born in Turbut township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 30, 1837, and is the only child of Kilyan and Mary (Slote) Dimkel. Up to the age of thirteen he attended the public schools in winter and assisted his parents on the farm in summer. He subsequently prosecuted his studies at the McEwensville Academy until sixteen years of age, when he began clerk- ing in a store at Milton. After spending eight months as a clerk, he com- menced teaching a school in his native township, and he continued to teach during the winter sessions and assisted his father on the farm until January 14, 1858, when he married Christiann, eldest daughter of Isaac and Julia (Wolf) Frederick. After his marriage he devoted his whole time to the cul- tivation of the homestead farm until the spring of 1872, when he purchased and removed to what was known as the old Kirk farm, near the Warrior Run church, and continued to cultivate this farm for several years. In March, 1886, the Farmer's National Bank at Watsontown was organized, and Mr. Dunkel became identified with the enterprise, and was chosen as cashier. Althoiigh he had no previous experience in the banking business, he has filled the position up to the present in a very creditable and satisfactory maif- ner. In early life he was a member of the German Reformed denomination, but after removing to Warrior Run he united with the Presbyterian church there, in which he served as trustee and elder. Since locating in Watson- BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1073 town he has been a member of the Presbyterian church in that place, and is now filling the offices of elder and trustee. Mr. Dunkel has always been a conservative Democrat, and has never taken an active interest in politics. He is the father of one son and six daughters: E. K., of Easton, Pennsylvania; Mary J., wife of E. P. Dateman; Ada L., wife of Ambrose Fairchild; Sarah S. ; Aimie L. ; Bessie, and Kate G. Samuel Bell Mobgan, general manager and treasurer of the Pardee Car and Machine Works, of Watsontown, was born at Northumberland, Pennsyl- vania, February 15, 1845, and is a son of Henry and Sarah (Housel) Morgan, who were born in ChiUisquaque township, Northumberland county, in 1803 and 1811, respectively. His grandfather, John Morgan, was a native of County Tyrone, Ireland, whither the great-grandfather of our subject removed from Wales while a single man, and where he married a Miss Bell. John Morgan was a son of that marriage, and on arriving at maturity he married Mary Bums, of County Tyrone, and about 1795 immigrated with his wife and three children to Pennsylvania, first settling at McVeytown, Juniata county. Some two years later he removed to Chillisquaque township, North- umberland county, where the father of our subject was born and reared. In 1828 Henry Morgan and wife removed to the town of Northimiberland, where both resided until their death, in 1869 and 1890, respectively. They were the parents of eight children, five of whom are living: Thaddeus G. ; Martin Luther; William H. ; Celinda J., wife of John Volp, and Samuel Bell. The deceased are: Hamlet H.; Mary E., and John Calvin. The last mentioned died in March, 1865, at Annapolis, Maryland, from sickness contracted in Southern prisons. Four of the sons served in the Union army in the late Eebellion: Martin Luther; William H. ; Samuel Bell, and John Calvin. The subject of this sketch was named after the late Samuel Bell, of Read- ing, Pennsylvania, whose father was a brother of his great-grandmother Bell. He received a common school education in the public schools of Northumber- land, attending only the winter terms from 1859 to 1862. Prom January, 1862, until July, 1864, he clerked in the postoffice of his native town. On the latter date he enlisted in the One Hundred and Ninety-fourth Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, for the one hundred days' service, and at the expiration of his term he re-enlisted in the Seventy-fourth regiment, and served until August, 1865, when he was mustered out. In October, 1865, he entered Eastman's Business College, Poughkeepsie, New York, and on the 23d of December following he graduated with the highest honors in a class of twenty- three. On the 1st of March, 1866, he accepted the position of book-keeper and clerk in the general store of W. T. Forsyth, of Northumberland, Penn- sylvania, and in August, 1868, he was admitted to a partnership in the busi- ness. In 1874 he sold his interest to his partner and embarked in the plan- ing mill business, from which he retired, April 1, 1876, by reason of unsatis- factory results. Mr. Morgan then entered the employ of Cook & Pardee 1074 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. (later A. Pardee & Son) at Watsontown, May 1, 1876, and the following June he was appointed manager of the firm's saw mill and match-stick factory business, which position he filled until the sale of the plant. May 6, 1890. In March, 188'2, he was appointed by Ario Pardee, of Hazelton, Pennsylvania, as agejit in charge of his personal and real estate in Watsontown and vicinity, and in August, 1883, he was appointed assistant manager of the Pardee Car and Machine Works. Upon the death of H. F. Snyder, general manager, in November, 1883, Mr. Morgan was elected by the firm general manager and treasurer, and at the expiration of the limited partnership, June 1, 1890, when Ario Pardee became sole owner of the works, he was appointed by that gentleman general manager and treasurer, which position he still holds. Mr. Morgan was married, September 18, 1871, to Maggie H., daughter of William and Catherine (Weimar) Leighow, of Northumberland, Pennsylvania. Three children are the fruits of this union: Walter W., deceased; lone M., and Mae; the last two reside with their parents. Politically Mr. Morgan is a Democrat, and has served as a school director in Northumberland, and in the borough council of Watsontown. Samuel Caldwell was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1818, son of James and Nancy (Woods) Caldwell. Eobert Caldwell, the grandfather of our subject, immigrated from Ireland to America about the year 1796 and located in what is now Montour county (then Northumber- land), Pennsylvania. The eldest son, Samuel, died at Black Rock, while serving in the war of 1812. James Caldwell was born during the voyage across the Atlantic. He was a farmer, and reared a family of six children: Robert, deceased; John, deceased; Margaret, widow of John Mc Williams; Samuel; James, of New Jersey, and Dr. L. T., deceased. Samuel Caldwell was educated in the common schools, and has followed farming all his life. In 1855 he took a contract on the construction of the Catawissa railroad, and after completing this he was engaged ten years in the taiming business. He was one of the charter members of the Watsontown Bank, and was active in securing stock for the same. He became the first president of this bank and continued as such four years. In 1884 he was a candidate for the legislat- ure on the Republican ticket and was defeated by only one hundred sixty- four votes when the county gave a Democratic majority of over eight hun- dred. He was married, February 22, 1844, to Elizabeth A., daughter of Thomas and Nancy (Butler) Gillen, of Montour county, Pennsylvania, and to this union have been born nine children: Thomas G., a merchant of Watson- town; Margaret; Martha A., wife of Ezra Weist, of Fairmount, Florida; Nora A. ; James, who was one of the corps of engineers who surveyed the Nicaragua canal; Kate; Rhoda; Ida, and Pansy. Mrs. Caldwell died, March 20, 1876, in the faith of the Baptist church. Mr. Caldwell is a mem- ber of the Reformed church, and one of the best known and most enterpris- ing citizens of Watsontown. BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1075 Jacob Keemek, ex-sheriff and treasurer of Northumberland county, was born in Albany township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, April 30, 1827, son of Benjamin and Sarah (Levan) Kremer. The former was a weaver; he located at Milton in 1829 and thence removed successively to the Stitzel farm near, McEwensville and the De Armond farm near "Warrior Eun church, remaining at each place two years in the pursuit of his trade. He engaged in farming in White Deer valley in 1834, subsequently kept hotel one year in White Deer township. Union county, and five years later removed to Allenwood, Union county, where he opened a hotel and continued at that business the remainder of his life. Jacob Kremer accompanied his parents to this county, and obtained a common school education at the different points where they successively resided. After attaining his majority he embarked in the stock business at AUenwood. In 1867 he removed to Armstrong township, Lyco- ming county, Pennsylvania, and thence in 1869 to Williamsport, where he continued in the stock business and engaged in the raising of thoroughbred horses. In April, 1875, he located at Dewart, Northumberland county, as proprietor of a hotel, and in 1879 he assumed the proprietorship of the Man- sion House at Watsontown. In 1881 he was the candidate of the Repub- lican party for sheriff of Northumberland county, but was defeated; he was again nominated in 1884, and was elected by a majority of two hundred sev- enty-four — the first Republican sheriff in this county for a number of years. In 1887, before the expiration of his term of office, he received the Repub- lican nomination for county treasurer, and was elected by a nlajority of seven hundred sixty-four, his largest gains being at his home and where he was best known. Three years later (1890) he was again the Republican candi- date for sheriff, but shared in the general reverses of his party in that year. Mr. Kremer married, January 6, 1854, Julia A., eldest daughter of Isaac and Jane (Piatt) Allen, of Allenwood, Union county; of nine children born to them five are now living: Sarah Alice, wife of Charles G. Pursell, of Jersey City, New Jersey; Allen I. and Daniel A., proprietors of the Mansion House at Watsontown; Charles L., who has served as deputy sheriff and treasurer during his father's official terms, and Jennie L. Samuel M. Milleb, retired farmer, was born near Catawissai, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, November 17, 1820. His father, Henry Miller, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, in 1778, was a farmer, and died in 1860. His mother, Catharine Mastellar, was also born in Berks county in 1779 and died in 1840. Her marriage with Henry Miller gave her twelve children: George; Henry; Benjamin; Daniel; Samuel M. ; John; Susan; Lydia; Eliza- beth; Catharine; Sarah, and Rebecca, all of whom are dead except Samuel M., John, Sarah, and Rebecca. Our subject was educated in the public schools, and is a farmer by occupation. He came to this county in 1864, and in 1871 settled in Watsontown. He has been largely interested in the tan- nery business, the car shops, the Watsontown Furniture and Table Works, 1076 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. the Watsontown Boot and Shoe Company, is a stockholder in the Watsontown National Bank, and for several years was one of the proprietors of the Wat- sontown Record; he is also a director of the Watsontown Cemetery Associa- tion. He was one of the trustees of the Union church, the first church erected in the town, and was one of the largest subscribers to the erection of the new Lutheran church, of which he is an active and consistent member. He is a Democrat in politics, and belongs to the Masonic order. He has served as school director and in various township and borough offices. He was married at Catawissa, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, April 13, 1841, to Emeline Shuman, born at Catawissa in 1821, and a daughter of Jacob and Barbara Shuman, of Columbia county. To this union have been bom the following children: Hulda, wife of John Earick; Barbara, wife of William Seeman; Miranda and Amanda, both deceased; Francis H., of the firm of Bower & Miller; Emma, deceased; Charles, and one who died in infancy. Mr. Miller and family are members of the Lutheran church, and he is one of the old and respected citizens of the county. Geobge Bubns, retired, was bom in Sunbury, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1814, son of Peter and Elizabeth (Spees) Burns. His grandfather immigrated to this country from Scotland, and settled in Union county, Pennsylvania. Peter Bums, his father, was a pilot on the Susquehanna river. He helped build one of the first public school houses in the county outside of a borough. This school house was built by four neighbors; Peter Burns gave the ground, gave and hewed the timber, and carried the nails and glass for the building from Harrisburg, a distance of fiity-five miles, on his back. He served in the war of 1812, and was the father of thirteen children, five of whom are living: Peter, of Wisconsin; George, of Watsontown; Christian, of Union county; Mary, Mrs. Jacob Frederick, and Leah, Mrs. William Campbell. The subject of this sketch was educated in the log school house his father helped build, and at the age of twenty-one went to the Arctic ocean on a whaling expedition; he returned in eighteen m.onths and learned the gunsmith trade. In 1841 he accepted the contract to deliver the stone and timber for the Shamokin dam. He then built the bridge across the mouth of Mahanoy creek, after which he went to Indiana and spent nine years in that State farming and wool growing, after which time he returned to near the headwaters of Penn's creek, built a saw mill, and ran it successfully for several years, rafting the products of the mill down Penn's creek to Selinsgrove, thence down the Susquehanna to the dif- ferent markets. In 1862 he removed to Watsontown, and engaged in the mercantile business. He was one of the stockholders of the tannery and shoe factory, has served in the town council, and as president of the Cemetery Association since its organization. Mr. Burns has been married three times. His first wife was Lucinda McMoody, daughter of John R. McMoody, of Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and by her BIOGBAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1077 he had seven children, three of whom are living: Samuel P., of Selinsgrove; Lucy A., Mrs. Andrew Hyronimus, and Sarah J., Mrs. Samuel Winkleman. His second wife was Eliza Quinn, and the third Anna Quinn, daughters of Michael Quinn, of Union county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Burns has been a mem- ber of the Masonic order since 1832. RoBEBT Buck, deceased, was born at New Castle, Delaware, December 14, 1827, son of James and Mary (Thompson) Buck. His father was a native of Ireland, and died in October, 1 869 ; the mother was a native of Delaware, and died in 1872. They were the parents of twelve children, seven of whom are living: David, of Iowa; Margaret, Mrs. Absalom Barben, of Chester county, Pennsylvania; Mary E. ; Samuel, of Renovo, Pennsylvania; John, of Driftwood, Pennsylvania; James, of Harrisburg, and WiUiam. The subject of this sketch received a common school education, and engaged in the boot and shoe business at Loudon Grove, Pennsylvania, and in 1864 embarked in railroading, first as a laborer, and then took charge of construction. In 1871 he was appointed supervisor by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and continued in that position up to his death, January 7, 1890. He was mar- ried in 1855 to Ruth A. John, who died in 1868, leaving three children: Emmaliae, Mrs. H. P. McKee; Mary H., Mrs. Edwin B. Hogue, and Jennie, Mrs. William RosseL He was again married in June, 1870, to EHzabeth A. Seller, of this county, and to this union has been born one child, Robert M. Mr. Buck was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of Watson- town, also a member of Watsontown Lodge, No. 401, F. & A. M., Warrior Run Chapter, and Baldwin Cormnandery, No. 22, of Williamsport, Pennsyl- vania. Simpson Smith was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvainia, March 22, 1821, son of Jonathan and Annie (Simpson) Smith, natives of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. The grandfather of our subject built the first grist and saw mill erected on Muncy creek, in Lycoming county. Jonathan Smith, father of our subject, died, April 7, 1854; his wife died, November 18, 1832. They were the parents of nine children : Hannah; Sarah; John; George; Bar- clay; Effie; Mary A.; Thomas, and Simpson, all deceased but the last two named. The subject of this sketch attended the public schools, after which he began business life as a farmer and lumberman. He came to this county in 1867 and located on a farm, and in 1879 removed to Watsontown. At the organization of the Farmers' National Bank of Watsontown in 1886, he was chosen president; and served in that position until January 1, 1891. He was married, March 22, 1855, to Charlotte Opp, of Lycoming county, and to this union have been born four children: George, a cattle dealer, of Kansas; Allison O., a lawyer of Clearfield, Pennsylvania; Clara S., wife of Rev. M. A. Denman, of SchuylersviUe, New York, and Thomas K., of Watsontown. Mr. Smith was one of the trustees of the Presbyterian church of Watsontown, of which he and wife are members. 1078 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Samuel De Aemond, retired farmer, was bom in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 22, 1811, son of Samuel and Esther (Wallace) De Ar- mond. His grandfather emigrated from Scotland to Ireland, from there to America, and located in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. The De Armond and Wallace families came from Dauphin county to Northumberland county about 1793, and settled near the present site of the Warrior Eun Presby- terian church. Samuel De Armond was the father of seven children, but two of whom are living: Thomas and Samuel. He died in 1818, and his widow in January, 1851. The subject of our sketch was educated in the old log school house, and followed farming as an occupation until 1873, when he removed to Watsontown to live a retired life. He was married in 1842 to Rebecca G. Ferguson, a native of this county, and to this union were bom five children: Hadssah G. ; William W. ; Andrew W. ; Thomas D., and Sam- uel E., all of whom are dead except the last mentioned. Mr. De Armond and wife are members of the Warrior Eun Presbyterian church. John M. Kiek was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 14, 1815, son of William and Jane (Knox) Kirk. His grandfather, Moses Kirk, emigrated from Scotland at an early date, and located at the Warrior Eun church, this county. At the time of the surrender of Fort Freeland to the British and Indians in 1779, the treaty guaranteed the women and children freedom, while the men were to remain prisoners. Mary Kirk, the widow of Moses Kirk, with her ten children, was in the fort; she put dresses on her little bpys and passed them out as girls, and thus obtained their freedom. William Kirk, father of our subject, sold his farm in this county in 1829, and removed to Monroe county, New York, where he pur- chased a farm. He was the father of eleven children, only two of whom are living : William, of Monroe county. New York, and Mary, residing in Michi- gan. He died, June 8, 1842, and his widow in May, 1862. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and followed the occupation of farmer. He was married, June 8, 1843, to Margaret Burns, who died leaving five children: Myron B. ; William T. ; John F. ; Frank E., and Ettie L., deceased. He was again married, October 28, 1873, to Catharine, daughter of James Kirk. Mr. Kirk was a member of the Presbyterian church up to his death, March 30, 1890, to which faith his widow also ad- heres. Thomas Kirk was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 15, 1821, son of James and Mary (Foster) Kirk. The grandfather of our subject came to this county before the Eevolutionary war, and purchased a farm, the deed of which is written on sheepskin, and signed by William Penn. The parents of our subject were natives of this county, and reared a family of ten children, two of whom are living: Catharine, who married John Kirk, and Thomas. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and has followed the occupation of farming all his life. He is a member of the Warrior Eun Presbyterian church. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1079 Simon Lantz was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 21, 1814, and was a son of Henry and Christiana (FoUmer) Lantz. Henry Lantz was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, and came to this county when a boy. He followed farming, and was the father of ten chil- dren, three of whom are living: Mary, wife of Charles Brown, of Ohio; Christiana, wife of Jonas Fox, of Michigan, and Jonathan, of Goshen, Indiana. Our subject was educated in the subscription schools, and followed farming all his life. He was married in November, 1843, to Harriet, daugh- ter of Griggs Marsh, and to this union were born five children: Catharine, wife of G. W. Eombach; S. Griggs, and three who died when young. Mr. Lantz remained on his farm until the spring of 1889, when he moved to Watsontown to spend the remainder of his life in retirement. He was a consistent member of the Reformed church of Watsontown up to his death January 10, 1890, to which denomination his widow belongs. Joseph Albright, retired, was born at AUentown, Pennsylvania, July 6, 1836, son of Charles S. and Esther (Newhart) Albright. The father of our subject was a tailor by trade, but was engaged in the latter part of his life in farming. He died in 1867, his widow in 1881. They were the parents of twelve children; eleven grew to maturity, and six are now living: George W., of Oregon; John T. ; Joseph; Charles F., of Iowa; Esther, and Lizzie. The subject of our sketch received his education at the public schools, and at the age of twenty learned the trade of plasterer. He came to this county in 1856, and worked at his trade until. August, 1862, when he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, and served nine months. He again enlisted in February, 1864, in Company K, One Hundred and Twelfth Heavy Artillery, and served until the close of the war. He was taken prisoner at Petersburg, July 30, 1864, and was confined in Danville and Libby prisons until March 10, 1865. After the war he worked at his trade one year, engaged in the livery business eight years, and returned to his trade until 1881. He was married in December, 1858, to Mary A. Tate, of Milton, and to this union were born four children: David; John S. and Elmer C, twins, and William N. Mr. Albright and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and he is a member of the G. A. E. Andrew M. Lowet, retired minister of the Presbyterian church, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 21, 1820, son of James M. and Sarah (Laird) Lowry. His grandfather emigrated from Ireland and located in Columbia county, Pennsylvania. James Lowry was a farmer; he went to the war of 1812, but was too late for active service. He was born, June 15, 1792, and died, March 17, 1871; his wife died, December 15, 1866. They were the parents of eleven children, five of whom are living: Elizabeth, Mrs. Samuel McKean; Margaret, Mrs. Joseph G. Durham; Andrew M. ; Jane W., and Mary E. The subject of our sketch was educated 1080 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBBBLA.ND COUNTY. at the common schools, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and Wash- ington College, now known as Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, graduat- ing from the last named in June, 1850, after, which he spent three years at Princeton Theological Seminary. He spent several months doing the work of an evangelist. His first charge was at Port Carbon, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he remained twenty-pne and a half years, and his ministry was crowned with much success. Owing to ill health he has not accepted a charge since 1877, when he removed to Watsontown, where he has lived a comparatively retired, though very far from an idle life. He preaches occasionally, and renders such ministerial service as circumstances call for and the condition of his health will permit. Isaac N. Messingee, hardware merchant, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, November 22, 1841, son of Aaron and Susan (Royer) Messin- ger. Aaron Messinger was a farmer by occupation, and died, June 7, 1889. He was the father of seven children : Isaac N. ; Joe R. ; Mary, wife of Kilian Dunkel, of Reading, Pennsylvania; Kate, wife of Samuel Linthurst, of Muncy, Pennsylvania; Susan, wife of Dr. T. H. Fisher, of New York; Ethan A., and Horace A. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and at J. M. Kelso's Institute, Danville, Pennsylvania. He enlisted, April 19, 1861, in Company G, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, in the three months' service, returned and taught school one term, and re- enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volun- teers, in which he served nine months; he again enlisted in August, 1864, in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was mustered out in June, 1865. He came to Watsontown in 1867, and, in partnership with Phineas Leiser, engaged in the mercantile business, continuing one year, when he opened a new store composed of hardware, groceries, and wall paper, in which busi- ness he has since continued. He has also been interested in farming since 1879 and has been remarkably successful in both. Mr. Messinger has served as a member of the town council several terms, and at present is the presi- dent of the school board. He was married, September 2, 1869, to Sarah E. Mackey, and to this union have been born seven children, five of whom are living: Rachel; Isaac N. ; Bessie; Carl, and Ruth. Mr. Messinger is a member of the G. A. R. and the Masonic order. JosiAH Stewaet, merchant, was born in Carbon county, Pennsylvania, March 25, 1836, son of Joseph and Maria (Leigh) Stewart the former a native of Berks county, and the latter of Germany. The Stewart family is of Scotch descent. David J. Stewart, the grandfather of our subject, and his mother were the only ones of the Stewart family not killed by the Indians. Joseph Stewart was a farmer of Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. He died in 1874, and his wife in 1883. They reared a family of ten children: David L. ; Josiah ; James ; William ; Edwin ; Hettie ; Mary A. ; Solomon ; George, and Levi, deceased. The subject of our sketch obtained his education by diligent y^^cc^ A BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1083 self- application, not having the opportunity of going to school when young. He was engaged at farming and the coal mines until he enlisted in Company A, One Hundred and Seventy-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served ten months. In 1873 he removed to Watsontown and engaged in the coal and grocery business. He was married, November 12, 1863, to Sarah Groe, of Northumberland county, and to this union have been born four children : Harry C, of Sha,mokin; Gertrude; Oliver, and Emma, deceased. Mr. Stewart and wife are members of the Lutheran church, and he is a member of Bry- son Post, No. 225, G. A. K. J. A. Weidenhamee, merchant, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, April 5, 1836, son of Jacob and Susanna (Dreibelbis) Weidenhamer. His father was a farmer by occupation; he died in 1863, and his wife in 1887. They reared the following children: Wellington, a tanner and justice of the peace in Montour county; Sarah, deceased; William; Daniel, of Milton; John A.; Mary E., and Mouser, of Milton. The subject of our sketch was edu- cated at the common schools, and at the age of fourteen began clerking in his brother's store. In 1867 he bought C. B. Keifsnyder's general store at Dewart, Northumberland county, and in 1882 removed to Watsontown and opened a general store, where he has since been engaged in business. He was married, November 1, 1859, to Sarah A. Deitzman, and they are the parents of three children: Charles D. ; Horace G., and Walter L. He and wife are members of the Lutheran church, in which he has served in the office of deacon. W. T. Russell, merchant, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, January 31, 1856, son of John and Mary (Tweed) Eussell. The Rus- sell family are the descendants of Andrew Russell, great-grandfather of our subject, and his brother, who removed from Delaware to this county. • John Eussell, father of our subject, was a carpenter by trade, but was engaged the latter part of his life in farming. He was born, February 21, 1817, and died, June 19, 1886. He was the father of ten children: John A.; Albert P.; Mary H. ; Sarah T. ; Preston W., and John A., all deceased; and Isabel, wife of E. H. Eussell; William T. ; Ella L., and James H. In politics he was a Republican, and served in various local offices. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and in 1878 began clerking in the gen- eral store of J. E. Durham, and afterwards became a partner. In 1880 he sold his interest, and opened a dry goods and notion store, which he has since conducted. He was married, September 7, 1881, to Maud D. Hunter, of Watsontown, and by this union they have had three children: Helen, de- ceased; Isabel, and Mary. Mr. Russell is a member of the I. O. O. F., and a Knight of the Golden Eagle. H. W. Hagenbuch, photographer, was born in Columbia county, Penn- sylvania, March 28, 1834, son of Charles and Elizabeth (Hess) Hagenbuch, natives of Berks and Columbia counties, respectively. The father was a 1084 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. blacksmith by trade, but devoted part of his time to farming. He died in 1870, and his widow two years later. They reared a family of eight children; Artemus, deceased; Henry W. ; Matilda, Mrs. Cornelius Scales, of New Hampshire; Lavina; Hiram; Selicia, Mrs. Daniel Menges; Sarah E., Mrs. Henry DiefPenbach, and Emma E. The subject of our sketch was educated in the public schools, and in 1858 learned the daguerreotype business. In September, 1861, he enlisted in Company H, Fifty-third Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, and served one year. He again turned his attention to photograph- ing, and has continued at it since. In 1870 he settled in Watsontown, where he has devoted his whole time to his business. He is a member of the Lu- theran church of Watsontown. Samuel G. Feey, proprietor of a bakery and manufacturer of confection- ery, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1835, son of Charles and Sarah (Hitter) Frey, natives of Montgomeiy and Berks counties, respectively. His father was a carpenter, and devoted his whole life to that occupation. He died, July 20, 1888, and his widow, April 21, 1889, leaving a family of five children: Samuel G. ; Henry, of Colorado; Francis E., of Lewisburg; Charles A., of Montandon, and John W., of Arkansas. Our sub- ject was educated in the common schools, and his first business venture was at farming and teaching school, after which he kept hotel at Montandon three years, and during which time he started a general store at that place which he conducted five years. He then ran a wholesale store boat for four years on the Pennsylvania canal, afterwards returning to a store in Montandon, where he manufactured confectionery. In 1876 he came to Watsontown, where he conducted his confectionery business in connection with a drug store; he abandoned the latter in 1878. He was elected surveyor of North- xmiberland co'unty in 1874, re-elected in 1877, and served six years. He was married, January 1, 1857, to Deborah Hackenberg, of Snyder county, Penn- sylvania, and to this union have been born four children: Sarah C, wife of H. M. Knowlton, of Elk county, Pennsylvania; Emma J., at home; Mary E. L., wife of S. B. Hilliard, and William H., who died in infancy. Mr. Frey is a member of the Masonic order, is connected with the Lutheran church, and his family are attendants of the Baptist church. J. F. McCltjee, physician and surgeon, was born along the west branch of Brandy Wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, May 19, 1850, son of James and Francina (McCalmant) McClure. John McClure, the great-grandfather of our subject, and his brother, Joseph, with a colony of about two hundred persons, were banished from the North of Ireland on account of their relig- ious opinions, in the year 1680. They immigrated to America and John and Joseph purchased a tract of land from the sons of William Penn in Chester county, Pennsylvania, which is stiU owned by their descendants. James McClure, the father of J. F. McClure, died in 1860 and was buried in the Presbyterian grave-yard at Honey Brook, Chester county. His widow died BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1085 in 1870 leaving four children: Sarah, wife of Wesley Good; Elizabeth, wife of George Prutsman; Hannah, deceased, and John F. The last named received his education at Kingston Seminary. He taught two years in Law- renceville Academy, Tioga county, Pennsylvania, after which he began the study of medicine with E. B. Smith of Tioga, this State. He then attended Bellevue Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1875, and the following April located at Watsontown, where he has built up an excellent practice. He was married, August 18, 1875, to Jennie Mills, of Steuben county. New York. He is a prominent member of the Masonic order, and one of the censors of the Medico- Surgical College of Philadelphia. He is a member of the Northumberland County Medical Society, has served in the borough council of Watsontown for (three years, acting as secretary of that body, has been a member of the school board for six years, three of which he was secretary of the same, and in 1891 was elected chief burgess of Wat- sontown. Fuller S. Deer, physiciaD and surgeon, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, November 4, 1860, son of John F. and Sarah (Houseknecht) Derr, natives of Lycoming county. Our subject's paternal great-grandfather immigrated from Germany at an early date and located in Montour county, Pennsylvania, where his grandfather, Christopher Derr, was born, and from whom the present Derr family have descended. Christopher Derr removed into Lycoming county and di§d there. John F. Derr is a farmer, and in 1871 he moved from Lycoming to Montour county, where he has resided ever since. He has reared nine children: Judson; Alice, wife of John Krumm; Hiram H., deceased; Fuller S. ; Phebe J., wife of Albert MuiHy; Elmer B. ; Miles J.; Homer M., and Annie F. Our subject was educated in the com- mon schools and at Bucknell University. He began the study of medicine under Dr. E. H. Homer, of Turbutville, and was graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, March 29, 1884 He immediately formed a partnership with his preceptor, which continued four years, when he removed to Watsontown, where he has «ince devoted his entire attention to the practice of his profession. Doctor Derr was married, December 27, 1888, to Annie Schmucker, of Watsontovm, and has one child, Woods F. He is a member of the Masonic order, and one of the well known citizens of his adopted home. Dr. J. E. HousEL, dentist, was born in Milton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1840, son of Isaac and Mary (Hougendobler) Housel, natives of this county. The Housel family originally came from Holland, but the grandparents came from New Jersey to this county. His paternal grandfather served in the war of 1812, and his great-grandparents on both sides served in the Eevolutionary war. Isaac Housel was the father of the following children: J. E. ; Annie, widow of William Everard; George, deceased; Miller, deceased; Frances E., widow of Lindsley Priestley; Sallie S. ;• 1086 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLANI> COUNTY. Johnston, of Milton, and Kate C, deceased. He died, August 28, 1872. The subject of our sketch was educated at the common schools of Beading and the Nickson Street grammar school of Philadelphia. He studied dentistry with Dr. H. H. Martin, of Jersey Shore, Pennsylvania, began practicing in Milton in 1860, and came to Watsontown in 1878. He enlisted in the Fourteenth Pennsylvania Emergency regiment in 1862, and re-enlisted, February 28, 1865, as a private, in Company E, Seventy-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He was married, December 31, 1863, to Rebecca J. Smith, of Jersey Shore, Lycoming county, and to this union have been born two children: Edgar L. and Mary B. Doctor Housel and wife are members of the Methodist church, and he is a member of the G. A. B. Edgae L. Housel, dentist, was born, in McEwensville, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of J. B. Housel. He was educated at the Watson- town high school; and at the age of sixteen he entered the dental office of his father, and in 1886 the Pennsylvania Dental College at Philadelphia, and graduated in 1888. He located in Watsontown in the same office with his father, where he has devoted his whole attention to his chosen profession. He was married, December 12, 1888, to M. Clemence, daughter of Charles Heilman. Doctor Housel is a member of the Masonic order. Lew C. Fosnot, editor and publisher of the Watsontown Star, was born, February 8, 1848, in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. His father, Jacob Fosnot, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in 1799, was a weaver by trade, and died in 1850. His mother, Mary Vanderbilt, was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1804, and died in 1872. Her union with Jacob Fosnot gave her twelve children, eight of whom grew to maturity: William C. ; Mary Jane ; Martha M. ; John C. ; Joshua V. ; Edward A. ; Lew C, and Henry J. Our subject received his education in the common schools of Cumberland county, and began learning the printer's trade, working at that at intervals until 1864. He began his business career clerking in a country store, following this with labor on the line of the Cumberland Valley railroad for three years; he also drove a huckster wagon and worked upon a farm. June 30, 1864, he enlisted as a private in Battery G, Second Penn- sylvania Artillery, and served until January 29, ] 866, with the Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James. He was employed in the United States weather bureau for three months, and began the printing and publishing business in 1871, which he has continued to date. He is a member of the G. A. B. and the I. O. O. F., is a Democrat in politics, and somewhat liberal in his religious belief. He was married, January 23, 1871, at Newville, Pennsylvania, to Belle Westafer, of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, who was born in 1850. To this union have been born the following children : Lula Maud, who died in 1879; Bessie Irene, who died in 1877, and John Clyde. J. Ward Diehl, editor and proprietor of the Watsontown Blade, is a son of Alfred Diehl, a baker of Watsontown, and was born at Laurelton, Union BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1087 county, Pennsylvania, August 31, 1867. He was apprenticed to the "art preservg,tive" in a printing shop at his present home, and on the completion of his trade was tendered the foremanship of the Williamsport Sunday Break- fast Table, which position he accepted and held for eighteen months. He founded the Blade in 1889. During a vacation on the Breakfast Table given him on account of impaired health, he started for Colorado as a special con- tributor to the Philadelphia Sunday Press, but did not get farther than Kan- sas owing to sickness en route. Prior to going into the newspaper business, he was employed at the Cook & Pardee match-stick factory, where he earned his first money. His education was very limited, and he is a true specimen of a "print-shop educated man." His first contributions, under the nom- de-plume of Sam Sykes, were of a humorous nature and were "set from the case." They attracted considerable attention, and Sam Sykes soon gained a local reputation. Mr. Diehl was married, January 13, 1891, to Sadie C, daughter of Eev. S. P. Orwig, of Montgomery, Lycoming county, Penn- sylvania. Thompson Bower, president of the Watsontown National Bank, was born in Washington township, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, March 9, 1825, son of John and Sarah (Quinn) Bower, the former a native of New Jersey and the latter of Lreland, both of whom spent the greater part of their lives in Lycoming county. Thompson was reared a farmer, and has followed agri- cultural pursuits all his life. He lived in Lycoming and Union counties, successively, until 1884, when he came to Watsontown, where he has since resided. He has been president of the Watsontown National Bank several years, and is one of the substantial citizens of the town. Mr. Bower was married, November 15, 1849, to Catharine A., daughter of Christian Gosh, of Northumberland county. She was born in Lycoming county, and is the mother of three children: Laura E., wife of E. M. Griffey; J. G., of Wat- sontown, and Margaret J., wife of George W. Crane. Mr. Bower is a Democrat, and both he and wife are members of the Lutheran church. William Ely, ferryman, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania. His father. Captain John Bly, was born, December 18, 1814, and was married in 1835 to Lydia Ehoads, and to this union were born ten sons, all of whom grew to maturity but Edwin, the youngest, who died at the age of seventeen months. Those living are: Joseph; David, a broker of Williamsport; James, a ferryman of West Milton, and William, all of whom served in the war of the EebelHon; Manoah; Charles; Alem; Phineas, and John A., of Buffalo, New York. Captain John Bly was one of the original settlers of Watson- town, having resided there over fifty years. He was one of the first to establish the ferry at that place, and was captain on a canal boat on the Pennsylvania canal about fifteen years. In 1866 he bought the ferry across the Susquehanna river at Watsontown, and operated it until his death. William, the subject of our sketch, was married, December 23, 1869, to Mary 1088 HISTORY 0!f NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Bower, who died, February 7, 1884, leaving four children: Elizabeth; John; Minnie, and William. He was again married, February 14, 1887, to Annie Wallize, of Watsontown. Mr. Ely enlisted in Company B, (Captain David Bly's), One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, August 1, 1862, and served nine months; he subsequently served three months in the One Hundred and Ninety-fourth regiment, and one year in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry. He is a member of the G. A. E. and of the Masonic order. James W. Muffly was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, May 17, 1842, son of Samuel and Mary (Kleppinger) Muffly, natives of Northamp- ton county, Pennsylvania. His father came to what is now Montour county in 1837, and located upon a farm. He was a leading Whig of his section of the country. He died, July 1, 1873 ; his wife died in December, 1868, leav- ing a family of six children: Samuel K. ; Catharine Walter; Maria Kamp; George H, of Illinois; Stephen J., and James W. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and at the age of twenty began to work at the carpenter trade, after which he was successively engaged in the coal and lumber business until 1876, when he, in company with Wagner Broth- ers, built the planing mill, and formed what is known as the Watsontown Planing Mill Company, from which he retired on the 26th of August, 1890. He was married, December 19, 1882, to Sarah E. Caldwell, of • Beading, Pennsylvania, and they have two children: Walter C. and WilHam J. Mr. and Mrs. Muffly are members of the Eeformed church, and he is a charter member of the Masonic Lodge, No. 401, of Watsontown. J. H. Waqneb, of the Watsontown Planing Mill Company, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, son of Daniel and Catharine (Folbner) Wag- ner, who were the parents of twelve children, eight of whom are hving: William, a lumberman of Virginia; G. N. and L. B., lumbermen of Michigan; C. A., living on the homestead in Montour county; J. H. and D. F., both of the Watsontown Planing Mill Company; Lucy, Mrs. William Hackenburg, of Emporium, and Amanda, Mrs. James Caldwell, of Titusville, Pennsyl- vania. The subject of this sketch received his education in the public schools of his native county. In 1863 he enlisted in the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania militia, was mustered out, and then re-enlisted in the Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served until the close of the war. He was with Sherman's army from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and took part in Wilson's raid through Alabama. After the war he located in Watsontown, and engaged in his present business. Mr. Wagner was married, December 23, 1880, to Mary, daughter of Mrs. E. H. Polhner, and they are the parents of five children: Elizabeth C; J. H.; Edith M.; William C, and Ned F. Mr. and Mrs. Wagner are members of the German Eeformed church, and he is connected with the F. & A. M. and G. A. E. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1089 D. Frank Wagnee, of the Watsontown Planing Mill Company, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1849, son of Daniel and Catharine (Follmer) Wagner. He was educated at the public schools, and reared upon his father's farm. He came to Watsontown in 1868 and worked in the planing mill two years, when he bought an interest, and has since been connected with the firm. He was married,' November 22, 1882, to Mary I. Cooner, of Watsontovm, and to this union has been born one child, Clara C, deceased. Mr. Wagner has served in the town council of Watson- town, and has for years been identified with the fire department, having been a member of Hope Hose Fire Company since its organization in 1873, and serving as the company treasurer for many years, a position he now fills, as well as that of chief of the borough department, which is composed of paid and volimteer firemen. D. C. HoGUE was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, March 11, 1844, son of Joseph P. and Sarah A. (Caldwell) Hogue. William Hogue, his great-great-grandfather, was banished from Scotland on account of his relig- ious opinions, came to America on the ship Caledonia in 1680, and located at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Three of his sons went to Cumberland county and located at what is known as Hoguestown, opposite Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania; here they separated, one going south, to Virginia, one to Washington county, Pennsylvania, and John located in the West Branch valley. He was a Presbyterian minister, and a graduate of Princeton College. He had four sons and three daughters. Samuel, grandfather of our subject, was a farmer and blacksmith, and owned what is now known as the Eombach farm adjoin- ing Watsontown. He had five sons and two daughters. Joseph, father of D. C, kept a store at White Deer Mills, after which he went to South Bend, Indiana, thence to Logansville, Clinton county, Pennsylvania, and back to White Deer Mills, where he bought a farm. In 1854 he returned to Wat- sontown, and continued in the mercantile business and as postmaster until his death, March 23, 1868; his wife died, September 9, 1863. Both are bur- ied in the upper cemetery at Milton, Pennsylvania. They were the parents of four sons and two daughters: D. C. ; Davis, a physician of Clearfield county; Edmund B. ; James H., a physician of Altoona; Grace, and Mary, both deceased. The former is buried at the Milton cemetery, the latter at Logansville, Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Milton and McEwensville Academies. On the 1st of August, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and served nine months. On the 18th of June, 1863, he enlisted for the emergency in the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers to serve so long as the soil of Pennsylvania was invaded. In August, 1864, he again enlisted in Company D, Two Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was discharged in August, 1865, by reason of the war being over. After the war, in company with others, he started the first planing mill in Watson- 1090 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. town. He then served as book-keeper for the Watsontown Lumber Company eleven years, after which he kept a general store seven years. He was secre- tary of the Watsontown Nail Works at its organization in 1886. Mr. Hogue was first married, June 10, 1869, to Rebecca B. Starr, who died, De- cember 8, 1880, and is buried in Watsontown cemetery. Two sons survived her: Charles J., and Frank, deceased. May 23, 1888, he married Sarah E. Parvin, of Leesport, Pennsylvania. Mr. Hogue is a member of the Masonic order, and of Bryson Post, No. 225, G. A. R. He served in the first council of Watsontown and several terms since, and has also served as burgess and school director. J. P. Staeb was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, August 10, 1838, son of John and Sarah (Parvin) Starr. The Starr family is of Scotch- Irish descent. His parents were natives of Berks county, Pennsylvania, who came to Lycoming county about 1831 and established a shoe factory at Muncy. His father in company with Enos Hawley bought the Franklin tan- nery, near Lairdsville, Lycoming county, and operated it until 1849, when he sold out and accepted a position as superintendent of the Madison tannery in Columbia county. In 1856 he removed to Watsontown and served as agent for the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company, after which he kept books for Marr & Griffey's woolen factory until his death in March, 1863. His widow died in March, 1884, leaving a family of six children: Mary, de- ceased; Ellen, Mrs. Clinton Robinson; Jacob P.; Rebecca, deceased; Charles E., of the firm of Starr, Durham & Company, and Henrietta, Mrs. P. Leiser. The subject of this sketch received his education at the common schools, the Academy of Millville, Columbia county, and Wyoming Seminary, Kingston, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. He began clerking in a dry goods store when seventeen years old, and in 1861 took his father's place as agent of the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad Company at Watsontown, remaining in this position until 1880, and had charge of the office at White Deer until 1888. Mr. Starr helped establish and was superintendent of the Electric Light Company of Watsontown, after which he was interested in the planing mill business. He was married, June 5, 1873, to Agnes Sloan, of Lock Haven, and to this union have been born four children : Sarah E. ; Margaret A. ; John E., and William P. Mr. Starr and wife are members of the Presbyte- rian church, and he was a charter member of the Masonic lodge of Watson- town. T. H. KisTNBE, foreman of the Watsontown Planing Mill Company, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1839, and is a son of George and Catharine (Confare) Kistner. The Kistner family are of German ancestry. Our subject was educated in the common schools, and at the age of twenty years learned the carpenter trade with James Henderson at Turbutville, Pennsylvania. April 18, 1861, he enlisted in Company G, Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served for three months. At the BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ' 1091 expiration of said enlistment he returned home and engaged in the carpen- ter business at Picture Eocks, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, for a short time. In August, 1862, he_ again enlisted, in Company H, One Hundred and Thirty -first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and held the rank of second sergeant until mustered out at the end of nine months. He at once entered the United States Militia Railroad department as a carpenter and bridge builder, with headquarters at Alexandria, Virginia, and served in that department until after the close of the war. He was married, June 21, 1864, to Sarah E. Wal- lize, of Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and to this union have been born: Floral., wife of O. H. Hilliard; Dora E., wife of John L. Fisher; Ambrose P. ; Sherman S. ; Lewis W., and Loreda M. In 1868 he came to Watsontown and accepted his present position. Mr. and Mrs. Kistner are members of the Lutheran church, in which he has served as an active mem- ber in the church council He is a member of Bryson Post, No. 225, G. A. R., and was its commander for 1890. He. is a Republican in politics, and has served a number of years in the town council, and also as school director. Joseph Blt, machinist, was born, January 17, 1836, in Union county, Pennsylvania, son of John and Lydia (Rhoades) Bly. Our subject was edu- cated in the common schools and at the age of eighteen years began to learn the trade of machinist. He was engineer in a saw mill for Seth T. McCor- mick for some time, after which he assisted his father in running a canal boat. He helped to construct the first saw mill in Watsontown, in which he was employed until he enlisted in Captain David Ely's company, known as Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, Au- gust 8, 1862. After serving out his term of enlistment he again enlisted, September 6, 1864, in Company D, Two Hundred and Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and remained in active service until the close of the war. After returning from the war, he, in partnership with the firm of FoUmer & Cook, operated a planing mill for one year, when the mill was destroyed by fire, after which time he was connected with different lumber companies of Wat- sontown until 1876, when he was employed by the Watsontown Planing Mill Company, in which institution he is still working. In 1872, when the first fire engine was purchased by the citizens of Watsontown, he was chosen engineer, and in 1875 was appointed chief engineer, and has served as such ever since. He was married, December 30, 1858, to Harriet Slenker, who died, January 17, 1868. To this union were born three children, one of whom is living, Ida, wife of James Findley, of Iowa. He was again mar- ried, June 17, 1869, to a Mrs. Hogey, whose first husband died in the army. By this union two children have been born: Irman I. and Minnie, both deceased. Mrs. Bly had two children by her first marriage: Charles and Mary C. Mr. and Mrs. Bly are consistent members of the Reformed church of Watsontovm. 1092 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. W. A. DuEHAM was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Jan- uary 7, 1852, son of Joseph G. Durham. He was educated in the common schools and at Dewart Academy. He taught school three years, and then engaged in the mercantile business in Watsontown. Soon after he opened a general store at Coburn, Centre county, Pennsylvania, which still continues in the name of Durham Brothers & Company. From 1880 to 1884 he dealt in farm produce, agricultural implements, etc., in Watsontown. Since 1887 he has been engaged in the lumber business and in manufacturing doors, sash, and blinds. May 31, 1876, he married Mary A. Giffen, of Marion, Iowa, and to this union have been born four children: Joseph E., deceased; Glenn G. ; W. Leigh, and James G. Mr. and Mrs. Durham are members of the Presbyterian church of Watsontown, of which church he is a trustee. He is connected with the Masonic order, is secretary of the town council, and in politics is a stanch Republican. Alfred Hockley, manufacturer and dealer in carbonated drinks, was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, son of Clement L. and Elizabeth (Keyser) Hockley, natives of that county. The father was a farmer by occu- pation, and was one of the first men to vote for the public school system in Montgomery county. He reared a family of nine children: Alfred; Jacob, agent for the Standard Pipe Line Company of Ohio; WiUiam, a school teacher, of Lycoming county; Irwin R., who has been principal of the high school at Emporium, Cameron county, ten years, but is now in the general merchandise business; Franklin C, deceased; Theodore; Amelia; Lucy, and Maggie. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of Montour county, and worked as a carpenter ten years. He then opened a grocery and provision store in Mahanoy City, and remained there eight years, and three years was at the same business at Eldred, McKean county, Penn- sylvania. In 1880 he came to Watsontown, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of carbonated drinks. He was married, December 1, 1870, to Hattie Fox, of McEwensville, and they are the parents of three children: Roscoe I., deceased; Chester F., and George A. Mr. and Mrs. Hockley are members of the Lutheran church; he is a member of the town council, and on the 1st of June, 1890, became chief burgess of Watsontown, being ap- pointed by the tovrai council vice E. Sherman FoUmer, resigned. BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCfiES. 1093 CHAPTER XLVII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. NORTHUMBERLAND BOROL'GH AND POINT TOWNSHIP. Thomas Taggaet was the first of the Taggart family to come to North- umberland county. He was born in Ireland, May 10, 1728, and prior to the year 1750 immigrated with his brother, Edbert, to Philadelphia, where the latter became a merchant. It was about 1775 when Thomas made his ad- vent into the town of Northumberland, settling near the present site of Mor- gan's shoe store. He married Mary Vanderbilt, a native of Philadelphia, who died in Northumberland in 1805. The children of this union were: Elizabeth, who was born, January 15, 1753, married William Bonham, and died about 1780 (her son, Thomas, was for many years a tanner at Northum- berland, but finally removed to Wabash county, Illinois, where . he died) ; Christiana, who was born. May 17, 1755, married a Mr. Sample, and settled in Allegheny county, this State; Robert, born, February 18, 1757; John, who was bom, June 30, 1759, and died, July 21, 1759; Catharine, who was born, September 6, 1760, married Captain John Painter, and died in 1840; Thomas, who was bom, October 27, 1762, and died, January 16, 1780; Mary, who was bom, January 19, 1765, and married a Mr. Patterson, a noted frontiersman of Pennsylvania; John, who was born, July 1], 1767, and died, February 8, 1773; David, who was born, February 21, 1769, and died. May 17, 1812; William, who was born, October 8, 1771, and died, January 24, 1773; Will- iam (2d), who was bom, August 6, 1773, kept store at an early day in North- umberland, and in the latter part of his life resided on a farm in Chillisqua- que township, where he died at the age of eighty years, and James, born, January 1, 1780. David Taggakt, previously mentioned, was educated in Northumberland and was a prominent Democrat. He married Mary McCalla and to them were born the following children: John, bom, April 12, 1796, in Northum- berland; James, who died in Northimiberland about 1855, was a merchant, and was engaged for some time in running packets on the canal, and was col- lector of tolls on the canal at Huntingdon for many years (his son, Gran- tham I., is a coal dealer at Savannah, Georgia, and another son, John, de- ceased, was a physician and died at Salt Lake City; his two daughters were: Mary, who married Marks B. Priestley, and Gertrude, who married Solomon 1094 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Kregar); Sarah, who married Samuel C. McCormick, and Mary A., who mar- ried Alexander Colt. John Taggabt was educated in Northumberland county and began his business career as a brewer at the town of Northumberland, his brewery be- ing located near the present steamboat landing. When the canal was con- structed his brewery was removed to give place to it, so he quit the business. He was appointed canal commissioner by Governor Joseph Ritner, held the position about one year, resigned, and was succeeded by Thaddeus Stephens. He was president of the Northumberland Bank for .a number of years. He married Hannah Huston, a native of Philadelphia. Both were members of the Unitarian church, and at the time of his death Mr. Taggart was a Repub- lican in politics. He was a highly respected, enterprising citizen. David Taggart, son of John, received a good education, read law with Ebenezer Greenough, was president of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society for some years, was State Senator before the war, serving the last year of his term as Speaker of that body; he was chairman of the Whig State central committee in 1852, subsequently a Republican, and was in the pay- master's department during the war. He married Anna P. Cowden, and his children were: James; Helen, and Hannah. Matthew H. Taggart, son of John, was brought up in Northumberland, born, February 18, 1824, and was educated in the pubUc schools and Lewis- burg Academy, closing his literary studies at the latter in 1842. He began at once to clerk for Walls & Green, general merchants, then at Lewisburg, where he remained for three years, after which he commenced the study of law with his older brother, David. Subsequently he taught school for two winters and then took charge of a store in Union county, remaining there from 1846 to 1858. Closing this connection, he 'opened up a store on his own account at Beaver furnace, Union county, this State, where he did a suc- cessful business for six years, removing thence to Northumberland, and soon became an employee of the State treasurer's office at Harrisburg, continuing in that important position for about ten years, having his home a part of the time in Lancaster county. In 1884 he removed to Philadelphia, where he resided until 1890, when he returned to his native town of Northumberland to give personal attention to the business of the Taggart Nail Mills, in which he has been interested for fifteen years. His first wife was Rebecca McCurley, who died, leaving six children: Harry C. and John K., both interested in the nail mills; Anna, widow of J. F. Prueauff; Clara, and James, book-keeper at Godcharles's nail mills at Milton. His second wife was Eliza McCurley, by whom he has the following living children: Matthew H., Jr., and Mary. His third wife was Ella G. Royer before their marriage. Captain James Taggart, third son of John Taggart, was born in the bor- ough of Northumberland, February 4, 1827, and received his education almost entirely at the public schools of his native town. At the age of six- BIOGBAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1095 teen years lie was employed by the late Ephraim Shannon in his store at Northumberland, where he remained four years, properly mastering the duties assigned to him and to a large extent engrafting the spirit of his em- ployer, whose genial humor, facetious witticisms, and well spun yarns are thoroughly remembered by the older citizens who congregated around this store, where fun always took precedence. In 1848 he went to western New York in the capacity of paymaster for James Moore, who had a large contract in the vicinity of Hornellsville, and after completing this he returned to Northumberland, purchased the store of the late William H. Waples, and entered into business for himself. He forgot none of the training by his old employer, and mixing fun with business he did a fairly profitable trade until 1861, when he entered the army. In December, 1850, he married Sarah, daughter of John H. Cowden, by whom he had four children ; two died in in- fancy and two survive to the present time: Sarah C, who resides in North- umberland, and David, a physician at Frackville, Schuylkill county, this State. Immediately upon the news of the firing on Fort Sumter, a roll was started, naturally at his store, because it was the principal rendezvous for the young and active spirits of the community. A company was formed and he was elected captain. But, owing to the spontaneous response to the call of Presi- dent Lincoln and the inability of the government to furnish guns for all, this eager company was not directly accepted; but through the foresight of Governor Curtin in effectively recommending the formation of reserve corps, they were received as Company B, Fifth Pennsylvania Keserve, and placed imder command of that brave and able officer, Colonel Seneca G. Simmons. This company has a history and the subject of this sketch figures largely in that history. His comrades will attest his worth as a man and soldier; and the laying down of his life, as he did in the field at the battle of Charles City Cross Eoads, proved his valor and patriotism. John K. Taggart, another son of John, was secretary and clerk to his brother, David, in the paymaster's department in the army, and died about 1868 in St. Louis. Hannah, daughter of John Taggart, married Dr. Joseph Priestly and has four children: Hannah, who married Eev. H. D. Catlin; Fannie D., wife of William Forsyth, Jr. ; Anna, and Jennie. Frank A. Taggart, son of John Taggart, is employed by the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company in Philadelphia, and his children are: John; William; Joseph, and Anna, Mrs. Christy. William Fobstth, deceased, was born of Scotch parentage in Hamburg, Berks county, Pennsylvania, October 8, 1788. His father, Andrew Forsyth, was with Washington in Philadelphia and Valley Forge. By reason of depreciation of Continental money he was reduced in circumstances, and with his family moved to the mouth of Fishing creek, where he taught school and also at Danville. In 1804 William was apprenticed to John Cow- 1096 HISTOKY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. den, of Northumberland, to learn the art and mystery of store-keeping. After he was free he managed a keel-boat, and was one of the first to navi- gate the Susquehanna river from Northumberland to Owego, New York, carrying iron and stoves to the latter, and bringing salt and plaster to the former. In March, 1817, he was married to Betsey Gaskins, daughter of Thomas Gaskins of Point township, and kept a tavern and stage office on Water street, Northumberland. At the commencement of the construction of the public works, he took contracts and built several miles of canal, and also of the Susquehanna canal. In 1835 he purchased the store of John Cowden and in 1837 was appointed postmaster, which position he filled until 1841. He was an active business man, took a great interest in the affairs of his adopted borough, and served many years in its council. He died in March, 1876, an honored and respected citizen. William Elliott, farmer, was born, October 5, 1814, son of Alexander and Mary Elliott, born, respectively. May 29, 1777, and October 31, 1783. The father was of Scotch-Irish extraction, and after learning the hatter's trade at Heading, Pennsylvania, removed from that city to Northumberland county and followed his trade at the borough of Northumberland, where he died, February 5, 1835. To Alexander and Mary EUiott were born the fol- lowing children: Mary, born July 4, 1804; Thomas, bom September 18, 1806; Margaret, born August 21, 1810; Sarah; William; Ann, and Samuel. Our subject received a common school education with means obtained by labor at such jobs as he could get to do. The first work he did for himself, was digging in a ditch from the river to what is known as the gut in Sun- bury — the old Sunbury canal, which was never completed. He received seventy-five cents at this employment and was subsequently hired by John Cowden for one summer at two dollars fifty cents per month. With the money thus obtained he attended school, doing chores for William Forsyth mornings and evenings for his board and lodging. After closing this term of school he took employment at the tavern of 0. Buttles, in Northumber- land, where he remained one summer, and then drove a team on a trip to Philadelphia with William A. Lloyd. After this he purchased a team and followed farming and teaming for some time. ■ He was married in January, 1837, to Christiana Knox, and settled in Northumberland. Two years later he removed to a farm of one hundred acres on what is known as Blue Hill and which still belongs to the family. In 1841 he began boating on the canal, transporting lumber, coal, etc., which he continued successfully eight years. He then purchased an interest in the grocery business of Henry Wenck; two years later he became sole proprietor of the store, which he con- ducted until the Philadelphia and Erie railroad was opened, when he withdrew and took the position of first station agent for that company at Northumber- land; after this began a series of railroad contracting, as follows: Bennett's branch; Oil Creek road, Venango county; Philadelphia and Brie, at Will- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1097 iamsport, eight miles of double track, and eight miles of the same road from St. Mary's to Rathbum. He was appointed by the State canal commissioners as superintendent of the canal from the mouth of the Juniata river to Northumberland, to which was subsequently added the line to Milton. In 1880 he was elected to the legislature from this county; he has also served as school director twenty- five years, and belongs to the I. O. O. P. His wife died, November 7, 1875, and was the mother of four children: Anna; Emily I., wife of Charles Davis; Mary J., wife of A. H. Hathaway, and John. The last named was educated at Freeburg College, graduated from the Bellevue Hospital of New York City, and is practicing medicine in Northumberland. Mr. Elliott is the owner of one hundred seventy-sis acres of land in Union county, three hun- dred seventy-eight acres in Chillisquaque township, one hundred thirty-eight acres in Point township, and other valuable property, all of which is the acquisition of his own labors. De. Robert McCat, deceased, was born in Northumberland, May 17, 1820. His father, William McCay, was born in 1776 and was, it is said, the first white child born in the town of Northumberland. His grandfather, Neal McCay, was of Scotch nationality; he Immigrated to America, settled in New Jersey, and about 1774 removed to Northumberland, where he cleared a tract of land. He died, March 2, 1814. William McCay became a land speculator and a practical surveyor. He served in the war of 1812. He was twice married, and lived and died in Northumberland. Dr. Robert McCay, the subject of this sketch, was educated at Gettysburg, read medicine with Doctor McClellan, of Philadelphia, and graduated from the University of New York in the winter of 1844-45, after which he practiced his profes- sion in Danville one year, and then located at Northumberland, where he had an extensive practive until his death. He was a fine Spanish scholar, and during the Mexican war was the bearer of dispatches to General Taylor. May 1, 1861, he enlisted as assistant surgeon, was promoted to surgeon, and subsequently to first assistant medical inspector general at Washington, D. C. He organized hospitals at Fortress Monroe, Hampton Roads, and Portsmouth. In 1864 he was sent to New Orleans, and remained there until July,. 1865. He was also a practical civil engineer. He took an active interest in the affairs of the town, especially to matters pertaining to the advancement of education, and was possessed pf more than ordinary knowl- edge of the general topics and information of his time. He was one of the oldest Masons in the State, and was prominent in the workings of the order. Politically he was a Democrat, and took an active part in promoting the interests of his party. He died, November 18, 1880. In 1856 he married Susan C, daughter of Alexander and -Mary Ann (Taggart) Colt, of North- umberland, who still survives him. One child was born to this union, Dr. Mary A. McCay, who read medicine with her father and also with Dr. 1098 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. William Stoner, graduated from the Woman's Medical College of Philadel- phia in 1887, and has since practiced in Northumberland and Sunbury. She was married in 1875. Mrs. McCay, the widow of our subject, has been engaged in the drug business for several years. This drug store was established by Miss Mary McCay, sister of Dr. Eobert McCay, in 1848, and has since remained in the family. Jesse C. Hobton, deceased, was bom near Forty Fort, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, May 1, 1797, son of John and Mary (de la Montague) Horton. The latter was of Scotch and French descent; her mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Miller, was a Scotch Puritan, and her father was the son of a French physician. John Horton was of English descent. During the Revolution he served as a lieutenant in the New Jersey militia. After the conclusion of peace he sold his property in that State for Continental money and removed to the vicinity of Forty Fort in the Wyoming valley, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. There he died in 1810, leaving a widow and nine children. Jesse 0. was then in his thirteenth year. Four years later he served in the New Jersey militia under Colonel Seward and Captain Swazey in the war of 1812. In 1816 Miller, Lewis, and Jesse C. Horton inaugurated a new era in stage coach traveling in northern Pennsylvania by establishing a line of four-horse coaches from Baltimore to Owego, New York, by the way of Harrisburg, Sunbury, Wilkesbarre, and Montrose, and also a line from Philadelphia to Wilkesbarre by the way of Easton, and from New York City to Montrose, Pennsylvania, by the way of Morristown and Newark, New Jersey, and Milford, Pennsylvania, with postoflices established at Plymouth, Kingston, Pottstown, and Tunkhannock. In 1820 he lived at Berwick, Co- lumbia county, Pennsylvania, engaged in staging and carrying the United States mail; he removed from there to Owego, New York, in 1831 to North- umberland, and soon after to a farm in Point township. In 1841 he repre- sented Northumberland county in the legislature, and in 1842 he was elected to the Senate. He was a stockholder and director in the Bank of Northum- berland. February 6, 1820, he married Harriet Ford, daughter of Dr. Sam- uel Headley, of Berwick, by whom he had two childi-en: Annie Maria, Mrs. Allen M. Gougewer, of Washington, and Mrs. Harriet Westler, of Berwick. His wife died, June 17, 1823. He was again married, December 12, 1825, to Mrs. Martha Cooke, daughter of James Lemon, of Northumberland county. Five children were born to this union, two of whom are living: Mary C, and Amelia H., wife of Anthony Simpson, of Michigan. The second wife died, July 25, 1880. Mr. Horton was a Democrat in politics. He was active in getting the public school system established and an active worker and sup- porter of any enterprise conducive to the welfare of the general public. He was well known throughout Pennsylvania, and had an extensive and intimate acquaintance with the prominent men of the State. ^i^^^j^:^^^^<^ , BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES.' 1101 C. W. GuTELiDS, editor and publisher of the Public Pre^ss, was bom in Mifflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, November 4, 1837, son of Israel and Sarah Gutelius. The father was born in 1802 at Mifflinburg, Penn- sylvania, and the mother in Trappe, Montgomery county. They were the parents of ten children: Louisa; Henrietta; Sarah; Percival; 'Mary; Emma; H. Clay; Clara; Florence; and C. W. The last named received a common school education and began his business life as a printer. From 1863 to 1866 he edited and published the Post at Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, and from January 1, 1870, to the latter part of 1872 he edited and published the Democratic Guard at Sunbury. He established the Public Press at North- umberland in 1872, and has made it a paying institution. He went out in an emergency company during the late war, is a Democrat and a member of the S. P. K., and was janitor for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1883. He was married at Greenville, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, to Eleonora Lescher, born in Wilkesbarre, this State, in 1845, daughter of Eev. J. W. Lescher and Jane (Foltz) Lescher, natives of Northampton and Franklin counties, Pennsylvania, respectively. To this union have been born the following children: Jennie; N. T. ; W. L. ; Norah; Edith, and Warren. J. C. FoESTTH, ex-postmaster, was born, October 16, 1839, son of William and Elizabeth (Gaskin) Forsyth. He received a common school and com- mercial education, and after clerking some time, formed a partnership in 1865, with William H. Morgan in the grocery and coal business, which lasted until 1876. After two years experience in the grocery business in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, he purchased in 1884 the general store of William T. Forsyth at Northumberland and continued the business until 1886. In 1885 he was appointed postmaster at Northumberland and served in that oflfice until 1890. He was married in 1865 to Alice Gulick, by whom he has four children: Charles G.; Walter L.; Jennie C, and J. Howard. He served as chief burgess of Northumberland for three successive years, and is a Democrat in politics and a member of the Lutheran church. S. M. G. Wenck, pharmacist, was born in the borough of Northumber- land, September 24, 1836, son of George and Elizabeth (Pardee) Wenck, of German and Quaker ancestry, respectively. He received an ordinary educa- tion, and in 1855 established his present business at McEwensville, this ' county, where he remained until 1880; he then removed his stock to North- umberland, where he has built up a large trade. He was married in 1855 to Christiana KaufEman, by whom he has three children: William G.; Maggie, wife of Morton McFarland, and Edgar S. Mr. Wenck is a member of the Lutheran church. James DiErFENBACHEE was born in a part of Northumberland (now Mon- tour) «ounty, Pennsylvania, May 31, 1809, son of Conrad Dieffenbacher, a native of Montgomery county, this State, and a grandson of Conrad Dief- 62 1102 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. f enbacher, who. was born in Germany and settled and died on the farm where our subject now resides. Our subject learned the carpenter trade, which he followed forty years. He settled in Northumberland in 1831, and was mar- ried in 1838 to Nancy Goston, who died in 1842, the mother of one child, James G. He was again married to Maria Hunsicker. He was a justice of the peace twenty-two years and a school director twenty years. Jacob Matthias, merchant, was bom in York county, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 20, 1828, son of John and Elizabeth (Growl) Matthias, natives of York and Lancaster counties, respectively. They moved to Dauphin county, Penn- sylvania, where both died. They were members of the Lutheran church. Jacob Matthias was reared in York county, and attended the local schools; he has been engaged in various occupations, such as boating, driving stage, and railroading. In 1866 he removed to Northumberland county and estab- lished his present business. In 1856 he married Susan Van Dyke, daughter of Israel Gross, of Snyder county. Their children, by adoption, are: Mary Guistwelt, wife of Harry Prey, of Cumberland county; Susan Gross, wife of Frank Shilmer, of Northumberland, and Bertha S^ewman. Mr. Matthias and wife are members of the Lutheran church; in politics he is a Repub- lican, and has served as overseer of the poor sixteen years. Cyeus Brouse, merchant, was born in that part of Union county which is now Snyder county, Pennsylvania, October 15, 1840, son of Peter and Amelia (Moore) Brouse, both natives of that county, and farmers by occupation. They were members of the Lutheran church. The mother died in 1887, and the father in 1889. They reared five children, four of whom are living: Cyrus; Margaret, Mrs. B. I. Snyder, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; Mary E., Mrs. Abel Johnson, of Union county, and Eranklin, of Sunbury. The subject of this sketch was educated at the township schools and at Preeburg Acad- emy. In September, 1862, he came to Northumberland, and first engaged as clerk for William T. Forsyth, with whom he remained until June, 1863; he then engaged with M. H. Taggart, and was subsequently in the employ of Eeuben Johnson, Colt & Todd, and others. April 1, 1888, he established his present business. In 1864 he married Esther J., daughter of John John- son, of Point township, by whom he has five children: Eeuben; Franklin C, who married Sarah Dull, of Lewisburg; Thomas; Williard, and Earl M. Politically Mr. Brouse is a Republican, and has served as councilman and burgess of Northumberland; he is a member of the K. of P. of Northumber- land. He and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he holds the office of recording steward. William B. Stoneb, physician and surgeon, was born at Westminster, Carroll county, Maryland, October 26, 1845. He received his education at a collegiate institute at that place, now known as the Western Maryland Col- lege, also received four years' instruction under Professor Beggs, now of Belfast, Ireland, and graduated from the Edinburgh University. After com- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1103 pleting his education he read medicine with Dr. William Taylor, of Gettys- burg, Pennsylvania, was graduated from the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery in 1866, and began practicing in Hujmmelstown, Dauphin county, where he remained until 1871. Prom there he removed to Georgetown, Northumberland county, and in 1873 to Northumberland, where he has since enjoyed an extensive practice. His father, George W. Stoner, was a native of Dauphin county. He married Mary A. Sullivan, and settled in Carroll county, Maryland, where he engaged in farming and still resides. They reared ten children, seven of whom are living: "William B. ; George W., of Baltimore, Maryland; Annie, wife of John C. Eckenrode, of "Westminster, Maryland; Sarah S., wife of Martin Babylon, of Westminster; Leah S., wife of William C. Robinson, of Littlestown, Pennsylvania; James M., of Balti- more, and Maggie. Doctor Stoner is a member of Eureka Lodge, F. & A. M., and politically is a Democrat. He has served as chief burgess and member of the borough council of Northumberland, and as delegate to the State convention of his party. May 15, 1866, he was united in marriage with Margaret E. Henderson, daughter of Dr. William Henderson, of Hummels- town, Pennsylvania, by whom he has five children: Mary A.; Sarah H. ; Margaret E. ; Florence Y., and William Bruce. In 1862 he enlisted in Com- pany G, First Maryland regiment, and served three months ; on account of being under age he withdrew and afterwards served in an independent com- pany at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Doctor was formerly president of the Board of Trade of Northumberland, and is now secretary of the North- umberland Electric Light Company. Maetin J. D. WiTHiNGTON, agent for the Standard Oil Company at Northumberland, was born in Mifflinburg, "Union county, Pennsylvania, July 19, 1823, and is a son of George and Catharine (Youngman) Withington. The father was of English ancestry and was engaged in the hotel and mer- chandise business. Our subject was reared in Centre county until the age of fourteen years, when he came with his parents to the town of Northum- berland. He received his education in the public schools. For twelve years he was collector of toll for the canal company, and -for some time was engaged in boating and operating coal mines at Shamokin. Since 1873 he has acted as agent for the Standard Oil Company. In 1849 he was married to Eliza- beth G. Forsyth, daughter of William Forsyth, late of Northumberland, by whom he has six children: G. E., cashier of the First National Bank of Ore- gon; Alice, wife of Captain C. M. Clement, of Sunbury; Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Ball, of St. Paul, Minnesota; F. H., wife of G. R. Van Alen, of Northumberland; Helen, and Martin. Mr. Withington is a Democrat, and was at one time a candidate for Congress. His wife is a member of the Presbyterian church. Fabnswoeth Reed, farmer, was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 17, 1824, son of Matthias and Priscilla 1104 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. (Parnsworth) Eeed. His father was born in 1790 in Shamokin township, where his father had settled, and where he lived and died. After his mar- riage he located in Rush township, but in 1833 moved back to Shamokin township. He was a Whig in politics, and a deacon in the Baptist church for many years. He died in Shamokin township in 1859, and his wife in 1857. They reared seven children, all deceased except Parnsworth and Sarah, Mrs. William Depew, of Eiverside. The subject of our sketch attended the schools of Hush and Shamokin townships. In 1843 he married Kosanna, daughter of David Miller, of Shamokin township, and has since resided in Shamokin, Augusta, and Point townships, settling on his present farm in the spring of 1866. His family consists of nine children: S. O., of Sunbury; Maria Elizabeth, Mrs. Charles P. Seasholtz, of Northumberland; Clarissa A., Mrs. George W. Vandevender, of Snyder county, Jacob A., a merchant of Winiield, Pennsylvania; Sarah L., Mrs. Thomas J. Vandelbing, of Packer's island; Laura D., Mrs. Charles M. Park, of Kingston, Pennsyl- vania; Harriet I., Mrs. James B. Lesher, of Nebraska; Elmer E., of Point township, and George M., of Iowa. Mr. Reed is an active member of the Republican party, and has served in various township offices. He is a dea- con in the Baptist church of Northumberland. Geoege M. Ditzleb, farmer, was born in Turbut tovniship, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, January 5, 1849, son of Jacob and Sarah (Over- peck) Ditzler. He was educated in the public schools and learned the trade of tinsmith, which occupation he followed for ten years and has since been farming. In 1874 he was married to Isadore M., daughter of Stephen Bittenbender, one of the early settlers of Shamokin, by whom he has one child, William. He is a member of the Masonic lodge of Northumberland, the chapter of Danville, and also of the Danville commandery. He is a Republican, and a member of the Lutheran church. He settled upon his present farm in 1875 and is bringing it to a high state of cultivation. Harbison C. Kase, farmer, was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 29, 1844. His father, Charles Kase, was also born in Rush township? His grandfather, John Kase, was a native of England, who came to America as a young man, married Eleanor Dewitt, a native of New Jersey, and was among the early settlers of Rush township. He and his wife were members of the Presbyterian church for many years. They retired from farming and moved to Elysburg, where both died. They reared eight children, four of whom are living: Charles, of Riverside; Cath- arine, Mrs. George West, of Danville; Clinton, a farmer of Montour county, and James, of Danville. Charles Kase, the father of our subject, was engaged in farming in Rush township until he retired and moved to Riverside, where he now resides. He is a stockholder in the Danville Bridge Company, Mt. Carmel Bank, and Danville nail factory. His wife died, August 25, 1886. They reared four children; Oscar S., of Riverside; Harrison C. ; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1105 Hannah Ellen, deceased, and John Wilson. The subject of this sketch was reared in Eush township and educated in the township schools and Danville Academy. In 1863 he went as a substitute for his father in Company H, One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months, when he re-enlisted in Company A, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and served one year; since then he has been engaged in farming. February 2, 1870, he married Maranda Ellen, daughter of Eobert and Bethiah (Bang- hart) Davidison, natives of New Jersey and settlers of Montour county, by whom he has three children: Cora May; Eleanor Gertrude, and Bertha Ellen M. Politically Mr. Kase is a RfepubHcan, and has served in the various township offices; he is a member of Goodrich Post, G. A. E., and of the Presbyterian church of Danville. EoBEET CuEEY McWiLLiAMS, farmer, was bom in Mooresburg, Montour county, Pennsylvania, February 20, 1845, son of John and Margaret (Cald- well) Mc Williams, of the same county, and of Scotch-Irish extraction. He received his education at the public schools, and at academies at Millville, Pennsylvania, and Newark, New Jersey. His business career has been prin- cipally that of a farmer, and he came to this county in 1872. In October, 1876, he married Louisa V. Eeighard, daughter of Dr. Jacob Eeighard, of Juniata county, this State. To this union have been born six children: Margaret Caldwell; Lucinda Wagner; Amanda Belle; Jenette June; Eob- ert Curry, and Mary E. Mr. Mc Williams has always been an active worker in the Democratic party; in the winter of 1883-84 he represented Northum- berland county in the State legislature, and was a member of the committees on military, election, federal relations, and banking. He has also filled various township offices. He is a member of Eureka Lodge, No. 404, F. & A. M., a charter member of Warrior Eun Chapter, No. 246, and a member of the S. P. K. of Northumberland. He is a deacon and elder in the Pres- byterian church of Northumberland. Henby Watts, farmer, was born at his present homestead, October 11, 1817. His father, John Watts, was a native of England, who immigrated to America in 1801 and settled upon the farm on which our subject now resides in 1802. He married in this country, Sarah Hales, also a native of England. He was a Whig in politics, and his wife was a meniber of the Baptist church. He died in 1830, and his widow in 1854. They reared three children: Henry; John, and William, of Des Moines, Iowa. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Point township, and has always lived upon his present farm. In 1847 he married Lydia Ann, daughter of Peter and Margaret (Giest) Dentler, of Point township. They have no children. Mr. Watts is an active Eepublican, and has served on the election board twenty-five years, as assessor of the township eight years, and as school director a number of terms. Mr. and Mrs. Watts are members of the Bap- tist church of Northumberland. 1106 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. H. W. BuBG, physician and surgeon, was born in Lower Windsor, York county, Pennsylvania, May 10, 1852. He received his literary education at New Berlin, Union county, the Williamsport Seminary, and at a commercial college. He read medicine with Dr. S. W. Burg, of New Berlin, attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, from which he graduated in 1877, and has since practiced his profession in Northumberland. In 1875 he mar- ried Cora H, daughter of A. C. Simpson, attorney at law, of Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, by whom he has three living children: Edwin; Stoddard, and Dorothy. A daughter, Mary Blanch, was born, December 23, 1882, and died on the 13th of October, 1885. The Doctor is a Democrat in politics, has served as burgess and assessor of Northumberland, and is a member of the Sunbury Medical Association. His wife is a member of the Episcopal church. His father, Philip William Burg, was a native of Amsterdam, Holland, came to America when a young man, and settled in York county. He married Mary A. Eckert, a native of Northumberland, and lived in York county until 1855, when he died, and his wife and two sons removed to Northumberland in the same year. They had two children: H. W., and Somers, a machinist of Danville. CHAPTER XL VIII. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. TURBUT AND CHILLISQUAQUE TOWNSHIPS. Michael Pollmeb, born in Germany in 1723, was the father of six sons and three daughters, and died in 1793, aged seventy years and three days. He and his sons donated the site of the Follmer Lutheran church, and a farm of eighty acres to the congregation, and, with his wife, he was buried in this church yard. He left a tract of land near Milton to his sixth son, Henry FoUmer, an active member of the church, who married Susan Stohl, by whom he had five children: Philip; Andrew; Thomas; Maria, and Elizabeth. He died in 1822, aged fifty-four years and nineteen days, and his widow died in 1861, aged eighty-nine years, eleven months, and nineteen days. Andrew FoUmer, the second son of Henry Follmer, inherited sixty-eight acres of land, upon which he reared two sons, Henry P. and Beuben T. ; the latter is dead. He obtained a common school education, and was an elder of the Reformed church at the time of his death, March 29, 1862, aged sixty-six years and five months. His widow, whose maiden name was Mary Pool, a native of Mercer county, Pennsylvania, died in 1863, aged sixty-seven years. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1107 Henry P. Follmee, farmer and gardener, whose ancestry can be traced back nearly two centuries, was born where he now resides, December 28, 1819, and is a son of Andrew and Mary (Pool) FoUmer. He received a lib- eral education in the schools of that period; after the death of his father he purchased the farm where the former was born, and is consequently of the fourth generation to possess that valuable property. On the 22d of Feb- ruary, 1887, he and his sons established a green grocery at Milton. In 1 849 he married Mary Jane, daughter of Elijah Crawford, of Northumberland county, and they are the parents of eight children: Alfred 0., of Clearfield county; Sarah, wife of Jesse Server, of Milton; Lewis L., who married Cora, daughter of Anthony Barber, of Lewis township; Harvey W., of Milton, who married Alma, daughter of Thomas Foresman, of Union county; Andrew; Eliza; Eleanor C, and Edward. Elijah Crawford, father of Mrs. FoUmer, was born in Montour county in 1796. His father, Jacob Crawford, was also a native of that county. Elijah Crawford married Eleanor Voris; about 1827 he moved to Packer's island and remained until 1829, when he removed to Delaware township. He was a farmer by occupation, a member of the Presbyterian church, and a soldier in the war of 1812. He died in 1868, and his widow in 1883. They reared nine children; those living are: Pris- cilla, Mrs. Daniel Blue; Sarah, Mrs John Good; Mary J., Mrs. FoUmer, and Thomas, of Turbut township. Mr. FoUmer is a Republican, and has served as school director; he was jury commissioner for three years, and has filled various township offices. He and his family are members of the German Reformed church, of which he is an elder. William Follmee, deceased, was bom in Turbut township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, January 24, 1810. He married Eleanor Mc- WiUiams, daughter of John Mc Williams, and followed farming in Turbut township. He was a Democrat and served one term in the State legislature ; he was also justice of the peace for a number of years and president of the Danville Mutual Fire Insurance Company. He was a member of Milton Lodge, F. & A. M., and of the Lutheran church. He was also a stockholder of the Buffalo MiUing Company of Lewisburg. He died in 1888, and his wife on the 27th of December, 1876. Twelve children were born to their union, four of whom are living: Margaret, wife of David Ott, of Turbut town- ship; Hannah; John, and Francis M. The last named was born on the farm where he now resides, February 16, 1867. He received his education in the public schools and Bloomsburg State Normal School. Daniel H. Follmek, farmer, was born in Turbut township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1843, son of Daniel and Sarah (Lantz) FoUmer. He received his education at the public schools and Milton Academy, and has always been engaged in farming. In 1869 he married Eebecca C, daughter of Elias SchafEer, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and an early settler of Turbut township. By this 1108 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. union they have two children : RoUin Sydney and Bertha Gertrude. Mr. Follmer is a Democrat in politics, and filled the office of township auditor two years. He and his family are members of the Follmer Lutheran church, and he formerly served as deacon of the same. The McKnight Family. — The name of William McKnight, or rather one phonetically the same, appears upon the records as one of those who made application for three hundred acres of land on April 3, 1769, the first day of the opening of the land office. As preference was given those who had rendered military service, this would indicate presence in the valley for some time previous to this date. In 1774, while a resident of Buffalo township, then a part of this county, he purchased three tracts of land, "contiguous to and bounded on each other," in Turbut township, about four miles east of Milton, along the Limestone run. One tract was called " Trout Spring;" the second, the "Limestone Quarry," and the third, " McKnight' s Addition." The first tract, of over three hundred acres, was taken up at the opening of the land office by Christian Rora, who, on September 1st of the same-year, sold his claim to John Lowdon. Lowdon had his claim con- firmed by a patent in 1774, and, in less than a month after the survey and granting of the patent, he sold the tract to McKnight for three hundred twenty-one pounds, English money. Nine years later McKnight sold two hundred acres to John Follmer, " to be taken off the eastward ends of the before described three tracts." Family tradition records that an old soldier who owned the property now called the John McCormick homestead offered it to McKnight for a rifle and an overcoat. In 1776, at the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, he was one of the Committee of Safety for this county. At the Trout Spring he had a log hut filled with portholes, and often he had to leave this fort and go to the neighboring Limestone ridge, where he would spend the night sleeping with his rifle by his side. Both he and his wife, Elizabeth, finally perished at the hands of the Indians, being scalped by them near Fort Freeland. Their only son had to take charge of their remains and bury them himself. They are interred in the Chillisquaqu6 graveyard. They had a family of one son and three daughters. James McKnight, their son, was married to Elizabeth Gillen. He was regarded as a man of the greatest courage and integrity. In 1778 he was elected a member of Assembly, and while the incumbent of this position was captured by the Indians, but his life was spared. He had a family of five children, two sons and three daughters. All the children, but William, left this county, and settled in Seneca and Ontario counties. New York, where their descendants still reside. William McKnight married Susanna Boyer, and had a family of four daughters : Catharine, who became Mrs. Thomas Ritter; Priscilla, who married Isaac Dunkel; Annie M., who married Charles Artman, and Elizabeth, who died young. Mrs. Artman is the only surviving member of the family. Her family and that of Thomas Ritter still live on part of the land purchased in 1774. BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1109 John Eschbach was bom in Germany, December 15, 1747, immigrated to America, and settled in that part of Northampton county which is now Lehigh county. He married Catharine Bush, who was born in Germany in 1749. Their immediate descendants were John; Anthony; Valentine; Philip; Solomon; Elizabeth; Susanna; Sayilla; Mary, and Catharine. Anthony Eschbach learned the blacksmith trade, which occupation he followed. He was married in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, to Barbara Eomig, and their children were: Jonathan; David; Jacob; John; Anthony; Catharine; Sarah, and Elizabeth B. In the fall of 1804 Anthony, Jr., and his father traveled on horseback from Lehigh to Northumberland county, and together purchased a tract of three hundred forty-seven acre^ of land in Turbut township for twenty-six dollars fifty cents per acre. In the spring of 1805 they moved their families over the mountains and settled upon the same, building a log house sixteen by twenty feet, one story high. They were one of the early families of the county, and endured the privations and hardships of the pioneer. The only child living of Anthony, Jr., is Eliza- beth, Mrs. Balliet, of Lockport, New York. Anthony Eschbach was one of the early members of the Paradise Eeformed church, helped to organize the same, and served as elder for many years. David Eschbach was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, in 1802, son of Anthony, and removed with him to Turbut tovmship in 1805. He ac- quired his education at the schools of the township. In 1824 he married Elizabeth Eishel, of Chillisquaque township, who died in 1844. Their chil- dren were: David, deceased; Edward, of Frederick City, Maryland; Clarissa, wife of Benjamin Shaffer, of Kansas, and Elizabeth, wife of William S. Klapp, of Milton. He was again married, in September, 1845, to Sarah, daughter of Philip Eschbach, by whom he had the following children : Seth, a merchant of Milton; I. A., of Turbut township; Henry Clay, a physician of Iowa, and Daniel Elmer, a real estate agent of Des Moines, Iowa. Mr. Eschbach became one of the prominent farmers of the township, and was also an extensive liunber manufacturer. He was a member of the Paradise Reformed church, in which he served as elder many years and until his death. Politically he was a Republican, and filled the ofiice of school director a number of terms. He was one of the directors of the Lewisburg Bank, and later a director in the Milton National Bank, which office he held at the time of his death. He died in February, 1879; his wife survives him, and lives near the homestead farm. Isaiah A. Eschbach was born on his present farm in Turbut township. May 19, 1854. He received his education in' the township schools, and has always followed farming. In December, 1875, he married Alcesta, daughter of William Balliett, by whom he has three children: Ralph David; Paul Balliett, and William Josiah. He is an active member of the Republican party, and now holds the office of school director. He and his family are 1110 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. members of the Paradise Eeformed church, in which he is deacon and secretary of the consistory. He is a stockholder in the Milton Creamery Company, a member of Turbut Grange, P. of H., and present secretary of the latter. Jacob Hottenstein was one of three brothers who immigrated to America at an early day. The family had its origin in Germany, the name being originally Von Hottenstein. One of these brothers died in Philadelphia; another settled in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where some of his poster- ity are living, and Jacob, the third one, located in Berks county, Pennsyl- vania, about the year 1727 and is the ancestor of a large number of descend- ants yet living. In 1729 he removed to Maxatawny township, in that county, where he purchased one hundred sixteen acres of land for forty pounds and twelve shillings, which property is now owned by a descendant. Dr. Edward Hottenstein. Jacob married Dorothy Eeber, and to this union were bom four sons and two daughters: Jacob; William; David; Henry; Dorothy, and Maria. He died, March 23, 1753, at the age of fifty-six years. Henry Hottenstein, son of William Hottenstein, and grandson of Jacob Hottenstein, purchased a farm in Ontelaunee township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, where he resided thereafter, becoming one of the prominent farmers of the county. He was independent in his political proclivities and served one term of three years as commissioner of Berks county. He married Catharine Spohn, and to them were born nine sons and four daugh- ters, all of whom are dead except Esther and Charles. He died in 1844, and his wife in 1839. Chaelbs Hottenstein, farmer, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1811, son of Henry and Catharine (Spohn) Hottenstein. He was educated in the common schools and an academy at Heading, and was the second German in Ontelaunee township who was considered competent to teach in the common schools, which occupation he followed during winter seasons for about twelve years. He has also been a practical surveyor. He married Veronica Kauifman, removed to Montour county, Pennsylvania, in 1840, and in 1845 he came to Northumberland county and located on the farm where he now resides in Turbut township. While in his native county he was elected township auditor, which he resigned to accept the position of clerk of the county poorhouse for a term of one year. In 1855 he was elected commissioner of Northumberland county, and after serving for three years he was elected to the Pennsylvania legislature; he subsequently served as county auditor. He was elected a justice of the peace in 1854 and has served continuously ever since. During the war he was treasurer of the bounty fund and handled about thirty thousand dollars without being re- quired to furnish bond. He has always been an ardent Democrat, and in 1800 was chosen a delegate to the national Democratic convention to nominate candidates for President and vice-president of the United States, held in Charles- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1111 ton, South Carolina, and which adjourned to meet subsequently in Baltimore, Maryland, which resulted in the selection of Douglas and Breokenridge ; he at- tended both of these conventions but didnot vote. His wife died in 1877 andhe was subsequently married to Caroline Susan Elwell, of Orleans county, New York. There were born to his first marriage twelve children: Allen S., an attorney of Milton; Henry and Daniel, both of Turbut township; Mary, wife of Harry Hafer, of Union county, Pennsylvania; Sarah, wife of Jacob K. Stahl, of Union county (she was graduated from the Keystone State Normal School at Kutztown, Pennsylvania, and taught four years in Scranton, this State); Susan, wife of Thomas O. Long, of Williamsport; Clara, wife of Daniel F. Eaup, of Turbut township; Abram C, who was graduated in the class of 1882 from Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, Pennsyl- vania, and now resides in North Carolina; William, who lives in Turbut township, and three who died in infancy. Mr. Hottenstein is a member of Paradise Reformed church, in which he has served as trustee, deacon, and treasurer. Daniel Hottenstein, farmer, was born in Turbut township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, November 1, 1846. He received an academic education at LimestoneviUe, Montour county, and followed teaching ten terms. He was married in 1871 to Sarah Ellen Horlocher, a native of Le- high coimty, Pennsylvania, and daughter of M. Horlocher, who came to Tur- but township with his parents when five years old, in 1813. Mr. Hottenstein is the father of five children: Edna; Mary V. ; Charles H.; Sarah E., and Aaron C. He is a Democrat and has served six years as school director. He belongs to Turbut Grange, P. of H., and is a member and deacon of the. Par- adise Reformed church. Jacob Hoefa was born, May 20, 1800, in Berks county, Pennsylvania, and removed to Northumberland county between 1817 and 1820; he learned the carpenter trade and followed the same for many years. In 1832 he began farming, at which he continued successfully until his death. May 15, 1882. His business career was a remarkably successful one, and he won the esteem of all with whom he had dealings. He married Eagina Follmer, who was born, June 23, 1804, and was a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Bower) Follmer. She died, August 26, 1867. To this union were born seven chil- dren, five of whom are Uving: John; Samuel F. ; Cyrus; Sarah, who mar- ried John Shalter, and Reuben. Mr. and Mrs. Hoffa were leading members of the Lutheran church, in which Mr. Hoffa was deacon, elder, trustee and Sunday school superintendent for many years. In politics he was a Demo- crat. John Hoffa, farmer, was bom. May 3, 1826, son of Jacob and Ragina (Follmer) Hoffa. He received a common school education and has devoted his active life principally to agricultural pursuits. He located on his present farm in 1865. In 1886 he was elected a member of the State Board of Agri- 1112 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. culture and re-elected in 1889. He is a member of Turbut Grange, No. 349, P. of H., lecturer for the same, and also for Pomona Lodge, No. 31, composed of Montour and Northumberland counties. He served one term as auditor of Northumberland county, and has been school director and overseer of the poor of Turbut township. He is a member of the Lutheran church, and has held official positions in that denomination. In his political affiliations he is with the Democratic party. His children are named as follows: Catharine, wife of J. D. Smith, of Kansas; Jacob P., a physician at Washingtonville, Pennsylvania; Daniel H. ; John F. ; William P.; Cora, who married Ham Maginness, of AUenwood, Pennsylvania, and Cyrus. David Ibbland, deceased, immigrated from Scotland to Northumberland county and purchased over one thousand acres of land in Turbut township; he settled thereon and was subsequently forced to take refuge with his wife at Sunbury during the Indian incursions. While there David Ireland, Jr., was born to them. The senior David Ireland spent much time in trying to invent a device of perpetual motion. His son, David, Jr., was a member of the early militia companies; he married Sarah Teitsworth, and to them were born three children: David; Sarah, and Eliza. He was a Presbyterian and a m^ember of the Chillisquaque Presbyterian church. His son David was born in Turbut township in 1807, and in April, 1843, married Martha H. Hoyer. John Hot, retired farmer, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, December 20, 1805, and was married in 1828 to Sarah Kimmel. In 1848 he came to Northumberland county and settled upon the farm where he has since resided. In connection with farming he has been engaged in the manufacture of brick. He is a Democrat, and has filled various township offices in a creditable manner. He is a member of the German Reformed church. His wife died, September 22, 1862, and was the mother of fourteen children, twelve of whom are living: Edward; Hannah, wife of Michael Fagely; Sarah, widow of Nathan Fehr; Franklin; Hettie, wife of William FoUmer; Levina, wife of Thomas Kirchner; John; Maria, widow of William Wagner; Amanda, wife of Jacob Priese; Samuel; Elizabeth, wife of John Naraconk, and David N. Mr. Hoy was again married, to Mrs. Sarah Miller, widow of George Froby. David N. Hoy, son of John Hoy, was born on the farm where he now resides, November 28, 1850. He received his education at the township schools and has followed farming, butchering, and brick-making. In 1871 he was married to Maggie Harman, daughter of Mrs. Mary Harman, of Mc- Ewensville, by whom he has four children: Tillie Diana; Eaymond M.; Lula Fronetta, and Jesse Clarence. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Lutheran church, in which he has been a deacon and assistant superin- tendent of the Sunday school, being treasurer of that organization at the present time. BIOGKAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1113 John Eoush, farmer, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, June 30, 1812, son of Michael and Sarah (Lincoln) Eoush, the former a native of Schuylkill county, the latter of Union county, Pennsylvania. They were married in Union county. The father was a farmer, and in after life engaged in the mercantile business. He was a major in the military company, and a prominent member of the Lutheran church. His wife was a member of the Methodist church dhring the greater portion of her life. Six children were born to them, two of whom are living: John, and Eachel, widow of Daniel Bellman, of Davis, Illinois. The subject of this sketch received his educa- tion at the public schools and at Mifflinburg Academy under Professor Todd, and engaged as clerk in the mercantile business at Mifflinburg. In 1836 he formed a co-partnership with Charles Montelius and engaged in the dry goods business, which continued three years. In 1846 he came to North- umberland county, married Mary E., daughter of John T. and Hannah (Hower) Montgomery, located at McEwensville, and soon after purchased a farm near that town. In 1850 he purchased the Jacob Kerr farm and lived upon the same four years. In 1854 he removed to Milton, and in 1855 formed a co-partnership with William Heinen, and established the present business of Heinen, Schreyer & Company. This partnership continued until 1870, when he retired from the firm, and has since lived upon his present farm near Milton. He has reared one child, John M. Mr. Eoush is an active member of the Democratic party, and has filled various township offices. He is a director in the Milton National Bank, and a prominent mem- ber of the Lutheran church. William M. Auten was born, July 7, 1814, along the banks of Chillis- quaque creek about nine miles fi'om its mouth, in what is now Montour county, Pennsylvania, a son of Henry and Jane (Maxwell) Auten, of Irish and Scotch ancestry, respectively. He was educated in the common schools, and when about eighteen years old began to learn the trade of a millwright, which he subsequently followed in connection with farming to the close of his business life. He was first married to Sarah, daughter of Joseph Kline, and to this union were born five children: Joseph H.; Wesley; Isaiah; Cath- arine J., who married Samuel Giffen, and John J. Mrs. Auten died in 1848 and he was afterwards married to Sarah Marr, widow of John Marr, and by this marriage were born seven children: James; William; Edward; Voris; George B. ; Elizabeth, who married W. B. Cox, and Annie, who married An- gus Fairchild. On the 8th of January, 1891, Mr. Auten died after a severe illness of about four weeks. He served one term as a justice of the peace for Chillisquaque township, and for many years was an earnest promoter of the public schools, having served several terms as school director. In his polit- ical affiliations he was an unswerving Democrat and represented his party in county and State conventions. Mr. Auten was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, a true Christian, one who was always at his post of duty 1114 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. when health would permit, and was a devout student of the Bible. In his death the community in which he lived lost one of its most upright, honest, and respected citizens. William Waldkon, farmer, was bom in Turbut township, September 17, 1814, son of LafFerd Waldron, who was born in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1764, came to this county with his father, Cornelius Waldron, in 1785, and settled near Muncy, in what is now Lycoming county. Cornelius Waldron was a captain in the Eevolutionary war, and a captain in a military company after its close. He afterwards purchased a farm in Brady township, Lycoming county, and still later settled at the mouth of Muddy run. He was killed by accident while felling a tree upon the latter place. The father of our subject married Hannah Webb, and settled upon the farm whereon his son William now resides, where he resided until his death in 1837 ; his wife died in 1832. They were members of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. They reared eleven children, all deceased except William and Charles. The subject of this sketch received his education at the township schools, and has always followed farming. In 1841 he married Annie, daughter of Philip Hilgert, of Chillisquaque township, by whom he has reared ten children Philip H., residing near home; William A., of Michigan; Charles L., of Milton Frank P., of Chillisquaque township; George W., of Limestone township John C, residing at home; James M., a civil engineer of Georgia; Hannah J., wife of Ephraim Deitch, of Williamsport; Mary, wife of James Marsh, of Michigan, and Sarah Elizabeth, residing at home. Mr. Waldron is a Presbyterian in faith, and has always been an active member of the Demo- cratic party; he has served as justice of the peace fifteen years, and also filled various other township offices. He was one of the original members of Turbut Grange, P. of H, and was one of the original stockholders of the First National Bank of Milton. His oldest son was a member of Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers. J. W. Kelsby, farmer, was born in Connecticut, May 28, 1815, son of Noah and Sophronia (Hinkley) Kelsey, natives of that State and farmers by occupation. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812, a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Congregational church. He reared a family of fourteen children, nine of whom are living: J. W. ; Edwin, of Connecti- cut; Cynthia, Mrs. Studley, of Hartford, Connecticut; Maria, Mrs. Calvin Post, of Connecticut; Emily, Mrs. Serens Gladding, of Connecticut; Jean- nette; Sarah; Harriet, and Isaac, of Connecticut. The subject of our sketch was reared and educated in his native State, came to Northumberland county in 1838 at the age of twenty-three years, and engaged in school teaching, having taught in Northumberland and Union counties twenty-four winters. In 1850 he married Margaret, daughter of Samuel Plain, of Turbut town- ship, and to them have been born six children: Hannah S. ; Mary L., wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt, of Paterson, New Jersey; Samuel B., of "Paterson, BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1115 who married Maggie Flood, of Nortliumberland county; Albert S., of Ly- coming county, who married Dora Whipple, of Northumberland county; Bosa, and Watson R. Mr. Kelsey has lived in Turbut township since his marriage, and settled upon his present farm in 1887. He is a Republican in politics and has served as school director; he is a member of Turbut Grange, P. of H., and has served as master ten years. He has been a member of the German Reformed church twenty-seven years, and has served. as elder and deacon. Jacoby Haetman, deceased, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, April 21, 1816. He came to Northumberland county when a young man, and began life as a farm laborer. October 13, 1842, he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Haag, and after marriage engaged in farming in Turbut township. Mr. Hartman received but an ordinary ediication in the schools of that period, and was an entirely self-made man. He started in life a poor boy, and at the time of his death was considered one of the well- to-do farmers of Turbut township. He was a member of the First Lutheran church of Milton, and retained that connection to the time of his death. Politically he was a Republican. He died in 1880, and his wife in 1881. Nine children were born to them, three of whom are living, and reside upon the homestead in Turbut township; Sallie A.; Hettie M., and Harrison H. Stephen Glaze, farmer, was born in Lewis township, August 4, 1816, son of Stephen and Mary (Beck) Glaze, natives of Berks county, who settled in Lewis township at a very early date. The father was a wagon maker by trade, and a soldier in the war of 1812. He and wife were members of the Lutheran church. Their family consisted of five children, two of whom are living: Stephen, and Levi, of Michigan. Mr. Glaze was one of the prom- inent men of Lewis township, and a man of good business ability. Politic- ally he was a Democrat, and served in the various township offices. He died in 1870. The subject of our sketch was reared upon the homestead farm, and received his education at the public schools. He began life as a carpenter, and has followed that occupation in connection with farming. In 1848 he married Rachel Raup, who was born in Lewis township, by whom he has had five children, three of whom are living: Mary, wife of John C. Folt, of Watsontown; Gustavus, and Alfred R., a Lutheran minister of Espy. Mr. Glaze again married, November 10, 1881, Mary Annie Gagle. Her parents, Conrad and Margaret (Weber) Yagle, were natives of Berks county, and settled in Lewis township. In politics Mr. Glaze is a Democrat, and has filled several township offices. He is a member of the Lutheran church of Turbutville, and has served as elder and deacon many years. John Maustellee, farmer, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, June 17, 1822, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Shultz) Mausteller. His father was drafted in the war of 1812, and furnished a substitute; he became one of the prominent farmers of the county. In politics he was a Democrat. He 1116 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. died in 1863, and his widow survived him until 1887. They ere members of the Presbyterian church for many years. Their family consisted of eight children, seven of whom are living: John; Mary, wife of Peter Crosley, of Montour county; William, of Columbia county; Rebecca, widow of Levi Wright of Columbia county; Margaret, wife of Hiram Cromley, of Montour county; Sarah, wife of Elijah Cromley, of Montour county, and Paul, of Montour county. The subject of our sketch was reared in Columbia and Montour counties, and received his education in the local schools; he has always followed farming, and removed to his present farm in Turbut town- ship in 1868. In 1844 he married Maria J., daughter of James Girton, of Columbia county. She died, January 8, 1868; by her he had four children: James Dallas, formerly a practicing physician of Danville, who died in Den- ver, Colorado, August 26, 1883; Elsie, wife of William Geiger, of Montour county; Sarah Matilda, who died, June 24, 1890, and Daniel, of Turbut township. He was again married, in 1871, to Catharine, daughter of . «nes Black, of Union county, by whom he has one child, William. Mr. Ma .tel- ler is a Democrat in politics, and has served as school director, super 3or, and tax collector. Daniel S. Linebaugh, farmer, was born in Turbut township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, July 30, 1822, son of John C. and Mary (Stitzel) Linebaugh, who settled in Turbut township about 1820. They were prominent members of the old Paradise church, and reared a large family. Our subject was married in 1845 to Mary Fich, and has four children: Annie M. ; John A. ; Daniel O., and Charles. MiNNEK G. Mabsh, farmer, was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 9, 1824, son of Isaac and Sarah (Gulick) Marsh, natives of New Jersey and Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, respectively. The father came to this county in 1807 with his father, Isaac Marsh, who purchased a farm in Rush township. He died, January 31, 1874, and his wife died. May 28, 1867. They reared five children : Minner G. ; Mary ; Daniel G. ; Williamson, and Ellen. George Washington Funk, farmer, was born in Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania, July 27, 1831, son of Henry and Catharine (Stover) Funk, natives of that county who came to Northumberland county in 1839, and located upon the farm whereon our subject now resides. He was a prominent member of the Milton Baptist church, and served as deacon many years; in politics he was a Republican, and served in the various township offices. He died in 1852 and his wife in 1871. Their family consisted of six children who grew to maturity: Franklin, of Milton; George W. ; Clementine, wife of Samuel HofEa, of Milton; Catharine, wife of Michael Rissell, of Milton; Lewis, de- ceased, and Annie, Mrs. William Heinen, deceased. The subject of this sketch came to Northumberland county at the age of eight years; he received his education at the township schools, and has always lived upon his present %':; jii* ^S? ? _,#^ G>wWf^% J^^^^o^z^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1119 farm. In 1864 he married Rebecca, daughter of George T. and Catharine (Martin) Gauby, natives of Berks county, who came to Northumberland county in 1840 and located in Milton. Mr. Gauby was a deacon in the Bap- tist church, and died in Milton in 1889; his wife still survives him. They reared four children: Eeese D., of Florida; Mary, Mrs. Harry Snyder, of Milton; Eebecca, Mrs. G. W. Funk, and Lydia, deceased. The subject of this sketch has no children. He is independent in politics with prohibition proclivities. He is a stockholder in the Milton Driving Park Association, and a member of Turbut Grange, P. of H. Mr. and Mrs. Funk are members of the Baptist church of Milton. William Weidenhamee, farmer, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, January 29, 1832, son of Jacob and Susannah Weidenhamer, also natives of that county, who afterwards moved to Montour county, where the father en- gaged in farming and in the mercantile trade at Limestoneville. He was a Democrat in politics and filled various township offices. His death occurred in 1863 and that of his widow in 1887. They reared four sons and two daughters, five of whom are living: Wellington D., of Limestoneville; Will- iam; Daniel, of Milton; John A., of Watsontown, and Elizabeth E., who married Emanuel Mauser, of Liberty township, Montour county. Our sub- ject moved to Montour county at the age of seven years and received his ed- ucation in the common schools. At the age of nineteen years he began boat- ing and has since followed different occupations, principally farming. On January 29, 1856, he was married to Margaret Kurtz, daughter of George Kurtz, of this county, and moved to Iowa, where he was engaged in liunbering and the mercantile business for four years. In 1867 he came to his present farm in Turbut township, where he has since remained. His wife died in 1887 and was the mother of the following children: Clarence A. ; Harry ; Thomas S. ; William; Edward; Ada Gertrude; Clinton Ellis, and George S. Mr. Weidenhamer is a stockholder in the Milton creamery. The Eecord Pub- lishing Company, the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association, and the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company. He has always taken a deep in- terest in the success of the Democratic party and was once a candidate for sheriff. He has served as school director for a number of years, having been recently re-elected to that office. He was a member of Milton Lodge, No. 256, F. & A. M., and a charter member of the Turbut Grange; he is a trustee of Trinity Lutheran church of Milton, and was a charter member of the Wilkesbarre and Western Eailroad Company. Eetjbbn H. Klapp, farmer and fruit grower, was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, January 12, 1833, son of Peter and Catharine (Haag) Klapp, natives of that county, who settled in Union county in 1842. His father was a tanner by trade, and followed that occupation over twenty years, after which he engaged in farming. He was a deacon and leader of the choir in the Lutheran church, and politically was a Republican. He had a good edu- 63 1120 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND OOUNTY. cation, and in Lis younger days taught the German language. He died in 1861, and his widow in 1874. They reared fourteen children: Eeuben; Jerrett, of Lock Haven; Sophia, Mrs. Henry Heberling, of White Deer Mills, Union county; Catharine; Mary; William, of Florida; Daniel, deceased; Samuel, of Milton; Eebecoa, Mrs. William Michael, of Trevorton; Charles, of Milton; Sarah, deceased; Delilah, Mrs. Beck, of Dakota; Ella, of Milton, and John, of Union county. The subject of this sketch removed to Union county at the age of nine years. He received his education at the township schools, Milton Academy, and Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pennsyl- vania, after which he was engaged in teaching fourteen years; since then he has been engaged in farming and fruit culture. In 1876 he came to North- umberland county and located upon his present farm. In September, 1864, he enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Ninety-ninth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and served until the close of the war, receiving wounds at the battle of Appomattox. June 9, 1864, he married Mary, daughter of Isaac Marsh, of Northumberland county. She died, January 26, 1886, leaving no children. He was again married, June 3, 1888, to Mrs. Hettie Herr, widow of Chris- topher Herr, and daughter of Charles and Hettie (Newhart) Albright, of Le- high county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Klapp is an active member of the Repub- lican party, of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. R., and of the Turbut Grange. He and his wife are members of the Lutheran church. Samuel M. Blain, farmer, was born in Milton, Pennsylvania, November 23, 1834, son of Samuel and Hannah (Kieffer) Blain. The first of his ancestors to settle in Northumberland county, was George Blain, a native of Dublin, Ireland, who immigrated to America prior to 1800 and settled in Turbut township. The father of our subject was born in Turbut township in 1799 and was a farmer by occupation. He was a member of Warrior Run Presbyterian church, but subsequently joined the Milton Presbyterian church. He was a Whig, a strong Abolitionist, and a Republican in politics. His death occurred in 1882, and that of his widow in 1885. He reared a family of seven children: Margaret, wife of J. W. Kelsey; Sarah Jane, who married James B. Wilson, of Lewisburg, and died in 1889; George; Mary Ann, wife of John Russell; Samuel M. ; Matilda, wife of Zacharias Yagel, and John. Our subject was reared in his native township and received his education at the public schools. In 1861 he enlisted in Company D, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, as a private, and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, in which he served to the close of the war, receiving an honorable discharge. His service was principally in the West, and although partici- pating in several of the famous battles, he was fortunate enough to escape wounds. After the close of the war he purchased a farm in Chillisquaque township, where he resided five years, and then became a resident of Turbut township. In 1864 he was married to Sarah E. Wilson, daughter of William and Ellen Wilson, by whom he has three children : Mattie W. ; Jessie Belle BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1121 and Ella M. Mr. Blain is a Republican, and with his family belongs to the Milton Presbyterian church. He is a member of Henry Wilson Post, Gr. A. R., of Milton. Mrs. Plain's grandparents were Hugh and Annie (Crawford) Wilson, natives of Scotland and Ireland, respectively, who settled in that part of Northumberland county which now forms a part of Columbia county, Pennsylvania. At the fall of Fort Preeland Mr. Wilson was captured and scalped by the Indians. Samuel Eveeitt, farmer, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, January 9, 1836, son of Asa and Susan (Adams) Everitt. His father was a native of New Jersey, and his mother of Northampton county. They re- moved to Northumberland county in 1838 and located in Turbut township, where they were recognized as one among the leading families of the town- ship. Mr. Everitt was a Republican in politics, and he and wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church of Milton. He died, Februaiy 6, 1889; his wife died in 1882. They reared a family of nine children, six of whom are living: Matilda, wife of James Fries, of Iowa; Samuel; Catha- rine, wife of Daniel Detrick, of White Deer township, Union county; Asa, of Delaware township; William, of White Deer township. Union county, and Mary, wife of William Koch, of Chillisquaque township. The three dead are Susan, deceased wife of Charles Heilman, of Watsontown; David, and Christiana, who was the first person buried in the upper cemetery at Milton. The subject of this sketch came to this county at the age of two years, and has always been engaged in farming. He was married in 1864 to Catharine, daughter of Philip Heilman, of Lycoming county, Pennsyl- vania, and by this union they have two children : John E. and Heilman P. Mr. Everitt is a stockholder and director in the Farmers' National Bank of Watsontown, having served as director since its organization. He is one of the wealthy and influential citizens of Turbut, and has one of the finest farms in the township. He and his family are members of the Lutheran church, and politically he is a Republican. Zachaeias Yagel, carpenter, was born in Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, October 8, 1836, son of Conrad and Margaret Ann (Weaver) Yagel, natives of Germany, who immigrated to America, located in Northampton county, and afterwards removed to Northumberland county. The subject of our sketch received his education at the township schools, and also acquired the German language. He learned the carpenter trade, which he has since followed. October 1, 1864, he married Hannah Matilda Blain; for five years they lived in Watsontown, and have since resided upon their present farm in Turbut township. Eight children have been born to this union: Annie B., wife of Willard Whipple, of Milton; Annie Margaret; Emma Jane; Eliza- beth L.; Samuel Blain; James Watson; John Russell, and George Z. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months. He and his family are members of the 1122 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Presbyterian church of Milton, and politically he is a Democrat. Mr. Yagel's father's family consisted of six children: Lavina, wife of Samuel Shade, of Limestoneville; Zacharias; John, of Watsontown; Sarah, wife of William Derr, of Union coimty; Mary Ann, wife of Stephen Glaze, and Martin, of Watsontown. Seth C. Hill, farmer, was born in Chillisquaque township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, November 9, 1836, son of Elijah and Eebecca (Wenrich) Hill. His father was a native of Berks county, and came with his parents to Chillisquaque township; here he was reared and began life as a day laborer, but afterwards engaged in farming in Limestone township, Montour county, where he remained ten years, and then moved to Turbut township, where he remained until his death in March, 1887. He was an active RepubHcan in politics, and for thirty-five years a member of the Lutheran church of Milton, serving as deacon of the same many years. His wife still survives him. They reared five children, two of whom are living: Seth C. and Alfred. The subject of this sketch received his educa- tion at the public schools, and has principally followed the occupation of a farmer. For six years he engaged in the lumber business in Clinton county, Pennsylvania, and was engaged in the grocery business in Milton several years, after which he embarked in the dairy business, and in 1880 accepted his present position as manager of the farm and dairy of William Heiner. In 1861 he married Rachel, daughter of Abraham Angney, a native of Bucks county and a settler of Turbut township. By this imion they have six children: Clara; Kate; Alice; Bessie; William, and Harry. Mr. Hill is an elder in the Lutheran church of Milton. Politically he is a Republican. John Sheep, farmer, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1837, son of William and Margaret (McCoUum) Sheep, natives of that county, and farmers by occupation. They were members of the Presbyterian church, and both died in the year 1850. They reared a family of four children: David M., of Bloomsburg; James; John, and Annie, who died in 1858. The subject of this sketch was reared in Montour county, and re- ceived an ordinary education. In 1855 he removed to Michigan, where he remained two years ; he then returned to Northumberland county, resided two years at Milton, and in 1859 settled upon his present farm in Turbut township. In 1860 he married Jane, daughter of Robert McKee, of Montour county, by whom he has had seven children: Margaret Jane, wife of Albert C. Crawford; Mary; Flora, wife of G. B. Wesner, of McEwensville ; Harriet; William, who died in 1877 ;' Robert M., and John E. Mr. Sheep was drafted in the war of the Rebellion, and furnished a substitute. In politics he is a Democrat, and has served as school director of the township. He and his family attend the Presbyterian church. Edwaed J. Stamm, farmer, was born in Lewis township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1839, son of Jacob and Mary (Deifen- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1128 backer) Stamm. The father was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, in 1808, removed to this county with his father, Frederick Stamm, in 1816, and settled on a farm in Turbut township. Frederick Stamm afterwards moved to Centre county, but in a few years returned and died upon the old home- stead. He was a prominent member of the Reformed church, and served as deacon and elder for many years. Jacob Stamm, the father of Edward J. Stamm, was brought up on the homestead farm which in later years he purchased. In 1834 he married Mary Deifenbacher, daughter of Philip Deifenbacher, of Montour county, this State. He learned the trade of carpenter, which he followed for many years. He was an influential Democrat, and served as overseer of the poor over eighteen years; he also filled various other township ofiSces, and was a member of the Paradise Reformed church, of which he was deacon and elder for many years. He died on the 28th of October, 1881, and his widow sur- vives with hel: son, Edward J. Stamm. Her children are named as follows: William B. ; Edward J. ; Daniel D. ; Franklin H. ; Levi F., and P. L. Our subject received his education at Limestoneville, Turbutville, and Milton, after which he was employed as a teacher .sixteen years. He settled upon his present farm in 1871. He was married in 1 866 to Amelia A. Berger, daughter of Jacob Berger, of Montour county, Pennsylvania. By this union six children have been born: Alovesta M. E., wife of Franklin Lahr, of Tur- but township; Hurley W.; Grace C. ; Lloyd. W. ; Charles E., and Ralph Jacob. Mr. Stamm is a Democrat; he has served as overseer of the poor and in other township offices. He is one of the stockholders and directors of The Record Publishing Company, and a stockholder of the Milton Creamery Company. He is a member of the Reformed church, while his wife belongs to the Lutheran church. J. U. Kurtz, farmer, was born in New Jersey, October 9, 1840, son of Andrew and Sarah E. (Diehl) Kurtz, who came to Northumberland county in 1842, engaged in farming in Chillisquaque township, and also engaged extensively in lime-burning. The father was a Democrat in politics, and served in various township offices. He and his wife were prominent members of the Lutheran church of Milton. He died in March, 1885 ; his wife died in April, 1882. They reared nine children, three of whom are living: J. U. ; Amandus, of Turbut township, and Sarah, wife of Abraham Clemens, of Chilhsquaque township. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Turbut township, and remained upon the homestead farm until 1859. In 1861 he enlisted in the three months' service under Colonel Stewart, re-en- listed in the three years' service in Company A, Sixth Pennsylvania Reserve, and was honorably discharged at the expiration of twenty-three months on account of disability. After the close of the war he went to Williamsport, where he engaged in the lumber business five years. In 1868 he settled upon his present farm in Turbut township. In 1863 he was united in mar- 1124 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COTJNTY. riage with Sarah E. Bartoe, of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, by whom he has twelve children: George McClellan, who married Ida Ammons, and re- sides in Turbut township; William Andrew; Edward E., who married Lizzie Eoyer, of Lewisburg; Elizabeth, wife of John Bender, of Turbut township; Margaret; Ida; Hattie; Charles E. ; Ella; Annie; Jennie, and Bessie. In politics Mr. Kurtz is a Democrat; he is a member of Henry Wilson Post, G. A. R., and one of the trustees and treasurer of Turbut Grange, P. of H. ; he and his family are members of the Follmer Lutheran church. John Dunkel, farmer, was born in Turbut township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 25, 1842, and is a son of John and Margaret (Kissinger) Dunkel. He received his education in the public schools and has followed farming during his active life. He was married in 1871 to Mary E. Kauffman, daughter of Solomon KaufEman, of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, and has one child, John. He is a Democrat in poHtios, has served as school director, and is a member of Paradise Eeformed church. His father, John Dunkel, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, in 1803, and after marriage located in Turbut township in 1836. He was a member of the Paradise Reformed church, and died in 1881. His wife died in 1871, and was the mother of seven children: Fanny M. ; A. K. ; Peter; John; Mar- garet; D. K., and Emma. W. A. Debtee was born in Chillisquaque township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, January 19, 1846, son of Jacob and Eliza Ann (Barr) Deeter, natives of Montour and Lycoming counties, Pennsylvania, respect- ively. They were consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he was deacon and elder. The father died in 1850 and his widow married David Karchner, who died in 1889; she survives him and resides in Milton. Her first marriage gave her two children: W. A. and George; and her second marriage four children: Russell K., of Williams- port; Martha, Ann, and Nora, all of Milton. Our subject has resided upon his present farm since the age of four years. In 1871 he married Margaret Gauger, daughter of John B. Ganger, of Montour county, this State, and by her has two children: Harry and May. He is an active Democrat, and was the candidate of that party for commissioner in 1888. He is a member of the I. O. O. P., and with his family belongs to the Lutheran church, of which he has served as deacon fifteen years. H. W. Wolfe, school teacher and farmer, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, September 6, 1847, son of Daniel and Caroline (Parley) Wolfe, natives of Union county, who settled upon the present farm of our subject in 1853. They became one of the prominent families of the town- ship, and removed to Missouri in 1881, where they now reside. Their family consisted of three children: H. W. ; Sarah, wife of Lewis Eissell, of Mis- souri, and Mary C, wife of Daniel Masteller, of Turbut township. The subject of our sketch came to Turbut township when six years of age. He BIOQEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1125 was educated in the public schools and Milton Academy, and learned the carpenter trade, which he has followed since 1872; he has also been engaged in teaching school during the last eighteen years. In 1870 he married Maggie A., daughter of John Dunkel, of Turbut township, by whom he has one child, Frank D. Mr. Wolfe is a member of the Prohibition party, and, of St. John's Keformed church of Milton, in which he has served as deacon. Since 1880 he has been employed in the Milton Car Works. John C. Keook, farmer, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, January 31, 1848, son of John and Mary (Smith) Krock, natives of that county, who removed to Northumberland county about 1853 and settled in Delaware township, where the father still resides. His family consisted of John C. ; Mary, wife of E. Dief enbacher, of Delaware township, and Annie. He is a member of the German Eeformed church, and politically is a Eepublican. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Dela- ware township, and learned the trade of shoemaking, which he followed eight years, since which he has been engaged in farming. In 1867 he married Emma, daughter of Frederick Whitman, of Watsontown, by whom he has five children: Ida; Flora Elizabeth; Minnie; John Frederick, and Maud. Mr. Krock and wife are members of the German Eeformed church of Milton, and politically he is a Eepublican. J. W. House, blacksmith, was born in Chillisquaque township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, April 3, 1848, son of Andrew and Caroline (Bitzner) House, natives of Germany, who immigrated to this county, where they were married. Our subject was reared and educated in his native township and learned the blacksmith trade at Milton; he has since followed this occupation, locating in Turbut township in 1871. In 1876 he was married to Sarah Steiner, daughter of John Steiner, of Lewis township, by whom he has two children: John and Mary. He is a member of the Turbut Grange, P. of H, and of the Lutheran church, and is a Democrat in politics. His father's family consisted of six children: Emanuel, of Turbut township; Jacob, of Chillisquaque township; Andrew, of Milton; Henry, of Chillis- quaque township; Caroline, and J. W. The two last named are twins. Henkt J. Syphee, farmer, was born in Union county, Pennsylvania, May 19, 1848, son of Abraham and Annie (FoUmer) Sypher, farmers by occupa- tion, and now residents of Union county. Their family consists of two children: Henry J., and Leah Ann, wife of John Bricker, of Union county. The subject of this sketch received his education at the public schools of his native county. In 1869 he married JuHa Ann, daughter of George and Mercy (Sternart) Berkheimer, of Chillisquaque township, and former resi- dents of Union county, where the father still lives, her mother having died in 1887. The subject of this sketch settled upon his present farm near FoUmer's church in 1870; he has five children: Annie M., wife of Harvey Sones, of Hughesville, Lycoming county; William Henry; George Abra- 1126 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. ham; Veronica Idilla, and Bessie Leah. Mr. Sypher is independent in politics, and has filled the office of school director of Turbut township. He has been a prominent member of Turbut Grange, P. of H., since its organi- zation. His wife and family are members of the Lutheran church. William Klick, farmer, was born in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, Feb- ruary 15, 1850, son of Peter and Lavina (Wenrich) Klick, natives of Schuyl- kill and Berks counties, respectively. Mr. Klick was reared and educated in Lebanon county, and has always followed farming. He migrated from Leb- anon to Union county, and April 3, 1879, removed to Turbut township, where he is now engaged in farming and huckstering. In 1872 he married Mary, daughter of Christian Page, of Union county. She died in 1874 leaving no chil- dren. He was again married, in 1876, to Carrie, daughter of Daniel Pick, of Union county, by whom he has five children: Mary Alice; WiUiam Arthur; Peter Harrison; Sallie Estella, and Charles Dougle. Mr. Klick is a member of Turbut Grange, P. of H., in which he has filled several offices. He and his wife are members of the FoUmer Lutheran church, in which he has served as deacon, and is now church treasurer; in politics he is a Democrat. The Mueeays of Chillisquaque. — About the year 1770 three brothers, James, William, and John Murray, settled on lands lying along the ChilHs- quaque creek in Northumberland county in the vicinity of the present vil- lage of Pottsgrove, for which they obtained patents from the Commonwealth. To this original colony were afterwards added several members of a fam- ily of the name of Murray who had come from Scotland and settled on the Swatara (now in Dauphin county) in 1732. It is known that kinship was claimed between these two families but the relationship was probably remote and can not now be determined. There appear to have been others also of the same name who settled in the same locality at about the same period, but it is not known that any blood relationship existed between the latter and the two families first mentioned. The Murrays were stanch Presbyterians and active members of the Chil- lisquaque church. The several families of the same name became at one time so numerous as to constitute a large proportion of the local community, but subsequently many of the members removed to different parts of the West and comparatively few of their descendants now remain in this State. Among the members of the Swatara family who settled on the Chillis- quaque, was John Murray who represented this district in the House of Rep- resentatives from 1807 to 1810, and served as a member of Congress from 1817 to 1820. He was born in 1768 and was married to Margaret Murray, a daughter of Colonel John Murray of Dauphin county. They had several children, one of whom was the late John Murray (merchant) of Milton. James, one of the three brothers first mentioned and known as Colonel James Murray, took an active part in the war of the Eevolution as colonel of a regiment of militia which had probably been raised in the upper end of the BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1127 county. At the organization of the Northumberland county militia in Janu- ary and February, 1776, James Murray was captain of the Seventh company of the Second battalion (Colonel James Potter's) and William Murray was captain of the Fifth company of the Third battalion (Colonel "William Plun- ket's), in which the lieutenant colonel was James Murray. Subsequently James Murray became colonel (succeeding Colonel Plunket probably, as the latter was not in entire sympathy with the American cause after the declara- tion of independence) ; he was first called into active service in the winter of 1776-77, and on the 11th of November, 1777, marched with the Northum- berland county militia to Philadelphia. His regiment was attached to Gen- eral James Potter's brigade and participated in the movements in Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey in 1776-78. A paper dated May 1, 1778, is on record in the office of the Secretary, of the Commonwealth, giving the names of the captains and number of men in the rank and file of the Second battalion of the Northumberland county militia commanded by Colonel James Murray, a copy of which will be found in Chapter III. p. 119. James McMahan, one of the captains of this regi- ment and subsequently known as Major McMahan, was married to a sister of Colonel Murray. There are but few of Colonel Murray's descendants now living in the county. John Murray, one of the three brothers first mentioned, had one son, . Thomas, and three daughters : Jane, married to John McMahan ; Ann, married to John Eeznor, and Mary, unmarried. The son was known as Thomas Mur- ray, Jr., to distinguish him from another of the same napie a few years his senior. Thomas Murray, Jr. was a member of the House of Eepresentatives in 1813, and in 1814 was elected to the Senate. In 1820 he was elected a member of the XVIIth Congress and served during the years 1821 and 1822, being the immediate successor of John Murray previously mentioned. On account of increasing ill health he declined a renomination, and died on the 25th of August, 1823. He was married to Charity Arbour, who in her early life had some thrilling experiences with the Indians and had frequently been obliged to fly to Fort Augusta for protection. Their children were Mary ; John F. ; William; Hannah; Joseph Arbour; Nancy; James; Thomas, and Margaret. Thomas was born, January 22, 1809, was educated at the Milton Academy under Dr. David Kirkpatrick, studied medicine under Dr. James S. Dougal, of Milton, and Dr. Thomas Van Valzah, of Lewisburg, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1888, and subsequently practiced in West- moreland and Indiana counties. He retired from the practice of medicine a few years ago and has since lived at Beaver, Pennsylvania. William Murray was born, August 26, 1796; he was married to Nancy Gray Wilson, of Lewisburg, resided for a time at Washingtonville, Montour county, removed from there to Lewisburg and subsequently to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died, June 13, 1886. William and Nancy G. Mur- 1128 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. ray had three children: Eliza N., who was married to James Black, of Lan- caster ; Thomas, who died in early life, and Samuel Wilson, who is at present a resident of Milton. The McMahan Family of Northumberland county are descended from John and Margaret McMahan, natives of the North of Ireland, who immi- grated to Pennsylvania about 1744 and settled in Sherman's valley, Cumber- land county. They had one son, James, bom to them in Ireland, and two sons and six daughters were born after coming to their new home in the wilds of Pennsylvania. Their names were: John; Benjamin; Rachel; Sarah; Eliz- abeth; Agnes; Margaret, and Mary. The father followed farming in Cum- berland county until his death in 1767. Two years later, in 1769, James McMahan, in company with James, William, and John Murray, Johnson Cheney, Thomas Hewitt, and William Fisher paid a visit to the West Branch valley for the purpose of seeing the country and inspecting the lands which had been thrown open for settlement the previous year. They were so well pleased with the country that all decided to make it their future home, which purpose they afterwards carried into effect. James McMahan selected and purchased three hundred acres of land on Chillisquaque creek, and in 1771 located permanently upon his purchase. His wife, Mary, was a sister of Colonel James Murray, and became the mother of seven sons and one daughter: John; Jane; James; William; Thomas; Eobert; Benjamin, and Samuel. Soon after he had effected a settlement, his brothers, John and Benjamin, and also his mother, followed him to this valley. John bought land about one mile east of James, a part of which farm is still the home of one of his grandsons. Benjamin subsequently moved to Huntingdon county, where many of his descendants now live. John McMahan married Jane, daughter of John Murray, and sister of Thomas Murray, Jr., who bore him nine children: James; Peggy; John; Hannah; Benjamin; Thomas; Polly; William, and Samuel. Mrs. Margaret McMahan also took up her abode on Chillisquaque creek, and a few years after coming she was drowned while crossing that stream in a wagon. Whether the McMahans were soldiers from choice or from necessity we know not, but one thing is certain, as soldiers they did their duty and did it well. Major James McMahan, as he was familiarly known, got his first taste of war when a lad of eighteen, being fired upon by a band of Indians on the bank of the Juniata river and wounded in the left shoulder. He afterwards served as first sergeant in the Second batallion of Pennsylvania troops in the French and Indian war. He held a captain's commission in the Revolution- ary war, and at the close of the Revolution he was promoted to major. At one time he had command of a small stockade fort, built on his own farm on the bank of Chillisquaque creek for the protection of the settlement against rov- ing bands of Indians. During this period, while in the woods hunting stock, Major McMahan was taken prisoner by an Indian and a white man painted. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1129 But being left alone with the Indian he brained the savage with the butt of his gun, made his escape, and returned to the fort in safety. He went with Captain Boone's company to the relief of Fort Freeland, but it had surren- dered before their arrival. In short, both James and John McMahan did admirable service in defense of Northumberland county, as well as elsewhere, throughout the struggle for American liberty, and at its close they retired to their farms, upon which the remaining years of their lives were spent. They were among the founders of Chillisquaque Presbyterian church, and were worthy men and good citizens. John McMahan, eldest son of Major McMahan, was a colonel in the war of 1812, while James, the second son, was a major in the same war, both serving with credit along the Niagara river. Colonel McMahan was complimented by Gener^ Scott as one of the bravest and most efficient officers in his command. James Montgomeby immigrated from Scotland to this country, and pro- cured a tract of land in Montour county, where he lived and died. He was one of the founders of the Chillisquaque Presbyterian church. H. E. Montgomery was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, in 1819, a son of James Montgomery. He married Sarah Mull, a native of Berks county, and afterwards located where his son D. M. now resides. He served as justice of the peace twenty-five or thirty years in Montour county, also served as overseer of the poor of Chillisquaque township. He was a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church, and politically a Democrat. He died in 1881; his wife still survives him. They reared nine children: James, a phy- sician of Buckhorn, Columbia county, Pennsylvania; John S. ; Mary, Mrs. C. H. Marsh; Sarah A., Mrs. William Eckman, of Sunbury; D. M.; William, a farmer of Chillisquaque township; H. B. ; Clara B., and Alice Jane. John S. Montgomeby was born in Chillisquaque township, August 21, 1859. He received his education at the Pottsgrove Academy, learned tel- egraphy, and was in the employ of the Philadelphia and Beading Eailroad Company five years at Danville. In 1888 he established his present mer- cantile business. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and politically a Democrat. D. M. MqntgOmeey, of the firm of J. S. Montgomery & Company, mer- chants, was born in Chilhsquaque township, September 27, 1865, son of H. E. and Sarah (Mull) Montgomery. He was educated at the Pottsgrove Acad- emy, and afterward learned telegraphy, which occupation he followed several years. In 1889 he became a member of the present firnj. He is a member of Corona Lodge, I. O. O. F., of Conemaugh, and Brownfield Lodge, E. of P., a member of the Presbyterian church, and politically a Democrat. Jacob S. Eishel was born in that part of Northumberland county which is now Montour, Pennsylvania, July 7, 1806, son of Jacob and Mary (Sanders) Eishel. His grandfather, Michael Eishel, was a native of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and one of the early settlers of Northumberland coun- 1130 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBBRLAND COUNTY. ty. The father of our subject was a farmer by occupation, and died in Montour county in 1836. He reared twelve children, two of whom are liv- ing: Jacob S., and Regina, wife of Jacob Wireman, of Montour county. The subject of this sketch was reared on the homestead farm and attended the district schools, after which he learned the tanner's trade, which he soon relinquished to become a farmer, which has been his principal occu- pation. In 1850 he removed to Northumberland county and settled in this tovmship. In 1829 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Anthony Diehl, of Montour county. She died in 1870. Ten of their children grew to matur- ity; those living are: Mary, Mrs. William Eayer; Michael, of the firm of J. E. Smith & Company, of Milton; Susan, widow of John C. Mc Williams; Hannah, Mrs. Thomas Kutz, of Williamsport; Thomas H., of Missouri; Jacob Henry, of Milton, and William James, of Kansas. Mr. Rishel has always been an active Democrat, and has filled oflices of trust in Montour and Northumberland counties. He has been identified with the Lutheran church many years, and is serving as elder of the same. Hugh Mabtin was born in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, April 5, 1810. His father was born in White Deer township. Union county, Pennsylvania, and married Mary Ambrose, also a native of that county. Our subject was reared in Lewisburg, and attended the public schools. Before he was eighteen years of age he had earned sufficient money by working on the canal to buy a house and lot in Lewisburg. After this he learned the trade of plasterer, which he followed nearly twenty-five years. In 1848 he removed to Chillisquaque township, and for eleven years engaged in farming, after which he removed to Montandon, where he Has since resided. In 1831 he married Hannah, daughter of John Waurer, of Berks county, Pennsylvania. She died in 1884, leaving a family of two sons and two daughters: Alexander, a farmer of this township; Elizabeth, Mrs. James Bannen, .who has two sons in the Lutheran ministry; Robert, who was killed at Milton, and Fannie, Mrs. Elias Bieber. Mr. Martin is a member of the Democratic party, and in 1864 was elected county commissioner, serving three years. He has also served as overseer of the poor seven years and in other township offices. He is a charter member of the Lewisburg I. O. O. P., and a stockholder in the Lewisburg Bank, the First National Bank of Milton, the Lewisburg Nail Company, and the Lewisburg Bridge Company. He is a liberal supporter of all churches, but not identified with any particular denomination. William Reed,^ farmer, was born at Pottsgrove, February 15, 1820, son of James and Mary (Perry) Reed, natives of Berks county, who settled at Pottsgrove, where he secured a tract of land, which he cleared and improved; he also erected the first hotel in the town, and conducted the same several years. He served as postmaster twenty-eight years. He reared five children: Washington, deceased; Eliza; Margaret; William, and Joseph, who was a member of Company D, One Himdred and Twelfth Pennsylvania Volunteers, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1131 and was killed at Petersburg, Virginia. The subject of our sketch married in 1843, Lydia, daughter of Emanuel Beck, of Montour county, by whom he had three children: E. B. ; Charles, deceased, and Sarah, Mrs. J. E. Smith, of Milton. Mr. Eeed is a Republican, and has lilled the various township offices. He is a member of the Lutheran church. Emanuel B. Eeed, son of William and Lydia (Beck) Eeed, was born at Pottsgrove, April 26, 1865. He received his education at the Milton Academy, after which he became station agent for the Philadelphia and Eeading Eailroad Company at Pottsgrove, which position he filled six years. He is an active member of the Eepublican party, and has served in several of the township offices. Solomon Faikchild, farmer, was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, May 15, 1823. He was reared in his native county and educated in the pub- lic schools, and has followed the occupation of farmer. December 23, 1852, he married Emily, a daughter of Abraham Lines, of Luzerne county. She died in 1853. April 29, 1856, he married Sarah, daughter of Jonathan Eob- bins, of Luzerne county. He is the father of eight children: Ambrose; Franklin; George; Solomon; Sarah Elizabeth; Linda May; Minnie, and Grace D. Mr. Fairchild removed from Luzerne county to his farm in this township in 1873. He is a director in the First National Bank of Milton. Politically he is a Republican, and has served as school director and in other township offices. Mr. Fairchild and family are members of the Presbyterian church of Milton. William S. Foeesman, farmer, was born in Chillisquaque township, De- cember 10, 1825. His grandfather, Joseph Foresman, removed to Northum- berland county in 1799 and took up a tract of land, whereon he lived for many years. He was a pioneer and prominent man of the township. Joseph Foresman, father of our subject, was born in 1784. He learned the black- smith trade, which occupation he followed until he had earned money enough to purchase a farm in Chillisquaque township. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Wilson Hunt, and reared a family of six children, three of whom are living: Evaline, Mrs. Dubias Cawley, of Milton; John H, of Point township, and Elias. From 1832 to 1855 he conducted a hotel near Montandon, which was widely and favorably known as Foresman' s Hotel. He was a Republican in politics, and a member of the Presbyterian church. His wife died in May, 1845, and he in 1855. The subject of our sketch was reared in this township, received his early education in the district schools, and has followed the occupation of farming. In January, 3851, he married Sarah Ann, daughter of Thomas Pardoe, by whom he has seven children: Sarah Elizabeth; Benjamin F., of Philadelphia; Amanda, Mrs. Jacob Har- mon, of Lewisburg; Charles Edward, of Shamokin; Emma; Harry B., and lantha. Mr. Foresman settled on his present farm in April, 1870. Politic- ally he is a Republican, and has served a^ supervisor and overseer of the 1132 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELA.ND COUNTY. poor of the township. He and his family are members of the Presbyterian church. Joseph Neagley, farmer, was bom in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, October 12, 1829. His father, Daniel Neagley, was also a native of Dauphin county, and his mother, Margaret (Gable) Neagley, was a native of Canada, and moved with her parents to the United States when seven years old. After her marriage to Mr. Neagley she located in Dauphin county, where both died, he, February 2, 1873, and she, October 3, 1S76. They were mem- bers of the Eeformed church, of which he was an elder for many years. They reared eleven children: George; John; Joseph; Daniel; Mary; Catha- rine; Sarah; Isaac; Margaret; Hannah, and William. Our subject remained on the homestead farm until 1859, when he removed to his present place, where he has since resided. In 1854 he was married to Elizabeth Lenker, daughter of John Lenker, of Northumberland county, and to this union have been born eight children: Agnes, wife of John Schwenk; William A., of Milton; Jacob A., of Sunbury; Alice, wife of E. P. Marsh, of WiUiams- port; John D. ; Elizabeth M. ; Joseph C, and Catharine E. Mr. Neagley is a Democrat and has filled the ofiice of school director. He and his family belong to the Lewisburg Eeformed church, and for twelve years he has served as deacon and trustee of the same. Abbam Paibchild, farmer, was born in Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, December 25, 1832, son of Solomon and Elizabeth (Lutsey) Pairchild, na- tives of that county, and farmers by occupation. They were members of the Presbyterian church, and the parents of thirteen children. Those living are: Solomon; Eosanna, Mrs. Cornelius Styer, of Montour county; Priscilla, -Mrs. Matthias Easley, of Butler county, Pennsylvania; Isabella, Mrs. Ziba Kramer, of Iowa, and Abram. The subject of this sketch was reared in Luzerne county and attended the district schools. In 1854 he married Hannah, daughter of Barnet Miller. He was engaged in farming in Lu- zerne county until 1874, when he removed to Northumberland county and located upon the farm where he now resides. Mr. Pairchild is a director in the First National Bank of Milton, and a stockholder of the Milton Knit- ting Company, the Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and the Milton Driving Park and Fair Association. Politically he is a Eepublican; he has served two years as supervisor and two years as constable in Luzerne county. He has seven children: Elizabeth, wife of E. F. Colvin, of Milton; Annie, wife of John D. Derr, of Steelton, Pennsylvania; Milton O., a farmer of Union county; Mary, wife of Eyer Spyker, of Lewisburg; Angus A., of Potts- grove; Clara J., and Milo Wesley. Mr. Pairchild and family are members of the Presbyterian church. S. M. MiLLEK, postmaster, Pottsgrove, was born in Montour county, Penn- sylvania, April 24, 1S34, son of Daniel Miller, who was born in Chillisquaque township in 1810. He married Jane Dale and settled in Montour county, BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1133 where he worked at the shoemaker trade. He afterward reraoved to Potts- grove, and was appointed postmaster in 1872. He died in 1880; his wife still survives him. They reared seven children, two of whom are living: William D., of Philadelphia, who is engaged in the real estate business, and S. M. The subject of this sketch attended the township schools, and after- ward learned the trade of harness maker, which he has since followed. In 1862 he enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers; he was wounded at the battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, and was honorably discharged from the service. He re-enlisted in the Thirty- ninth Pennsylvania Militia, and again in the Second Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, and served as corporal until the close of the war. He was then in the employ of the Philadelphia and Heading Railroad Company three years. In 1872 he married Emma E., daughter of Enos Brookes, of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, who died in 1882. He again married in 1883, and has three chil- dren: Jennie May; Hattie M., and William L. Mr. Miller is a Republican in politics, and was appointed postmaster at Pottsgrove, October 28, 1889. J. F. BucHEH, deceased, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, May 24, 1834. His father, Nicholas Bucher, was a native of Switzerland, and settled in Northampton county when a boy. He married Elizabeth Bachman, and in 1837 removed to Northumberland county, where he engaged in farming. He was a member of the Reformed church. He was the father of six children, five of whom are living: Samuel; John, of Milton; Sarah; J. P., and Catharine, wife of David Kohler. The subject of this sketch re- ceived his education at the Lancaster and Milton schools, and at the age of eighteen years learned the blacksmith trade, which occupation he followed for some time. In 1862 he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Sev- enty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers as first lieutenant, serving nine months. In 1868 he removed to Milton, where he worked at his trade until 1874. In 1886 he located upon the farm where his family now resides, and where his death occurred, September 15, 1890. In 1864 he married Adeline, daughter of John Wolfe, by whom he had eight children: Elizabeth; Mary; Clara W. ; JohnN. ; Margaret J.; J. F.; Frederick B., and Adeline, deceased. He was a member of the F. & A. M. of Milton and the G. A. R. Politically he was a Democrat; he served in the offices of justice of the peace and auditor of the township, and was elected county treasurer in 1881, serving three years. Mr. Bucher was a member of the Reformed church, to which his family also adheres. Elias Biebeb, farmer, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 1, 1835, son of John and Hannah (Shaeffer) Bieber, natives of Lycom- ing county, Pennsylvania, and Seneca county. New York, respectively. His father was a farmer, a Democrat in politics, and served as school director. He was a consistent member of the Lutheran church and died in October, 1863. His widow died in May, 1869. Ten children were born to their union. 1134 HISTOBY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. four of whom are living: Elias; Benjamin, of Chillisquaque township; Anna, a maiden lady, living in Lycoming county, and William, of Lycoming county. Our subject was reared and educated in his native county and his occupation has always been that of a farmer. December 24, 1868, he was married to Sarah F. Martin, daughter of Hugh Martin, of Montandon, by whom he has six children living: Howard L., of Lycoming county; Woods M. ; Florence B. ; William E. ; Benjamin F., and Aimie E. In 1859 he came to Northumberland county and located upon his present farm. He is a member of Chillisquaque Grange, P. of H. He is a Democrat in politics and is a member of the school board. He and his wife belong to the Lu- theran church of Lewisburg. James O. Giffen, farmer, was born in Chillisquaque tovwiship, March 3, 1887. His grandfather, James GifEen, a blacksmith by trade, was a native of Delaware and one of the early settlers of Montour county, whence he removed to Chillisquaque township and engaged in farming. He was a member of the Presbyterian church. John GifEen, father of our subject, was born in Montour county, November 23, 1805, and removed to Northum- berland county, December 24, 1833. He married Margaret, daughter of Samuel and Jane (Reed) McMahan. He became one of the prominent farmers of the township. He was a member and an elder in the Chillisquaque Presbyterian church, and politically a Eepublican. He died, March 10, 1885; his wife still survives him. They reared five children: Christiana, wife of I. C. Bishel, of Chillisquaque township; James O. ; Mary, wife of Eev. Charles Park, of Orange county. New York; Samuel M., of Muskegon county, Michigan, and John E. The subject of our sketch was reared on the homestead, where he still resides, and attended the public schools. Decem- ber 4, 1867, he married Martha C, daughter of John Watson, of Lock Haven, Clinton county, Pennsylvania, by whom he has three children: Walter W. ; Jennie M., and John M. Mr. Giffen was engaged in the grocery business two years at Milton, the remainder of his time being occupied in farming. He is a Republican in politics, and has served as township auditor and assessor. He is a member of the Chillisquaque Grange, and purchasing agent for the same and for the Grange Association comprising six counties. He is a member of the Chillisquaque Presbyterian church. Joseph Paedoe, farmer and county commissioner, was born in Chillisqua- que township, March 15, 1839. His father, Thomas Pardee, was born in London, England, March 4, 1795, and came to America with his parents when a child. The father of our subject married Sarah Hause and located upon a farm in Chillisquaque township, where he followed the occupation of farmer, distiller, miller, and store keeper. He was a Eepublican in politics, served as justice of the peace for many years, and also as supervisor and school director. He was a member of the Presbyterian church. He died, April 21, 1873; his widow died, November 18, 1876. They reared ten chil- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1137 dren, of whom five are living: William, of Milton; Sarah, Mrs. W. S. Foresman; Franklin C, of Montour county; Joseph, and Hannah, Mrs. John H. Gottshall, of Flint City, Michigan. The subject of our sketch was edu- cated in the public schools, and has been engaged principally in farming. In 1860 he married Susan, daughter of Andrew I. Fetzer, of Chillisquaque township, by whom he has four children: Mary J., Mrs. 0. K. Shearer; Sarah L., Mrs. Thomas F. Haup, of Sunbury; T. H., and Grace. He is an active member of the Republican party, was elected tax collector in 1888, in which capacity he served two terms, and in 1890 was elected county commissioner. In 1891, when taking his official position, he sold his farming implements and removed his family to the town of Northumberland. Mr. Pardee and family are adherents of the Methodist Episcopal church. Rev. T. O. Glees, deceased, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, November 16, 1839, son of Frederick and Hannah (Obern) Glees, natives of the same county and of Scotch-Irish extraction. He spent his early days upon a farm, and at the age of fifteen years he began learning the cabinet maker's trade, which he followed for a time. He received his education at Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, from which he was graduated in 1865. From this date to 1868 he was principal of the high school at Montourville, Pennsylvania. He joined the Methodist Episcopal church in 1856. March 11, 1868, he entered the East Baltimore Conference, and was appointed to the Watsontown charge with Rev. Henry Wilson. He afterwards served the WashingtonviUe charge. He was married, November 10, 1870, to A. Tillie Andrews, daughter of John Andrews, a native of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, who removed to Montandon in 1868. From 1873 to 1876 Mr. Clees had charge of a church at Elysburg; from 1876 to 1879 he preached in Columbia county, where he was assigned to the Orangeville charge and built three churches at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars. In 1882-84 he preached at Selinsgrove and Shamokin Dam, where he also completed a church. From here he went to Town Hill and soon after retired from active ministerial duties on account of failing health. He was a pioneer of the Prohibition party and one of its most active workers. He died, February 18, 1887. His widow survives, and in 1887 established her present mercantile business at Montandon. She has two children : William Atwood and Robbins Kimber Clees. J. Wilson Hess was born in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, January 9, 1841, son of Jacob Hess, who was also born in that county. John Hess, grandfather of our subject, was born in Northampton county, and settled in Columbia about the year 1810. He was a farmer by occupation, one of the •substantial men of the community, a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Reformed church. The father of our subject married Saloama Fenster- macher, a native of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania. In 1862 he removed to Union county, and thence in 1864 to Chillisquaque township, where he 64 1138 HISTOBY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. engaged in farming. He served in the different township offices, and for many years as elder and deacon of the Eeformed church. He died in 1874, his wife having died in 1870. They reared five children, two of whom are living: Catharine, Mrs. Jones of Talmadge, Ohio, and J. Wilson, who attended the schools at Bloomsburg, Millville, Limestoneville, and Lewis- burg. In 1864 he enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Ninety- second Pennsylvania Volunteers, as captain of the company, and was honorably dis- charged in 1865. After his return from the war he was engaged in the mercantile business at Montandon two years, after which he practiced den- tistry nearly three years. He was then engaged with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as weighmaster at Montandon one year, clerked one year, after which he taught school in Baltimore county, Maryland, two years, and clerked in Baltimore about five years. In 1865 he located in Mon- tandon. In 1864 he married Emma, daughter of Jacob Wolfe, of Buffalo township, Union county, by whom he has three children: Charles E., of Nanticoke, Pennsylvania; Jessie M., and Clara E. Mr. Hess is a member of Andrew G. Tucker Post, G. A. K., of Lewisburg. Politically he is a Demo- crat, has served as township auditor, and is now serving his tenth year as justice of the peace. He is a member of the Baptist church, and his wife of the Eeformed church. William Henby Harbison Nesbitt, farmer, was born in Chillisquaque township, February 27, 1841. His grandfather was a native of York county, Pennsylvania, and one of the pioneer settlers of this township. He built the first boat and rowed the first ferry across to Lewisburg. He served in the Revolutionary war. Fleming Nesbitt, father of our subject, married Annie W., daughter of Job Randolph, of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. He was a member of a militia company of Lewisburg for many years. He started in life poor, and became one of the affluent and influential citizens of the township. He was an elder in the Presbyterian church, and in politics an active Republican. He died in 1877, and his wife in 1874. They were the parents of eleven children, of whom seven are living: Susan Ann, wife of Robert Montgomery, of Columbia county; Jonathan, of Pottsgrove; Mary Ellen, wife of Thomas Robinson, of Washingtonville ; Rebecca M., wife of Robert Johnson, of Pottsgrove; Catharine; Randolph, and W. H. H. The subject of this sketch was reared in this township and educated in the public schools. September 4, 1861, he enlisted in Company E, Twelfth United States Infantry; he was wounded in the right arm and ribs at the battle of Bull Run, and in the right shoulder at the battle of the Wilderness. In 1865 he married Ellen J., daughter of Joseph Gray, of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. They have eight children: Edith M.; Jennie G.; Arthur F. ; Harold; Annie L.; Helen J.; Joseph Gray, and John R. He is a member of the Presbyterian church of Milton, and politically is a Republican. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1139 Benjamin Fbanklin Tkoxell, farmer, was born upon the farm whereon he now resides, August 29, 1849. His grandfather, Abraham Troxell, was one of the early settlers of Chilli squaque township, where his father, George Troxell, was born in 1797. He married Catharine, daughter of Henry Kline, of Chillisquaque township, and by occupation was a farmer. He was a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and politically a Democrat. He died in 1884; his wife died in 1872. They were the par- ents of ten children, eight of whom are living: Reuben, of Michigan; John, of Chillisquaque township; Charles, of Chicago, Illinois; George, of Indi- ana; Aaron, of Chillisquaque township; Lucy, Mrs. William Pardoe, of Milton; Margaret, Mrs. John Hassenplug, and Benjamin F. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools. In 1869 he married Rebecca, daughter of Israel Royer, of Union county, Pennsylvania. She died, July 16, 1879, leaving four children: Katie; Blair; George, and Cora May. In 1883 he married Amanda, daughter of Thompson and Mary (Homan) Stra- hon, of Centre county, Pennsylvania. One child has been born to this union, Mary BordeU. Politically he is a Democrat, and has served in the office of township constable. Mr. Troxell and family attend the Methodist Episcopal church. John A. Rine, farmer, was born in Snyder county, Pennsylvania, Decem- ber 13, 1850, son of Benjamin and Susan (Hummel) Rine, natives of that county, who came to Northumberland county, in 1852, and settled in Chil- lisquaque township, where they now reside. They are members of the Lutheran church at Lewisburg. Five children have been born to them: John A.; Mary Ann, Mrs. Frank B. Shuck, of Delaware township; Susan, Mrs. WilKam Noll; Benjamin F., who married Annie Stahl, and Maria S. The subject of our sketch attended the township schools and Lewisburg Academy, and has been engaged in farming and dealing in stock. December 31, 1872, he married Amanda, daughter of John and Catharine Shuck, of Kelly township. Union county, by whom he has four children: AdaG.; Jennie May; Harvey Luther, and Charles Edwin. Politically Mr. Rine is a Democrat; he is now serving in the office of school director, and is treas- urer of the school board. For twelve consecutive years he has been deacon and trustee in the Lutheran church of Lewisburg. John Henby Wingebt was born in Pine Grove, Schuylkill county, Penn- sylvania, December 3, 1852. His father, Jeremiah Wingert, was a native of Perry county, Pennsylvania, and married Hester, daughter of John Van Gundy, of Union county. In 1855 he removed to that county, where he engaged in business as a farmer and nurseryman. He became one of the prominent farmers of that county. Politically he was a Republican, and served in various township offices. He was a member of the Christian church. He died in 1864; his widow still survives him, and is the wife of J. H. Seabold, of New Berlin, Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch was 1140 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. reared in Union county and educated at Buckaell University, from which he graduated in 1872. Since then he has been engaged in the mercantile bus- iness at Lewisburg and Montandon, one year at each place, and in teaching school and farming. In 1878 he married Lizzie, daughter of Edward Hum- mel, of Chillisquaque township. She died in February, 1883, leaving one child, Marion Mae. Mr. Wingert has been teacher of the same school six years. He is a member of the Baptist church of Montandon, deacon and clerk of the same, and has also been superintendent of the Sabbath school for a number of years. Politically he is a Democrat, and has been auditor and assessor of the township several terms. Geobge M. Walter, farmer, was born, December 18, 1853. His father, Solomon B. Walter, was a native of Buffalo township. Union coimty, Penn- sylvania. He married Catharine Mark, of Snyder county. They came to Northumberland county, and settled upon the farm now in possession of our subject in 1847. The father was a Republican in politics, and served as school director and as postmaster of Chillisquaque. He was a member of the Evangelical church. He died, January 19, 1881 ; his wife stiU survives him. They reared nine children: Cyrus P., of Point township; Mary C, Mrs. Abraham Grove, of Union county, Pennsylvania; Lillian, Mrs. Q. W. Furey, of Sunbury; Lavina; George M. ; Joanna, Mrs. F. H. Shermer, of Sunbury; Maggie, Mrs; W. H. Herr, of Clinton coimty, Pennsylvania; Lincoln, attor- ney at law, Mt. Carmel, and Chester F. The subject of this sketch was reared on the old homestead, and received his education at the township schools and Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. January 1, 1889, he married Lizzie, daughter of Samuel Muffley, of Montour county. They are members of the Lutheran church. Politically Mr. Walter is a Republican. John E. K. Schwenk, merchant and postmaster at Chillisquaque, was born in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, August 24, 1854, son of Abraham and Catharine (Klinger) Schwenk, natives of Montgomery and Schuylkill counties, Pennsylvania, respectively. His father was a merchant, a manu- facturer of blasting powder, and hotel keeper in Schuylkill county. He re- tired from business and removed to Lewisburg, Union county, this State, where he died, March 10, 1885; his widow died in 1887. They were mem- bers of the Lutheran church and the parents of eleven children: Samuel K., who was a member of the Fiftieth Pennsylvania Volunteers and rose to the rank of brigadier general; Aaron K., also a member of the Fiftieth Penn- sylvania Volunteers, and now a wholesale merchant of Philadelphia; Abraham, who resides in Philadelphia, and was also a member of the Fiftieth Penn- sylvania Volunteers; Daniel, deceased; Milton, a retired lieutenant of the United States Navy, residing in New York City; Elmira, of Philadelphia; John E. K. and Peter, twins, the latter being a physician in Philadelphia; George; Jacob, and Frances, deceased. Our subject received his education BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1141 at Bucknell University, and followed farming until 1885, when he engaged in the mercantile business at Chillisquaque. January 27, 1879, he married Agnes Neagley, daughter of Joseph Neagley of Chillisquaque, by whom he has three children: Edna; Lizzie, and Annie. He is a Republican in politics and was appointed postmaster in October, 1889. He and his wife are mem- bers of the Reformed church at Lewisburg, of which he is a deacon. William B. Cox, postmaster, Montandon, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, January 5, 1857, son of Samuel and Mary (Schmucker) Cox, natives of Delaware, who settled in' Lancaster county and later in Chester county. In 1861 Samuel, father of our subject, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving three years and six months in the commissary department. Since the close of the war he has had charge of hotels at Montandon, Selinsgrove, and for the last five years has been pro- prietor of the Eagle Hotel at Lebanon, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Cox died in 1884. She was the mother of five children: William B. ; Elizabeth, Mrs. J. M. Funk, of Lebanon; Harry; Ada, and Edward. His second wife was Mrs. Sarah (Bisell) Bigony, by whom he has three children: Charles; Belle, and Carrie. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Millersville State Norm.al School; for several years he was engaged in teaching, and later in the sale of agricultural implements. He removed to Montandon in 1877. In 1880 he married Elizabeth, daughter of W. M. Auten, of Chillisquaque township, by whom he has three children: Frank; Maxwell, and Blanche. Mr. Cox is a Republican in politics, and was appointed postmaster of Mon- tandon, August 15, 1889. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. of Montandon and of the Methodist Episcopal church. * CHAPTER XLIX. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. LEWIS AND DELAWARE TOWNSHIPS, AND BOEOUGHS OF TURBUT- VILLE AND McEWENSVILLE. The Montgomery Family. — In 1737 Robert Montgomery emigrated with his family from County Armagh, Ireland, and settled near the pres- ent site of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He died, October 15, 1776, aged seventy-one years, and was buried in the Paxtang church graveyard, three miles from Harrisburg. His wife, Sarah, died, October 15, 1784, and was buried at the same place. They were the parents of five sons and three daughters. The sons were as follows: William; Thomas; Hugh, who kept a public house in Milton; David, and John. 1142 HISTORY OP NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. John Montgomery, youngest son of Eobert Montgomery, was a native of Ireland, married Christiana Foster, of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and first settled on an improved farm at the foot of Peter's mountain, about ten miles north of Harrisburg. In 1773 he exchanged his farm in Dauphin county for a large tract of uniuciproved land owned by William Patterson, in Turbut township, Northumberland county, and soon after removed to the same, building himself a small dwelling house of hickory saplings, and named it "Paradise." In 1779 when the British and Indians attacked Fort Free- land, four miles from his home, he, with his wife and children, escaped and returned to Dauphin county, where he rented a farm until 1783, when he returned to his home in Turbut township. On arriving he found that the buildings had been burned, and that Captain Wilham Rice and company, who had been sent to the frontier, had built a two-story limestone building that inclosed the spring and was known as Fort Eice. He made some alterations in it, and used it for a dwelling house. November 8, 1792, he was killed by a tree falling upon him while he was opening the Derry road, leading from Milton to Derry township, Montour county. His widow died, March 2, 1821. They are buried in the old Chillisquaque graveyard. They reared four sons and three daughters: Robert; John; William; David; Jane; Sarah, and Margaret. Robert Montgomery, eldest son of John Montgomery, Sr., was bom in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 1762, and about 1790 he married Cather- ine Frick, who bore him the following children: John; David; Catherine; Margaret; Christiana, and Sarah, all of whom were born on the farm settled by their father, and lying about one mile east of the old Paradise farm set- tled by John Montgomery, Sr. The mother died, September 9, 1805, and about 1808 Robert Montgomery married Mary Harrison, who bore him two children: Robert and Mary. Mr. Montgomery died, December 1, 1814; his widow survived him until 1852. John Montgomery, eldest son of Robert and Catherine Montgomery, was born, July 26, 1792, and became the owner of his father's homestead. He was married, March 3, 1825, to Rebecca Day, a native of York county, Penn- sylvania, who bore him one son, Robert, the present sheriff of Northumber- land county. She died, September 2, 1836, aged forty-three years. He afterward married Grace Hammond, who died without issue. Mr. Mont- gomery was prominent in the local councils of the Democratic party, and served as associate judge of the county many years. He died, March 17, 1866. Robert Montgomery, farmer and sheriff, is the only child of John and Rebecca Montgomery. He was born on the old homestead in Lewis town- ship, June 1, 1830, and received a common school education, and was en- gaged in farming from boyhood up to taking the office of sheriff in January, 1891. Mr. Montgomery was married, February 23, 1854, to Elizabeth Vin- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1143 cent, who was born near Wafcsontown in Delaware township, Sept§mber 17, 1833, and is a daughter of Isaac Vincent. Three children are the fruits of this union: John; Harry B., and Grace. The family are adherents of the Presbyterian church, and Democratic in politics. For eighteen years Mr. Montgomery served as a school director in Lewis township, and has always taken a deep interest in educational matters. He was a delegate to the State convention that nominated Heister Clymer for Governor, served in the legis- lature in 1870-71, and in November, 1890, was elected sheriff of Northum- berland county, which office he is now filling. In fact, he has been one of the active, hard-working Democrats of the county since early manhood, and has won hosts of friends who remained true to him in the close political bat- tle of last November. John Montgomery, second son of John Montgomery, Sr., married Eleanor Wilson, May 3, 1791, and settled in Black Hole valley. They were the par- ents of twelve children: John, who married Polly Hammond; Peggy, who was twice married, first to John Brindle, and after his death to William A. Petriken; Fleming; Eobert, who married Margaret Montgomery; WiUiam W. ; David; Hugh, a physician, who was married four times, first to Maria Thompson, then in succession to Ann Johnson, Isabella Stuart, and Martha Coates; Eleanor, who married Joshua Bowman; Thomas, who married So- phia Keller; William (2d); Washington D. , and James, who married Jane Watson. William Montgomery, third son of John Montgomery, Sr., married Ea- chel Simpson, of Sunbury, who died, March 7, 1806. He lived on the old Paradise farm, and survived his wife until June 17, 1828. Both are buried in the old ChilUsquaque graveyard. They had a family of three children: Nancy, who married Dr. Eobert Van Valzah; John T., who married Hanna Hower, and William. William Montgomery, youngest child of William Montgomery, was born, March 7, 1805, and died, February 7, 1875. He married Molly Caldwell, who bore him a family of four children: William C, deceased; Mary Jane, who married John M. Thatcher; Caroline, who became the wife of John H. Vincent, and Sarah V., who married Valentine O. Truckenmiller, proprietor of the grist mills near McEwensville. Mrs. Montgomery died, September 26, 1867, and both she and her husband are buried in the McBwensviUe cemetery. ^ David Montgomery, youngest son of John Montgomery, Sr., married Agnes Shaw. She was born. May 25, 1777, and died, August 22, 1853 ; her husband survived her until November 23, 1859, and reached the ripe old age of ninety-two years. They resided upon the old homestead in what is now Lewis township, and reared a family of four sons and five daughters, viz. : Eliza, who was twice married, first to Dr. Thomas Wood, and second to Eobert McCormick; John G. ; Margaret, who married her cousin, Eobert 1144 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Montgomery, and died in Muncy; William S. ; David B. ; Eobert F., born June 13, 1813, and killed by a falling tree, March 7, 1828; Christiann, wid- ow of Joshua Bowman; Nancy M., who married Joseph Nesbit, and CaroHne B., widow of Edward Lyon. John G. Montgomeby, oldest son of David Montgomery, was born Janu- ary 28, 1805. He was twice married, first to Deborah B., daughter of Jacob Kerr, of McEwensville, who was killed by accident the day after her marriage. He afterwards married Henrietta, daughter of John Cooper, of Danville, Pennsylvania, who bore him seven children: Alice; Agnes; Elizabeth; Henri- etta; Margaret; Cooper, and Caroline. He was a member of the legislature two years, after which he was elected to Congress, but did not take his seat. He attended the inauguration of James Buchanan as President of the United States, and while there contracted disease, from which he died, April 24, 1857. William S. Montgomery, second son and fourth child of David and Agnes Montgomery, was born, December 17, 1808, and died at Milton, October 23, 1883. He married Jane Caldwell, who bore him a family of four sons and one daughter: David, of Colorado; Oliver, deceased; Eobert C, of Lewis township; Edward, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Margaret, widow of James Bryson. Mr. Montgomery was a farmer, and followed that vocation near McEwensville until his removal to Milton, where he died. RoBEBT C. Montgomeby was born on the old homestead in Lewis town- ship, December 24, 1836, and is a son of William S. and Jane Montgomery. He was educated at the McEwensville Academy, and is a farmer by occupa- tion. He was married, February 5, 1863, to Mary Lowry, of Deny, Mon- tour county, who has borne him six children: William; Helen, wife of Rev. George Marr; Lowry; Jennie; Fannie, and Margery. The family are attend- ants of the Presbyterian church, and in politics Mr. Montgomery is a Demo- crat. David B. Montgomeby, third son of David Montgomery, was born, No- vember 28, 1810, and married, March 30, 1837, to Elizabeth, daughter of John Brown, of White Deer valley, and a niece of Dr. Matthew Brown, president of Jefferson College, Washington county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Montgomery served two terms in the House of Representatives, the first in 1841—42, and the second in 1853-54. In 1863 he was elected a member of the Pennsylvania Senate, and served one term. He reared three sons and two daughters: Agnes, born March 12, 1838, who lives with Mrs. Edward Lyon, of Williamsport; Alfred, who was born, November 19, 1839, and died March 19, 1879; Mary Isabella, born April 9, 1842, who resides in Philadel- phia, and Robert L. and David J., both residents of Lewis township. David B. Montgomery and wife died upon the old homestead, the latter, June 9, 1883, and her husband. May 16, 1886. RoBEBT L. Montgomeby, second son of David B. Montgomery, was bc^rn, ^^ecT-^jt^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1145 October 10, 1845. He was educated at the township schools and the Lime- stoneville and Turbutville Academies. December 23, 1874, he married Priscilla Stuart, daughter of Dr. Hugh Montgomery, by whom he has three children: Elizabeth B.; Esther A., and Isabella Stuart. He is an elder in the Warrior Eun Presbyterian church, and politically he is a Democrat. David J. Montgomeet, youngest son of David B. Montgomery, was born, October 6, 1849, and was married, January 13, 1881, to Harriet Hays, and resides on the home farm. He has two children: Walter B. and Robert H. George Stahl, farmer, was born on the farm where he nojv resides, Feb- ruary 25, 1814, son of Philip and Ehzabeth (Eshbach) Stahl. His paternal grandfather, John Stahl, served in the Revolutionary war as quartermaster and captain, and at times was recruiting ofiS.cer. At the close of the wair he came to Northumberland county, and settled on a tract of land containing four hundred acres. He was the father of six children, Philip, father of our subject, being one of the number. The subject of this sketch received his education in the district schools, and has been a farmer all his life. He has served two terms as school director, and in other township offices. Mr. Stahl was married in 1842 to Elizabeth Deshler, of this county, and to them were bom eight children: William J.; Thomas P.; Mary E. ; Levi H. ; John O. ; David E. ; Edwin O., and George Calvin. He is a member of the Ger- man Reformed church, and politically he has been a life-long Democrat. Mr. Stahl is one of the oldest and most respected citizens of his native town- ship. He is a man of the strictest integrity, and of unimpeachable charac- ter, and is a fitting representative of old Northumberland's best and purest citizenship. Geokge p. Kamp, retired farmer, was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 24, 1817, son of Adam and Susan (Eeider) Kamp. Adam Kamp immigrated from Germany to America in 1830 and settled in Lycoming county, Penn- sylvania. He was born. May 20, 1787, and died at the home of our subject in 1869. His wife was born, August 1, 1792, and died in 1873. They reared a family of seven children: Catharine, deceased; George P.; Eosetta, wife of Aaron Gaston; Christian; John, deceased; Flora, deceased, and Sophia, deceased. Our subject received his education in his native country and the common schools of Northumberland county. His first business venture was in the mercantile trade at Turbutville, which he continued from 1847 to 1862, since which time he was farming until he retired. He was married in September, 1847, to Eosannah Lantz, a sister of Simon Lantz, whose sketch appears in this volume. She died in 1861 after assisting to rear seven children bom to their union: Luther, deceased; Clarinda; John P.; Charles F., an attorney of Williamsport; Simon R.; Mary, deceased, and William S., deceased. He was again married, in 1865, to Mary Walter, and to this union were born two children: Elizabeth, wife of William Beaver, and Rosannd,, wife of Edward Waldtschmidt. His second wife died in 1146 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 1871, and he was again married, July 2, 1876, to Maria Muffly. Mr. Kamp is a member of the Lutheran church, and has served in the various offices of the same for thirty years. He was one of the building committee in the erection of the Lutheran church of Turbutville. His wife is a member of the Reformed church. Andrew Tenbeook, farmer, was born at Elmira, New York, December 12, 1817, son of Andrew and Eleanor (Curry) Tenbrook. Winant Tenbrook, the great-grandfather of our subject, emigrated from Holland to America about the year 1728, in the ship Good Woman, it being the first ship to enter the Narrows at New York City. He was the ovra.er of three hundred twejity acres of land, where the city of New York is now located, and helped, to jjlan the laying out of the city. John, a son of Cornelius Tenbrook, and a descendant of Winant Tenbrook, was a colonel in the Revolutionary war, and was with Washington in the battle of Germantoven and in other important engagements. He was the father of ten children. Andrew, his third son, was married in this county, and removed to Elmira, New York, where he operated a grist mill seven years, and then returned to this county. He was born in New Jersey in 1772, and died, September 14, 1851. His wife died, August 3, 1845. They reared a family of thirteen children: John, deceased; Matthew; Sarah; Mrs. Ann Hutchinson; John (2d); Wilham; Jane; James; Andrew; Mrs. Ellen Wilson; Nancy; Mrs. Elizabeth Sweeny, and Thomas C. The subject of this sketch was educated in the pubhc schools, and has always been a farmer. He was married, June 13, 1850, to Hannah McCarty, of this county. Five children were born to this union: William, a physician of Paris, Illinois; Andrew, a physician of Parsons, Kansas; Edwin, deceased; Robert S., deceased, and Ada C. His wife died, June 9, 1869. His second wife was Ada, daughter of George H. Dougherty, of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and to them has been born one child, Carrie. They are members of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. A. S. Wagneb, justice of the peace, was born, February 27, 1818, in Montour county, Pennsylvania, to Michael and Barbara (Snyder) Wagner. His grandfather immigrated to this country from Germany and located in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania. Michael, father of our subject, located in Montour county about the year 1808. He was the father of ten children, four of whom are living: Peter; George; A. S., and Mary. He died in 1864, his wife in 1844. The subject of our sketch was educated in the dis- trict schools, and followed the occupation of -farming until 1856, at which time he went into the mercantile trade in Washingtonville, and continued at that business six years. In 1858 he was elected county commissioner of Montour county, serving three years, and was then elected county treasurer of the same county, and served three years. He again engaged in farming, at which he continued until 1869, when he removed to Turbutville, this county. In 1870 he was elected justice of the peace, which office he has BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1147 since held. He was married, February 3, 1842, to Mary Saul, and to this union were born four children: A. Luther, of Altoona; Calvin; Mary E., wife of Eev. Tilghman Derr, and Laura C, wife of Wallace Barr. Mr. Wagner and family are members of the Paradise German Eeformed church; he has held the ofBce of elder of the church twenty years, and has served twenty-five years as school director. Politically he is a Democrat. E. H. HoKNEE, physician and surgeon, was born in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, September 4, 1831, a son of Hugh and Sarah (Humphrey) Horner. His grandfather immigrated to this country from the North of Ire- land. Hugh, father of our subject, was a merchant in early life, and later followed the occupation of farming. He was the father of eight children: Hugh; John; Elizabeth; Jane; Harriet; Louisa; Edward H, and Ma,tilda. He died in July, 1861, and his wife in October, 1872. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools, at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and Union College, Schenectady, New York. He graduated at the latter institution in 1852, and immediately began the study of medi- cine with Dr. Samuel Abernethy, of Rahway, New Jersey, after which he attended the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, where he gradu- ated in 1855. He located at Newberry, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, remaining there six years. In 1862 he was appointed surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Peimsylvania Volunteers and served one year, and afterward served two months as surgeon of the Twenty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Emergency regiment. Doctor Horner was married, February 24, 1859, to Sarah E. Webb, of Jersey Shore, and to this union have been bom four children: Edward S. ; S. Webb; Mary G., deceased, and one who died in infancy. He is a member of the State Medid&l Association, and of Bryson Post G. A. E., of Watsontown. George Treon, physician and surgeon, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, January 13, 1832, son of George and Susan (Eitz) Treon, natives of France and Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, respectively. Michael Treon, the grandfather of our subject, immigrated at an early day with his family to America. He was master of eleven languages, was a physician, and three of his sons also became physicians. By his first wife he had seven children, five sons and two daughters. She died, and he was again married, to A. Gauger of Selinsgrove, to which union were born seven daughters. George Treon, Sr., was a physician, and settled in Muncy, Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, when there were but three houses in the place. He practiced medicine in that community about forty-eight years, or to the time of his death, which occurred February 28,1858. His widow died, in 1871; she was the mother of twelve children: Elizabeth; Polly; Lydia ; Lorine, deceased; Caroline, deceased; Sarah, deceased; Ellen; Susan; infant, deceased; George; John, a physician of Lycoming county, and Peter. Our subject was edu- cated in the Muncy Academy, studied medicine from boyhood with his 1148 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. father, and attended medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. He began the practice of his profession at Georgetown, this cormty, where he remained four years. In 1860 he located at Turbutville and built up a lucrative practice. He removed to his farm east of that borough early in 1890, where he still devotes his attention to his professional duties. Doctor Treon was married, January 1, 1852, to Criser Nickle of Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, and to this union five children have bieen bom: William; Emma, deceased; Alice, wife of George Kellar; Ida M., deceased, and Asher. O. L. MuFFLY, physician and surgeon, was born in this county, October 22, 1860. He is a son of Samuel and Charlotte (Treon) Muffly, and brother of J. W. Muffly, of Watsontown. He was educated in the public schools and McEwensville Academy. In 1882 he began the study of medicine with Dr. George Treon, of Turbutville. He attended Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, one year, and graduated at the Baltimore College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1886, and then practiced in the City hospital of Baltimore six months. In 1887 he formed a partnership with Dr. George Treon, of Turbutville, and continued to practice with him until March 1, 1890, when they dissolved. He was married, September 20, 1888, to Matilda, a daugh- ter of Samuel Hoffman, of Delaware township, Northumberland county. Petee E. Menges, merchant, was born in this county, July 29, 1836, son of Samuel and Catharine (Eoubenoult) Menges. The father of our subject was born in this coimty, and reared nine children: Benjamin; William; Isaac; John; Mary, wife of Charles Rohne ; Daniel; Susan, wife of George Franken- field; Peter K., and Jacob. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools, and followed' the occupation of farming until 1881, when he embarked in the mercantile business in Turbutville, at which he was engaged seven years. Politically he is a Democrat, served as postmaster of Turbutville from 1855 to 1858, has been overseer of the poor, and is now serving his second term in the borough council of Turbutville. He was a director in the Farmers' National Bank of Watsontown until October, 1890, when he disposed of his stock, and November 1, 1890, organized the present firm of P. R. & R. P. Menges, and again embarked in the general mercantile business. Mr. Menges was married, January 1, 1862, to Mary Bieber. One child was born to this union, who died in infancy. Mr. and Mrs. Menges are members of the Lutheran church, and he is recognized as one of the lead- ing citizens of his community. Benjamin SAvinaE, merchant, was born in Turbutville, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 20, 1857, son of William and Elizabeth (Stan- ton) Savidge, natives of Montour and Northumberland counties, respectively. William Savidge was a prominent merchant of Turbutville for many years, and died in July, 1876. His wife died in September, 1870. She was the mother of three children by her union with Mr. Savidge: Sarah, wife of P. BIOGBAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1149 "W. Opp; Esther H., wife of Jacob McFarland, and Benjamin, who succeeded his father in business. The last named was educated in the pubhc schools, and began his business career as a merchant. He is a director of the First National Bank of Milton, and is borough auditor of Turbutville. He was married in May, 1879, to Sophia Bunion, and to this union have been born four children: Lizzie; Barton; Fidler, deceased, and William. Mr. Savidge is one of the best Imown and most enterprising business men of Turbutville. John P. Dentlee, farmer, was born in Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, April 4, 1842, son of William C. and Christianna (Eaup) Dentler, natives of this county. His paternal grandfather came to this county in 1812, and lo- cated near Turbutville. He was the father of six children: John, who was associate judge of this county; Frederick; Franklin; William; Eachel, and Maria. William C, father of our subject, began life by working on the Pennsylvania canal, and afterward chose farming as an occupation. He served ten years as justice of the peace, and was an elder in the Lutheran church at the time of his death, November 7, 1866. His widow died, March 28, 1873. They reared a family of five children: William; Savilla; John P.; Mary C, wife of D. A. Engle, and Jennie, wife of Samuel Comley. The subject of our sketch was educated in the public schools, and has followed the occupation of farming all his life. He was married, January 13, 1870, to Jennie A., daughter of Philip Eaup, of Turbutville. She died, July 11, 1888. They had two children: Lillie and Eoy. January 1, 1890, he mar- ried Sarah Leinbach, of McEwensville. Mr. Dentler is a director of the Wat- sontown National Bank, and is a member of the Lutheran church, in which he has served as elder, deacon, and trustee. Politically he is a Democrat. EoBEBT C. EucKMAN, farmer, was born in Lewis township, this county, December 14, 1820, son of William and Margaret (Caldwell) Euckman. His grandfather, William Euckman, a native of Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, settled in Lewis township, on the farm where our subject now resides. William, father of our subject, was born on that farm in 1796, was a farmer by occupation, and resided on the old homestead until his death. He reared a family of eleven children, seven of whom are living: Eobert C. ; Elizabeth, widow of H. P. Sheller, of Lewisburg; Eleanor, widow of Henry FoUmer, of Union county; Thomas and John, both of Texas; Eebecca Jane, and Hester, widow of Eobert Hutchinson, of Milton. The 'deceased are: William; Mar- garet; Sarah, and Eachel. The subject of this sketch was reared on the old homestead, attended the district schools, and in 1862 married Paulina S. Wheat, daughter of Edwin E. and Eachel (Euckman) Wheat, of Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, and to this union were born three children: Edward W. ; Eobert, and Hugh S. Mr. Euckman has served as school director and supervisor, and politically is a Eepublican. He is a member of the Warrior Eun Presbyterian church. 1150 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. Daniel K. Hoy, farmer, was born in Lewis township, May 1, 1838, son of Michael and Elizabeth (Karchner) Hoy. The father of our subject was born in Union county, May 31, 1811, a son of John Hoy, a native of Berks county, who came to this county when a young man and first located at Kiefferstown, and later on the farm where his son now resides. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Barbara Karchner. He died, March 6, 1882, his wife, January 28, 1880. He was an honest, upright citizen, a member of the Lutheran church, and politically a Democrat. He reared three children: Charles E. ; Daniel K., and John A. The subject of our sketch was reared on the farm and was educated at the district schools. November 18, 1869, he married Alice, daughter of Henry Paber, of Lewis township, by which union they have had ten children: Sallie; Daisy; Annie; John; Willis; Harry; Frank; Fannie; Charles, and Nettie. Mr. Hoy has served as school director, and has been township treasurer five years. He is a member of the Lutheran church, and politically is a Democrat. S. P. Gaston, farmer, was born, December 16, 1829, a son of Eobert and Eleanor (Shannon) Gaston. The Gaston family is of Scotch descent. Joseph, grandfather of our subject, was born, November 19, 1766. He came from New Jersey to Northumberland county, locating on a farm, where he died, April 18, 1834. He reared a family of seven children. Robert, his oldest son, and the father of our subject, was born, November 30, 1790, and was married, April 8, 1824, to Eleanor Shannon, who bore him seven children. The sub- ject of our sketch was educated in the common schools and at McEwensville Academy, and followed the occupations of farming and school teaching. November 5, 1861, he married Lydia Matchin, and to this union were born four children: Eobert A., deceased; Eobert C. ; Edward H., in the employ of the Adams Express Company at York, Pennsylvania; and Harry G., a tele- graph operator at Mount Morris, New York. Mr. Gaston has served as auditor of the county, and has been a Eepublican, but is now a Prohibition- ist. He and his wife are members of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. Levi H. Follmer, farmer, was bom in Turbut township, Northumberland county, January 5, 1841, son of Charles and Teresa (Eshbach) Follmer, both natives of this county. The father was a farmer by occupation, a mem- ber of the Paradise Reformed church, and politically a Democrat. He died in 1882, and his wife in 1865! They were the parents of five children: Levi H.; Margaret, Mrs. Samuel Lerch; Sarah, Mrs. William Miller;, Susan, Mrs. Josiah Baker, and Charles D. His second wife was Angeline Hause. The subject of our sketch was reared in this township, and educated in the public schools and at McEwensville Academy. December 5, 1863, he married Ella, daughter of Thomas and Mary Watts, of Lewis township; they have one daughter by adoption, Lizzie B. Mr. Follmer is a prominent member of the Turbutville Reformed church, and after serving one term as deacon, was re- elected. He has served as school director and overseer of the poor of Lewis BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1151 township. Politically, he is a Democrat, and has been a member of the Patrons of Husbandry for fifteen years, holding office in the same nearly all of that time. H. P. Raup, farmer, was born in Lewis township, this county, April 17, 1851, son of Philip and Sarah Ann (Klapp) Eaup, who reared a family of eight children, five of whom are living : Mary Ann; Sarah Catharine, Mrs. S. W. Keller, of Milton; Cora E., Mrs. Martin L. Schmucker; H. P., and Edward L. The subject of this sketch was reared in Lewis township, attended the district schools, and after the death of his parents took charge of the home farm. He married in May, ] 878, Frances, daughter of "William Seidel, of Derry township, Montour county, and has three children: J. 'Seidel; Jessie May, and Ealph R. Mr. Raup has held the offices of township clerk, tax collector, and inspector and judge of election. He is a member of the Lu- theran church, of the Milton Mutual Lodge, No. 84, 1. O. O. ¥., and politic- ally is a Democrat. Jeremiah Leinbach, son of Samuel and Maria (Barto) Leinbach, was bom in Berks county, Pennsylvania, July 12, 1842. He came to this county in 1859, and located in this township. He was well educated and in early life taught school He re9,red a family of eight children, four of whom are living: Samuel, of Berks county; Nathan B., of Lycoming county; Jeremiah, and Maria, Mrs. Ezra Deisher, of Union coxmty. In 1865 he married Lu- ciada, daughter of John and Elizabeth (HefEner) Pick, of Berks county, who ^ came to this county in 1859 and located in Delaware township. By this marriage were born five children: Charles; Annie Elizabeth, Mrs. Henry Bitner; Lloyd; AUen, and Ellen Gertrude. In 1862 Mr. Leinbach enlisted in Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and after a service of nine months was honorably discharged. Mr. Leinbach is a member of the G. A. R. of Watsontown and of the Reformed church. Andeew Russell was a native of Ireland and immigrated to this county at a very early date. He remained but a short time, being driven away by the Indians. He went to Delaware, where he married Isabella Kerr, and about the year 1780 returned to this county, where he purchased a tract of land which includes the farm now occupied by T. W. and Samuel Russell. This he cleared and improved and there experienced much trouble with the Indians. He was a Presbyterian and took an active interest in the cause of rehgion. His family consisted of four sons and two daughters, all of whom are dead. John Russell was born on the homestead farm in 1779, and died in De- cember, 1821. He was a farmer by occupation, and was recognized as one of the prominent and influential citizens of the township. He was a mem- ber of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. He married Susan Wallace, daughter of Thomas Wallace, a native of Ireland who came to this county at an early day and died in Delaware township. To this union were born 1152 HISTOBY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. v three daughters and four sons: Hester, who married Joseph Laird; Isabella, deceased; Maria, who married John Tweed; John; Andrew; Samuel, and T. T. W. Russell, farmer, was born in Lewis township, NorthumbMand county, Pennsylvania, November 7, 1833, and is a son of John and Susan (Wallace) Eussell. He was reared on the old homestead and attended the public schools of his neighborhood. He was married in March, 1851, to Lovina Kerr, a daughter of Nathan Kerr, and has three children: Jane, wife of William Stout; Sarah, and John. He is, a Republican, a member of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church, and a much respected citizen of his community. Samuel Russel, farmer, was born on the farm where he now resides in Lewis township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 28, 1820, and is a son of Samuel and Susan (Murray) Russel. His father was born on this farm in 1775, and here grew up and became one of the well known and enterprising farmers of the township. He was a member of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church, was a Wliig in politics, and filled various township offices. He died, December 7, 1843, and his wife, October 28, 1850; nine children were born to their union, four of whom are living: Ellen; Thomas M. ; Isabella, and Samuel. The last named was reared on the homestead farm, where he has since remained engaged at farming. January 2, 1851, he was married to Elizabeth Wilson, daughter of William Wilson, of Lewis township, and to this union seven children have been bom, five of whom are living: Emma B. ; Annie L. ; Maggie R., wife of John Cathcart, of Dela- ware township; Ida P., and Thomas. He is a Republican in politics and attends the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. J. B. Leinbach, retired farmer, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1815, son of Henry and Mary (Barnhart) Lein- bach. His grandfather, Henry Leinbach, was a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, came to this county about the year 1800, and located upon a farm in Lewis township. Henry Leinbach, his son, and the father of our subject, was a farmer by occupation, and politically he was a Democrat. He died in 1829; his widow survived him until 1846. They reared a family of eight children: Daniel and Henry, deceased; John B. ; Benival, de- ceased; Sarah, Mrs. George Hittle; Mary, Mrs. F. H. Carver; Elizabeth, Mrs. Simon Cameron, and Rebecca, deceased, who was married to C. Sweeney. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools, and at the age of sixteen years learned the carpenter trade, at which he was employed about ten years; he then engaged in farming until 1861, when he was appointed agent for the American Life Insurance Company of Philadel- phia, which position he held for five years. In 1867 he became manager for the Union Mutual Life Insurance Company for the central part of Penn- sylvania and also filled this position for five years. Since 1872 he has been q^, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1155 * agent for the North Western Life Insurance Company. He was married, October 2, 1858, to Mary Dunkle, a native of this county, and to this union nine children have been bom: Fannie Bird; Elizabeth, Mrs. S. S. Alex- ander; Susan, Mrs. George W. Haag; Sarah, Mrs. J. P. Dentler; John P., a paint manufacturer of Muncy, Pennsylvania; C. R., a traveling salesman; Mary, Mrs. P. E. Moss; Gertrude, and Oliver. Mr. and Mrs. Leinbach are members of the German Reformed church of McEwensville, and in politics he is a Democrat. James H. Cathcabt, farmer, was born on the homestead where he now resides, in Delaware township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Au- gust 11, 1809, and is a son of John and Mary (Gilford) Cathcart. John Cathcart was born in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, and removed to North- umberland county prior to the Revolutionary war. He subsequently returned to his native county and from there entered the service as a drum- mer boy in the American army, after which he came back to Dauphin county, and later located on the farm in Delaware township, this county, where his son, James H, now resides, and there died in 1832. His wife died in 1810; she was the mother of seven children, only one of whom is now living, James H. The latter was educated in the subscription schools, and has devoted his whole life to farming. He was married, February 22, 1849, to Margaret, a daughter of John Wortman of this county, and to this union one child was born, John G., who married Maggie, a daughter of Samuel Russel of this county. Mr. Cathcart and wife are consistent members of the Presbyterian church. During his younger days he took a deep interest in politics, and has always been an ardent supporter of the principles and measures of the Democratic party. Thomas Mast, retired farmer, was born in Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, June 4, 1815, son of John F. and Sarah (McHoes) Mast. The Mast family emigrated from Germany to this country, and first located in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and from there John F. Mast removed to Northamp- ton county, where he married and reared a family of seven children, all of whom are deceased but Thomas and John W., of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. John F. Mast died in Northampton county in 1815; his widow survived him until June 10, 1854. The subject of this sketch was educated in the com- mon schools, and at the age of nineteen learned the blacksmith trade, which occupation he followed twenty-seven years. He removed to Northumberland county in 1866, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in April, 1842, to Harriet B. Thomas. They are members of the Reformed church of Watsontown, of which church he is an elder. Thomas De Aemond, retired farmer, was born upon the farm where he now resides, February 10, 1807, son of Samuel and Esther (Wallace) De Armond, and brother of Samuel De Armond, whose sketch appears elsewhere. He was educated at the subscription schools of his boyhood, and has followed the occupation of farming all his life. 1156 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. G. W. Aemsteong, merchant, McEwensville, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 30, 1822, son of Anthony and Elizabeth (GufEy) Armstrong. His grandfather, James Armstrong, immigrated from Ireland to this country, and settled at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, vrhere he was teacher of mathematics in the high school. In 1785 he engaged in the mercantile business at Northumberland, this county, and later at McEwensville. An- thony, his son, a farmer by occupation, died in January, 1868, and his wife in 1832. He reared a family of eight children: Jane; Andrew; Matilda; Samuel; Richard; James P.; Margaret, and George W. The subject of our sketch was educated in the common schools and Milton Academy, and at the age of eighteen years learned the printer's trade in the office of the Milton Ledger ; he eventually became one of the editors of that paper, after which he was connected with a paper in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, a short time. He then enlisted in the Mexican war in Company C, Second Pennsylvania Volunteers, in January, 1847, and in August of the same year brought home the remains of General E. H. Hammond, of Milton. He was a member of the Northumberland Troop, and served in all the offices from lieutenant to general. He was connected with the Bordentown Palladium, of Borden- town. New Jersey, and in company with G. L. Vliet he published a paper called the True Democrat at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, two years, when they were burned out. About the year 1850 he embarked in the mercantile busi- ness at McEwensville, where he has since resided. He "v^as postmaster * for eight years at McEwensville, during the administrations of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. He was married in February, 1849, to Elizabeth Witter, of Milton, and to this union have been born five children: Blanche, wife of William Dewitt, of Troy, Bradford county, Pennsylvania; George P.; Annie; Tillie, wife of James Buoy, of Milton, and Harry, who served as postmaster of McEwensville during Cleveland's administration. Mr. and Mrs. Arm- strong are members of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. He has served as school director, as burgess and councilman of McEwensville, and politic- ally, is a stanch Democrat. Joseph Kebh, wagon maker, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, July 4, 1821, son of Daniel and Sarah (Cooper) Kerr. His grandfather, John Kerr, emigrated from Ireland to America at the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, in which he served two years. He settled in New Jersey, and married Catharine Drake, after which they removed to Columbia county, Pennsylvania, where they died. Daniel Kerr, father of our subject, was a farmer by occupation. He married a Miss McNinch and after her death Sarah Cooper, and to the latter union were born eleven children: Mary, de- ceased; John, deceased; Susan; Joseph; Peter, deceased; David, deceased; Henry; Andy; Sallie A.; Elsie J., and Jane, deceased. The father died in 1851, and his widow in 1870. The subject of this sketch attended the public schools, and at the age of eighteen years learned the wagon maker's trade BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1157 and has since been engaged at that, in connection with farming. He was married in February, 1847, to Margaret J. Derr, and they are the parents of seven children: John; Serena, Mrs. Joseph Whitman; Mary, Mrs. John C. Waldren; William C. ; Emma, Mrs. William Faust; Malinda J., deceased, and Valentine B. Mrs. Kerr died, December 10, 1888, in the faith of the German Reformed church. He was again married and has two children (twins) by this last union, Minnie M. and Tillie A. Mr. Kerr is a member of the German Reformed church, and in politics is a Democrat. John P. Beaed was bom, April 12, 1822, son of James and Nancy (Moore) Beard. His grandfather, John Beard, was a native of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, who removed to this county in 1789, and located on a farm^ in Delaware township. James Beard, his oldest son, and the father of our sub- ject, served in the war of 1812 under Captain William Fulkerson. After the war he was engaged at farming in this township until 1859, when he removed to McEwensville and lived a retired life. He died, December 7, 1869, aged seventy-eight years; his widow died, July 27, 1876, aged eighty years. They reared a family of seven children : Jane; Eleanor, deceased; John P.; Sarah, deceased; Agnes; William, deceased, and Mary. The subject of our sketch received a common school education, and followed the occupation of farming until 1859, when he engaged in the mercantile business at McEwensville, where he remained until he enlisted in Company L, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, as first lieutenant, and served until April 9, 1863. Since 1874 he has been engaged in the fruit tree business. He was married, Jime 12, 1861, to Sarah, daughter of Charles Allen, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and to this union were bom five children: James C, who married Emily Ij. Mc- Cullough, of Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, and died, September 15, 1886; Rachel A., Mrs. J. Bruce Oakes; Agnes J.; Sarah, deceased, and Georgetta. Mr. Beard is a member of Warrior Run Presbyterian church; his wife died in 1864. Samuel C. Beyson, deceased, was born in Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, upon the farm where his widow now resides, in 1837, son of Will- iam B. and Rebecca (Caldwell) Bryson. He was a farmer by occupation. He enlisted in Company D, Seventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, as a private, and was promoted to the rank of captain, serving nearly four years. December 23, 1868, he married Martha W., daughter of Joseph Dean, of Montour county, Pennsylvania. Her father served two terms as associate judge of Montour county, and his first wife was Mary Pollock, by whom he had three children, Joseph being the only one now living. His second wife was Adaline Coal, who bore him eight children: Oliver, a lawyer, of Kansas City, Missouri; Mary D.; Clingan; Ursula Ganger; Alice D.; Foster; William A., and Martha. Captain Bryson died, December 24, 1879. He was the father of six children: James; Howard; Helen; Janet; Fannie, deceased, and Ada, deceased. 1158 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Chaeles Habtzell, farmer, was born in Northampton county, Pennsyl- vania, January 16, 1834, son of Charles and Leah (Ehodenberger) Hartzell. Charles Hartzell, Sr., was a shoemaker by trade, but was principally engaged in farming. He removed from Northampton county to Milton in 1840, and soon after removed to Lewis township, and JErom there to Delaware township, where he died, February 14, 1875; his widow died, February 16, 1877. They reared three children: Lydia, deceased; Charles, and Henry. He helped build the Eiver and Delaware Eun churches, and has served as deacon and elder of the Delaware Eun church a number of years. The sub- ject of our sketch attended the common schools and the McEwensville Academy. He was engaged as a carpenter about six years, and has since been occupied in farming. He was married, December 24, 1857, to Catha- rine E. Weirline, and to this union have been born three children: Mary E., Mrs. George O. Sarvis; Anna L., Mrs. David Prior, and Carrie S. Mr. Hartzell is an active member of the Democratic party; he has served as township auditor, and sixteen, years as school director. He and wife are members of the German Eeformed church, and he has served in the offices of elder, deacon, secretary, and treasurer of the Delaware Eun church. He is a member of the P. O. S. of A. W. W. Watson, farmer, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, February 9, 1842, son of David C. and Margaret (Wilson) Watson. His great-grandfather, John Watson, with his three sons, removed from Chester county, Pennsylvania, and settled where Watsontown is now situated. David, his oldest son, was the first merchant of Watsontown, and for him the town was named. He was the owner of the first carriage in the county, and his wife was the first woman in the county to possess a watch. He had three sons and four daughters: John; David; Eobert; Maria, Mrs. John Vincent; Sarah, Mrs. Charles Ketchner; Elizabeth, and Hattie, Mrs. Edmund Piper, all deceased but Mrs. Piper. The father died, January 7, 1856, and the mother, December 3, 1853. David C, the second son, was married, March 12, 1829, to Margaret Wilson, and to this union were born the following children: Annie E., Mrs. J. J. Lawrence; David; Eobert C. ; James A., who died at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, during the late war; Jem- mella J.; Hampton C. ; William W. ; Margaretta H ; Winfield S., and Daniel C. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools, and enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and Thirty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months. Mr. Watson is a Knight Templar in the Masonic order, and a descendant of one of the pioneer families of the county. Alem Mauseb, of the firm of Mauser Brothers, McEwensville, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, July 20, 1846, son of Michael and Catharine (Wortman) Mauser. He attended the district schools, and at the age of seventeen years came to McEwensville and was engaged in William. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1159 Hood's carriage shop as an apprentice, remaining there six years, when he purchased the business from his employer. A few years later he took as a partner his brother Cain, and they now employ fifteen men. He was married, December 22, 1869, to Hannah M., niece of William Hood, and they are the parents of two children: Sallie H. and Harry S. Mr. Mauser and wife are members of the German Reformed church of McEwensville. J. B. Oakes, farmer, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, July 4, 1848, and is a son of James and Maria (Durham) Oakes. James Oakes was a farmer, was born and reared in White Deer valley, Union county, Pennsylvania, was a prominent Democrat, and the father of two children: Maggie, wife of Eilforde E. ShafEner, and J. B. The father died, September 6, 1860, and his widow died, April 5, 1881. Our subject was educated in the common schools and has devoted his entire life to farming. He was married, November 18, 1874, to Rachel A. Beard, of McEwensville, this county, and to this union seven children have been born: Charles, de- ceased; Maria; John Walker; William W. ; James B. ; Sarah, deceased, and Rachel. Mr. Oakes and wife are members of the Warrior Run Presbyterian church. He is a member of Watsontown Lodge, No. 401, F. & A. M., and Warrior Run Chapter, No. 246, R. A. M., and one of the enterprising citi- zens of the community in which he resides. Cain Mausek, carriage manufacturer, was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, August 14, 1849, son of Michael and Catharine (Wortman) Mauser. His grandfather. Christian Mauser, was a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Michael, the father of our subject, was a carpenter by trade, but was principally engaged in farming. He died, October 15, 1854, leaving six children: an infant, deceased; Mary, Mrs. Lewis Bayler; Alem; Cain; Emanuel, and Michael. His widow married Anthony Faust, and to this union three children have been born, but one of whom is living, Peter Faust. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools, and at the age of seventeen years learned the harness making trade ; he then clerked in a general store at Orangeville, Columbia county, Penn- sylvania, after which he took a trip West. After his return he learned the carriage trimming trade, and in company with his brother Alem has since been engaged in the manufacture of carriages at McEwensville. He was married, December 12, 1877, to Emma C. Wesner, of McEwensville. Mr. and Mrs. Mauser are members of Messiah Lutheran church. E. H. Russell, farmer, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, March 15, 1851, son of Robert M. and Esther G. (McKinney) Rus- sell. P. Kerr Russell, grandfather of our subject, was a farmer by occupation. He served as justice of the peace and as elder in the Presbyterian church, and also served in the war of 1812. He married Margaret Montgomery, and they reared a family of eight children: Isabella; Montgomery; Kerr H; William; Charles; Robert M.; Edmonds, and Preston, all deceased. Robert 1160 HISTOKY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. M. Eussell, father of our subject, was a farmer by occupation, and a member of the Presbyterian church, in which he served as elder about thirty-five years. He married Esther McKinney, by whom he had four children: James, deceased; Edmond H. ; Eugenia E., Mrs. William H. Nicely, and Maggie M., who married Thomas De Armond. He died, September 6, 1883. The sub- ject of this sketch received his education at the public schools, and has always been occupied as a farmer. He was married, December 17, 1878, to Isabella W., daughter of John Eussell, and to this union has been born one child, John H. Mr. Eussell and wife are members of the Presbyterian church of Watsontown, of which church he is an elder. CHAPTER L. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. UPPEB AUGUSTA, LOWER AUGUSTA, AND ROCKEFELLER TOWNSHIPS. John F. Kline, farmer, was born in Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 25, 1814, son of Henry Kline, who was born in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1791 and came to this county with his father, Isaac Kline, in 1799. The father of Isaac Kline, whose name was also Isaac, died in this county in 1820, and Herman, one of his two sons who came to this county, settled in Augusta township and died, leaving a large family. The other son, Isaac, died in 1804, and had four children: Henry; Herman; Isaac, and Sarah. The oldest of these died in 1878, and his wife died in 1859; their children were : John P.; Jane; Isaac P.; Elizabeth; Mary, and Francis. Our subject was married in 1839 to Eliza Mettler, and has four children: Sarah EUen; Martha; Henry M., and Lizzie. Hebman Kline, farmer, was born in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 30, 1818, son of Isaac and Elizabeth (De Witt) Kline. He was married in 1841 to Mary Bassett and had nine children: Luther; Elisha; Elizabeth; George M.; Margaret; David C; Isaac; Jere- miah S., and Eachel. Isaac Campbell, farmer, was born in Eush tovmship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1818, son of Christopher and Sarah (Kline) Campbell. Eobert Campbell was the first of the family to come to this county. He settled in Eush township and became one of the prominent citizens thereof. The father of our subject was born in 1795, and died in 1851; his wife died in 1841; they had ten children, of whom five are living: Ehoda; Catharine; Elizabeth; Lemuel, and Isaac. The last named received BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1161 a common school education; he was married in 1848 to Hannah Campbell, daughter of Joseph D. Campbell, and had five children: John; Eebecca; Lemuel C. ; James, and Flora H. GrEOKGE Baenhakt, deceased, was born in Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1807, son of Adam Barnhart, a native of New Jersey, who died in Chillisquaque township in 1843. Our subject was a farmer and school teacher; about the year 1844 he removed to Upper Augusta township, where he died in 1866. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the father of five children, three of whom are living: Eachel Jane, widow of Herman Campbell; D. W., and Mary C. J. M. Arteb, proprietor of the Shamokin Valley Mills, was born, Octo- ber 15, 1839, son of Jacob and Jane (Woodside) Arter. The father was born in Shamokin township, this county, and was a son of John Arter, who emi- grated from Germany and settled near Elysburg about the year 1800. Jacob Arter died, July 28, 1886; his wife's death occurred on May 31, 1879. Their children were: Mary; Margaret; William; Priscilla; J. M. ; Valentine, and Joseph. Our subject purchased his present mills in 1877. He served nine months in Company H, One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, and is a member of the G. A. E. at Sunbury. Charles P. Einehart, farmer and dairyman, was born in Sunbury, Penn- sylvania, May 19, 1851. John Einehart, grandfather of our subject, emi- grated from Germany to America when a young man, and was sold to pay his passage across the ocean. For this indebtedness he served three years. He married a Miss Oberhoff, also a native of Germany, who was sold to the same man and served five years to pay her passage across the ocean. After their marriage they located in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he became a naturalized citizen of this country. In 1812 they removed to Mont- gomery, where they remained a few years, and thence to Upper Augusta township, where they resided until death. Charles Einehart, father of our subject, was reared on the homestead. For twenty-five years he followed the occupation of boating. During this period he lived in Sunbury, where he served in various borough offices. In 1868 he purchased the farm where his son, the subject of this sketch, now resides. His death occurred in Jan- uary, 1870. In his early life he was a Democrat, but from 1861 he voted the Eepublican ticket. His family consisted of seven children, five of whom are living: Martha, widow of G. W. Fisher, of Sunbury; Sarah C, wife of G. E. Krohn, of Sunbury; Susanna, wife of Charles F. Martin, of Sunbury; Mar- garet Louisa, wife of William Krisher, of Sunbury, and Charles P. The subject of our sketch was reared and educated in Sunbury, and from 1860 to 1868 was engaged in boating. Since that time he has been occupied in farming and conducting a dairy. In 1885 he married Ella, daughter of John Stroh, of Eiverside, by whom he has two children: WiUiam and Mary. Politically Mr. Einehart is a Democrat, and has filled the office of auditor of 1162 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. the township for three consecutive terms. He is a member of the Conclave of the Lance and Shield and the Royal Arcanum, of Sunbury. His wife and himself are members of the Lutheran church. Daniel Kautpman, deceased, was bom in Upper Mahanoy township in 1804, son of Leonard KaufEman, who died in Northumberland county. He received a limited education in the schools of that period, and was a farmer by occupation. He married' Mary Ressler, and first settled in Upper Ma- hanoy township, where he remained until 1838, when he removed to Lower Augusta township, where he lived until his death. He became one of the prominent men of the township. Politically he was a Democrat, and served in the various township offices. He was a member of the Lutheran church, and gave of his means to help build churches in Lower Augusta and Ma- hanoy townships. His wife died in 1885; he survived her until 1889. Their family consisted of eleven children. Those living are : John E. ; Daniel, of Sunbury; Levi, of Mahantango; Caroline, wife of James Coldron; Melinda, wife of I. J. Eenn; Lucy, wife of Abraham Brosius, of Buchanan, Michigan, and Rachel, wife of I. T. Renn. John R. Kauffman, merchant and postmaster, was born in Upper Mahanoy township, October 17, 1828, son of Daniel and Mary (Ressler) Kauffman. He attended the public schools, and in 1850 established his present mercan- tile business in Lower Augusta township. He has also been engaged in farming, butchering, and the real estate business, with uniform success in advancing his financial interests. In 1886 he was appointed postmaster of Asherton. He was married in 1852 to Boann, daughter of John Shaffer, of Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, and to this union eight children have been born, six of whom are living: Frank S., born in 1857, and married to Minnie, daughter of Isaac Smink, of Shamokin; Daniel S., a merchant of Millheim, Centre county; John R., Jr., attorney at law and secretary of the Buffalo Lumber Company of Bayard, West Virginia; Dora A.; Alferetta, wife of E. H Long, of Spring Mills, Centre county, and Annie. Mr. Kauffman has always been an active member of the Democratic party, and has served as auditor and assistant assessor of his township. He was a candidate for sheriff, but was defeated for the nomination by George W. Strine, of Milton. He is a director in the Sunbury Nail, Bar, and Guide Iron Manufacturing Company, the Buffalo Lumber Company of Bayard, West Virginia, the Sim- bury Trust and Safe Deposit Company, and the Blue Wing Copper Com- pany of North Carolina. He is a member and elder of the Reformed church. John Campbell, farmer, was born in Elysburg, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 7, 1823, son of Obadiah and Elizabeth (Shipman) Campbell. His grandfather came to this county in 1784 and settled at Elys- burg, where he purchased several hundred acres of valley land. He was a tailor by trade, but was not engaged at that after his removal to this county. He helped build the old Presbyterian church between Snydertown and Elys- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1163 burg, and was elder in the same for many years. His children were James; John; Albert; Obadiah; Joanna, and Elizabeth. They were all good singers, and sang at the memorial service held at Sunbury at the time of Washing- ton's death. Obadiah, father of our subject, was born in New Jersey in 1777. He acquired a fair education, and engaged in farming, lumbering, and building saw mills. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Ship- man, a native of New Jersey, and located on the homestead farm, where he became one of the well known and active men of his day. He was captain of a military company thirteen years, a member of the Presbyterian church, and leader of the choir for many years. Politically he was a Democrat, and served in the various township offices. He died, July 27, 1866, and his wife May 27th of the same year. Twelve children were born to them, four of whom are living: Obadiah, of Elysburg; John; Jackson, of Columbia coimty, and Joanna, widow of John McMintry, residing at Elysburg. The subject of our sketch obtained a good education, after which he was engaged in teaching school and attending to his father's business. He pur- chased a farm in Shamokin township and lived upon the same three years, when he removed to Fulton county, Ohio, remaining ther^ three years. In 1859 he returned to this county, and has since resided upon his present farm. He was married in 1853 to Mary Ann, daughter of John and Phebe (Mailey) Fuller, natives of Lancaster county. By this union they have seven chil- dren: Georgiana, wife of Henry Smith; Theodore Alvin, of Fisher's Ferry; Clara Jane, wife of Jared H. Yeager, of Rush township; Delmar F., of Seven Points; Charles W. ; Warren L., and Miles H. Mr. Campbell has been an elder in the Hollowing Eun Presbyterian church for many years; in poli- tics he is a Democrat, and has served in the office of school director. Daniel D. Heilman, farmer, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, December 25, 1829, son of Daniel and Gertrude (Diehl) Heilman, natives of Northampton county, who came to this township about the year 1820, and located upon the farm now in pos- session of their son. The father was a soldier in the war of 1812. He was engaged as a cabinet maker, carpenter, and undertaker. He was a Democrat in politics and a member of the Lutheran church, in which he served as elder and deacon. His wife was a member of the Eeformed church, and died in 1846, leaving ten children, seven of whom are living: Lydia, wife of Henry H. Malick, of Nebraska; Hannah, widow of William Malick, of Rockefeller township; Gertrude, widow of Henry Savage, of Mt. Carmel; Jeremiah, of Nebraska; Daniel D.; Maria, wife of Hiram Bloom, of Rocke- feller township, and Esther, wife of Andrew Hauk, of Kansas. He was again married, to Mrs. Christopher Ummel, who died in 1888, and two children born by her are living: Diana, wife of Peter Gulp, of Rockefeller township, and Isaiah A., of Kansas. Mr. Heilman died in 1875. The subject of this sketch learned the carpenter's trade, and followed it in connection with 1164 HISTORY OP NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. undertaking and farming. In 1856 he married Elizabeth, daughter of David and Anna (Lantz) Hauck, natives of Montgomery and Northumberland counties, respectively. To this union were born four children: Margaret Annie, wife of Eobert Charles, of Scranton ; Clara Elizabeth, wife of Andrew Jackson Smith; Daniel F., and John C, who was killed in Indiana at the age of twenty-five years. Mr. Heilman is a'Democrat in politics, and has served as overseer of the poor. He and his wife are members of the German Re- formed church, in which he is trustee, and has served as elder and deacon. MosES Keitz, merchant, Fisher's Ferry, was bom in Lower Augusta town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, June 3, 1830. His grandfather, Michael Beitz, a native of Berks county, settled in Washington township in 1790, where he remained until his death. One of his children, Henry Beitz, is still living, a resident of Washington township. There were seven broth- ers and two sisters, all of whom lived to be over eighty years of age. Samuel Beitz, son of Michael Beitz, and father of our subject, was born in Washing- ton township in 1802. He was a mason by trade, but his principal occupa- tion was farming. In 1842 he married Bebecca BurreU, a native of this county, and after a short residence in Washington township removed to Lower Augusta, where his wife died in 1881, and he in 1887. He was a Democrat in politics, filled the office of supervisor several terms, and was for many years an elder in the Lutheran church. His family consisted of five children: Jonathan, of Nebraska; Solomon, deceased; Moses; Mary, deceased, and Catharine, wife of Jeremiah Hileman, of Nebraska. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in Lower Augusta township, and in early life was engaged in farming. In 1878 he embarked in the mercantile busi- ness at Fisher's Ferry, in connection with which he has served as postmaster eleven years. In 1859 he married Lydia, daughter of William Bloom, of Bockefeller township, who died in 1866, leaving two children: Mary Cathar- ine, wife of T. A. Campbell, and John. He was again married, in 1868, to Martha, daughter of Walter Speece, of Lower Augusta township, and by this union they have three children: Lizzie Jane; William Edward, and George Amon. Mr. Beitz is independent in politics, and has served in the office of township treasurer three terms. I. J. Benn was born in Lower Augusta township. May 30, 1842, son of Jacob and Eve (Conrad) Benn. His grandfather, Adam Renn, was a native of Germany, who immigrated to America and settled in the above township about the year 1800. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, a Democrat, and a prominent member of the Lutheran church. His children now living are Abraham, of Bockefeller township, and Mary, wife of Abraham Leeser, of Sunbury. The father of our subject was reared on the homestead farm and in early life engaged in the butchering business, which he followed forty years. Politically, he was a Democrat. He died in Shamokin, February 28, 1889; his wife died in 1876. He gave the ground and helped to build BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1165 St. Peter's Lutheran church, of which he served as elder many years. His first wife was Lydia Landau, and three sons by her are living: Hiram; John, of Winfield, Union county, Pennsylvania, and Henry, of Shamokin. The children by the second piarriage are I. J., of Lower Augusta township ; Samuel C, of Milton; Ira T., of Lower Augusta township, and MaryL., wife of Lewis Evarts, of Shamokin. The subject of this sketch was reared in his native township and received his education at the public schools. He has followed the occupation of butchering twenty-five years, and is also engaged in farming and the sale of agricultural implements. In 1863 he married Melinda, daughter of Daniel KaufEman, of this township. He is a Demo- crat in politics. He has served as justice of the peace since 1881, and has also served as overseer of the poor and township auditor. On the 4th of November, 1890, he was elected to the legislature from Northumberland county on the Democratic ticket, receiving eight hundred one votes more than the highest number cast for a Eepublican candidate. Mr. Eenn and family are members of the Lutheran church. Ira T. Kenn, farmer, and proprietor and operator of a steam thresher, was bom in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, December 14, 1850, and is a son of Jacob and Eve (Conrad) Eenn. He received his education in the township schools and learned the miller's trade, which he followed for a number of years, after which he began farm- ing and stock dealing. He is the owner of two fine horses known as "Henry Clay" and " Black Hawk." In 1869 he married Eachel KaufEman, daugh- ter of Daniel KaufEman, of Lower Augusta township, and to this union have been born seven children: Eoland D. ; I. Bertram; Clayton Jacob; Amos S. ; Ira T., Jr.; Grover Cleveland, and Franklin P., who was born on the 30th of July, 1888, and died on the 8th of May, 1889. Mr. Eenn and wife are members of the Lutheran church, jn which he holds the office of elder. Pohtically he is a Democrat. W. P. Speece, farmer, was born in Lower Augusta township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1842, son of Walter and Sarah Jane (Snyder) Speece. His father was a native of Luzerne county and removed to this county when a young man. He was a millwright by trade and was employed in many of the large mills of the State; and after coming to this county he married and settled in Lower Augusta township, where he wa^ engaged in farming until his death, November 17, 1861. His wife stiU survives him and resides at Fisher's Ferry. Three sons and one daughter were born to them; those living are: Martha, wife of Moses Eeitz, of Fisher's Ferry; W. P., and Anthony S., of Little Mahanoy township. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in this township, and in 1868 married Matilda, daughter of Thomas Snyder, who is the mother of two children: Delia May and Franklin K. Mr. Speece furnished a substi- tute in the war of the Rebellion. He is a member of Augusta Grange, P. of 1166 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. H., and ,of the Presbyterian church; his wife is a member of the Baptist church. Politically he is a Eepublican, has served as triennial assessor of the township, and for some years has been engaged in the flour and feed business. G. F. Gaeinger, physician and surgeon, was born in Upper Augusta township, March 5, 1850, son of Charles Garinger. His grandfather, Samuel Garinger, was a native of Berks county and an early settler of Eockefeller township. Three of his children are still living: John, of Rockefeller township; Susan, wife of Lafayette Haas, of Danville, Pennsyl- vania, and Hettie, wife of John Shipe, of Rockefeller township. Charles Garinger, father of our subject, was born in Rockefeller township in 1822. He married Deborah, daughter of Frederick Haas, and located in Upper Augusta township, where he was engaged in milling and later became a con- tractor, which business he followed until his death in 1880. In early life he was a Democrat, later became a Republican, and was the nominee for sheriff of the county, but withdrew his name. His wife also died in 1880, surviving him only two weeks. They reared a family of eight children, seven of whom are living: G. F. ; Emma Alice, Mrs. R. A. Gass, of Purdytovm; Mary Catharine, Mrs. Wesley Jarrett, of Sunbury; Samuel L., of Shamokin Dam; Charles A., of Sunbury; Adelia F., Mrs. R. H Savage, and Marga- ret L., Mrs. J. W. Bartholomew, of Sunbury. The subject of this sketch received his education at the schools of Sunbury and read medicine with Dr. D. W. Shindel, of the same place, , after which he attended Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1873. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession in Snyder and Lebanon counties, locating in Lower Augusta township in 1876. He married in 1873 Sadie, daughter of George Smith, of Troxelville, Snyder coimty. They have one child, Mary Adia. Doctor Garinger and wife are members of the Lutheran church, and politically he is a Eepublican. John Weitzel, deceased, was born at Simbury on the 24th of March, 1772, son of John and Tabitha (Morris) Weitzel, of whom extended mention is made in this work in the chapter on Sunbury borough. He was a merchant and miller at Sunbury, a Whig in pohtics, and justice of the peace from 1806 to 1830. In the later years of his life he resided at the farm upon which Joseph Weitzel, his son, now lives, and there he died on the 9th of October, 1835. He married Elizabeth Walters, of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, who was born on the same day that the battle of Germantovm was fought. They were the parents of five children, two of whom, Joseph and William, are now living. Joseph Weitzel, farmer and miller, was born on the 5th of October, 1808, son of John Weitzel. He received an ordinary education and early be- gan life for himself; he has been employed as a millwright, farmer, and car- penter, operated a saw mill for a time and engaged in distilling fourteen BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1167 years, and also embarked in the business of buying and selling grain and lumber. He married in 1832, Sarah, daughter of John Woodrow, a native of Middletown, who settled in Rockefeller township. She died, July 19, 1884; nine children were born to them, five of whom are living: Paul, of Scranton; Charles, of Sunbury; Lot B., of Kansas; Joseph, and George, of Philadel- phia. Mr. Weitzel is a member of the Lutheran church of Sunbury, and politically is a Republican. Samuel Bloom, a native of Northumberland county, was an active mem- ber of the Democratic party and served as treasurer of the county from 1834 to 1837. He was a prominent member of the Lutheran church, and con- tributed toward the erecting of Zion Lutheran and Reformed church at Augustaville; he was a charter member of the same, and treasurer of the church at the time of his death. He married Magdalene Dunkelberger, a native of this county, by whom he reared the following children: John; Daniel; Samuel; Jacob; Henry; Mary; Catharine; Magdalene, and Eliza- beth, all of whom are deceased except Elizabeth, Mrs. George Keiser, of Rockefeller township. Jacob Bloom was born on the farm now occupied by his son, Hiram; after his marriage to Julia Ann Bartholomew he settled in the same town- ship, and in 1836 moved to the farm where he was born. He was a Hf e-long Democrat, served as justice of the peace ten years, also as school director of the township. He was a member of the Lutheran church and served as deacon, elder, and treasurer of the same. He was a self-made man, and be- came one of the prominent farmers of the township. He died in 1876 ; his wife still survives him. They reared a family of nine children, seven of whom are living: Deborah, wife of D. D. Conrad, of Rockefeller township; Sarah, wife of Samuel Sober, of Shamokin township; Mary; Julia Ann, wife of S. P. Malick, of Purdytown ; Hiram ; William, and Peter, both of Lincoln county, Nebraska. HiEAM Bloom, farmer, was born in what is now Rockefeller township,. Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 22, 1831, son of Jacob and Julia Ann (Bartholomew) Bloom. He early learned the trade of carpenter, which has been his occupation in connection with farming and operating a custom saw mill. In 1852 he married Maria, daughter of Daniel Hileman, of Rockefeller township, by whom he has eight children: Urias, of Sunbury, register and recorder of Northumberland county; John F., of Purdytown, carpenter; William E., coimty superintendent of public schools; Laura, wife of Daniel Long, of Rockefeller township; Daniel E., of Sunbury, clerk in the First National Bank; Frances; Adella, and Florence Gertrude. Mr. Bloom is a member of the Lutheran church, in which he has held the offices of deacon, elder, and treasurer; he is a prominent Democrat, has served as township auditor over twenty years, and as school director, and was elected justice of the peace but did not serve. 1168 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Valentine Fausold, a native of Germany, immigrated to Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, about the year 1795. He served in the war of 1812, and in 1816 he removed to Northumberland county, locating on a farm in Shamokin township, where he remained until his death. He was twice married; to the first union were born three children: Susan, who married Abraham Wolf and is dead; Elizabeth, who married Henry Dornsife and is dead; John, also dead; the second union resulted in the following children: Catharine, who married Jonathan Kreigbaum; Jonathan, deceased; Peter, deceased; George; Lydia, who married Samuel Haupt; Charles; Mary, who married John Daughabach; Joseph, deceased; Sarah, who married George Zimmer- man and is dead; Henry, deceased, and Mary Ann, who married Daniel Kreiger. On the 15th of December, 1885, a reunion of the Fausold family was held in Farrow's Grove at Snydertown, this county, at which time about three hundred descendants of Valentine Fausold were in attendance. Jonathan Faitsold, son of Valentine Fausold, was born in 1805 in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, and removed to this county when about eleven years of age with his parents. He married Catharine Bartholomew and to this union were born eight children: Elizabeth, deceased; Jonathan, de- ceased; Catharine; Mary A.; Simon P.; David; Hannah, and Lucinda. Our subject was a shoemaker by trade and followed the same in connection with farming until his death, which occurred in 1885. He was a Lutheran in religious belief and a Democrat in politics. His widow survives at this writing (1891) on the old homestead in Eockefeller township and belongs to the Lutheran church. John Snydee, Se., was a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and was among the early settlers of Lower Augusta township. He was a prominent and influential man in the community where he resided, a Whig in politics, a justice of the peace for many years, and a consistent member of the Pres- byterian church; he improved a farm, built and operated a saw mill and distillery, and also kept ten teams for many years on the road transporting goods to and from Lancaster. John Sntdek was born in 1814. He married Martha Norvinger, of Dauphin county, this State, and located in Lower Augusta tovniship. He was a millwright by trade and followed that occupation principally during his whole life, traveling all over the State. He became one of the well-to-do and influential citizens of his community. He filled various township offices, and in his early life was a member of a militia company, holding the position of captain. His wife was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and died in 1861 ; his death occurred in 1877. To their union were born eleven children, of whom eight are living: William; Matthew; Margaret, wife of Peter Shipman, of Trevorton; John N. ; Heniy C, a dealer in lumber and cattle; Susan, wife of David Devitt; Stephen D., a railroad engineer, and Lydia, wife of Charles N. Smith. BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1169 John N. Sntdek, farmer, was born in Lower Augusta township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1840, son of John Snyder. He received an ordinary education and learned the trade of miller, which he followed for twenty years, since which he has been engaged in farming. In 1868 he married Kate E. Seiler, daughter of George Seiler, of Lower Au- gusta township, by whom he has six children: Hubert E.; George A.; Claude; Elizabeth; Keturah, and Jennie May. In 1862 he enhsted in Com- pany C, One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers; after a service of nine months he re-enlisted in Company H, Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was honorably discharged in one year, after having participated in many of the famous battles of the late war. He is a member of Bruner Post, G. A. E., of Sunbury, Lafayette Lodge, F. & A. M., and is a prominent and influential Eepublican. His wife and family are members of the Eeformed church. Samuel Hatjpt, deceased farmer, was born in Eockefeller township in 1804, son of George Haupt, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, who settled in this county on the farm now occupied by his grandson, A. G. Haupt, in 1803. Samuel Haupt married Lydia Fasold, by whom he had eight children, all of whom are living: Louisa; A. G. ; David; Francis E. ; Samuel; John; William, and Henry. Mr. Haupt removed to Schuylkill county, this State, prior to his death, which occurred in 1882. He served in various minor offices, including that of councilman at Pottsville. Jacob Fagley, miller, was born in Eockefeller township, Northumberland comity, Pennsylvania, in 1815, and is a son of Conrad Fagley, a native of Germany, who immigrated to America and was employed as a laborer. Our subject purchased his present mill, known as the Fagley mill, in 1852, and has since been its owner. He was married in 1840 to Catharine Stagle, to which union have been born seven children: Louisa, wife of David Brosius, of Shamokin township; WiUiam; Peter; David; Simon; Mary, wife of Albert Jones, of Purdytown, and Isabella, wife of John Stetler. He and wife are members of the Eeformed church, of which he has been deacon. In poli- tics he is a Democrat. Andrew Gonsek, farmer, was bom in Shamokin township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, January 4, 1817, and is a son of Samuel and Catharine (Long) Gonser, natives of Schuylkill county, this State, who came to tkis county at an early date, settling in Shamokin township, where they subsequently lived and died. The father was a farmer and miller by occu- pation, an influential member of the Lutheran church, and an upright, hon- orable citizen. His children who survive are named as follows : George ; Daniel; Jacob; Jesse, and Isaac, all of whom reside in Shamokin township; Hannah, wife of John Campbell, of Snydertown; Harriet, wife of Jeff Miller, of Lewisburg, and Andrew. The last named was married in 1844 to Eleanor Persing, daughter of William Persing, of Upper Augusta township, this 1170 HISTORY OP NOKTHUSTBEELAND COUNTY. county. He first located at Snydertown, where he farmed for his father eleven years. In 1855 he removed to his present farm, where he has since resided. Mr. and Mrs. Gonser are the parents of five children : Francis, of Eockefeller township; Samuel, of Shamokin township; Sarah Emma, wife of Morris Emerick, of Purdytown; William, of Upper Augusta township, and Landis, deceased. Mr. Gonser and wife are members of the Methodist Epis- copal church, and he is a Republican in politics. Amos Eeed, retired, was born in Little Mahanoy township, Northiunber- land county, Pennsylvania, January 10, 1820, son of Leonard and Elizabeth (Dunkelberger) Heed. His father was a native of Berks county, this State, and came into this county at an early period with his parents, who settled along the banks of Plum creek in what is now Eockefeller township. He was a mason by trade and a consistent member of the Lutheran church. His children were six in number, three of whom are living: Solomon; Eliza- beth, wife of Abraham Shaeffer, and Amos. The last named was married in 1846 to Eebecca, daughter of Jonathan Fagely. She died in 1852 and was the mother of three children: Emanuel, of Iowa; Mary, wife of New- ton Furman, of Westport, and Maggie, wife of Andrew Wilson, of Eocke- feller township. Mr. Eeed was again married, to Sarah Swinehart, by whom he has six children: Elizabeth, wife of Henry Dunkelberger, of Shamokin. township; Harriet, wife of Luther Ellis, of Westport; Charlotte, of Ne- braska; Jemima, wife of Henry Miller, of Eockefeller township; Coleman, of Iowa, and Ira, of Nebraska. His present wife was Susanna Trion, widow of Abraham Eeitz. He is a member of the Lujfcheran church, of which he has served as elder and deacon. In politics he is a Eepubhcan. Henkt Babtholomew, farmer, was born in Eockefeller township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, November 3, 1821, son of WiUiam and Susan Elizabeth (Wolfe) Bartholomew. His father was born in Berks county in 1797, came to this county with his parents when a young man, and settled upon Plum creek in Eockefeller township. Two children of the grandfather of our subject are still living: Catharine, wife of Jonathan Fausold, of Eockefeller township, and Julia Ann, wife of Jacob Bloom, of Eockefeller township. The father of Heniy, after marriage, settled near Emanuel's church in this township, where he died in 1860. His wife sur- vived him many years. They were members of the Lutheran church. They reared thirteen children, nine of whom are living: Charles; Valentine; Joel, of Shamokin township; Harry H., of Kendall Creek, McKean county; Eev. Edward F., of Illinois; Henry; Mary, wife of WiUiam Taylor, of Shamo- kin township; Hettie, wife of Ambrose Taylor, of Shamokin township, and Ann Eliza, wife of Michael Smith, of Washington township. Mr. Bar- tholomew married in 1849 Mary Magdalene, daughter of John F. Shipe, a native of Bucks county and a settler of Eockefeller township, by whom he has six children: Elizabeth J., wife of Gay Ion Bower, of Jordan township; BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1173 John L., of Lower Augusta township; Eachel Annie, wife of Emanuel Gerringer, of Purdytown; David E., of Purdytown; Dennis Newton, and Norman Emerson. In 1862 Mr. Bartholomew enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Seventy- second Pennsylvania Militia, and served nine months, when he was honorably discharged. Politically he is a Democrat, and has filled the ofiBce of supervisor of the township; he is a member of the Lu- theran church and has served in the ofSces of deacon and elder many years. His wife is a member of the German Eeformed church. Samuel H. Zimmerman, farmer, was born in Eockefeller township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, August 23, 1824, son of Daniel and Cath- arine (Hall) Zimmerman. He received an ordinary education, and was mar- ried in 1850 to Mary Bartholomew, daughter of Jacob Bartholomew, of Eush township, by whom he has four children: Melinda; Angeline; William, and Sarah. He is a Eepublican in politics and a member of the Lutheran church. His parents removed to this county at an early day and here died, the father in 1842 and the mother in 1858. Samuel L. Keefer, farmer, was born in what is now Eockefeller township, March 28, 1828, son of George and Eebecca (Lantz) Keefer. He was mar- ried in 1851 to Barbara, daughter of George Savidge, who died, leaving him two children : Peter and Amelia. He was again married, to Harriet Malick, daughter of W. Malick, by whom he has five children: Jennie; David F. ; Charles M. ; Otto, and Eva. He is a Democrat in politics, a member of the Eeformed church, and belongs to the P. of H., of Seven Points. H. M. Eakek, physician and surgeon, was born in Eockefeller township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 25, 1840. He received his education at the public schools and Freeburg Academy, after which he engaged as a clerk in a mercantile store for one year. After reading med- icine with his father and brother he attended lectures at Jefferson Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1862. He began practice at once where he is now located, and is recognized as the leading physician in his part of the county. He is a prominent Democrat, and has served as school director and assessor of Eockefeller township. In August, 1864, he was. married to Josephine Weaver, daughter of John Weaver, of Trevorton, by whom he has the following children: Agatha J., wife of J. H. Haupt, of Schuylkill county; Sarah Isabella; Carrie Elizabeth; Charles Hilton; Min- nie Maud; Warren Le Eoy, and Gertrude Florence. Jacob Eaker, the grandfather of Dr. H. M. Eaker, was one of the early settlers of Eockefeller township. He moved to Tioga county, Pennsylvania, where he died. John Eaker was born in Eockefeller township, and read medicine with Doctor Treon of Muncy, Pennsylvania. After remaining with his preceptor a few years he returned to his native township, where he practiced until his death. He filled various township offices, was a member of the Lutheran 66 1174 HISTORY OF NOETH0MBEELAND COUNTY. church, and died in 1875. four of his children are living: William, a physician of Uniontown, Dauphin county; Catharine, wife of A. S. Azariah Kriasger, of Middleburg, Pennsylvania; Dr. H. M., and Elizabeth. William B. Eister was born in what is now Rockefeller township, (it be- ing then a part of Lower Augusta), Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1853, son of Nathan S. Eister, who was bom in Washington town- ship. His father, Abraham Eister, moved from there to Eockefeller township, where he died. In his younger days he worked at blacksmithing, but was principally engaged at farming. Nathan S. Eister married Amanda, daugh- ter of William Bartholomew, and settled in Rockefeller township. He was a shoemaker by trade, and a member of the Lutheran church, in which he held the office of deacon and elder for many years. Politically he was a Demo- crat. He and wife died wittin five days of each other in 1882, of typhoid fever. They reared eleven children; those living are: William B.; Angeline, wife of Delos Eoadarmel, of Excelsior; Henry M., of Shamokin; Charles A., of Eockefeller township; Flora, of Eockefeller township, and Clinton L., of Excelsior. William B. was reared in Eockefeller township, and attended the township schools and Elysburg Academy two terms, after which he taught school five years during the winters, in the meantime applying himself to study to better his education. He learned the shoemaker trade, and after finishing his teaching apprenticed himself to Gehrad Snyder, with whom he learned the trade of harness maker and saddler. After completing his trade he went to Excelsior and took charge of a section of the Philadelphia and Eeading railroad as foreman, which position he held four years. After the death of his parents the management of the affairs of the family fell upon him, and he engaged in farming one year. In 1883 he purchased his present business, which he has since continued, having added a line of groceries, tobacco, and cigars. In 1877 he married Louisa, daughter of J. Jacob Beck, of Eocke- feller township, by whom he has five children: Elsie E. ; A. Bertram; W. Howard; Edna V., and Mary E. Mr. Eister was appointed postmaster of Seven Points, September 15, 1885, and has since held that office. He was elected school director in 1886, serving as secretary and president of the board. In 1889 he was elected justice of the peace. Eev. a. J. L. Beeinig, pastor of the Lutheran church, Trevorton charge, was born in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, April 25, 1860, son of Edwin L. and Catharine (Swartz) Breinig, natives of that county and farmers by occu- pation. Mr. Breinig was educated at Muhlenburg College, AUentown, Penn- sylvania, from which he was graduated in 1884. He then took a theological course of three years at the Lutheran Seminary in Phladelphia, was ordained as a minister of the Gospel in 1887, and in December of the same year was appointed to his present charge. In 1888 he married Annie S., daughter of Joseph Keefer, of Lehigh county, by whom he has one child, Joseph. Politically he is a Democrat. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1175 Delmae F. Campbell, school teacher, was bom in Lower Augusta town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 13, 1864, son of John and Mary (Fuller) Campbell, of that township. He was educated in the public schools, and Milton and Georgetown normal schools, and for six years has been engaged in teaching, this being his third year in his present school. June 2^3, 1889, he married Tomson, daughter of Anthony S. Speece, of Little Mahanoy township. Politically Mr. Campbell is a Democrat; he is a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church, has served in the ofSce of treasurer four years, and has also filled all the offices connected with the Sabbath school. CHAPTER LI. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. shamoki:n", ralpho, rush, and gearhart townships, and boroughs of snydertown and riverside. Caspeb Adams, a native of CrafEehaft, Offenburg Langendiebach, was born, April 25, 1755, and died, January 26, 1832, and is buried in the cemetery of St. Peter's church in Ealpho township. Nothing of his early life or the date of his settlement in Ealpho township is known, further than that traditions in the family point to his being one of the early, if not the earliest, settler in Ealpho township. His wife was Elizabeth Hinlde and it is presumed he lived and married her in Berks county previous to coming to Northumber- land county. His settlement was made where John Campbell now resides, and he owned a large tract of land embracing many hundreds of acres. His family consisted of six daughters and six sons : Nellie, wife of George Start- zel; Susanna, wife of Samuel Startzel; Elizabeth, wife of Gilbert Liby; Polly, wife of Peter Strausser; Maria, wife of Jacob Kreher; Catharine, wife of Samuel Anspach; Frederick; John; Samuel; Casper; Leonard, and Peter, all of whom are dead. Caspek Adams, fourth son of Casper Adams, Sr., was born in 1776 upon the homestead farm ; he was reared a farmer, and on coming of age his father deeded to him one hundred acres of land, which was situated where his son George C. now resides. He married Susanna, daughter of John Startzel, and by this union they were the parents of the following children: Benjamin; David; Casper, deceased; George C; Jacob; Samuel, deceased; William; Elizabeth, deceased- wife of William Smith; Susanna, deceased wife of Will- iam Klase; PoUie, deceased wife of a Mr. Fry; Angelina, wife of William Smith, and Harriet, deceased. Mr. Adams was a life-long member, and elder of St. Peter's Eeformed church, and was a liberal contributor towards the 1176 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. erection of the church edifice. Politically he was an ardent Democrat. He died in 1882, his wife having died in 1873. Geobge C.~ Adams was born, August 17, 1826, son of Casper and Susanna (Startzel) Adams. He received such education as could be obtained in the schools of tliat period. After coming of age he was engaged in railroad work, and for some years in the huckstering business and farming for his father-in-law. In 1863 he purchased the old homestead property, where he has since been engaged in farming. He was married, September 12, 1855, to Susanna, daughter of Valentine Klase, of Shamokin township, and they are the parents of four children : Leanna, wife of Francis T. Barrell ; Mahala, wife of Charles Paul; General G., and Alvin A., deceased. Mr. Adams is a member of the German Reformed church, of which he is an elder. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat, and while he neither sought nor would hold office, he manifests great interest in the success of his party. The Reed Family. — Among the pioneers of Northumberland county were Jacob and Casper Reed, natives of Berks county, Pennsylvania, who came to Northumberland county as early as 1774. They took up a tract of some five hundred acres of land, which is situated around what is known as Reed's Station, in Shamokin and Ralpho townships, and now in the posses- sion of their descendants. Jacob married, in Berks county, Elizabeth Dre- her, and by this marriage they had nine children: John; Jacob; David; Matthias; Salome, who married John Hursh; Catharine, who married George Hower; Magdalene, who married John Smith; Eva, who became the wife of Daniel Haas, and Elizabeth, who married W. H. Muench. Jacob Reed was a natural mechanic, and carried on the blacksmith and carpenter business in connection with farming. He was one of the leading m.en of hi^ time, and to him is due considerable of the development of the locality in which he set- tled. He was the promoter of the organization of Jacob's church, which was named for him. In religious belief he was a Lutheran. John, his oldest son, married Eva C. Gillinger, and to them were born two sons and four daughters; Jacob, his second son, married Hannah Duttinger, and to this union were bom four sons and three daughters ; David, the third son, married Catharine Haas, and they were the parents of seven sons and five daughters ; Matthias, the fourth son, married Priscilla Farnsworth, and to this union were born three sons and three daughters. John Reed, eldest son of Jacob Reed, was bom upon the old homestead in Shamokin township. He was reared and resided in his native township all his life, and followed farming as an occupation. He married Eva C. Gil- linger, who bore him the following children: Jesse, deceased; Maria, widow of John Lake; Jacob, deceased; Elizabeth, deceased wife of Casper SchoU; Hannah, wife of Solomon Martz, and Eve C, wife of William Zuern, of Col- orado. The whole family were members of the Lutheran church, and Mr. Reed was one of the leading members of that denomination. In politics he BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1177 was a Republican, and an honest, worthy citizen. Both he and wife died in this township, and were buried at Jacob's church graveyard. Jacob Reed, second son of Jacob Reed, was born upon the homestead farm in 1795, where he lived until his marriage. He then settled upon the land where his son William now resides in Shamokin township. He was a tanner by trade, and erected a carding mill and saw mill, which he operated in connection with his farm of two hundred fifty-eight acres. He married Hannah Duttinger, by whom he had seven children: Daniel, deceased; Maria, who married George Young; Simon P., of Rush township; Elizabeth, widow of John Deibler; Julianne, Mrs. John Rohrbach; William, who resides upon the homestead, and John Jacob. He was a Lutheran in his religious belief, and politically a Republican. Jesse Reed, deceased, was a son of John and Eva (Gillinger) Reed, natives of Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and was born, March 3, 1808; his death occurred, June 18, 1884. He was a farmer by occupation, but in early life assisted his father, who was tax collector many years for Shamokin township, which at one time included Rush, Sha- mokin, Ralpho, Mt. Carmel, Goal, and Cameron townships. He also assisted his father, who had a contract for building a portion of what is now the Northern Central railway between Shamokin and Sunbury. By trade he was a brickmaker, which business he followed in his early life. He married in 1834 Charlotte, daughter of Joshua Farley, of Hunterdon county. New Jersey, and by this union they had six children: Harriet S., widow of John Shipman; John W., of Ralpho township; Parley, deceased; Catharine, de- ceased; Oliver, deceased, and William A. Mr. Reed was an extensive farmer, cultivating some three hundred acres, and also carried on the milling busi- ness. In religious faith he was a Lutheran, in which church he was a prom- inent member and an elder many years. In his political associations he was first a Whig, and subsequently a Republican. John W. Reed, eldest son of Jesse and Charlotte (Parley) Reed, was born at the homestead, October 3, 1838. He was educated at the common schools and learned the milling business, at which he has since been engaged. In 1871, in connection with John Shipman, he purchased the mill property known as the Shipman mills, which he operated until 1873, when he pur- chased his present mill. He was married in 1876 to Bethiah, daughter of Robert Davison, of Montour county, and by this marriage they have one daughter, Kate M. Politically Mr. Reed is a Republican, and a member and deacon of the Lutheran church. William A. Reed, the youngest son of Jesse and Charlotte (Farley) Reed, was born, November 19, 1855, upon the homestead where he now resides. He was educated in the public schools, and was reared a farmer. He is also engaged in the milhng business, having purchased the Shipman mill in the spring of 1890. In politics Mr. Reed is a Republican, and is one of the progressive citizens of Shamokin township. 1178 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBERLA.ND COUNTY. The Tbitsworth Family. — Among the early pioneers of Northumberland county was John Teitsworth. It is quite certain by the information in posses- sion of his descendants that his father also came at the same time. They settled on Shamokin creek near Snydertown, prior to the Eevolutionary war, and came from New Jersey. John Teitsworth had two sons, and one daugh- ter who married Benjamin Campbell. He subsequently kept a tavern at what is known as Paxinos on the line of Ralpho and Shamokin townships, and also owned about five hundred acres of land. He died about 1800. William, the eldest son, was born in Shamokin township, and served in the war of the Revolution. He was twice married; by his first wife, whose name is not known, he had no posterity. His second wife was Mary Campbell, by whom he had five children: Isaac, deceased; John B., deceased; Elizabeth, of Ealpho township; Katie, deceased, who married Peter Yocum, and Mary, deceased, who married John Persing. He conducted for many years the tavern that descended from his father, and was also engaged in farming. He died in March, 1836. Isaac Teitsworth, eldest son of William, was born at Paxinos, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, in 1801. He married Catharine, daughter of John Persing. She was born in 1806, and is now living and resides with her son Isaac N. in Columbia county, Pennsylvania. By this union they were the parents of thirteen children: Mary A., wife of J. H. Heed; Lemuel; Eev. William P., of California; Benjamin P., deceased; Alfred, who was killed at Cedar Mountain, member of the Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Volun- teers; Harriet, deceased; Susan, wife of Daniel Adams; Isaac N., of Colum- bia county; Matthias, of Ealpho township; Katie, deceased; John H., of Michigan; Antoinette, wife of H. B. Soult, of Elysburg, and Matilda, wife of Theodore Clayton, of Riverside. He was a prominent member of the Pres- byterian church, of which he was an elder fifty years. He died in August, 1883. Lemuel Teitsworth, eldest son of Isaac, was born, January 15, 1828. He was reared a farmer, and educated in the common schools of the town- ship and Danville Academy. He learned the trade of tanner, and in 1852 located at Elysburg and erected a tannery, which he operated fifteen years. In 1867 he retired from business, purchased his present farm of one hundred acres, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in 1854 to Elizabeth, daughter of William H. Davidson, of Catawissa township, Columbia county, and by this marriage they have two children: Alverda C, wife of J. L. Wolverton, and Ellen E., wife of S. C. Wolf, of Iowa. Mr. Teitsworth is a member of the Presbyterian church of Elysburg, and has taken great interest in the erection of the new church edifice erected this year, being one of the building committee. Politically he is a Eepublican. He is also one of the promoters of the Pine Hill cemetery. BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1179 Matthias Teitswoeth, sixth son of Isaac, was born upon the farm where he now resides, October 25, 1840, and is a farmer by occupation. He was drafted in 1862, assigned to the One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania Militia, and served nine months. He was married in 1865 to Lena S., daughter of John C. Myers, of Columbia tJbunty, and they are the parents of eight living children: Alfred; Harvey B. ; William M. ; Amos; Maggie M. ; Josiah B. ; Preston, and Delia. Mr. Teitsworth is a member of the Presbyterian church, of the Elysburg Lodge, I. O. O. F., also of the P. O. S. of A., and in politics is a Eepublican. Obadiah Campbell, a native of New Jersey, removed to Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1779, and located in Ealpho township. He pur- chased a tract of land containing four hundred acres, upon part of which the village of Elysburg is built. He built his log cabin upon the site of the present residence of Davis HufP, which was the homestead of the Campbells for several generations. His children were: Benjamin; John; James; Robert; Albert; Jane, who became the wife of Caleb Ely, and Joanna, who married George Ely. He was a Presbyterian in faith, and one of the organ- izers of a church in his new settlement. Politically he was a Democrat, and a zealous exponent of the principles of his party, of which he was a leader in his locality. Obadiah Campbell, fifth son of Obadiah, Sr., and father of the present member of the family of that name, was bom in New Jersey, in 1776. He was reared upon the homestead in Ralpho township. He purchased a large tract of timber land in Columbia county, to which place he removed, erected a saw mill, and engaged in the lumber business, which he con- tinued until his death in 1865. He inherited from his father strong Democratic principles, and while he would never hold office, he was a power in the local councils of his party. He was a member of the Presbyterian church and held official positions in the same. He married Elizabeth daughter of Nicholas Shipman, one of the pioneer families of New Jersey who settled in Rockefeller township, Northumberland coanty. She bore him four sons and six daughters : Nicholas; Mary, deceased wife of William Thompson; IJannah, deceased wife of James Hile; Jane, deceased wife of Elijah Yocum; Obadiah S.; Elizabeth, deceased wife of James Fox; Joanna, widow of John McMurtrie; John; Sarah, deceased wife of Shultz Knittle, and James J., of Columbia county. Obadiah S. Campbell, oldest son of Obadiah, Jr., was born, November 25, 1816. He was reared upon the homestead and educated in the township schools. He followed the occupation of a millwright, and was engaged in the building of grist and saw mills throughout Lycoming, Columbia, Mon- tour, Northumberland, and Schuylkill counties thirty-five years. A part of this time Mr. Campbell was a resident of Columbia county. In 1856 he re- tired from active business life and settled upon his farm in Ralpho township, 1180 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. purchased in connection with his brother-in-law, James Fox, in 1852, and was engaged in farming until the spring of 1889, when he retired from all business, and is now living in Elysburg. In politics Mr. Campbell is a Democrat, and in 1865 was elected justice of the peace, in which office he served ten years. He has been a member of the school board and has served in the various township offices. In his religious faith he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he has been a class leader ten years. He is connected with the I. O. O. F. Mr. Campbell was married, January 9, 1840, to Eliza, daughter of John Teats, and they are the parents of six children: Almira, wife of. Samuel Swank; Oliver, of Michigan; John; Clemens M. ; Edgar B., of Sunbury, and Iva, wife of Oliver Brady. Mr. Campbell is one of the township's oldest and most respected citizens, and is always ready to assist any enterprise that will tend to the public good, a warm friend of the cause of education, and a liberal contributor to religious and charitable purposes. jAcdB Pensyl (Bentzel), a native of Germany, was one of the pioneers of Northumberland county. His first settlement was on the site of what is now the borough of Shamokin, where he took up fifty acres of land, located where the Eagle Hotel now stands. He subsequently abandoned this tract and took up a two-hundred-acre tract, where David R. Pensyl now resides in Ralpho township. He had one son, John, who was nine years of age when his father settled in what is now Shamokin, and from him the Pensyls of Northumberland county have descended. John married Barbara HinMe, by whom he had five children: Kate, who married Frederick Lebic; Leah, who married John Fisher; John; George, and Leonard, all deceased. He died upon the homestead in Ealpho township in April, 1849. He was a member of the German Reformed church, and was one of the organizers and original members of the old Blue church of Ralpho township. He donated one acre of ground for church purposes, upon which the church edifice stands to-day. Leonakd Pensyl, deceased, the youngest son of John and Barbara (Hin- kle) Pensyl, and grandson of Jacob Pensyl, was born upon the homestead in Ralpho township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1804. He was a farmer by occupation. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick William Kaseman, of Ralpho township, and by this union they were the parents of two sons and one daughter: Daniel, deceased; David R., of Ralpho township, and Sarah A., wife of D. H. Adams, of Ralpho town- ship. Mr. Pensyl's death occurred, October 31, 1884; his wife survived him. He was a member of the German Reformed church, and served as deacon and elder twenty-one years; in politics he' was a Democrat. David R. Pensyl, farmer, is a son of Leonard and Elizabeth (Kaseman) Pensyl, and a great-grandson of Jacob Pensyl. He was born in 1835 upon the old Pensyl homestead, and to him has descended the patrimonial estate. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1181 upon which his progenitor, Jacob, settled over one hundred years ago, where he now resides. Mr. Pensyl was reared a farmer, having over two hundred acres of land, and is still engaged in that pursuit. He received a common school education, and in 1857 engaged in the mercantile business, which he conducted two years. He married in 1859 Carolina, daughter of Joseph Fry, and they are the parents of ten living children: Joseph; Lenora, wife of E. D. Smink; Laura, wife of J. B. Hill; Leonard; David; Lizzie; Han- nah; Cora; Oscar W., and Carrie F. Politically Mr. Pensyl is a pronounced Democrat, and while he manifests great interest in the success of his party, he has never sought public office. He is a member of the old Blue church founded by his great-grandfather, is connected with Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., and is also a member of the Conclave. George Pensyl, deceased, was born in Ealpho township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1799, son of John and Barbara (Hin- kle) Pensyl, and grandson of Jacob Pensyl In his early life he was engaged -upon the Centre turnpike, between Northumberland and Beading. He sub- sequently purchased a small tract of land situated in Balpho township where Benjamin Adams now resides. He afterwards purchased the Jacob Keller farm, where he lived until the death of his wife, when he took up his resi- dence with his daughter, who married Benjamin Adams; there he died, June 11, 1885. He was a member of the German Eeformed church, of which he was an elder, and politically a Democrat. He married Mary, daughter of Jacob Keller, and their children were: Mary, wife of Benjamin Adams; Leon- ard, deceased; George, deceased; Hannah, deceased, who married David Fry; Leah, wife of Lewis Hoffman; Solomon, of Eush township; Jacob, of Eush township; Jeremiah, of Eush township; Daniel, of Columbia county; John, of Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania; Henry, of Shamokin township ; Susanna, deceased, who married Peter Adams, and Elizabeth, who married Cyrus Burk- hart. Henet Pensyl, farmer and insurance agent, is the youngest son of George and Mary (Keller) Pensyl, and great-grandson of Jacob Pensyl. He was born in Ealpho township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1844. He was educated in the conunon schools, and was engaged in farming upon the homestead and other places until 1873, when he purchased his present farm of eighty acres, situated one half-mile south of Snydertown. He is also the general agent for Shamokin township for the Shamokin Township Insur- ance Company. He has filled the office of constable for his township for the years 1883-85, and was elected as supervisor in 1887, 1888, and 1890. He was married in 1868 to Matilda, daughter of Samuel Mutchler, of Montour county, and they are the parents of four living children: Everett C; Kate M. ; Lottie M., and Mellie. In politics Mr. Pensyl is a Democrat, and he is a treasurer and one of the board of trustees of the Stonington Methodist Episcopal church. 1182 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. William Pensyl, tanner and farmer, was born in Rush township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, September 29, 1835, son of John and Mary (Arter) Pensyl. He was reared upon the homestead farm and learned the trade of tanner with Charles Hull, for whom he worked several years. In 1857 he formed a partnership with William Hull in the tannery business situated in Ealpho township, which he subsequently purchased and enlarged, and which now has a capacity of one hundred hides per week. In connec- tion with the tannery he has a farm of two hundred acres. Mr. Pensyl was married, June 28, 1860, to Harriet, daughter of Isaac Hull, of Ralpho town- ship, who died, August 10, 1889, leaving five daughters: M. Laura; EsteUa v.; Anna M. ; Viola, and Carrie B. In politics Mr. Pensyl is a Republican; he has filled many township oflices and has served upon the school board of his township. In religious faith he is a member of the Baptist church, and one of the trustees. He is also a member of Elysburg Lodge, F. &. A. M. The Millee Family. — George Miller, who is commonly called " Hunter George," immigrated from Germany some time in 1700. He settled near Hamburg, Berks county, Pennsylvania. He had several children, but noth- ing is known of them by his descendants, with the exception of John MiUer, who settled in Shamokin township prior to 1785. He owned about thirteen hundred acres of land situated upon the Centre pike. He built his log house on the south side of the road opposite where George W. MiUer now resides. He married, in 1785, Catherine Raber, who was born, September 26, 1769, by whom he had two sons and two daughters: George and David, both deceased; Elizabeth, who was twice married, first to a Mr. Rockefeller, and second to a Mr. Wilhour, and Sarah, who married a Mr. Miller. Before his death John Miller divided his property between his sons, David taking the land on the south side of the valley and George that on the north side. George, the eldest son, was born, June 13, 1794, upon the homestead. He married, De- cember 28, 1820, Mary M., daughter of George and Elizabeth Stezler, and by this marriage they had twelve children: Elizabeth, who married Daniel Smith; Catherine, who married Silas Farrow; Dr. John J., deceased; Eosetta, who married Samuel Lewis; Amandus, of Shamokin township; Russia, de- ceased, who married Dr. Aaron Savidge; Juliann, who married Ephraim Baker; Allison R., deceased; William J. ; Clara L., deceased wife of Dr. Isaac Huff; Emma, who married John Epler, and one who died in infancy. I^re- vious to the construction of the Centre turnpike this locality was not de- veloped to any extent. Mr. Miller obtained a contract for constructing two miles of the pike; he then built the buildings where George Miller now re- sides, and opened a hotel, which he conducted, in connection with his farm, until the railroad was built. George Miller was one of the enterprising men of his day, and filled many township offices. Politically he was a Democrat. He died, July 24, 1880, at the advanced age of eighty-six years, his wife fol- lowing three weeks later. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1183 Amandus Millek, second son of George Miller, was born, September 13, 1828, upon the homestead. He received a common school education and early in life commenced teaching in the public schools, and through life has been a warm friend to the cause of education, having filled the ofiace of treas- urer of the school board for years. Mr. Miller is extensively engaged in farming, cultivating some four hundred acres. He married Hannah J., daughter of John Wolverton, of Shamokin township, and by this marriage they have had ten children: Florence V., deceased; Mary I., wife of J. M. Kline; George W.; Silas W.; Laura E.; Julia F., wife of EUworth Dyer, of Elysburg, Pennsylvania; John A., deceased; Charles A.; Cordelia, and Lulu V. Politically Mr. Miller is a Democrat, and while he has never sought pub- lic office; he is a man of influence in his vicinity; in religious faith he is a Lutheran. Geokge W. Miller, eldest son of Amandus and Hannah J. (Wolverton) Miller, was bom, April 21, 1857, upon the homestead. He attended the pub- He schools and Lewisburg Academy. After completing his education, he leased his grandfather's farm and cultivated it four years, and taught in the public schools eight winters. In 1885 he and his brother, Silas W., pur- chased their grandfather's farm, containing one hundred thirty-five acres, and divided the land, George W. retaining the homestead. Mr. Miller was mar- ried, September 30, 1880, to Eosanna, daughter of Thomas P. Vastine, of Montour county, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of four children: Gussie M. ; Florence V.; David O., and Euth A. Mr. Miller is one of the leading Democrats of the township, and is now fiUing the office of overseer of the poor. In religious belief he is a Lutheran, and one of the prominent citizens of the township. The John Family of Northumberland county are a branch of a Welsh family that settled in Chester county in the early colonial days of our State. Their ancestor, Griffith John, Sr., was born in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, in 1683. With many others of his locality, he immigrated to Pennsylvania, taking passage in a slow sailing vessel that was several months in making the voyage. He landed in Philadelphia, February 11, 1709, and went to one of the Welsh townships which was a part of a district then known as the Welsh Barony. This section was principally settled by his countrymen, at that time called "ye ancient Britons." On the 23d of July, 1714, he was married to Ann Williams, daughter of Eobert Williams, sumamed "the king of Goshen." About 1715, under the auspices of David Lloyd, the keeper of the Great Seal, Uwchlan township was settled, and among the first purchas- ers of farms were Griffith John, Sr., Noble Butler, Eobert Benson, Cadwal- lader Evans, and others. The fruits of his marriage were twelve children, six sons and six daughters, all of whom reached mature years except one son that died in childhood. Most of his children settled in other parts of the State, but his son Griffith John, Jr., remained on the Uwchlan farm and took 1184 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. care of his parents in their declining years. Griffith John, Sr., united with the Society of Friends soon after his arrival in the colony and became a prominent minister of that sect. He stood well in his church, and after his death a testimony relating to him was published by his monthly meeting. He lived in great simplicity and plainness and was a lover of peace and labored to promote good feeling among his neighbors. At the advanced age of ninety years he was a constant attendant at his church and was a minister of the same for over seventy years. He died, May 29, 1778, aged ninety-five years. Gbiffith John, Je., the seventh child of Griffith John, the emigrant, was born in Uwchlan township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, August 26, 1729. He inherited his father's farm and was a farmer by occupation. On the 13th of March, 1752, he married Sarah Lloyd, daughter of Humphrey Lloyd, and reared a family of eight children, consisting of one son and seven daughters, one son having died in infancy. During the Eevolutionary war, while both armies were for some time within a few miles of his home, he seems to have been fortunate in not suffering any losses thereby. His children, when grown up and married, all migrated to what was then Northumberland county about 1795, and settled at various points. Upon the death of his wife he sold his farm, and a few years afterwards moved to Shamokin township, and lived with his only son, Abia John. He died, August 21, 1811, aged eighty-two years, and was buried at Roaring Creek burying ground. Abia John, the only son who grew to maturity of Griffith John, the farmer, and grandson of Griffith John, the emigrant, was born on the old homestead in Uwchlan township, Chester county, November 26, 1761. He was reared on the farm, but acquired a good business education. On the 8th of March, 1788, he married Martha, daughter of his uncle, Eeuben John. In 1795 he moved to Northumberland county and reached Shamokin town- ship on May 5th of the same year. He rented rooms from one of the first settlers and went right in the woods and took up a tract of land. He put up a small log house and commenced clearing off his farm. The eoimtry was infested with wild animals, and for some years the nights were made hideoiis by their screams and howls. The scanty products of his place that he had to spare were hauled over miserable mountain roads to Eeading, where they were sold and exchanged for articles of food and clothing. But he was a man of determination and succeeded in life. He was a practical surveyor and conveyancer, and soon acquired a very extensive business. In 1809 Governor Snyder appointed him a justice of .the peace, which office he held until 1830, and did a very large business. He was a man of integrity and excellent judgment, and his counsel was regarded as safe to be followed. He was held in high esteem by the court and attorneys at the county seat. He became an extensive land holder, and retired from, business in his old days in comfortable circumstances. In religious faith both he and his wife BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1185 were Quakers. His wife was a woman of more than common ability and under favorable surroundings would have been noted for her intelligence. He left thirteen children, all of whom reached their majority. They were as follows: Asa T.; Hiram; Emily, who married Levi Hughes, and after his death Abisha Thomas; Griffith; Eeuben; Lydia, who married John Wolver- ton, and after his death Amos Yarnall; Sarah; Jesse J.; Elida; Samuel; Jehu; Eliza, and Perry, all of whom are dead excepting the last mentioned. Abia John died, April 27, 1838, and was buried at Catawissa. His wife died, November 10, 1840, and was buried at the same place. Asa Townsend John, the oldest child of Abia John, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, December 10, 1788, and came with his father to Northumberland coimty in 1795. He was reared on a farm, and secured a fair education for those pioneer days. In 1810 he married Mary Thomas, who bore him the following children; Abia; Enoch, who died at an early age; Townsend, who died at the age of twenty; Joseph T.; Jesse Gr., de- ceased, a late resident of Mt. Carmel, and at one time chief burgess of that town; Ann, who married John Kester, now a resident of Philadelphia, and Amos Y. All of these children are dead. Abia John is noted as the first person who taught school in the town of Shamokin. Joseph T. lived on the old homestead, and his widow is still residing there. Asa T. John was a farmer by occupation, and also a tanner, having started a small tannery on his farm about 1825. The sole leather from this tannery was noted for its enduring qualities, and was in great demand among the pioneers, of that vicinity. He was one of the original members of the Society of Friends established in Ralpho township, and died, February 2, 1868, aged eighty years. Jesse Jones John, the fifth son of Abia John, was born in Shamokin (now Ealpho) township, Northumberland county, March 9, 1803. He acquired a good practical education and excelled in mathematical studies. He was a teacher for several years, and subsequently became engaged in surveying and engineering. About 1828 he assisted in making the first experimental survey for a railroad from Pottsville to Danville. At this period he surveyed a number of coal land tracts in and about Shamokin, and acquired an inter- est in the old forge near Paxinos. In October, 1828, he married Eliza V. Hicks, only daughter of Dr. Gilbert E. Hicks, of Catawissa, a noted prac- titioner of those times. By this marriage one, son was born. Dr. J. J. John,, of Shamokin, Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch died, September 2, 1829, aged twenty-six years, and was interred at Catawissa in the Friends' burying ground. His widow married, in 1839, John Walter, of Chester county, and resided on the old homestead near Bear Gap until her death, February 15, 1889. Elida John, the ninth child of Abia John, was born upon the old home- stead in Shamokin (now Ealpho) township, Northumberland county, August 1186 HISTORY OF NOBTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. 29, 1805. He acquired a fair business education, and taught school during the winter seasons for several years. He served as justice of the peace, was a surveyor, and was much occupied in settling up various estates. While quite a young man he married Sarah Hughes, of the same township, and reared a family of ten children: Palemon, founder of the Bloomsburg Re- publican; Edwin; Martha; Abia C; Euth A.; Hugh; Chalkley; Sallie; George D., and Emma. When the school system was adopted in Shamokin township, Elida John was one of the first directors, and all through life took an active interest in educational matters. About 1840 he commenced taking an active part in the anti-slavery movement, and speakers who advocated those doctrines and were mobbed for so doing were protected by him. On several occasions his home furnished refuge for escaped slaves, and his house was recognized as a station on the Underground railroad. He was always an active temperance worker, was a leading member of the Society of Friends, and frequently represented his society in yearly meetings at Phila- delphia. Mr. John was one of the first directors of the Shamokin Bank, and was well and favorably known throughout the county. In 1868 he removed to Whiteside county, Illinois, where he purchased considerable land, and died there in 1883. Nearly all of his children are residents of that State. Pebry John, farmer, was born in what is now Ealpho township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1815, the youngest son of Abia and Martha John. He was reared upon the farm, and learned the wheelwright trade with Ezra Hayhurst, of Catawissa, and subsequently purchased the business, which he conducted some years, when he established his business near Paxinos, which he conducted thirty years. Mr. John, like his father, has always been a member of the Society of Friends, and in 1843 in connec- tion with his brothers organized the Friends' society of Ealpho township, and about 1844 erected the meeting house. Mr. John is a minister of the society, has preached in different localities for a number of years, and is the only living representative of the original congregation organized nearly fifty years ago. He was, married in 1837 to Annie, daughter of Ezra Eves, of Millville, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, who died in 1859, leaving one child, who is deceased. In 1842 he married Eebecca, daughter of Z. Under- wood, of Centre county, Pennsylvania, who died in 1877 ; by this union there were two children: Griffith and William. Mr. John is one of the oldest living residents of what is now Ealpho township. In the community in which he has spent his life he is much respected for his consistency of char- acter, and beloved for his kindly nature. In early life he was a Whig, and since the formation of the Eepublican party he has been a member of that organization, but has never sought or accepted public office of any kind. Griffith, the eldest son, was born in Ealpho township in 1843. He was educated in the public schools, and at the age of eighteen years commenced teaching in the public and private schools in various parts of the State, BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1187 which was his occupation for more than twenty years. He is also a member of the Society of Friends, and in his political affiliations a Eepublican. William was born upon the homestead and received his education at the public schools, and has followed teaching and farming. He was married in 1875 to Ruth Eoberts, who died in 1879, leaving four children: Mary; Ee- becca; Rachel, and Ruth. He, like his father and brother, is a member of the Society of Friends, and in his political affiliations a Republican. Mes. Eliza V. Walteb was born at Catawissa, Pennsylvania, December 28, 1802, and died at her residence, on Runnymede farm, three miles east of Elysburg, February 15, 1889, at the advanced age of eighty-six years, one month, and seventeen days. She was descended from a branch of an old EngHsh family that came to America with the Pilgrims. On the 11th day of June, 1621, the ship Fortune arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts, direct from London, bringing over the balance of the Pilgrim colony that the Mayflower was unable to carry the year previous. Among the colonists on board of the Fortune was Robert Hicks, the ancestor of the Hicks family in America. His settlement in the new world was only fourteen years later than the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. He was a lineal descendant of Ellis Hicks, who was knighted on the battle field of Poitiers in France by the Black Prince in 1356. Mrs. Walter was the only daughter of Dr. Gilbert E. Hicks, a prominent physician some sixty years ago. She received an excellent education from such teachers as Mrs. Paxson and Ellis Hughes, both noted as instructors. She was not only well versed in the English classics and standard authors of that period, but kept herself posted on the passing events of the times by closely reading the newspapers. She was an occasional contributor to the Shamokin Herald during the time it was published by O. M. Fowler. Mrs. Walter was a life- long member of the Society of Friends, and on several occasions represented her society at the Philadelphia yearly meeting. She was liberal and con- servative in her religious opinions and was firmly settled in her convictions. She was twice married; first to Jesse Jones John, having one son. Dr. J. J. John, of Shamokin; and afterwards to John Walter, of Chester county. By the second marriage she had three children: W. E. Walter, of Ralpho town- ship, now deceased; Mary Emma Walter, of Catawissa, and Anna M. Orms- by, of Philadelphia. She continued quite active and enjoyed good health until a few days before her death. She was buried at the ancient burial ground of the Friends at Catawissa, where a large number of her kindred are at rest. The Muench Family. — Charles E. Muench was a descendant of a French family of nobility by the name of Beauvoir. He probably crossed the French Hue into Germany prior to the French Revolution, and took the name of his patrimonial estate " Munchhofen." He was born at Mellenheim, on the Rhine, January 7, 1769, and was educated at Heidelburg, where he 1188 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. spent fourteen years preparing for the ministry, learning five different lan- guages. He inherited a large fortune and a landed estate. Marshall Jour- dan under orders of the French Directory (then the ruling power in Prance), invaded that section of the country, when, in defense of his country, Charles E. raised a company of dragoons, and in an engagement with the French his left arm was so terribly injured that it became partly useless. His por- tion of Germany being over-run, and in possession of the French troops, he gathered together his personal property, abandoned his landed estate, and sailed for America. On the voyage they were overtaken by a French priva- teer, and all their valuables taken from them. Penniless he landed in Phila- delphia with his wife, whose maiden name was Margaret Bieser, and eldest daughter. Unable to obtain employment he drifted to Shafferstown, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania. Here, February 10, 1799, his eldest son, William Henry, was born. From Shafferstown they removed to different points in Pennsylvania, locating in Lykens valley, near Berrysburg, where Charles E. Muench engaged in school teaching. His family consisted of seven children : Juliana, born in Germany, who married Jacob Wolf; William H.; Charles F. ; Susan, wife of Jacob Eeigle; Jacob D., all deceased; Daniel A., of Har- risburg, and Margaret, deceased wife of Peter K. Miller. Charles E. died at Lykens valley, Dauphin county, in 1833, and his wife in 1834, both aged sixty- four years. William Henry Mdench was born a cripple, and his parents gave him as good education as possible, a want of means limiting it to Enghsh and Ger- man. In 1819 Rev. J. P. Shindel proposed that William H. come to Sha- mokin valley to teach those branches. He located at Reed's Station, where he taiight twenty-four years at the same place. He was appointed by Gov- ernor Shultz justice of the peace for Shamokin township, which once included Shamokin, Ralpho, Zerbe, Coal, Mt. Carmel, and Cameron townships, which position he filled thirty years, during which time he married eighty-nine couples, and was known as the "marrying squire." Being an expert and elegant pensman, this opened the way for the use of the pen, and he trans- acted an immense amount of business, making out deeds and mortgages for the early settlers. He served as county commissioner and in all the town- ship offices, and was a man of extensive acquaintance and the early friend of General Simon Cameron. He married in 1820 Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Reed; his death occurred, September 8, 1885. He was an elder and leading supporter of the German Reformed church. Jacob E. Muench was born at the old homestead, September 29, 1823, only child of William Henry and Elizabeth (Reed) Muench. When a young man he taught in the township schools a number of years, but his principal occupation has been that of a farmer, in which business he is extensively engaged. In his early life he was prominently connected with the State militia, serving fourteen years. He was appointed by Governor Johnston ^.^ ^ ^^^^ BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1191 first lieutenant, subsequently elected major, and in 1853 was appointed brig- adier general by Governor Bigler. Mr. Muench is a Eepublican in his polit- ical sentiments; he served in the office of county auditor from 1873 to 1875, and as township auditor several terms. Mr. Muench has always been an earnest friend to the cause of education, filling the office of school director, of which board he was secretary eighteen consecutive years. In 1886 he was elected justice of the peace, and is_ now serving in that office. He is a mem- ber of the German Eeformed church, of which he has been an elder five years. He was married, December 3, 1854, to Lavinia SchoU, who died, Sep- tember 1, 1862, leaving three children: Mary E., wife of Jacob S. Eohrbach, of Shamokin township; William F., deceased, and Emma E., wife of Eeuben F. Martz, of Shamokin township. November 28, 1878, he married Hattie S., daughter of John Cooper, of Upper Augusta township. The Vastine Family. — William Vastine, deceased, was born in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1810, son of John and Catharine (Osborne) Vastine. He settled at the age of twenty-one years on the farm where Simon Vastine now lives, and was a farmer and distiller by occupation. He was a large land owner, cultivating some four hundred acres. He was a member of the Lutheran church, and in politics was a prominent Whig and Eepublican. He married in 1832 Elizabeth, daughter of John Hursh, and their children were : Amos ; Jacob H. ; Hugh ; Simon ; Ezra; Elizabeth, wife of Dr. Joseph Oglesby, and Daniel. He died in 1859; his widow survived him until the spring of 1890. Amos Vastine, deceased, was born in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1813, son of John and Catharine (Osborne) Vastine. In his youth he came to what is now Ealpho township with his uncle, Thomas Vastine, who settled upon the land now in possession of his daughter, Catharine Persing. His principal business was farming, but at one time he was engaged in the mercantile business at Paxinos. His farm- ing pursuits were extensive, as he owned some six hundred acres of land. Mr. Vastine also owned large real estate interests in Mt. CarmeL He was one of the promoters of the Mt. Carmel Savings Bank, of which he was president from its organization until his death. He was also one of the organizers of the Shamokin Township Fire Insurance Company, of which he was treasurer at the time of his death. Politically he was a Eepubhcan, and was county commissioner from 1871 to 1874. He married in 1837 Susan, daughter of Felix Lerch, and by this union they were the parents of six children, four of whom are living: John, of Ealpho township; Thomas, of Ealpho township; Catharine, wife of E. S. Persing, of Ealpho township, and Hattie, wife of William Metz, of Mt. Carmel. The deceased are Sarah and Felix. Mr. Vastine's death occurred, November 15, 1889, his wife having died, July 12, 1888. He was a self-educated man, and a man of rare shrewdness and sagacity in all business relations. He was well read, 67 1192 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. and kept himself well informed on all current events and important ques- tions of the day. He brought to bear during his active life application, vigor, and fidelity, which brought to him many trusts of a public and private nature. In his religious preferences he was a Baptist, of which church he was an attendant. He was a warm friend to the cause of education, and served many terms upon the school board of Kalpho township. John Vastine, eldest son of Amos and Susan (Lerch) Vastine, was born upon the homestead farm, November 16, 1844. He was educated at the public schools, and in 1870 settled upon his present farm of two hundred acres, where he has since resided engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was married, February 11, 1869, to Kate, daughter of the late John Bird, of Shamokin. Politically Mr. Vastine is a Eepublican, and he and wife are members of the Lutheran church. Thomas Vastine, second son of Amos and Susan (Lerch) Vastine, was bom upon the homestead farm, October 24, 1847. His early education was obtained at the common schools and completed at Dickinson Seminary, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and Lewisburg Academy. He has always followed farming as an occupation. In 1877 he located upon his present place of one hundred fifteen acres. He was married, January 26, 1871, to Lizzie, daughter of William Haas, and by this union they have had five children, two of whom are living : Amos and Hattie. In his political con- nection Mr. Vastine is a Republican, and always manifests an interest in the success of his party. In religious faith he is a Lutheran. John Bodghnee, deceased, was born in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and in 1814 removed to Snydertown, Pennsylvania. In the same year he enlisted in a company organized at Snydertown in defense of Erie. He was a tanner by trade, but after his settlement at Snydertown engaged in the carpenter business, which he conducted until his death. He was one of the enterprising men of his locality, and held many minor township offices. He married Margaret Colkie, a native of New Jersey, and they are the parents of six children: Peter; Mahlon, deceased; Charity, who married Jonas Gil- ger; Susanna, who also married Jonas Gilger; Andrew J., deceased, and William, deceased. Mr. Boughner was a Republican in politics. Petek BouaHNEE, retired, was born, January 23, 1816, at Snydertown, Pennsylvania, son of John and Margaret (Colkie) Boughner. He received such education as the subscription schools of that period afforded, and sub- sequently learned the carpenter trade with his father. After acquiring his trade he settled in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, entered the employ of the rail- road company, and later was placed in charge of repairs and construction from Sunbury to Mt. Carmel. After the road passed into the hands of the Northern Central, and the new road was laid out, Mr. Boughner in connec- tion with Mr. Dunkelberger laid the track from Shamokin to Mt. Carmel, under contract. In 1850 he was placed in charge of grading and construe- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1193 tion of the streets of Trevorton. With the exception of this period of eighteen months Mr. Boughner was in the employ of the Northern Central Railway Company thirty years. Boughner & Gilger built the first breaker at Luke Tidier mine and Cleaver & Boughner the first two at Locust Gap. Mr. Boughner was married in 1837 to Margaret, daughter of John Repley, who died in 1877; by this union they were the parents of six children: Henry; Joseph; John, deceased; Katherine, deceased; Lucy, wife of Hoffman Reed, and Somerfield. Mr. Boughner finally retired from active business and purchased the farm where he now resides. He was one of the charter mem- bers of Shamokin Lodges, F. & A. M. and I. O. O. P., and in politics he is a pronounced Republican. Sebastian Boughner, deceased, was born in Hunterdon county. New Jersey. He enlisted in the regular army and served at Port Erie with a company from Phillipsburg, New Jersey, and at the close of his term of en- listment he settled at Snydertown, Pennsylvania, and engaged at the carpen- ter business. He subsequently removed to Sunbury, where he died. He married Abbie Snyder, and to this marriage were born five children : Rebecca ; Isaac; Silas.; Harriet, and Lydia. Solomon Maetz, farmer, was born in Upper Augusta township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, March 22, 1818, son of Henry and Eliza- beth (Pagely) Martz. His paternal grandfather was David Martz, who, with his brother Jacob, came from Berks county towards the close of the last cent- ury, and settled on Shamokin creek, three miles south of Sunbury. David was a blacksmith, and engaged in that business in connection with farming. He married Barbara Miller, and to this - union were bom five sons and two daughters: David; Hbnry; Peter; Abraham, and George, allot whom, with the exception of Henry, removed to Dayton, Ohio, where they died. The daughters were Susan, who married John Richstine, and Elizabeth, who became the wife of Abraham Arter. Henry, the father of our subject, was born upon the homestead in Shamokin township, Northumberland county. He was a farmer by occupation, and married Elizabeth, daughter of Chris- tian and Magdalena Pagely, pioneers of Shamokin township. Their children were: Hettie; Katie; Mary Ann, and George, all deceased; Solomon, and Nathan. Both the parents died in Shamokin and are buried at St. Peter's graveyard. When a youth of seven years the subject of this sketch went to live with his uncle, Solomon Pagely, of Shamokin township, with whom he remained until he was eighteen years old, when he entered the employ of his uncles, Amos, George, and Nathan Pagely, as a clerk in their store at Mauch Chimk, where he remained sixteen months, when he returned to Shamokin and entered, the employ of William and Reuben Pagely, with whom he remained one year. He then went to Mt. Carmel, and was employed by Solomon Pagely, who kept a tavern there, remaining with him one year. At this period a stage line was started between Mt. Carmel and Shamokin, and 1 194 HISTOKY OP NOETHDMBEBLAND COUNTY. he was appointed driver and mail carrier, which position he filled a few months. He was then appointed to the same position on the stage line be- tween Pottsville and Northumberland, where he remained dne year, and is the last living representative of that useful class in that vicinity. He returned to Shamokin and was elected supervisor of Coal township, having charge of the roads from Mt. Carmel to Trevorton, which position he filled two years. At this time he received a contract from William and Keuben Fagely for hauling coal over the railroad from Shamokin to Sunbury, and was engaged at this seven years, when he settled upon his present farm at Reed's Station. Mr. Martz was married, April 6, 1841, to Hannah, daughter of John Eeed, of Shamokin township. They are the parents of seven children: Isabella, deceased; Sophronia, deceased; Greorge; Eeuben; John Henry; Jesse, and William. F., deceased. In his political affiliations Mr. Martz is a stalwart Republican, and has always taken great interest in the success of his party. He has never desired any public office, but consented to serve in the office of overseer of the poor for one year since he has been a resident of Shamokin township. In religious belief he is a German Reformed, of which church he and family are attendants. When Jacob's Lutheran and Re- formed church was rebuilt in 1870 Mr. Martz contributed the necessary amount of brick, one hundred thousand, for that purpose, and his children contributed the money, twelve hundred dollars, to erect the steeple. Mr. Martz's liberal disposition has prompted him through life to extend a help- ing hand to those in need, and he is respected for his open-heartedness and philanthropic nature, which has contributed in no small degree to his stand- ing as a citizen and success as a man. Samuel Sobeb, deceased, a native of New Jersey, i settled in Shamokin township shortly after the close of the Revolutionary War. He purchased a tract of land containing about seven hundred acres, situated where the Sober brothers now reside. He married a Miss Moore, a resident of Shamokin township. His children were: John; Michael; Susan, who married Morris Smith; Alexander; Isaac, and Aaron. His death occurred about 1820. Isaac Sobeb, deceased, was the fourth son of Samuel Sober, Sr. He was born, February 23, 1814, upon the homestead in Shamokin township. He received such education as the schools of those days afforded, and was reared a farmer, which occupation he followed through life. He inherited the home- stead farm which is now in the possession of his family. Mr. Sober was one of the enterprising men of his day; a warm friend of education, he spent a good deal of time and money in establishing the public school system in Sha- mokin township and served on the school board many years. In politics he was a pronounced Democrat, and in religious faith a Presbyterian. Mr. Sober married in 1837 Mary, daughter of George Krickbaum, who survives him. By this union they were the parents of the following children: Free- man W., of Virginia; Harriet, wife of Samuel Swineheart, of Shamokin BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1195 township; Coleman K., of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania; Clinton D., of Shamo- kin township; Isabella, wife of Francis Geiger, of Shamokin, Pennsylvania; Barbara A., wife of Mahlon Moyer of Shamokin; Amanda, wife of George Startzel, of Shamokin; M. L., of Shamokin township; Martha S.; Adaline, deceased, who married A. J. Campbell, and Clara, wife of Doctor HoUen- back of Shamokin. Mr. Sober died in 1882. Alexander Sober, deceased, was born in Shamokin township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, upon the homestead farm in 1807, son of Sam- uel Sober, Sr. He was a farmer throughout life, and inherited a portion of the homestead farm. He married Mary Fay, who bore him ten children: Samuel; Beulah; Uriah; Abram; Morris; Isaac; Mary A. ; Susanna; Joseph, and William. Mr. Sober died in 1869. Samuel Sober, the eldest son of Alexander and Mary (Fay) Sober, was born in Shamokin township in 1831. He was reared a farmer, which occu- pation he followed through life. He married, February 10, 1857, Sar^h Bloom, and by this union they are the parents of three children: Jeannetta; Ursula, and U. W. Politically Mr. Sober is a Democrat, and one of the respected citizens of Shamokin township. Clinton D. Sober, farmer, was born, August 12, 1844, son of Isaac and Mary (Krickbaum) Sober. He was educated in the public schools and reared upon the homestead farm. He married Maggie, daughter of Eev. J. W. Swank, of Lancaster City, Pennsylvania. In 1878, in connection with his brother, Martin L., they formed the firm of Sober Brothers, and are engaged in farming and the lumber business. Politically Mr. Sober is a Democrat, and is one of the enterprising business men of Northumberland county. Martin Luther Sober, farmer and lumber dealer, was born in 1851, son of Isaac and Mary (Krickbaum) Sober. He received his education at the common schools, and his early life was spent upon the homestead engaged in farming. In 1878 he associated himself with his brother, Clinton D., under the firm name of Sober Brothers, farmers and lumber dealers. He married Sarah A., daughter of John Fisher, and they are the parents of four children: Albert; Zella; Cora, and Gertie. Politically he is a warm Democrat, and one of the pushing and enterprising business men of the county. Daniel Krigbaum, miller and farmer, was born in Snydertown, Pennsyl- vania, in 1813, son of William and Mary (Gonsar) Krigbaum. His paternal grandfather, John Adam Krigbaum, a native of Berks county, settled in Plum Creek valley, and later purchased eighty acres of land at Reed's Station. He married a sister of Governor Snyder, who bore him five sons: John; William; George; Daniel, and Jonathan. William, the second son, was born in Berks county, and removed with his parents to this county when nine years of age. He was a miller by occupation, and was engaged at that business ten years at Snydertown. In 1822 he purchased a farm of one hundred fifty acres of land in Shamokin township, where he remained until 1836, when he pu»- 1196 HISTOftY OF NOETHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. chased the mill property and a farm of one hundred acres where our subject now resides. His family consisted of five children: Catharine, deceased; Kebeoca, deceased; Daniel; Harriet, widow of David Reeser, of Shamokin, and Julia Ann, deceased. The subject of our sketch learned the milling- trade and succeeded to the business of his father, and is also extensively en- gaged in farming. He was married in 1849 to Sarah, daughter of John Duttinger, of Shamokin township, and they are the parents of seven children: Mary J., wife of Joseph Buddinger, of Mt. Camel; William F., who is engaged in business with his father; Julia A., wife of Williaro-H. Mettler, of Eush township; Christian; JohnW. ; Daniel W., and Adam E. In politics Mr. Krigbaum is a Eepublican, and has always manifested a lively interest in the success of his party, but never sought public office of any kind, and never served in any office of public trust excepting that of postmaster, which posi- tion he filled nine years at Bear Gap. In religious faith he is a Lutheran, and is one of the respected citizens of the township. Solomon E. Keick, son of George and Mary Krick, was bom in Cumru township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1772, and in 1809 settled on the land in Ealpho township, Northumberland county, now owned by his grandson, John Krick. He was thrice married; his first wife was Elizabeth Homan, by whom he had three sons: George; Peter, and David, all of whom are dead. His second wife was Elizabeth Geist, by whom he had one son, Solomon. His third wife was Elizabeth Wearing. Mr. Krick was a man of some local prominence and great force of character, and served in several township offices. In politics he was originally a Whig, and in later years a Democrat. In religion he was a member of the German Eeformed denomi- nation, and an elder and deacon in Jacob's church many years. His death occurred, September 27, 1849, and he was buried in the old grave-yard at St. Peter's church. He was a veteran of the war of 1812. Geoege Keick, eldest son of Solomon and Elizabeth (Homan) Krick, was bom in Berks comity, Pennsylvania, February 14, 1804. He was reared upon the homestead in what is now Ralpho township, and attended the rude log school house of that period. He learned the trade of weaver, and lived for a time in Eush township and at Snydertown. For several years he was employed upon, the construction of the Northern Central railway. After his marriage he cultivated the Hoover farm, and in March, 1849, returned to the homestead, which he inherited at his father's death in the same year. He was an ardent Democrat, and filled the office of school director and other township positions. He was a consistent member of the German Eeformed church, and an elder and deacon of Jacob's church for many years. He married Anna Hoover, who bore him a family of six children: Mary E., wife of Eobert E. Teitsworth; Elizabeth, wife of Dr. J. J. John, of Shamokin; John; William, of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania; Maggie, wife of Rev. Jacob P. Wampole, of Freeburg, Pennsylvania, and Annie. Mr. Krick died, Oc- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1197 tober 15, 1888, in the eighty-fifth year of his age, leaving an untarnished reputation for honesty and truth. His wife died, June 20, 1883. John Keick, farmer, is the eldest son of George and Anna (Hoover) Krick, and was born, August 14, 1834, upon the homestead where he now resides. He was educated in the public schools, and has always been engaged in farm- ing. Mr. Krick was married, December 28, 1863, to Margaret Ellen, daugh- ter of Daniel Swank, of Kalpho township, by which union they have five children: Emma, wife of W. 0. Kase, of Montour county; Mary C; George D. ; Charles F., and Lizzie E. Mr. Krick is one of the members of the town- ship school board, and in religious faith a Lutheran, in which church he has served as elder and deacon. Politically he is a stanch Democrat, and is one of the worthy citizens of his native township. The Fishee Family of Northumberland county are descended from Joseph andCatharine (Minegar) Fisher, natives of Germany, born in April, 1734, and August, 1746, respectively, and married, June 5, 1764. They were the parents of the following children: Catharine, who married Nicholas Shipman; Henry; Mary, who married Samuel Mutchler; Hannah, who be- came the wife of Caleb Farlee; Elizabeth; John; Moses; David; Jacob, and Joseph. It is claimed that the parents settled near the site of Catawissa, in what is now Columbia county, Pennsylvania, some time in the last century, but prior to that they evidently lived in Bradford county, where their oldest son, Henry, was born, July 25, 1767. The latter resided in Columbia county, whence he removed into this county. He was the father of eight children: Jacob; John; Caleb; Clotworthy; Joseph; Sarah; Elizabeth, and Catharine. He located upon the land now owned by Peter Leisenring, where he built a grist mill and tavern, which he operated many years. He also owned about eighteen acres of land adjacent to the mill and hotel property. His death occurred about 1825, after which all his family, except his son John, left Northumberland county. John Fishee was born in Columbia county, Pennsylvania, September 20, 1800, son of Henry Fisher. He was a miller by trade, and after the old mill property passed into the hands of the Leisenring family, he was engaged as miller for them until 1851. He then purchased the Sober mill, now known as Eeed's mill, on Shamokin creek, which he operated until 1873 in connec- tion with his farm of eighty acres, when he purchased two farms in Ealpho township. His son, Albert S., now resides upon one, and his daughter, Mrs. Charles Paul, possesses the other. He married Hannah, daughter of Nich- olas Yocum. His death occurred, September 17, 1881, his widow surviving him until August 11, 1889. Politically he was a Eepublican, and a member of the Methodist church. They were the parents of fourteen children, two of whom died in infancy: Clotworthy, of Snyder county; Sarah, wife of Joseph Sanders; Nicholas Y., of Indiana; Esther, widow of Charles Martz,of Shamokin; Charles, of Columbia county; Jacob F., deceased; James B., de- 1198 HISTORY OF NOKTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ceased; Catharine, wife of John McWiUiams, of Missouri; Peter Y., killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, a member of Company C, One Hundred and Thirty- first Pennsylvania Volunteers; Margaret, wife of Franklin Martz, of Columbia county; Albert S., of Ralpho township; Mary J., wife of Peter G. Bobb, of Paxinos; Harvey E., of Boston, Massachusetts, and Alice, deceased wife of Charles Paul. Albert S. Fisher was born at Bear Gap, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, March 2, 1843. He was educated at the public schools. Septem- ber 10, 1861, he enlisted in Company F, Fiftieth Pennsylvania Volunteers, re-enlisted in 1864, and served until the close of the war. He participated in the following battles: Port Royal, Beaufort, Port Royal Ferry, Acquia, White Sulphui; Springs, second Bull Run, Centreville, and Chantilly, where he was wounded, September 1, 1862, receiving a gun-shot wound in the left thigh. After recovering he participated in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, siege of Vicksburg, Blue Stone Sulphur Spring, Hughes's Ferry, Tenoir Station, Campbell Station, Knoxville, the Wilderness, Ny River, and Spottsylvania Court House, where he was taken prisoner and sent to Ander- sonville, where he remained four months. He was then transferred to Flor- ence, South Carolina, where he was confined three months. He was paroled, December 13, 1864, and rejoined his regiment in April, 1865, where he re- mained until discharged. At the close of the war he engaged with his father in the mill one y«ar, when he found employment with the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company, where he remained five years. In 1873 he located upon his present place, and has since been engaged in cultivating his farm of one hundred acres. He was married in 1868 to Mary, daughter of David Martz, of Ralpho township; by this union they have two children: William E. and Margie L. Mr. Fisher is a member of Lincoln Post, G. A. R., of Shamokin, and the P. O. S. of A. of Paxinos, and a member of the German Reformed church of Ralpho township. Peter Leiseneing, Sr., was a son of a German emigrant who settled in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, from whom the Leisenrings of Lehigh and Northumberland counties have descended. He was born, February 28, 1770, in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, came to this county in 1805, and settled upon a tract of one hundred nine acres two miles south of Sunbury. He erected a tannery, and was also engaged in distilling. He was a pro- gressive man, and carried on a large business for those days. He introduced and raised the first red clover in this section of the country, and planted the first fruit orchard in his locality. He married Susan Schod, who was born in Lehigh county. May 17, 1774, and brought his family with him, consisting of three sons and two daughters: Jacob; Gideon; Peter; Lydia, wife of Christian Baldy, and Kittie, wife of Martin Weaver, all of whom are deceased. Both he and his wife died in this county. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1199 Jacob Leiseneing, eldest son of Peter Leisenring, was born in Lehigh oounty, July 14, 1794. He learned the tanning trade, and in youth was engaged with his father in the transportation of the products of the tannery, distillery, and farm to the Philadelphia market, which in those days was done by teams. It is said he used to carry to Philadelphia large sums of money to purchase supplies for the surrounding farmers. In the war of 1812 he enlisted under Captain Hummel and served nine months. In 1833 in con- nection with William Cloyd, whose interest he subsequently bought, he pur- chased the Fisher property, where his son Peter now lives, consisting of one liundred five acres, a grist mill, and tavern, where he was the landlord forty years. He subsequently purchased from Benjamin Tillman the adjoining farm and had in one tract five hundred sixty-five acres, and at Paxinos a farm of two hundred acres. He was a man of fine executive ability, and his opinion and judgment was much sought by his neighbors and friends. Politically he was a strong Democrat, and, while not an active politician, he manifested much interest in the success of his party. He gave much time and thought to the cultivation and improvement of his land and management of his other interests, and by industry and self-reliance succeeded in making himself one of the most prominent farmers of the county. He married, June 13, 1819, Mary, daughter of Henry Bucher of Sunbury, who died, June 11, 1873, at the age of seventy-three years and six months. His death occurred, May 11, 1878. In his religious faith he was a Lutheran, of which church he was a life-long member, filling the office of deacon many years. His family consisted of nine children, seven of whom reached maturity: Charles, deceased, who married Maria Haas; Henry, who still survives; Lydia, de- ceased wife of Benjamin Wolverton; Catharine, widow of George Hughwaut; Prank; Mrs. Doctor Mifflin, of Paxinos, and Peter. Frank Leisenking, third son of Jacob and Mary (Bucher) Leisenring, was born in 1835 upon the homestead, educated in the public schools, and is a farmer by occupation. He married in 1861 Angelina Keller, of Ealpho township, and they are the parents of two children: George K. and Laura. Mr. Leisenring has filled many of the minor offices of the township, and is one of the present members of the school board. He is a Democrat in poli- tics, and a member of the Lutheran church. Peteb Leisenring, fourth son of Jacob and Mary (Bucher) Leisenring, was born. May 12, 1842, upon the homestead farm where he now resides. He was educated in the township schools, and at the age of twenty-one en- gaged in the lumber business, which he carries on in connection with his grist and saw mill. He is also extensively engaged in farming, cultivating two hundred eighty acres of land. He was married in 1876 to Mary A., daughter of Joseph Sanders of Columbia county, Pennsylvania, and by this union they have two children: Jacob E. and Mary C. Mr. Leisenring is a pronounced Democrat, a Lutheran in religious faith, and is one of Ealpho township's influential and progressive citizens. 1200 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Jacob Eplee, a native of Tulpehooken township, Berks county, Pennsyl- vania, settled in Shamokin about the year 1810. He married in Berks county, and his family consisted of ten children. His son Jacob died in Shamokin township in 1845 ; his wife survived him about five years. Samuel Epler, the youngest son, was born in Shamokin township in 1810. He was reared a farmer, and in 1841 purchased the farm containing one hundred twenty acres of William Walter, where his son, Samuel, now resides. In his political affiliations he was a warm Democrat, and served in the minor town- ship offices. In his religious belief Mr. Epler was a German Reformed, of which church he was a prominent member, and elder for many years. His death occurred in 1887; his wife died in 1871. His family consisted of eight children, one of whom died in infancy; William H., who died at the age of twenty-three; Valentine, of Rush township; Caroline, wife of Solo- mon Pensyl; John, of Point township; Henry J., of Saratoga, New York; Amos, and Samuel M., of Shamokin township. Samuel M. Epler was born at the homestead farm, April 8, 1852, son of Samuel and Mary (Zimmerman) Epler. He received his education at the tovmship schools and Freeburg Academy, in Snyder county, Pennsylva- nia. In early life Mr. Epler was engaged in teaching in the schools of Shamokin township, and for a number of years has been engaged in farming. In 1888 he established his coal business in the borough of Shamokin, which he operates in connection with his farm. In politics Mr. Epler is a life-long Democrat, and is a leading spirit in his party. He has served in the office of school director five years. He is an earnest friend to the cause of educa- tion, which he is always ready to aid with his means and influence. He has also filled the offices of township clerk, constable, overseer of the poor, and was secretary of the school board five years. He married Hannah E., daugh- ter of the late Charles Hull, in 1881, and by this xmion they have one son, Charles H. Mr. Epler is a member of the German Reformed church, of Elysburg Lodge, F. & A. M., and is an enterprising and progressive citizen. William Fredekick Kaseman was one of the early settlers of this portion of Northumberland county. He was born in Nassau-Dilburn, Germany, June 8, 1760, and came at the age of twelve years to this country, with a brother and sister, landing at Philadelphia. Little is known of his early life excepting that he was a resident of Berks county from 1772 up to the date of his coming to Northumberland county, about 1815. He purchased a tract of land containing fifty acres in what is now Ralpho township, which he cleared, and afterwards added to by subsequent purchases. He was an excellent farmer, and a successful business man. He married, in Berks county, Elizabeth Huntzner, and they were the parents of the following children: Jacob, who died in Ohio; John; Joseph; Daniel; David; Lydia A.,, who married John Pensyl; Catharine, who was twice married, her last hus- band being Gotleib Fogle, and Elizabeth, who married Leonard Pensyl. BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1201 William Frederick Kaseman was well known throughout the sparsely settled country at that time for his great physical endurance. When he first made hia settlement the nearest store was at Sunbury, where he would go bare- footed for the necessary purchases for his family ; up to within four years of his death, August 1, 1867, at the remarkable age of one hundred seven, he continued to do his share of the farm work. He was one of the original members of St. Peter's Eeformed church, of which he was an elder, and was buried in the old graveyard of that society. His wife died many years be- fore him, and of his family all are dead but one son. Daniel Kaseman, the only living son of William F. Kaseman, was born in January, 1814, in Berks county, and resides upon the old homestead in Ralpho township. He received such education as could be obtained at the old log school houses, and learned the carpenter trade, which he followed a number of years, when he settled upon the homestead farm, where he has since lived. He was married in 1834 to Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick Adams, who died in May, 1888. They were the parents of eight children: David; Joseph, deceased; Lydia, wife of Daniel Camp; Sybella, wife of Thomas Everts; Lloyd, deceased; Joel; Amanda, wife of F. P. Martz, and one who died in infancy. Daniel Kaseman, like his father, has always been a pronounced Democrat. He has filled minor township offices, and is a member of St Peter's Reformed church, of which he has been an elder and deacon. Mr. Kaseman has retired from any active supervision of his farm, and David, his eldest son, in connection with another farmer, is engaged in the cultivation of both places. n David Kaseman was born upon the homestead in 1836, son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Adams) Kaseman. He was educated at the public schools and learned the carpenter trade, which he followed until 1875, when he purchased his place and has since been occupied in farming. He was married in 1857 to Lena, daughter of Jacob Yeager, and by this union they have been the parents of nine children, six of whom are living : Eoselda, wife of Lewis Car- roll; James, of Shamokin; Amelia, wife of Lewis Dunkleberger; Clementine, wife of Elmer Lewis; Leah Elizabeth, wife of Amos Driesbach, and Henry. Mr. Kaseman has filled the ofiice of supervisor two terms; politically he is a Democrat, and is a member of the German Reformed church, of which he has served as elder and deacon. John Duttingek, farmer, was born in 1828, son of John and Mary Esther (Reed) Duttinger. His maternal grandfather, Casper Reed, was one of the pioneer settlers of Shamokin township. The paternal grandfather was John Duttinger, a native of Germany who married Elizabeth Leise, and immi- grated, with their son John, to this country about the beginning of the pres- ent century, and settled in Alsace township, Berks county, Pennsylvania. About the year 1819 they removed to Northumberland county and settled in Shamokin township, where Diebler's Station is now located. He purchased 1202 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. a small tract of land, where they lived until their death. John, their son, was born in 1799. He was a wheelwright and blacksmith by trade, which business he conducted at the old homestead until his death in 1834. He was a prominent member of the Lutheran church, of which he was an elder to the time of his death. In his political sentiments he was a pronounced Democrat. He married Mary Esther Reed about the year 1822, and she bore him five children; Sarah, wife of Daniel Krigbaum, of Ralpho township; John; Lavinia, wife of Solomon Unger, of Columbia county; Peter, and Mary, who died young. Mrs. Duttinger survived her husband, and married John Miller, a resident of Shamokin. The subject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and Dan- ville Academy. He learned the trade of blacksmith, at which he was em- ployed until February 29, 1864, when he enlisted in Company G, One Hun- dred and Eighty-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers. July 25, 1864, at the battle before Petersburg, he was sun-struck, removed to Herwood hospital, D. C, and sent from there to Philadelphia, where he was discharged, December 13, 1864, for disability. After his return he located upon his present farm, to which he has added until he possesses one hundred acres of land. He was married in 1850 to Elizabeth, daughter of Joseph Kaseman, of Shamokin township, who died in 1858, leaving four children: Emma, wife of George May, of Cameron township; John F., deceased; Florence M., wife of George Biddinger, of Rush township, and Anna R., wife of George Fessler,, of Sha- mokin. Mr. Duttinger married for his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of Reuben Rupp, of Columbia county, and to this union were born ten children : William A.; Lorenzo M.; Sarah J.; Harriet M. ; Esther C, wife of Jacob Kline; Daniel F. ; Flora J.; George E. ; Irwin L., and Bertha E., deceased. In early life Mr. Duttinger was a Democrat, but after the war became a Re- publican in politics ; at the formation of the Greenback party he was a zeal- ous exponent of its principles, and was the candidate of that party for the legislature in 1879; he was defeated, and has since been an independent voter with Prohibition proclivities. George Heflex, deceased, was a native of Germany, who immigrated to America about the year 1810, and settled near Bloomsburg, Columbia county, Pennsylvania. H« was a farmer and distiller by occupation. He married Mary Woomkistle, of Columbia county, and they were the parents of five children: Lucy, Mrs. Worthman; Mary, Mrs. Samuel Bailer; Lavina, Mrs. Solomon Hartley; Sarah, and Charles, all deceased. He died in Columbia county in 1847. Charles Hefley, his son, was born in Columbia county in 1811, and was reared and educated there. At the age of ten years he entered a store, and subsequently engaged in that business in Bloomsburg, where he died. He married Margaret, daughter of Jonathan Vastine, of Rush town- ship, and to this union were born three children: Elizabeth, wife of Harvey Robins; Harriet, deceased, and George W. Mr. Hefley was a prominent BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1203 Deniocrat, and a member of the Lutheran church. He died in 1848; his wife survived him until 1884. George W. Hefley, farmer, was born in Columbia county in 1843, son of Charles and Margaret (Vastine) Hefley. After his father's death the family removed to Elysburg, where he was reared and educated. He was occupied in farming until 1865, when he enlisted in Company F, One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He was with General Grant before Petersburg, and at the fall of Richmond. After his return home, in connection with Harvey Robins, he engaged in the mercantile business in Elysburg, which they conducted three years, when he purchased his farm of one hundred seventy-two acres and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in 1866 to Emma, daughter of Matthias Persing, who died in 1887 leaving two children: Harriet and Harvey. In politics Mr. Hefley is a warm Republican, and manifests great interest in the success of his party. He is the present assessor, which posi- tion he has filled three years. In faith he is a Lutheran, of which church he is a member and an elder. Mr. Hefley is one of the progressive citizens of Shamokin township, and enjoys the respect and confidence of its citizens. Emanuel S. Peesing, farmer, was born in August, 1843, son of Matthias- and Johanna (Parent) Persing. The paternal grandfather, John Persing, was a native of New Jersey, who settled in Irish valley, upon the land now in possession of Joseph Bird, at an early date. He was a farmer and dis- tiller. He married in New Jersey Ann Larkins, who bore him ten children: Benjamin, deceased; Washington, of Illinois; William, deceased; Alfred, de- ceased ; Matthias, deceased; Nancy, deceased, who married Jacob Goss ; Catha- rine, wife of Isaac Teitsworth; Mary deceased, who married John Shipman; Susan, deceased wife of a Mr. Willitt, and Sallie, deceased, who married Michael Taylor. John Persing died in 1858, and his wife in 1850. Matthias, the father of our subject, was born in New Jersey about 1814. He was reared upon the farm in Shamokin township, where he remained until his death in 1873. Politically he was a Republican, and a member of the Presbyterian church, in which he was a deacon. His wife was Johanna, daughter of Ephraim Parent, who died about 1871, leaving six children: Emanuel;; Emma, deceased wife of George Hefley; Hamilton; Edwin; Ida, deceased, who married Adolphus Hartman, and Ambrose, who married Ida Cook. The subject of this sketch spent his early life in Pottsville and upon the farm in Shamokin township. In 1864 he enlisted in Company F, One Hundred and Fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. After his return he attended school for some time, and engaged in farming, and subsequently in mercantile business. He is now engaged in farming. He was married in 1867 to Catharine, daughter of Amos Vastine, and by this marriage they are the parents of four children: Anna and Sadie,, both deceased; Amos, and Susan. Politically Mr. Persing is a Republican, and is a member of the F. & A. M. 1204 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. James Fox, farmer, was bom in Catawissa township, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, February 28, 1813, son of Jacob and Eachel (Mclntire) Fox. The paternal grandfather was a native of Berks county, and his family con- sisted of six sons and three daughters. Jacob, the father of our subject, was born in Berks county, and was by occupation a mason. When a young man he obtained the contract for building a church at Catawissa, and after the completion of his contract concluded to remain there. He subsequently bought a farm in Catawissa township, where he resided and worked at his trade for many years. He was the father of seven children: William; Daniel; Hannah, wife of Isaac Irwin; Mary E.; Price; James, and Jacob. His death occurred in 1851, his wife having died fifteen years before. The subject of this sketch received a common school education, and spent his early life at the homestead farm. After the death of his father he removed to this county, and in connection with his brother-in-law, John Campbell, purchased a tract of land containing four hundred twenty-six acres, upon part of which he now resides. Mr. Fox was married in 1840 to Elizabeth, daughter of Obadiah Campbell. To them were bom eight children: George W. and Isaac N., deceased; Obadiah, of Mt. Oarmel; Isabella, wife of William Cherington; Joanna; William; Mary J., and Christopher. Mr. Fox is a member of the Presbyterian church, politically he is a Republican, and is one of the enterprising citizens of the township. In the cultivation of his farm he has paid unusual a,ttention to fruit growing, and has the largest fruit farm in the county. Daniel Campbell, a native of New Jersey, was one of the early settlers of Shamokin township, Northumberland dounty. He located on Shamokin creek near where Jacob E. Muench now lives. He married in New Jersey, and his children were as follows: William; Robert; Daniel; John; Benjamin; Mary, who married William Teitsworth, and Kate, all of whom are dead. John Campbell, fourth son of Daniel Campbell, was born in New Jersey in 1776. In 1809 he settled on the land where his son Simeon resides, and was extensively engaged in farming. He reared a family of four children: Samuel, deceased; Simeon; Susan, who married John Hooey, and Mary, who married Henry Haupt. Mr. Campbell was a consistent member of the Pres- byterian church for many years. His wife died in 1836, and he survived her until 1855. Geobge Wilhoub, deceased, was a native of Northampton county, Penn- sylvania. He came to Northumberland county with the Klase family, and subsequently married Mrs. Peter Rockefeller, who was Elizabeth Miller be- fore her marriage. Their family consisted of five children: Peter R. ; Charles, deceased; Catharine, Mrs. John Campbell; Grace, deceased wife of Henry Coble, and Jane, Mrs. Enoch Taylor. George Wilhour died in 1876, his wife having died in 1865. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, a Baptist in religious faith, and in politics a Democrat. BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1205 Petee E. Wilhouk, farmer, was the eldest son of George and Eliza- beth Wilhour, and was born upon the homestead in 1823. He was reared upon the farm, learned the carpenter's trade, and at the death of his father returned to the homestead and engaged in farming. He was married in 1847 to Harriet E., daughter of Alexander Tharp, and by this union they have eleven children: Andrew C. ; Freeman H. ; Jane; Eosetta; George W. ; Joseph M.; Kate; Mary A. ; William F.; Sarah E., and David. Mr. Wil- hour has filled the offices of tax collector and school director. He was in active military service for a short time in the late Eebellion and was honora- bly discharged. In politics he is a Democrat, and in religious faith a Bap- tist, of which church he is one of the trustees. Joseph Fey came from Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. His father was a German, who first settled near Leesport, Berks county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently removed to Schuylkill county, where he passed the re- maining years of his life. His son, Joseph, came to Northumberland county and settled on the land now owned by Peter Bobb, at Paxinos. He was a blacksmith by trade, and about 1845 located upon the farm in Ealpho township where his son Absalom now lives. He married Hannah Boyer, of Schuylkill county, and his family consisted of the following chil- dren: Lydia, widow of P. M. Langton; Maria, widow of Henry Nelson; Margaret, wife of William Lupoid; Sabina, widow of Galen S. Eobins, M. D. ; Caroline, wife of D. E. Pensyl; Mary M., widow of A. J. Kanoble; WiUiam, deceased; Absalom, and Jacob, of Nebraska. Joseph Fry died in 1863; his widow survived him until 1878. They were members of the Ger- man Eeformed church, and he was a deacon and elder in that denomina- tion. Politically he was a Democrat, and one of the well known citizens of his township. He carried on the blacksmith business forty years and thus became widely known. Absalom Fet, farmer, was born on the homestead at Paxinos, grew up under the parental roof, and learned the blacksmith trade. He worked at various places until 1857, when he purchased the property and business of his father and conducted the same until 1888, when he gave up blacksmith- ing and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in 1862 to Mary, daughter of Casper Adams. She died in 1867, and in 1879 he mar- ried Kate Levan, of Berks county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Fry is a member of the Eeformed church, and in politics a Democrat. William S. Ammebman, deceased, was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, February 15, 1809, and at the age of eight years he went to live with an uncle in Northampton county. In 1841 he returned to this county and settled in Eush township, but subsequently removed to Sha- mokin township and located upon the land where his son Eobert B. now re- sides. He later established a store at this place, which he carried on some nine years. He married Juliana Bachman, and by this union they were the 1206 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. parents of one son, Eobert B. In politics Mr. Ammerman was a Republican and served as school director; he was a Baptist, and served in the office of deacon many years. His death occurred, July 20, 1875 ; his widow survives, and resides with her son Robert B. RoBEKT B. Ammeeman, farmer, was born, July 18, 1834, at Lockport, Northampton county, Pennsylvania. He came with his parents to Northum- berland county in 1841. He was educated in the public schools, at an early age commenced teaching, and subsequently engaged in the fruit business. He served in Company F, Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Militia, from June 20, 1863, until the following August. In 1864 he enlisted in Company G, One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He was in the following engagements: Petersburg, Straw- berry Plain, Weldon Railroad, Cold Harbor, and Ream's Station. August 25, 1864, he was shot in the left thigh with a musket ball, was taken prisoner, and sent to Libby. prison, where he remained about ten days. He was pa- roled and sent to St. John's hospital, Maryland, and discharged, June 12, 1865, at Summit House hospital. He then returned to his home and was engaged with his father in the mercantile business from 1866 until 1875, and then embarked in his present occupation. Mr. Ammerman was married, September 12, 1865, to Matilda, daughter of C. J. Reed, and by this union they are the parents of four sons: Gillman C. ; William G. ; Joseph C, and Lloyd R. Mr. Ammerman is a member of Bruner Post, G. A. R., and of the Baptist church. Politically he is a Republican. William H. M. Baily, farmer and florist, was born near Red Lion, Ches- ter county, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1843, son of Ezekiel and Margaret (Marshall) Baily, natives of Chester county. His' father was a tailor by trade, and for many years was engaged in droving, and afterwards in the mercan- tile business four miles from West Chester; he also conducted a hotel at Centreville, Delaware county. He was twice married; by his first wife he had six children, and by his second marriage ten, five of whom are living: Marshall, of Chester county; Ezra, of Chester county; Agnes, of Camden, New Jersey; Ezekiel, of Chester county, and William H. M. He died in 1856 at Red Lion, Chester county; his wife died in 1851. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of his native place, and in early hfe followed droving with his brother. In 1867 he removed to Sha- mokin and entered the employ of his uncle, the late William H. Marshall, and in the same year located upon his present farm of one hundred forty-five acres, where he has since resided. In 1887 he erected his hot-houses and is engaged, in connection with farming, in the cultivation of roses and carna- tions for the Philadelphia market. Mr. Baily married in 1863 Sarah, daughter of Elwood and Mary Lamborn, of Chester county, and by this union they are the parents of seven living children: Ella M., wife of Daniel Gerhart; Elwood; Ezekiel; William; John; Er, and Ida. Politically Mr. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1209 Baily is a Kepublican. He is a member of Elysburg Lodge, I. O. O. F., Fairmount Castle, K. of G. E. (of which order he is district grand chief), Washington Camp, P. O. S. of A., and Susquehanna Commandery, No. 9, of Sunbury. Mr. Baily is one of Shamokin township's progressive citizens, alive to all matters of public interest, and commands the respect and esteem of his neighbors. Solomon Hdmmel, deceased, was of German ancestry, came to North- umberland county about 1850, and purchased the farm where George Koch now resides. He was a shoemaker by trade, which occupation he followed in connection with farming. He married Hettie, daughter of Frederick Adams, who bore him fourteen children, nine of whom are living. He died in 1882; his wife died the same year. Franklin Hummel, farmer, is the fifth child of Solomon and Hettie (Adams) Hummel. He was born, April 23, 1843, in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, where he was reared and educated. He followed the occupation of farming until 1861, when he enlisted in Company F, Fiftieth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, and served three years, participating in the following battles : Port Eoyal, Beaufort, Port Royal Ferry, Acquia, White Sulphur Springs, Centre- ville, ChaatiUy, South Mountain, Antietam and the siege of Vicksburg. After the close of his term of enlistment in June, 1864, Mr. Hummel returned home and followed various occupations imtil 1883, when he pur- chased his present farm of seventy-five acres, and is now engaged in general farming. He was married, November 6, 1870, to Clara, daughter of Henry Hill, of Ralpho township, and they are the parents of seven children: So- phrona Ellen, deceased; Henry; Edward; Curtis Sylvester; Solomon Joseph; Annie F., and Franklin Albert, deceased. Mr. Hummel is a member of the G. A. R., in religious faith a Lutheran, and in politics a Republican. ' William Kuhns, farmer, was bom in Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, in 1837. He is a son of Joseph and Rhoda Kuhns, and spent his early years in Berks and Schuylkill counties. In 1872 he came to Northumberland county and located at Bear Gap, where he found employment as a farmer, which he followed one year and a half. He then removed to Shamokin and engaged in mining and limibering, in which business he remained until 1881, when he purchased his present farm of one hundred thirty-five acres in Shamokin township. Mr. Kuhns commenced life with very little edu- cational advantages, and nothing to depend upon but his own energy, yet, by hard and honest toil, he has succeeded in acquiring a splendid farm and a comfortable competence. He was married in 1867 to Sarah Hummel, who has borne him seven children: John; William; MaryL.; Edward; George; Charles, and Jacob. Mr. Kuhns is a member of the Catholic church, and an attendant of St. Patrick's church of Trevorton. Politically he is a Repub- lican and one of the enterprising citizens of his township. 08 1210 HISTOEY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Chables Paul, farmer, was born, October 1, 1845, in Point township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Henry and Euphemia (Huntz- wiger) Paul, natives of Lebanon and Northampton counties, Pennsylvania. The father of our subject settled in Point township about 1828, where he purchased a farm. He was a shoemaker by trade and engaged at his trade in connection with his farm. His family consisted of the following children : Mary E., deceased, who married Josiah Newberry; Jamella, widow of John Hamor; Margaret, wife of I. Johnson, of Point township; Isabella, wife of J. Hamor; Robert; John, and Charles. Henry Paul died in 1887, and his wife in 1885. Mr. Paul filled many of the township offices, was a Eepublican in poli- tics, and in his religious faith was a Lutheran. The subject of our sketch was reared in Point township, educated in the public schools, and spent his early life on the farm. In 1864 he enlisted in Company B, Two Hundred and Tenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He participated in the battles of Weldon Railroad, Peach Orchard, and Hatcher's Run. After the close of the war he was engaged at various occupations un- til 1874, when he settled upon his present farm. He was married in 1870 to Alice, daughter of John Fisher, who died in 1888, leaving two sons: John W. and Frank L. Mr. Paul was married in 1889 to. Mahala, daughter of George C. Adams. Politically Mr. Paul is a Republican, and has served in the office of school director four years. He is a member of Elysburg Lodge, F. & A. M., and is one of the enterprising citizens of Ralpho township. Geokge Hudson, farmer and lumber dealer, was born in Derbyshire, England, October 14, 1846, son of Benjamin and Ellen (Hodie) Hudson, who immigrated to this country about 1850 and settled in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania. They were the parents of four daughters and two sons : Emma, widow of William Burrows, of Shamokin, Pennsylvania; Katherine, deceased; Eliza- beth, deceased; Rebecca, deceased; John, who remained in England, and George. Benjamin Hudson was a miner by occupation, and worked in the various mines of Northumberland county. He died in 1882, and his wife in 1884. The subject of this sketch commenced the life of a miner at an early age, finding employment in the mines of Shamokin and Trevorton fifteen years, and subsequently engaged in teaming and furnishing prop timber, which he has followed a number of years. In April, 1889, he purchased his farm of one hundred twenty acres in Shamokin township, where he now re- sides. Mr. Hudson was married in 1884 to Alice Hartzog of Shamokin, and by this union they have three children: Benjamin; Archibald, and Elizabeth. Politically Mr. Hudson is a warm Republican, and one of Shamokin town- iship's representative citizens. Henry M. Yordy, merchant and postmaster, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1856, son of William and Catharine (Raker) Yordy. He learned the blacksmith trade, which he followed until 1884; he then located at his present place and en- BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1211 gaged in the blacksmith and wheelwright businessf which he carried on until 1889, when he sold the blacksmith business to W. F. Wilhour; he still carries on the wheelwright business. In 1886 he established his mercantile business in connection with H. M. Overdorf, whom he bought out in 1889. Mr. Yordy was appointed postmaster for Stonington postoffice in. 1877. Politically he is a Democrat, has filled minor township offices, and is one of the present auditors. He married Eosetta "Wilhour, and they are the parents of three sons : William ; Calvin, and Edward. Mr. Yordy is a member of Snydertown Lodge, I. O. O. F. Isaac F. Shipe, farmer, was born in 1852 in Kockefeller township, North- umberland county, son of Samuel and Lavina (Friling) Shipe. His grandfather, Jacob Shipe, was a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and settled in what is now Lower Augusta tovmship, Northumber- land county, about 1818. He purchased a farm of two hundred forty acres, upon which he resided until his death- His family consisted of six sons and one daughter. Samuel, father of Isaac F:, was the eldest son. He married Lavina Friling, and his family consisted of six children: Jbhn; Eeuben, deceased; Isaac F. ; Henry; Washington, and Louisa C, deceased. Our subject engaged in farming in early manhood and subsequently went into the huckster business, which he followed several years. In 1887 he purchased his present farm of one hundred acres, and has since devoted his attention to agriculture. He was married in 1876 to Silvania Wilkison, and by this union they have had three sons: Samuel, deceased; Guy E., and Isaac. Politically Mr. Shipe is a Republican, and with his wife belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church. Jonathan Vastine, deceased, was a native of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and came to Northumberland county late in the last century. He settled on Shamokin Hill, iipon the land where Yalentine Epler now resides. He took up six hundred acres. He was a member of the Society of Friends. His family consisted of Benjamin L., who married- a Miss Vanzant; John, who married Catharine Osborn, by whom he had six children: Thomas; William; John; Amos; Margaret, wife of (jharles Hefley, and Sarah Aim, wife of Robert Campbell; Jeremiah, who was the third son and married Elizabeth Robins; Thomas, who never married, and Jonathan, who married Nancy Hughes. His two daughters were: Hannah, wife of . Peter • Vastine, and Mary, wife of a Mr. Marsh. - Jonathan, Sr., died about 1836 and was buried in the Friends' cemetery at Catawissa, Pennsylvania. Petee Vastine, deceased, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and was a nephew of Jonathan Vastine, a pioneer of Rush township. He settled in Rush township about the same time as his uncle, upon the land where Peter V. Johnson now resides. He purchased three hundred acres and remained there until his death. .He married Hannah, daughter of Jonathan Vastine, and their family consisted of the following children: Benjamin; 1212 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Thomas; Jeremiah; Peter; Elizabeth, wife of John Colket; Katherine, de- ceased; Lydia, wife of Mr. Housel, and Mary, wife of Henry R. Johnson. For many years he conducted a store and mill. He erected the mill now operated by Valentine Epler, and was also extensively engaged in the saw mill business, and was one of the progressive men of his day. He died in 1838. Amos Vastine was bom in Eush township, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, November 18, 1833, son of William and Elizabeth (Hursh) Vastine. He was educated at the common schools and at the Presbyterian Institute, Wyoming, Pennsylvania. He was reared a farmer and subsequently pur- chased the homestead farm, where he lived nine years. In 1863 he settled upon his present place of two hundred eighty acres. Politically he is a Re- publican, and has served in the minor township offices. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and has filled the office of trustee fifteen years. He was married in 1855 to Mahala, daughter of Jacob Schultz, of Danville, Pennsylvania, and by this marriage they have had six children, five of whom are living: Lizzie, deceased; William; Mary L., wife of Dr. John Kemerer; John; Ella K., and Amos B. Mr. Vastine is a member of Danville Lodge, F. & A. M., and a gentleman of enterprise and public spirit. Alexander Moobe, deceased, was a native of Sussex coimty. New Jersey. In 1790 he settled^ in Rush township upon the land now in possession of Gideon Rothermell. He subsequently purchased three htmdred acres where his son Alexander now resides. He married, February 11, 1790, Margaret Albertson, of Sussex county. New Jersey. Their family were: David; Esther, wife of Valentine Iliff; Michael; Jane, wife of WiUiam Clark Gar- rett; Abraham; Margaret, wife of Isaac Eflin; Helen; Alexander; William, and Corinda. He died, November 4, 1859; his wife died in 1856. He was one of the early justices of the peace and fiUed the office forty years. He was connected for many years with the State militia, and held a commission as major. In religious faith he was a Presbyterian, of which church he was an elder. Alexander Mooee was born upon his present homestead, November 20, 1810, son of Alexander and Margaret (Albertson) Moore. He learned the trade of carpenter, which he followed thirty years. He then engaged in farming, which has since been his occupation. Mr. Moore was twice mar- ried; his first wife was Mary, daughter of John Campbell, who bore him two children: Marilla, wife of Uriah Swenk, and Eleanor, deceased. His second wife was Lucinda, daughter of John Hile, who died in 1882, leaving two children: Fidelia A., wife of Benjamin Swenk, and Garrett E., of Sun- bury. Mr. Moore has been a life-long Republican. He has filled the office of school director, and is one of the substantial and oldest living residents of Rush township. BIOQEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1213 Caspee J. Reed, deceased, was born in Shamokin township, Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania, December 29, 1809, son of John Eeed. He was a mason by trade, and at one time was engaged in the mercantile business at Snufftown, Pennsylvania, in connection with A. C. Barrett. He also con- structed a portion of the old railroad between Sunbury and Shamokin. He subsequently located in Eush township and engaged in farming, purchasing one hundred eighty acres, where he resided until his death in 1885; his wife died in 1889. He was married in 1834 to Alice C, daughter of Nathan Barrett, of Heinsdale, Massachusetts, and by this union they were the parents of thirteen children: Angeline, deceased, who married Doctor Snyder; Gill- man; James; Mary A., wife of Peter V. Johnson; Matilda, wife of B. B. Ammerman; Rebecca, wife of Henry Kimbler; Rosetta, wife of Marshall Davison; Alice, ^ife of D. Rockefeller; Florence, wife of Joseph Gulick; Lafayette; Howard M.; Elizabeth, deceased, and Esther, deceased. James Reed was born in Rush township, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, in 1839, son of Casper J. and Alice (Barrett) Reed. He' was reared upon the old homestead, and his early education was obtained at the common schools and Danville Academy, where he also learned civil engineer- ing. At the age of eighteen he commenced teaching, and followed that occupation eighteen years. In 1862 he was drafted and assigned to the One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsylvania militia, and served nine months, being first sergeant of Company H. He then returned to Rush township and engaged in farming the homestead, and in 1882, purchased the same. In 1878 Mr. Reed was instrumental in procuring the charter and organizing the Rush Township Fire Insurance Company, and has filled the office of secretary since its organization. He has sei-ved in various town- ship offices, and was elected justice of the peace in 1882, and served five years. He married Sarah Sober, of Rush township, in 1871. She died in 1878, leaving two children: Jennie M. and Bessie I. His second wife was Sophia Culp. In politics Mr. Reed is a Republican. Simon P. Reed, farmer, is a son of Jacob and Hannah (Duttinger) Reed. The father of our subject was a son of Jacob Reed, one of the pioneers of Shamokin township. He was born in 1795 in Shamokin township upon the Eeed tract at what is now Reed's Station. He was a tanner by trade, also erected one of the early saw mills of Shamokin township, and later in life was a farmer. He filled many minor township offices. He was a Lutheran in faith, of which church he was an elder and deacon many years; in politics he was a Republican, and was one of the sixteen original members of that party in Shamokin township. His family consisted of Daniel, deceased; Maria, wife of George Young; Simon P.; Elizabeth, widow of Jonathan Deibler; Julianne, wife of John Rohrbach; William, and John Jacob. Simon P. was bom in 1825 in Shamokin township on the homestead farm. He learned the trade of wool carding, and in 1861 he engaged in the manuf aotur- 1214 HISTOEY OF NOBTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. ing of woolen goods at Eeed's Station, which he carried on for twenty years. He then located upon his farm in Eush township, which he had purchased in 1855, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married in 1850 to Jane, daughter of Daniel Campbell, of Shamokin township, and by this union they had six children, four of whom' are living: Daniel Jacob; Ambrose Alvernon, who married Harriet A. Berger; Clara E., and Norman C. Polit- ically he is a Republican; he is a member of Jacob's Lutheran church, and is one of the enterprising and leading citizens of Eush township. John Pensyl, deceased, was the eldest son of John and Barbara (Hinkle) Pensyl, and grandson of Jacob Pensyl. He was bom upon the old home- stead in Ealpho township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. When a young man he went to Sunbury and learned the shoemaker trade. He subsequently purchased a farm containing two hundred acres at Union Corners in Rush township, where he lived for a number of years; he after- wards purchased the adjoining farm, where he died in 1873. He was twice married. His first wife was Lydia Kaseman, by whom he had six children: George, deceased; John, of Rush township; Barbara, deceased wife of Henry Hill, of Shamokin township ; Hannah, twice married, her first husband being Charles Dimick and the second Frederick Hiney; Catharine, wife of James Matter, who lives at Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Samuel, of Danville. Mr. Pensyl married as his second wife Mary, daughter of John Arter, of Sha- mokin, who died, November 18, 1890, at the home of her son, Adam, of Rush township. By this marriage they had seven children: Jacob, deceased; William, of Ealpho township; Samuel, of Rush township; Margaret, de- ceased; Adam, of Rush township; Henry, deceased, and Francis, of Colum- bia county. Samuel Pensyl, farmer, is the third son of John and Mary Pensyl, and was born, October 13, 1837, upon the homestead in Rush township, North- umberland county. He received a common school education, and spent his early life working upon the farm for his father until he arrived at the age of twenty-eight years. In 1865 he married Julia, daughter of John Vought, and they are the parents of four children: Elwood, who died when four years old; Dora E., a student at Kee-Mar College, Hagerstown, Maryland; John, who died when ten months old, and Dallas G., now a student in the Danville Academy. In 1869 Mr. Pensyl purchased his present farm of one hundred fifty acres. Politically he is a Democrat, and a member of the Lutheran church. Solomon Pensyl was born in Ralpho township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 25, 1831, son of George and Mary (Keller) Pensyl. He was reared a farmer and lived upon the homestead until he was twenty years old, when he worked for his uncle, George Keller, six years. He then, in connection with his uncle, purchased a farm in Shamokin township, where he lived eight years, after which he sold his interest and purchased his pres- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1215 ent place of one hundred forty acres. In politics Mr. Pensyl is a stanch Democrat, and has served in the minor township offices; in religion is a member of the German Reformed church. He married in 1856 Caroline, daughter of Samuel Epler, and by this union they have had four children: • Mary E., deceased wife of B. Vought; Sallie A., wife of George Yocum; Hatty S., and Harry W., deceased. William Mettlee, deceased, a native of Hunterdon, New Jersey, settled at Klinesgrove, Rush township, at an early date, upon the land now in pos- session of Elliott Eckman. He purchased about three hundred eighteen acres of land, where he remained until his death in 1848. He married, in New Jersey, Elizabeth Apgar, who died in February, 1876, by whom he had thirteen children: Katherine, deceased, who married Robert Campbell; Han nah, wife of William Price; William, deceased, who married Jane Kline Eleanor, deceased, who married Philip Huff; Eliza, wife of J. F. Kline George, deceased; Isaac, deceased; Lorenzo, deceased; John, deceased Sarah, who married Charles Gerhart, and after his death Aaron Runyon Nancy, who was twice married, first to William Carr and subsequently to Daniel Beckley; Susan, wife of Dewitt Kline, and Enoch. LoBENZo Mettlee, the fourth son of William and Elizabeth (Apgar) Mettler, was bom in 1821, in Rush township, Northumberland county, Penn- sylvania, and was educated in the old log school house of that time. He remained upon the homestead farm until twenty-one years old, when he pur- chased the John Deibler farm in Shamokin township, where he lived until 1854, when he purchased the farm where William Mettler, his son, now resides. He was a man who interested himself in public affairs, and served in the different township offices. In politics he was a Republican, and in religious belief a Methodist. He married Permelia, daughter of Charles Wolverton of Augusta, now Rockefeller township, who died in 1860. They were the parents of eight children, three of whom lived to maturity: Charles W., who was a member of Company K, Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and died in Tennessee, in the service; William H., and Margaret L., wife of J. C. Campbell. In 1861 he married Matilda E. Eckman, of Upper Augusta township, by whom three children were born to them, none of whom lived to maturity. Mr. Mettler died in 1889; his widow survives him and resides with her stepson, William H. William H. Mettlee, the only surviving son of Lorenzo and Permelia (Wolverton) Mettler, was born in 1848 in Shamokin township. He was reared upon the farm and educated in the common schools. In 1874 he pur- chased a farm in Rush township, where he remained until 1881, when he removed to where he now resides. In 1873 he married Julia, daughter of Daniel Krigbaum, and they are the parents of six children: Lorenzo P.; Elizabeth J.; WiUiam K.; Sarah P.; John D., and Rachel R. Mr. Mettler is engaged in the cultivation of a farm of two hundred twenty-eight acres. 1216 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. In early life he taught school a number of years, and has filled the office of school director three years. Politically he is a Republican, and is one of the leading citizens of Eush township. He is a member of the Methodist Epis- copal church, filling the office of steward, and is also a member of the P. of H. of Rush township. Samuel Gillingee, deceased, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, set- tled at Paxinos at an early date. He kept hotel there for many years. His family consisted of John; Jeremiah; Samuel; William, and Sarah, wife of James Dunlap. Samuel, Jr., was born in Shamokin township and was a shoe- maker by trade. He settled in Rush township when a young man and fol- lowed his trade for some years. He subsequently purchased the farm where his son Martin W. now resides. He married Katherine Weaver, and by this union they had the following children: Eugene K. ; Martha W. ; Susan, wiffe of James Harris; Lucy A., wife of M. Salter; Mary E. ; E. Tibley; Martha, wifeof S. P. Enterline; Jeremiah; Matilda, wife of WiUiam Davison ; Sarah, wife of Jacob Tribley, and Katherine, wife of Hugh H. Campbell. Politic- ally Samuel, Jr., was a Republican, and a member of the Baptist church. Eugene K. Gillingeb, son of Samuel and Katherine (Weaver) Gillinger, and grandson of Samuel the pioneer, was born, February 26, 1832, in Rush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, and educated in the com- mon schools. He learned the wagon maker trade and has followed it as an occupation. In 1861 he purchased his present farm of sixty-three acres. He was married in 1856 to Elsie Campbell, who died, June 10, 1889, leaving one son, Samuel E. Mr. Gillinger has filled several minor township offices. He is a member of Shamokin Valley Lodge, I. O. O. F., and in religious faith he is a Baptist, of which church he is a member. Politically he is a Republican. Valentine Eplee was born in Shamokin township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1843, son of Samuel and Mary (Zimmerman) Epler. He was educated in the common schools and followed the life of a farmer until 1861, when he enlisted in Company K., Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, and served three years and eleven months. At the battle of Win- chester he was taken prisoner and sent to Belle Isle, where he was kept four months, after which he was exchanged. He then returned to his regiment and was detailed to the quartermaster department, in which he served until the close of the war. In 1866 he settled upon his present farm. In 1889 he purchased the Logan Run mill, which he is operating in connection with his farm. He married Ellen, daughter of Reuben Snyder, of Shamokin township, and by this union they have had ten children, eight of whom are living: Reuben; Harry S.; Mary J.; Sallie E.; Flora L.; John C. ; Francis M., and George H. Mr. Epler has filled several township offices. Politic- ally he is a Democrat, and in religious faith a German. Reformed, and is a member of Jacob's church of Ralpho township. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1217 Petek v. Johnson was born in Eush township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Henry E. and Mary (Vastine) Johnson. His father was a millwright and followed that business in his younger life, but in after years he engaged in farming. His family consisted of eight children, six of whom grew to maturity: Jackson B., who was killed in the army and buried' near Hagerstown, Maryland; Thomas J., who enlisted in 1862, in Company C, One Hundred and Thirty -first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and served nine months, participating in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Freder- icksburg, and the Wilderness; Peter V.; Lydia, widow of Jesse Conway; Ann, w'ife of J. S. Bassett, and Katharine, wife of T. W. Campbell. Peter V. Johnson was educated in the common schools, and taught school during his early life, but is now a farmer. He married Mary A., daughter of Casper J. Eeed. Politically he is a Eepublican. CHAPTER LII. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. ZERBE (TREVORTON), CAMERON, LITTLE MAHANOY, JACKSON, LOWER MAHANOY, WASHINGTON, JORDAN, AND UPPER MAHANOY TOWNSHIPS. J. B. Newbakee, physician and druggist, was bom at Halifax, Dauphin . •county, Pennsylvania, July 2, 1820, son of Philip and Mary M. (Eahm) New- baker. He attended the schools of his native borough, after which he began the study of medicine with Dr. S. P. Brown, of Halifax, and graduated from JefEerson Medical College in 1852. He located in Lower Augusta township, where he practiced his profession two years. He then removed to Jersey Shore, Lycoming county, where he remained one year, when he again located in Lower Augusta township ; there he remained until 1861, and then settled in Trevorton and established his drug business, which he has since conducted in connection with his practice. He was married in 1842 to Caroline, daughter of Henry Maize, of Dauphin county, by which union they have four children living: Phillip, a physician of DanviUe; Louisa, wife of A. L. Bastress, of Lycoming county; John J., of Dauphin county, and Mary M., wife of J. J. John, of Lykens, Pennsylvania. In 1862 the Doctor was com- missioned by Governor Curtin assistant surgeon of the Fifty-sixth Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, with which he remained three months, when he was com- pelled to resign on account of failing health. In 1864 he was again commissioned by Governor Curtin, and was attached to the White Hall 1218 HISTORY OP NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. hospital, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and the Seminary hospital, Alexan- dria, Virginia. In politics he is a Democrat, and in 1871 was chosen to represent this county in the State legislature. He has served in the office of township treasurer, also as school director many times. He is a member of the Baptist church, is connected with the Masonic and I. O. O. F. frater- nities, and is recognized as one of the representative citizens of Northumber- land county. James Eenney, deceased, was the pioneer of Trevorton. He was bom in England, about the year 1788, and in 1830 immigrated to this country and first settled in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, but soon after removed to Sunbury, where he became acquainted with Hugh Bellas. About 1833 this gentleman with Burd Patterson and others employed Mr. Renney to take charge of the Gap coal veins near the site of Trevorton, his duty being to develop the coal lands and hold possession of them. He at once removed his family to the place, and built the house he lived in at the time of his death, August 29, 1878. When Mr. Eenney settled at what is now Trevorton his nearest neighbor was a mile distant and the nearest store was at Sunbury, twelve miles distant. As soon as the coal veins had been fully located the work of laying out the town began. Hospitality was one of the leading traits of his character, and for years their lonely house was the headquarters of all who visited that region. Mr. Eenney married Ann Bell, May 7, 1816, at Long Benton, England; she survived him, dying June 9, 1886, in her ninetieth year, at the residence of her son-in-law, William Eoulds, of Tre- vorton. Their descendants are fourteen children, eighty-four grandchildren, and over one hundred great-grandchildren. Eleven of their descendants served in the Union army, their son, James B., dying at Yorktown of disease contracted in the service. In all relations of life both Mr. and Mrs. Eenney were honorable, upright, and charitable, and to him is largely due the early growth and development of the town of Trevorton. Thomas Fotjlds, Sb., was a practical English miner, who immigrated with his family to this country in 1849, locating at Good Spring, Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he was engaged in mining until 1851, and then removed to Trevorton. When the two mines were consolidated in 1858, he was appointed superintendent, which position he filled until 1858. While superintendent he discovered the vein of coal known as Zero, which underlies No. 1, and was overlooked by Professor Eogers in his geological survey, and for this discovery Mr. Foulds was presented with a handsome gold watch by James L. Morris, president of the company. After severing his connec- tion with the colliery he was engaged in manufacturing powder, and after- wards in connection with his son, Thomas, and Robert Goodwill, leased the Bear Valley mine, and subsequently purchased the Union Hotel at Trevor- ton, which he conducted until his death in 1876. In politics Mr. Foulds was a Eepublican, and a prominent member of the I. O. 0. F. He married BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1219 Dorothy Metc^lf in his native land, and his family consisted of three sons and five daughters: Thomas; William; Annie, wife of Joseph Ditchfield; Jane, wife of Alexander Simpson, of Scranton; Eichard, deceased; Mary, de- ceased wife of James Caldwell; Carrie, wife of Scott Dawson, of Wilkesbarre, and Julia, wife of Daniel Campbell. Thomas Foulds, proprietor of the Pennsylvania House, Trevorton, is the eldest son of Thomas and Dorothy Foulds. He was born at Tupton Moor, North Winfield parish, Derbyshire, England, September 16, 1830, and came to America with his parents in 1849. He followed mining in Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, imtil 1851, when he located in Trevorton, and subse- quently entered the employ of the late William H. Marshall, and in company with him went to Centralia, Pennsylvania, where he was engaged one year prospecting for coal. He returned to Trevorton, and opened all the princi- pal gangways of the North Franklin colliery, except two on the west side of the Gap. In 1856 he purchased his present place of business, and in 1 857 assumed charge of the hotel. In the same year Mr. Foulds went South with Mr. J. W. Beebe, of New York City, and took charge of the bituminious coal mines for a New York company near Montevallo, Alabama, and while there was successful in introducing coal on the steamboats on the Alabama river. Returning to Trevorton in 1858, in connection with his hotel he engaged in the mercantile business, which he conducted until 1867, and again embarked in the coal trade at Bear Valley, and was also connected with the Rock Kidge Coal Company of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Foulds's early ad- vantages were limited, but he educated himself by a knowledge gained from books and close observation of things around him. In 1862 he invented an improvement in ordnance known as the needle gun, for which he refused ten thousand dollars. In 1872 he invented a pump, and also invented a con- denser (or what is commonly known as an exhaust in receiving pipes of pTunps), for which he was awarded the only medal for condensers at the Cen- tennial Exposition in 1876. In 1885 he received letters patent for an im- provement in injector condensers, and in July, 1890, he patented an exhaust steam receiver. A metallic railroad tie is his latest invention, for which letters patent have recently been received. He is also well known as the proprietor and manufacturer of the tonic called "Uncle Tom's Bitters," for which he received a trade mark in 1886. He was the originator of the slid- ing scale adopted by the Bear Valley Coal Company in the regulation of its payment of wages for mining coal, previous to the adoption of the same by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. Mr. Foulds has served in the various township offices, and in his political affiliations is a Democrat, but was a zealous exponent of the Greenback party, and was its candidate for the legislature in 1879. In religious faith he is an Episcopal- ian. Mr. Foulds was married in 1849 to Margaret Framey, a native of Queens county, Ireland, who died, May 10, 1863, leaving two children: 1220 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Julianne, wife of J. L. Beury, of West Virginia, and Anastasia, wife of Jere- miah Pannel, of Kentucky. His second wife was Mary Knapp, daughter of Henry Herb, and by this union Uiey have had one child, Thomas H., deceased. Mr. Foulds is connected with the F. & A. M., the K. of P., and the I. O. O. F. William Fotjlds, Se., proprietor of the Union House, was born at Tup- ton Moor, North Winfield parish, Derbyshire, England, in 1833, son of Thomas and Dorothy (Metcalf ) Foulds. His early life was spent in England, ■where he followed mining, and in the employ of his father, who was engaged in the manufacture of coke for some years previous to his immi- gration to the United States in 1849. Mr. Foulds's entire business trans- actions, prior to the death of his father, who came to Trevorton in 1851, were confined to his business, as he was connected with him in all his enter- prises. On the death of his father in 1876 the hotel in Trevorton passed to him, since which time he has given that business his sole attention. Mr. Foulds was married in 1855 to Eliza B., daughter of James Kenney, the pioneer of Trevorton, and by this marriage they have had sixteen children. Those living are: George; M. Eliza, wife of Peter Badman; Mary A., widow of S. N. Derrick; Susan, wife of Thomas Moore; Alice E. ; Sophia J. ; Martha B. ; Florence J., and Thomas J. In politics Mr. Foulds is an independent voter. He is a member of Trevorton Iiodge, I. O. O. F., and Augusta Encampment. KicHAED LoBB, miner and farmer, was born in Cornwall, England, Janu- ary 7, 1837, son of Eichar(| and Jane (Treawin) Lobb. When a child his parents removed to Monmouthshire, Wales, where he lived until 1851; at the age of nine years he commenced working in the mines. His father's death occurred when he was five years old, and his mother married William Pinches, who immigrated to this country, and in 1851 our subject, in com- pany with his mother and her family, joined his stepfather, who had located at Trevorton. Eichard Lobb found employment at the mines, where he remained a few months, and in company with his stepfather went to Schuyl- kill county, where they were employed eight months, when they were engaged by Judge Helfenstein to shaft the Shamokin region, his stepfather being appointed foreman, in which work they were engaged six or seven years. They then went to Ashland, where they remained one year, and returned to Shamokin to work in Bear Valley colliery. In 1859 Mr. Lobb returned to Trevorton and remained one year working in the mines, after which he went to Lykens valley, where he remained until 1862, and again returned to Trevorton, where he has since resided. Mr. Lobb is also engaged in farming, owning some fifty acres at Trevorton, and a farm of two hundred forty acres in Maryland. He was married, June 17, 1855, to Mrs. Emia Jones, a native of Wales. Mr. Lobb is a Republican in politics, and has filled the office of overseer of the poor for Zerbe township. In his religious faith he is a Methodist, of which he is a life-long member; he has been BIOGBAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1221 Sunday school superintendent for many years, and one of the ofScial members, of the Trevorton church. He is also a member of Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., Trevorton Lodge, I. O. O. F., and the K. of P. In 1864 he enhsted in the emergency corps. He is one of Trevorton's progressive citizens, and has responded liberally toward the building of all the church edifices of Trevorton. He is a warm friend to the cause of education, and manifests an interest in any movement tending to the advancement of his commimity. Benjamin Knauss, deceased, was born in Northampton county, Penn- sylvania, in 1790, and was one of the early settlers of Trevorton. He served, through the war of 1812, and held the commission of lieutenant. He was prominent iu the old State militia, and held the commission of captain, being appointed by Governor Snyder. In 1810 he settled in Mifflinburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, and subsequently removed to Montour county, and in 1853 came to Trevorton and engaged in the hotel business, keeping the Franklin House for many years. His death occurred in 1883. He was twice married; nothing of his first marriage is known by his descendants. His second wife was Miss Billinger, by whom he had seven children: Susan; Fannie; Margaret; Elizabeth; Benjamin; Ellen, and Daniel. GoTHiLF C. Ceone, deceased, was born in Westphalia, Prussia. In 1849 he immigrated to this country and settled in Reading, Pennsylvania. He subsequently removed to Lehigh county, where he was engaged in the mining , of slate; one year later he removed to Middleport, Schuylkill county, and en- gaged in coal mining. In 1855 he located in Trevorton and for a number of years was employed in the mines at this place. He married in Prussia, J. W. L. StoUen. Their children are all deceased excepting three sons: H> JuUus, of Shamokin; George F., of Shamokin, and Herman T., of Trevorton. His wife died while he was a resident of Middleport, Pennsylvania. In his religious faith he was a Lutheran, in which church he was an elder for many years, and superintendent of the Sunday school. While a resident of Tre- vorton he fiUed the offices of supervisor, tax collector, and poor director. In politics he was a warm Democrat, and was one of Trevorton's enterprising and solid citizens. His death occurred at Trevorton in 1868. • Heeman T. Ceone, butcher, was born in WestphaHa, Prussia, in 1834, son of Gothilf C. and J. W. L. Crone. He came to this country in 1849' with his parents, and spent his early life in mining. He came to Trevorton with his father and for some years was engaged in the same business. In. 1862 he enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Seventy-second Pennsyl- vania Volunteers, serving nine months. In 1869 he engaged in his present business, which he has since conducted. In 1882, under the firm name of Gillespie, Crone & Company, the Shamokin Powder Company was organized. He subsequently sold his interest and in connection with his brother George F. established and erected their present work at Trevorton, under the firm name of H. T. Crone & Brother, manufacturers of powder. Mr. Crone was. 1222 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUHTY. married in 1861 to Fredrica Knapp, who died in 1862, leaving one child, de- ceased. He subsequently married Mary S. Yuenglincg, of Trevorton, and by this union they have six living children: EmmaC. ; Louisa P.; Francis G-. ; Henry J. ; Bertha C, and William. In his political sentiments Mr. Crone is a pronounced Democrat, and has filled the office of school director and tax collector. He has been connected with the K. of P. and the I. O. O. F., and is a Lutheran in religious faith, and a member of that church. Mr. Crone is one of the progressive citizens of Trevorton, and manifests great interest in all public matters ; he is a warm supporter of all enterprises of a public character, and enjoys the respect of the people of the community. John P. Pltjmmbe, retired, was born in the parish of Kihnerstone, Somer- setshire, England, June 9, 1821, son of Thaddeus and Ann (Pratton) Plum- mer. He was reared and educated in his native parish, and early engaged in mining. In 1856 he immigrated to this country and located at Trevorton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania. He found employment under Super- intendent Mowton at the coal breaker, and was soon promoted to foreman, which position he filled twenty years. He is the oldest outside operator now living in Trevorton, and one of the oldest citizens of the place. Mr. Plum- mer was married in 1842, in England, to Harriet, daughter of Thomas Gid- dings; her death occurred in 1854. They were the parents of three children: Joseph; William, and Harriet M., wife of Joseph Knight, of Ohio. Mr. Plummer married for his second wife Sarah, daughter of James Bellas. He is a member of the Baptist church, of the I. O. O. F., and politically is an independent voter. Joseph Plummer, the oldest son of John P. Plummer, was born in Eng- land in 1844, and is a miner by occupation. He married Ellen Binscotter, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and their children are : Harry ; Hat- tie, and Carrie. Mr. Plummer is a member of the Methodist church, of which, he is a local preacher, and politically he is a Eepublican. William Plummer, second son of John P. Plummer, was born in Eng- land, February 12, 1847, and has always followed the occupation of a miner. He married Rebecca, daughter of John Singer, and they have one child, William E. Politically Mr. Plummer is a Democrat, and has filled the offices of supervisor and township auditor. He is a member of the Method- ist church, and an industrious, public-spirited citizen. Dennis Fitzpateick, proprietor of the Trevorton House, was born in County Limerick, Ireland, in 1834, son of Timothy and Mary (Hanlon) Fitz- patrick. His parents were farmers and his life was spent upon the home- stead until 1854, when he immigrated to this country. He found employ- ment at Plymouth Hill, Connecticut, where he remained a short time, when he removed to Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, and obtained employment in the construction of the Lebanon Valley railroad. In 1857 he settled in Trevorton and engaged in mining, which' business he followed until 1887, BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1223 and then went into the butcher business, which he conducted until Septem- ber, 1889, when he assumed the proprietorship of the Trevorton House. Mr. Fitzpatrick was married in County Limerick, Ireland, in 1854, to Mary, daughter of Thomas Joyce, and they are the parents of twelve children, nine of whom are living: Thomas; Mary A.; Dennis; Bridget; Ellen; John; Matthew ; Johanna Amadia, and Maurice. In politics Mr. Fitzpatrick is a Democrat, manifests great interest in the success of his party, and has been treasurer of his township. In his religious faith he is a Catholic, and is a member of St. Patrick's church of Trevorton. William Deppen, deceased, was a son of George and Margaret (Grreise) Deppen. His father was a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and settled in Jackson township, Northumberland county, near Herndon, about 1830, where he died. He had three sons and one daughter. William was the eld- est son, and when a young man he engaged in the mercantile business at Augustaville, subsequently living in Jackson township, at Mahanoy, for eighteen years. In the spring of 1860 he located at Trevorton and engaged in merchandising about two years, when he retired from active business. He was a Republican in politics, and a member of the German Reformed church. He married Susan Lantz, of Lower Augusta township, and they were the parents of three sons and one daughter: B. F. ; George W. ; R. L., and Sarah A. He died in JaAuary, 1876; his widow survives him, and re- sides in Trevorton. B. F. Deppen, merchant, was born in Jackson township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1847, son of William and Susan (Lantz) Deppen. He was educated at the public schools, and was appointed agent for the Philadelphia and Reading railroad at Trevorton, which position he filled twenty years. In 1889 he established his present business. Politically Mr. Deppen is a Republican. He married Susan Herb, who died in 1888 leaving four children: Laura M. ; Susan M. ; Samuel H., and William R. James Coopek, proprietor of the House of All Nations, Trevorton, was bom in Staffordshire, England, January 26, 1818, son of William and Su- sannah (Jones) Cooper. At the age of ten years our subject commenced the life of a miner, which he followed in his native land until 1863, when he im- migrated to this country and settled in Trevorton, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, where he found employment in the mines. He subsequently removed to Shamokin, was employed in the mines near that place until 1869, and then returned to the mines at Trevorton. . In 1870 he went to Mahanoy City, but the following year he returned to Trevorton. In 1872 he opened his present hotel, which he had purchased in 1869, and has since been en- gaged in the hotel business. Mr.. Cooper was married, November 15, 1845, to Jane Sunland, of England, who died. May 26, 1885. She was the mother of seven children,' all of whom are dead except Mary A., wife of Otto Lout, of Trevorton, and James, who resides in Clearfield county, Pennsylvania. 1224 HISTOBY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Mr. Cooper was again married, November 17, 1885, to Mrs. Betsy Whittle, a native of England, and a daughter of Abraham and Jane Eoper, also na- tives of England. Politically our subject is a Kepublican, and has filled the office of township supervisor. He has been a member of the I. O. O. P. and the K. of P. He is one of the oldest living miners in Trevorton, and has always manifested an interest in the growth of his adopted home. Joseph Kline, tinsmith and merchant, was bom in Berks county, Penn- sylvania, January 25, 1829, son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Keene) Kline. He was reared and educated in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, and learned the trade of blacksmith, which he followed twelve years. In 1863 he settled in Trevorton, ^nd purchased his present business from his brother, who had established it some time previously. Mr. Kline was married in 1852 to Catharine Bumgardner, of Lebanon county, and by this union they are the parents of six children: William H. ; Joseph A. ; George M. ; John E. ; Addie K., widow of Henry Foulds, and Ulysses Grant. In politics Mr. Kline is a Republican; he has served as school director and in other township offices, and is a member of the Evangelical church, in which he was class leader twenty-four years. Abraham Rotheemel, a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, settled in what is now Little Mahanoy township about 1800. He married Mary Yea- ger, who bore him six sons and three daughters: William, deceased; Sam- uel, of Philadelphia; Joel, deceased; David, deceased; Lewis, deceased; Reuben; Annie, wife of Samuel Wagner, of Illinois; Susan, wife of John Hensel, of Little Mahanoy township, and Maria, wife of Solomon Dunkel- berger. He purchased some three hundred acres of land in Little Mahanoy township, where he lived and reared his family. He was a prominent Whig, and for many years filled the office of justice of the peace. He was one of the organizers of the German Reformed church of that township, and gave liberally toward the erection of the church edifice. William Rotheemel, eldest son of Abraham Rothermel, was born upon the homestead in 1805, where he was reared and obtained such education as could be had at the schools of that period, and was engaged in farming a number of years. In his latter years he engaged in the mercantile business in Little Mahanoy township, which he carried on until his death in 1851. In his political sentiments he was a Republican, and a life member of the German Reformed church. His wife was Juditah, daughter of Daniel Herb, of Upper Mahanoy township, and by this union they were the parents of eleven children: Rebecca, wife of Gail Smith; Maria, widow of Matthias Boughner; Samuel, of Ashland, Pennsylvania; Sarah, wife of Daniel Greoff; Catharine, wife of James Raker, of Little Mahanoy township ; Will- iam, who served through the war of the Rebellion as a member of the Sev- enty-seventh Indiana Volunteers, subsequently enlisted in the United States regular army, and was killed by the Indians in Arizona; Daniel H. ; Eliza- '/^,!^/(f BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1227 beth, deceased, who married William G. Maurer; Lavinia, wife of Nathaniel Keitz, of Illinois; Lawisa, wife of Eev. J. H. Wohlfarth, of Illinois, and Susan, wife of William Wright. Daniel H. Eotheemel, merchant, was born upon the old homestead, April 10, 1840, son of William and Juditah (Herb) Eothermel. He was educated in the common schools, and engaged in farming in his early life, and with his father as clerk. In 1870 he located at Trevorton and estab- lished his store, which he has since conducted. In politics he is a Eepub- lican, has served in the office of township treasurer, and is the present tax collector. Mr. Eothermel was married in 1875 to Mary E., daughter of Felix Maurer, of Upper Mahanoy township, and by this marriage they are the parents of four children: Minnie M. ; Harry M. ; Eeuben E., and Clara B. Mr. Eothermel is one of the leading citizens of Trevorton, and is a liberal supporter of all enterprises tending to promote the interests of his town or county. He was one of the largest subscribers towards the building fund for the erection of the new Evangelical church of Trevorton. Petek S. Beegstbessbk, county surveyor and teacher, was bom in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, November 2, 1836, son of Lot and Jemima (Snyder) Bergstresser. In 1848 his parents moved to Berrysburg, Dauphin county. Here he attended the Berrysburg Seminarv; at the age of seventeen he commenced teaching at Eeed's Station in Shamokin township, Northumberland county, and subsequently became a student and teacher at the West Chester Academy, Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, where he remained two years, obtained a preparatory course, and fitted himself for Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, which institution he entered in 1858. In 1862 he was commissioned fiirst lieutenant of Com- pany I, One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, a nine months' regiment. After the expiration of his term of service, he taught one year, when he raised Company H, One Hundred and Ninety-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, and had command imtil the close of the war. In 1865 he re-entered Lafayette College and graduated in 1867. In 1868 he was elected to the legislature from Dauphin county, and in 1874 was ap- pointed principal of the Lykens high school, where he remained seven years. In 1883 he received the appointment of principal of the Trevorton high school and superintendent of the township schools. In 1889 he was elected county surveyor, which position he now (1890) fills. Mr. Bergstresser is a member of Lincoln Post, G. A. E., of Shamokin, Trevorton Lodge, No. 528, I. O. O. F., and of Susquehanna Lodge, No. 364, F. & A. M., of Millers- burg, Pennsylvania. He was married, November 3, 1868, to S. Jane, daughter of John D. Snyder, and by this union they are the parents of five living children: Una M.; Bertha S.; Alice O.; John L., and Eoscoe K. Adam Schleig immigrated to this country from Germany, served through the Eevolutionarywar, and subsequently settled upon the land now owned 1228 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. by Isaac May, Sr., in Cameron township. His son Adam is the progenitor of the present Schleig family of Cameron township. He was born about 1774, and inherited the homestead, where he lived his entire life. He taught German in the neighboring schools; his death occurred in this township. He married Catharine Derek, and they were the parents of six children: Daniel; Michael; Martin; Elizabeth; Sarah, Mrs. John Derr, and Catharine, Mrs. Philip Kerstetter, all deceased but Elizabeth, who resides in Cameron township. Daniel SchleiGj the oldest son, was bom at the old homestead, August 8, 1812. He learned the blacksmith trade, which he followed in connection with farming. He served in the minor township offices, and was a member of the Reformed church, of which he was an elder and deacon. He was a prominent Democrat in politics. His death occurred in 1872; his wife survives him and resides in Cameron township. Their family consisted of seven children, five of whom are living: Peter; Joseph; Michael; Hannah, wife of Daniel Knarr, and Salome, wife of Henry Sortman. Petee W. Schleig, merchant, was born in Cameron township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania. April 28, 1845, son of Daniel and Catharine (Weary) Schleig. He was reared upon the old homestead inherited by his father, and educated in the township schools. At the age of thirteen he began working in the mines, filling various positions for sixteen years. In 1874 he established his present business. He has always been a warm friend to the cause of education, and served many years as a member of the schctol board; he has also filled the offices of township treasurer, auditor, assessor for five years, and in 1876 was elected justice of the peace, and is now filling his third consecutive term. Mr. Schleig has been a life-long Democrat, of which party he is a leading spirit in his township. He is a member of Gowen City Lodge, I. O. O. F., of Shamokin Lodge, F. & A. M., and Gowen City Camp, P. O. S. of A. In faith he is a member of the Reformed church, of which he was a deacon six years. He married Annetta, daughter of Ben- jamin Haupt, and of this union they have one son, Andrew. The latter was born, March 28, 1864. He was educated in the public schools and entered the employ of his father at an early age, in whose employ he has since con- tinued. In 1885 he was appointed postmaster for Gowen City, which posi- tion he now fills. He has served in the office of township auditor, and is the present tax collector. He is a member of Gowen City Lodge, I. O. O. F., and of the encampment. He married Mary, daughter of Nathan Henninger, of Cameron township, and by this union they have two children : Charles and Goldie. Mr. and Mrs. Schleig are members of the Lutheran church; in his political affiliations he is a Democrat. Thomas Henninger, deceased, was born in Tulpehocken township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, in 1801, son of George Henninger. His early life was spent at farm work upon the homestead; at a suitable age he was put BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1229 out to learn the weaver trade, and subsequently removed to Schuylkill county, where he engaged in his business among the farmers. While a resident of SchuylkiU county he married May, daughter of Peter Karl, who bore him eleven children: Peter, deceased; Joseph, superintendent "of public works, Sha- mokin; Elizabeth, Mrs. Daniel Derk, deceased; William, deceased; Charles, de- ceased; Isaac, deceased; Jared,of Cameron township ; Maria, Mrs. Henry Long, deceased; Nathan; Aaron, of Shamokin, and Kittie, Mrs. Benjamin Haupt, deceased. About the year 1838 Mr. Henninger removed to Cameron township and purchased a farm of one hundred nine acres, upon which he lived until his death in 1843; his wife siirvived him and died in 1876 at the age of seventy- one years. Mr. Henninger was a man of strong religious belief, and was a prominent member of the Lutheran church. In politics he was a Democrat until the two last years of his life. Nathan Henninger, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Cameron town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1839, son of Thomas and Catharine (Karl) Henninger. He was reared in his native township, and educated in the German schools. His early life was spent upon the farm, after which he commenced working in the mines, which occupation he fol- lowed until 1859, when he settled upon his present place. Mr. Henninger has one of the finest farms of some four hundred acres in the township, and is extensively engaged in the breeding of Jersey cattle. He was married to Eliza Billman, and by this union they have five children: Emmaline, Mrs. John Schleig; Mary J., Mrs. Andrew Sohleig; Sarah, Mrs. Prancife Kerstet- ter; Lewis, and West. In politics Mr. Henninger is a Republican, and is a member of the Lutheran church. He is one of the representative farmers of Northumberland county, and commands the respect of the citizens of the community. Henby Haupt, deceased, was a son of Conrad Haupt, a native of Wiir- temberg, Germany, who settled in Berks county, Pennsylvania. Henry was one of five brothers: Conrad, who settled in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county; Daniel, who settled in Bellfonte, Centre county, Pennsylvania; Samuel, who settled in Schuylkill county, and John who settled in the western part of the State. The subject of this sketch settled in Coal township, now Cameron. He was born toward the close of the last century, and came to Northumberland county when a young man. He came into possession of about four hundred acres of land in the valley of Mahanoy creek. He was the father of ten children: Jacob; Benjamin; John; George; Susanna, Mrs. George Kreamer; Annie, Mrs. Samuel Deer; Mary, Mrs. Henry Kluck; Mrs. Daniel Kreamer, of Schuylkill county; Sarah, Mrs. George Derk, and Hetty, Mrs. Gideon Derk. Mr. Haupt was a member of the Lutheran church, and a Democrat in politics, serving in a number of the minor ofBces of the township. His death occurred about 1847. 1230 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. John Haupt, the third son of Henry Haupt, was born upon the home- stead, April 26, 1808. He learned the stone mason trade, which business he followed in connection with farming. In his political affiliations he was a Democrat, and served in different township offices. He married Catharine Maurer, and they were the parents of eight children: Benjamin, a butcher of Shamokin; John, William and Philip, all residents of Cameron town- ship; Kate, of Philadelphia; Sallie, Mrs. William Yoder; Mary, Mrs. John Bonner, and Annie, Mrs. Jared Hoverter. He died in November, 1873 ; his widow survives him, and resides with her son John. Mr. Haupt was a Christian man, and was much respected for his honesty and consistency of character. He was a life-long member of the Lutheran church, of which he was an elder and a leading supporter. John Boyee was a native of Berks county, who settled in Coal township, now Cameron, and subsequently removed to Columbia county, where he died. He was the father of seven children, and the owner of about four hundred acres of land in what is now Cameron township, and here his children were reared. His son John purchased the farm and cultivated it. The latter married Elizabeth Bixler, and was the father of eleven children; those living are: S. B. Boyer, attorney of Sunbury; Susan, Mrs. J. K. Maurer; Lydia, Mrs. Solomon Zegenfuse; Charles B. ; John; Annie, Mrs. Peter Wool; Hettie, Mrs. Samuel Wikel; Angelina, Mrs. Gilbert Eeitz, of Mt. Carmel, and Gabriel, of Schuylkill county. He was born in 1803, and died in 1876. He served as supervisor and auditor of the township, and was one of the original members of the Lutheran church, of which he was an elder. He was originally a Democrat, but the last twenty years of his life was a Republican. Charles B. Boyek, f arm.er and dealer in agricultural implements, was born, April 27, 1886, son of John and Elizabeth (Bixler) Boyer, was reared upon the homestead farm, and received about five months' schooling in German. He followed farming as an occupation until 1860, when he opened the Union Hotel, where he now resides, and conducted it as a hotel sixteen years, when he discontinued the business and turned his attention to the sale of agricultural implements and farming. He also operated a saw mill on Mahanoy creek from 1868 to 1885, when the dam was torn away by high water. He was postmaster from 1877 to 1885, and filled the offices of supervisor, school director, and auditor. He married in 1858 Lucy, daughter of Benjamin Haupt, who died in 1862, leaving two children: Aaron and Albert. He again married in 1865 Rosanna M. Startzel, who died in 1874, leaving two children: Charles E., and Mary E.,the latter deceased. In 1882 he married Ametia Maurer, of Upper Mahanoy township, by whom he has two children: Martha and Elvorda. Mr. Boyer is a member of the Lutheran church, has been connected with Eureka Lodge, I. O. O. F., of Upper Mahanoy town- ship, for thirty-two years, and in politics he is a Republican. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1231 Conrad Eakee was a native of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, and married Barbara Dunkelberger, of Northumberland county. After marriage he settled in Eockefeller township, where he remained two years; he then removed to Little Mahanoy township, where he resided until his death. He served as county commissioner, and was prominent in church work, assisting to build Emanuel's Lutheran church in Little Mahanoy township and the "Stone church" at Augustaville. He was the father of ten children: John; Kate; Frederick; Jacob; William; Enoch; Isaac; Maria; Esther, and Mary, all deceased except Isaac, who resides at Shamokin. Feedebick Eakee, son of Conrad Eaker, was born in Eockefeller town- ship, Northumberland county, December 21, 1804. He learned the black- smith's trade, and in 1825 married Elizabeth Hoffman, who was born in Berks county in 1806. Her parents, John and Susanna (Dranchaller) Hoff- jnan, settled in Washington township, this county, in 1813. After their marriage Frederick Eaker and wife removed to Lycoming county and re- mained there four years, when they returned to Little Mahanoy township, where he died, August 4, 1844. He was a Democrat in politics, served as justice of the peace, and was also a prominent member of the Lutheran church. His widow still survives him. They reared seven children, three of whom are living: Conrad H.; Catharine, wife of Samuel Frederick, of Ealpho township, and Harriet, widow of Samuel Dornsife. CoNEAD H. Rakee, farmer, son of Frederick Eaker, was born in Lyco- ming county, Pennsylvania, November 8, 1828. He received his education at the township schools, after which he learned the trade of gunsmith, which has been his principal occupation. With the exception of four years spent in the western States, he has always lived in Little Mahanoy township. April 27, 1856, he married Susan, daughter of Daniel Dornsife, and they are the parents of nine children: John. Henry; Albert; Conrad; Edward; Mary Elizabeth, wife of Alvin Eaker, of Shamokin; Lydia, wife of John Schleger, of Shamokin; Frederick D., physician, of Shamokin; Ida, wife of John Hilbish, and Hattie, wife of Samuel Moyer, of Shamokin. Mr. Eaker is a member of the Lutheran church, in which he is a trustee, and politic- ally is a Democrat. He was the first postmaster of Eaker, and held the office seven years. Eaker station and postoffice were named in his honor. Samuel C. Long, farmer, was born in Eockefeller township in December, 1828, son of John Long, who was born in the same township in 1805. George Long, the father of John, was a native of England, and immigrated to this county prior to the war of 1812, in which he was a soldier. He set- tled on the farm now occupied by Andrew Gonser, where he died. His son, John, died in 1888, and was the father of Elizabeth; Samuel C. ; Catharine; Henry; Julia; Benjamin, and Lucinda. Our subject learned the trade of miller and followed that occupation for about fifteen years. He was mar- ried in 1854 to Lydia Dunkelberger, by whom he' has four children: Peter; 1232 HISTOEY OF NOETHUMBEELAND COUNTY. Elizabeth; Phebe, and David. He is a Democrat in politics, and a mem- ber of the Lutheran church. William Dunkelbergee, farmer, was bom upon his present farm in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 26, 1842. His paternal grandfather, Christopher Dunkelberger, was a native of Berks county, Penn- sylvania, and an early settler in Little Mahanoy township. His father, Jo- seph Dunkelberger, was born in 1806 upon the farm adjoining that of our subject. He married Mary, daughter of David Malick, of Lower Augusta township. He was a carpenter by trade, but was principally engaged in farming, became one of the prominent and wealthy farmers of the township, and served in various local political offices. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran church. She died in 1879, and he in 1883. They reared a family of seven children, four of whom are living: David, of Montana; Na- than, of Washington; William, and Harriet, wife of Frank Klock, of Lower Augusta township. The subject of this sketch was reared upon the home- stead farm and received a limited education, attending the Freyburg Acad- emy one term. He was married, November 22, 1874, to Mary, daughter of John and Mary (Seller) Zartman, of Jackson township, this county, and by this union they have one child, Daisy. Politically he is a Democrat, and has served as constable and in other offices of the township. He is an elder in the Lutheran church; his wife is a member of the German Reformed church. Mr. Dunkelberger has one of the finest farms of Little Mahanoy township; he is extensively engaged in raising blooded stock and makes a specialty of Berkshire hogs. Anthony S. Speece, manufacturer of blasting powder, was born in Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 17, 1844, son of Walter and Sarah Jane (Snyder) Speece. He was reared on the homestead farm, and received his education at the schools of the township. Early in life he learned the milling trade, and followed the same many years, working in Wilkesbarre for the Hilliard brothers and O. M. Martin, also for Beckle and Kantz on Middle creek. After working as a journeyman some years, he rented the mill of W. W. Dewitt, of Lower Augusta township (where he had first learned his trade), which he operated until April 1, 1869. At this time he formed a co-partnership with John Campbell, of Lower Augusta township, and purchased the grist mill at his present location ; they operated it two years, when he purchased the interest of his partner and con- ducted the business individually until 1889. At the time he purchased his present property there was an old powder mill upon it, and on the 1st of August, 1869, he rented the same to William, John, Joseph, and Christian Beury, who improved the mill and engaged in manufacturing powder. April 1, 1876, Mr. Speece engaged in the manufacture of powder, and after being in business thirty days had an explosion, with the loss of fifteen hundred dol- lars and the death of one of his employees, Richard Foulds. About two years BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1233 later he rented his mill, to Rathermal & Mowry, and they sold their lease to the Laflin & Band Powder Company. At the expiration of this lease Mr. Speece relet the mill to this firm for twelve hundred dollars per year, and they operated it seven years. He then remodeled the mill, put in steam power instead of water, greatly enlarged the capacity, and soon expects to be able to manufacture two hundred fifty kegs per day. He uses his grist mill for pulverizing purposes, and gives employment to twenty-five men. Mr. Speece is also engaged in farming and the buying and selling of real estate. November 15, 1866, he married Ann, daughter of Abraham Ship- man, of this county, and they are the parents of sixteen children, twelve of whom are living: Effie, Mrs. A. S. Dewitt; Tomson, Mrs. Delmar P. Camp- bell; Orphie; Laura; Ella; Walter; Lloyd; Howard; Anthony Scott; James Muir ; Newton Withington, and Don Apsley. Four are deceased: Bertie M. ; Chloe; Hudson, and WilHam H. In politics Mr. Speece is a Republican, and has served as school director and auditor of his township. During the late war he enlisted in Company F, Thirty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, under Captain Wolverton, and served six weeks. He is a member of the Hollowing Run Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder. D. M. Zabtman, merchant, was born, October 18, 1849, in Jackson town- ship, this county, son of Abraham and Elizabeth (Michaels) Zartman, natives of the same place, and the parents of nine children: Wilhehnina; D. M. ; Hannah; William; Samuel M.; Mary; Joseph; Alice, and Elizabeth. Our subject established his present business at Dornsife in 1877. He married Lena Peifer in 1868 and has two children: William and Cossie. He was appointed postmaster at Dornsife in 1879, the first incumbent of the ofiice at that place. Grant Bolig, station agent at Dornsife station, was born near Selinsgrove, Penn township, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, May 16, 1865, son of B. F. and Harriet (Ulrich) Bolig, farmers of that township. He received his edu- cation at the schools of Freeburg and Selinsgrove, after which he was en- gaged in teaching school in Snyder county four terms. He then learned telegraphy, and operated for the Western Union Telegraph Company at Doylestown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, about one year. He was then en- gaged with the Philadelphia and Beading Railroad Company as dispatcher, and was located at Muncy, Sunbury, Tamaqua, AUenwood, and Sunbury. In February, 1888, he took charge of Dornsife station, and has since held that position. July 8, 1888, he married Agnes M., daughter of Alexander Deppen, of Dornsife, Pennsylvania. They have one child, Harry Deppen Bolig. Mr. Bolig is a member of the Lutheran church, a,nd politically is a Republican. Joseph Haas, physician, was born in Upper Augusta township, Northum- berland county, Pennsylvania, January 17, 1830, son of Frederick and Sarah .(Zimmerman) Haas. His early education was obtained at the common schools; at the age of nineteen he commenced the study of medicine with 1234 HISTORY OF NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. Dr. J. W. Peal, of Sunbury, Pennsylvania, and was graduated from the Pennsylvania College of Medicine in 1852. |n the same year he located in Jackson tov?nship, where he has since resided and practiced his profession. The Doctor is also engaged in farming, cultivating some two hundred acres of land. He was married, October 23, 1855, to Mary F., daughter of Dr. J. W. Peal, and by this marriage they are the parents of four living children: Eichard P., physician, of Williamstown, Pennsylvania; John P. ; Edward L., and William H. Politically the Doctor is a pronounced Democrat; he was instrumental in establishing the public school system in Jackson township, and served upon the first school board. He is a member of the Sunbury Lodge, P. & A. M. Rev. a. R. Hottenstein was born near Reading, Berks county, Pennsyl- vania, March 18, 1835, son of Jacob and Esther (Rahn) Hottenstein. He received his early education at the Milton and Landisburg academies, and was graduated from the Reformed Theological Seminary of Mercersburg, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. In 1862 he was ordained, and his first pas- torate was at Selinsgrove, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, where he remained three years. His second was at Berwick, Columbia county, Pennsylvania, where he remained ten years. He was then elected to the Mahanoy charge of Northumberland county, consisting of six congregations, which he served until 1885, when it was reduced to four and one supply. Mr. Hottenstein was married in 1874 to Ella E. Walp, and by this union they have two sons : David F., of Shamokin, and Daniel E., who resides upon his father's farm in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. Politically he is an independent voter, be- lieving that the office should seek the man, and that none but competent, honest men should be selected for public office. Mr. Hottenstein is one of the best known ministers of the Reformed church in this section of the State, and is very popular with the members of his denomination. He is an enter- prising, public spirited citizen, and is doing much good among his people. Rev. Daniel M. Stetlee was born in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, November 17, 1843, son of Isaac and Sarah (Johnson) Stetler. His early edji- cation was obtained at the public schools, Frederick Institute, and a classical school on Chestnut street. Philadelphia. In 1 87 1 he entered the Lutheran Theo- logical Seminary of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was graduated in 1874. He was ordained at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in June of the same year, and was elected to a mission in Snyder county, Pennsylvania, where he remained thirteen years, residing at Beavertown. In 1877 he was elected to the Ma- hanoy charge of Northumberland county. Mr. Stetler was married, Decem- ber 1, 1866, to Barbara Shetler, of Frederick township, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, and they are the parents of twelve children: William T. ; Isaac H. ; Eugene S. ; Ada E. ; Sarah E. and Mary Amanda, twins; Daniel L. ; Anna C, deceased;- Johnson V.; Harry A.; Emma S., and Jacob N. He preaches in both English and German, has charge of six congregations, is BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1235 very popular in the community, and highly spoken of by his parishioners. Two of his sons are preparing for the ministry in the Lutheran church, at Muhlenberg College, AUentown, Pennsylvania. Geoege Deppen, grain and leather dealer and justice of the peace, was born in 1836 at Locust Gap, Mt. Carmel township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Abraham and Mary (Snyder) Deppen. He was reared in Jackson township, to which place his parents removed during his early youth. His education was obtained in the subscription schools, and his early life was spent in farming. In 1863 he embarked in the mercantile business in Snyder county, and later followed the same business at Herndon, Northumberland county. In 1868 he established his present business, the buying and shipping of grain and dealing in hides for sole leather, etc., and has built up quite a successful trade. Mr. Deppen was married in 1868 to Mary Mertz, of Freeburg, Snyder county, who has borne him the following children: Lizzie J.; Laura; George E. ; Henry C. ; Charles P.; Carrie; John E. ; Susan, and Ray. Mr. Deppen is a member of the Lutheran church, and in politics is a Democrat. He is now filling his third term as justice of the peace of Jackson township, and is recognized as a progressive citizen. C. W. Dewitt, miller, was born at Boyle's Hun, Lower Augusta township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1850, son of Jacob and Mary (Clark) Dewitt. He was educated in the public schools and learned the trade of miller, which he "has followed as an occupation, and in 1882 pur- chased his present mill at Mahanoy, since which time he has been engaged operating for himself. He married in 1870 Malinda, daughter of William W. Dewitt, of Lower Augusta township, and by this union they are the parents of six children: Flavie; Sallie; Eeapard; Daniel; Henry, and Eosie. Politically Mr. Dewitt is an ardent Democrat, and is a member of the P. O. S. of A. E. H. MuTH, physician, was born, September 3, 1826, in Berks county, Pennsylvania, son of Frederick and Mary (Snyder) Muth. His early edu- cation was obtained in the common schools, and he subsequently attended Mar- shall College, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. In 1852 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Lewis Eogers, of Schuylkill Haven, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1855. He commenced practice the same year at Fredericksburg, Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, where he re- mained until 1860. He then located in Jackson township, Northumber- land county, and has since been in continuous and active practice. Doctor Muth was married in 1862 to Louisa, daughter of Abraham Deppen, and has one son, Henry. He is a Democrat in politics, and an elder and trustee in the German Eeformed church. William H. Lamb was born in Tioga county, Pennsylvania, May 17, 1826, son of Lorrain and Susan (Adams) Lamb. He was educated in the 1236 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. common schools, early engaged in railroad work, and for many years has been employed as superintendent upon the construction of various railroads throughout the United States. In 1853 he came to Georgetown for the pur- pose of getting out the stone for the railroad bridge at Hemdon; he was subsequently appointed foreman in the construction of the railroad between Trevorton and Hemdon, afterwards bridge tender, and held the latter posi- tion until 1870, when the bridge was condemned and removed. While he held this position he was also express agent and postmaster. Since the removal of the bridge Mr. Lamb has been connected with the postal service and engaged in various enterprises. He was married in 1858 to Susan Allman, and their family consists of the following children: William L. ; George E. ; Harry S. ; John A.; Mary D.; Charles P., and B. A. Mr. Lamb is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Jacob E. Hilbush, surveyer, conveyancer, and insurance agent, Jackson township, was born in Lykens township, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, March 14, 1835, son of Daniel and Nancy (Romberger) Hilbush. The latter was born in Lykens township, Dauphin county, September 11, 1811. Daniel Hilbush was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, Decem- ber 20, 1807, son of Daniel Hilbush, a native of Amity township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, who settled in Upper Mahanoy township, Northumber- land county, in 1802, removed to Washington township in 1820, was captain of a military company in 1812, and justice of the peace from March 31, 1823, to April 10, 1860; he was born in 1779 and died in 1862. Daniel and Nancy (Romberger) Hilbush, both of whom are still living, are the parents of three sons: Jacob E. ; Henry A., and Elias R. Jacob R. Hilbush received his education at the common schools, at Freeburg Academy, and at the Mil- lersville State Normal School. He began his active life as a plasterer and school teacher. As surveyor and conveyancer he has been concerned in many real estate transfers in the southern part of the county; he has also served as county surveyor eleven years, having been first elected to that office in 1862. He was justice of the peace twenty years and two months, and is at present filling the office of notary public ; he holds commissions as justice and notary public from all the Governors of Pennsylvania from A. G. Curtin to James A. Beaver. As insurance agent he transacts a large business, representing half a score of the leading fire insurance com- panies. On the 29th of September, 1867, he married Amanda, daughter of John Zartman, and they are the parents of three children: Annie, deceased; Mary, and Lydia. Mr. Hilbush is a Democrat in politics and a member of the Reformed church. He one of the best known and most highly respected citizens of Northumberland county. Samuel S. Zaetman, farmer and justice of the peace, was born upon the homestead farm, which is a part of the original Zartman tract, in Jackson township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1845, son of Daniel and BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCHES. 1237 Catharine (Seller) Zartman, and great-grandson of Henry Zartman, one of the pioneers of Jackson township. He was. educated at New Berlin and New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, and has always followed farming as an occupation. He married in 1875 Susan Fenetermaker, and by this union they are the parents of five children: Jennie C. ; Emma B. ; Ella M. ; Daniel H, and Isaac S. Mr. Zartman was elected justice of the peace in 1885, and is now serving a second term. He has served in minor township offices, and in poli- ties is a Republican. John Bingeman, deceased, was born in Lower Mahanoy township, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1817, son of Adam and Hannah (Shroyer) Bingeman. He was reared upon a farm, early in life became a boatman upon the Susquehanna canal, and in the winter drove teams to Pittsburgh and Philadelphia transporting the produce of the farms to market. Early in the '40's Mr. Bingeman located at Georgetown and en- gaged in the coal and lumber business, and about 1850 he purchased the hotel property now known as the Bingeman House, which he conducted in connection with his other business. In 1875 he built the brick store now owned and conducted by his son, W. O. Bingeman, and engaged in the mer- cantile business, which he conducted until his death, March 31, 1889. Mr. Bingeman was also extensively engaged in farming. In politics he was an active and ardent Republican, although he never sought or would accept public office. He was a member of the German Reformed church and of the I. O. O. F. He was twice married; his first wife was Louisa Brosius, who bore him one son, John, who resides in Virginia. His second wife was Mary Wiest, who survives him and resides in Georgetown; to this marriage were bom nine children, six of whom are living: William O. ; Charles; Mary, wife of Joseph Morgan; Harry W. ; Frederick W., and Lizzie. W. O. Bingeman, merchant, was born, February 6, 1856, son of John and Mary (Wiest) Bingeman. He received his education at Berrysburg and Freeburg academies, and at the Shippensburg State Normal School. In 1875 he entered the employ of his father as clerk in the store, where he re- mained until the death of the latter, when he purchased the business. Mr. Bingeman has filled the office of assessor, postmaster, and tax collector. Politically he is a Republican, and in November, 1890, he was a candidate for commissioner, but the whole county ticket was defeated. He married Lilly M. Beaver, of Snyder county, and they are the parents of two children: Blanche and John G. The family are adherents of the German Reformed church. ^ Isaac H. Resslee, postmaster, was bom at Georgetown, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1831, son of Solomon and Catharine (Haas) Ressler. He received his education at the subscription schools, and learned the trade of cabinet maker. In 1853 he was elected justice of the peace for Lower Mahanoy township; at this time he was engaged at cabinet making 1238 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. and in the manuf actare of corn and seeding plows, which business he carried on until 1862, when he enlisted in Company L, Sixteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, and was commissioned second lieutenant. In the following spring he was promoted to first lieutenant, and in the summer of 1863 was appointed captain of his company. At the battle of Boyden Plank Eoad, October 27, 1864, he received a gun-shot wound in his left leg and was commissioned brevet major. He spent several months at City Point hospital; after his recovery he rejoined his regiment, and at the battle of Middleburg, Virginia, June 18, 1863, was again wounded, in the right leg. On the 7th of April, 1865, he was wounded at Farmville, Virginia, in the left groin. At the close of the war he returned to Georgetown, and built a steam saw mill, but, owing to reverses, was compelled to close up his business. He was again elected justice of the peace and filled the office fifteen years. In 1889 he was ap- pointed postmaster of Dalmatia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Eessler is a member of Colonel James Cameron Post, G. A. R. He married Mary A. Heckart, and by this union they have had ten children, four of whom are living: Elemor P. ; Plato A. ; Linda P., and Norman W. Politically Mr. Ressler is a Republican. B. M. BiJBB, justice of the peace and surveyor, was born in Lower Maha- noy township, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of Philip and Magdaline (Michael) Bubb. His education was obtained at the subscription schools and the Freeburg Academy. His early occupation was clerking in Georgetown, and about 1858 he engaged in the general mercantile business in the same place, which he conducted some three years, when he sold out. In 1860 he was appointed postmaster, and filled the office six years. He was elected justice of the peace in 1869, which office he has since filled. In 1880 he established his business as surveyor. Mr. Bubb was one of the first school directors elected in the township, in 1865, and held the office until 1888. He is a member of the German Reformed church, and has served in the office of deacon and elder. Politically he is a Republican, and a gentle- man of enterprise and public spirit. B. L. Kekchneb, physician, was born in Greenwich township, Berks county, Pennsylvania, son of Benjamin and Mary M. (Lintz) Kerchner. He was educated at the public schools and Freeland Seminary of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. For some years he was engaged in teaching in the schools of his native township and the high school of Leonardsville. In 1868 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. B. Potteiger, of Ham- burg, Berks county, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1871. He was appointed in the same year one of the ward physicians in the Blockley hospital, of Philadelphia, and later in the same year he located at Georgetown, where he has since practiced, and for sixteen years was in the employ of the Northern Central Railway Com- pany as physician. The Doctor has filled the office of school director, and was the treasurer of the board through his term of office. He was married BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1239 in 1875 to Etta, daughter of Henry Spotts, of Snyder county, Pennsylvania. In religious faith the Doctor is a Lutheran, and in politics a Republican. E. D. Messneb, saw mill proprietor, was born in Lower Mahanoy town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1852, son of Philip and Mary (Dockey) Messner. He was educated at the public schools and Preeburg and Berrysburg academies. He learned the carpenter trade, which business he followed sixteen years. In 1883, in connection with his brothers Jacob and Isaac, they erected a sham saw mill at Georgetovm, which business they carried on until March, 1890, when, in connection with E. S. Radel, they built the present mill, and are engaged in manufacturing shingles, lath, and fence railing, and dealing in flooring, doors, and moulding. Mr. Mess- ner was married in 1871 to Mary M. Moyer, and to this union have been born six children: Clara A.; Henry P., deceased; Alda E. ; Morris G.; John P., and Eugene A. In politics he is a Eepublican, and is a member of Susque- hanna Lodge, F. & A. M., of Millersburg, and of the P. O. S. of A. of Tower City, Pennsylvania. William B. Keihl, miller, was born in 1845, in Lower Mahanoy town- ship, Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, son of John and Anna (Binge- man) Keihl. He was educated at the common schools, and was apprenticed to the milling trade at an early age. This calling he followed for some years. The mill property now owned and operated by him was purchased m 1868 by himself and his brother, John B. Keihl. In addition to this he also owns a farm of fifty acres. In 1868 Mr. Keihl married Lavina Raker, and they are the parents of the following children: Emma R. ; Brosius; John E., and WiUiam H. Mr. Keihl is a Democrat in politics; in 1878 he was elected a school director, and has filled various local offices. The family is connected with the Lutheran church. <<^ig=5~-j -..^^^^^^(g^i^.. sissaa "^"^^^F^^ INDEX. 1241 INDEX. A PAGE. Adams, B. E 958 Adams, Casper 1175 .Adams, George C 1176 Adams, John H 952 Advocate and Day-Spring 288 African Methodist Episcopai. Church- es.— Milton, 582; Sliamokln 638 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, Milton 583 Agricultiu'al Epitomist 296 Agricultural Societies 341 Agriculture 329 Albright, Andrew 238 Albright, Joseph 1079 Allumapees 23 Aramerraan, Robert B 1206 Ammerman, William S 1206 Andastes 21 Antes, Frederick ' 215 Anthony, Joseph B 227 Antliraeite Building and Loan Association, Mt. Carmel 664 Anthracite Water Company 627 Argument Court, first provision for 211 Armstrong, G. W 1155 Arter, J. M 1161 Assembly, members of 190 Associate judges 232 Associate Reformed CnnRCHES.— Mil- ton, 681; the "Pines," Delaware township . 763 Attorneys 240 Aucker, J. S 911 Aucker,R.S 906 Augusta Bank 496 Augusta regiment 60 Augusta Township.— Original and subse- quent boundaries, 698; disintegration of its territory, 153,699; pioneers 84, 699 Augustaville 791 Augustaville Farmers' and Mechanics' Asso- ciation 345 Auten, William M 1113 Auten, Voris 1033 Awl, Jacob 804 Awl, R. H., 265, 806; reminiscences of 458 Awl, William M 804 Ayers, Alfred 1066 B PAGE. Bailey, C . H 263 Bally, William H. M 1206 Ball, Thomond 450 Bank of Northumberland 494 Baptist Churches.— Augusta, Lower Au- gusta township, 707; Milton, 581; Montan- don, 725; Mt. Carmel, 674; Northumberland, 544; Rush, 742; Shamokin, Shamokln town- ship, 731; Shamokin, 644; Summit, Shamo- kln township, 732; Sunbury, 610; Trevorton, 782; Turbutville, 768 ; Watsontown 688 Barnliart, George 1161 Barren, Aaron 957 Bartho, B. F 1037 Bartholomew, Henry 1170 Batman, John J 852 Bealor, John W 934 Beard, John P 1157 Bear Gap Water Company 627 Becker, John P. J 263 Beckley, Daniel 836 Beidelspach, Isaac 239 Beierschmitt, Joseph 1056 Bellas, Hugh 247, 807 Bench and Bar 201 Bergstresser, Peter S 1227 Bergstresser, Samuel A 1024 Bickel & Bailey's foundry and machine shop, Milton 661 Bieber. Ellas 1133 Bingeman, John 1237 Bingeman, W. 1237 Binns, John 275 Bird Family : 874 Bird, Joseph 875 Bird, Josiah F 875 Bird, Pemberton 874 Bird, Sylvanus 874 Bird, Ziba 601 Bittenbender,' Stephen 603, 869 Black, John and James 472 Blade (Watsontown) 296 Blain, Samuel M 1120 Bloom, Hiram 1167 Bloom, Jacob 1167 Bloom, Samuel 1167 Bloom, Urias 860 1242 HISTORY OF NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. PAGE. Ely, Joseph 1091 Ely, "William .■ 1087 Boat building at Sunlniry, 489; at Northum- berland 534 Bogar, John 475 Bogle, Thaddeus (i. , company of 437 Bolich, Daniel D 1020 Eolig, Grant 1233 Booth, William 915 Boughner, Jolin 1192 Boughner, Peter 604, 1192 Bougher, Sebastian 1193 Boundaries o( tlie county 143 Bower, Thompson 1087 Eowlhy, M. C, foundry and machine shop, Sunbury 491 Boyd, John 519 Boyd, .John C 600 Boyer, Charles B 1230 Boyer, ,Iohn 1230 Boyer, Solomon B 827 Bradford, E. G 248 Brady, John 717 Brautigam, Daniel M 526 Brecker, Peter 1062 Breinig, A. J. L 1174 Brice, Andrew N 843 Bright, William S 266 Brodhead, Daniel 123 Brouse, Cyrus 1102 Brown, Cyrus 978 Brown, J. Woods 978 Brown, Samuel T 977 BruW, Etienne, explorations of 20 Bruner, Charles J., 252, 824; company of, 404, 437 Bryson, James, company of 423 Bryson, Samuel C, 1157 ; company of 423 Bubb, B. M 1238 Bucher, John, Dietrich, and Henry 454 Bucher, J. F 1133 Bucher, J. Welser 839 Buck, Peter E 943 Buck, Robert 1077 Bull, John 520 Buoy, .John Y 998 Burd, James, assumes command of Fort Au- gusta, 59; extracts from his journal CO Burg, H. W 1106 Burkert, William T 1042 Burns, George 1076 Buyers, John 473 Buyers, John, company of 426 Buyers, William F., 277 ; company of 393 c Cadwallader, Albert 977 Oadwallader, George B 846 Cadwallader, Setli 1177 Cake, John A 853 Caketown 445 Caldwell, Alexander, 90n ; company of 411 Caldwell, Samuel 1074 Cameron, James 443 PAGE. Cameron, Simon 274 Cameuon Township.— Extent and organi- zation, 769; drainage, 770; villages of the past and present, 770; schools, 770; church- es, 771 ; biographical sketches 1217 Camp, David 1024 Camp, WilHam 1053 Campbell, Daniel 1204 Campbell, Delmar F 1175 Campbell, Isaac 116O Campbell, John 1204 Campbell, John 1162 Campbell, I^awrence 520 Campbell, Obadiah 1179 Campbell, Obadiah, Jr 1179 Campbell. Obadiah S 1179 Canals 310 Carl, John 1051 Carothers, John 520 Carothers, M. J 1004 Catawissa railroad 324 Cathcart, James H 1156 Catholic Churches.— Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, Mt. Carmel, 673: St. Edward's, Sha- mokin, 630; St. Joseph's, Locust Gap, 785; St. Joseph's, Milton, 568; St. Joseph's, Mt. Carmel, 673; St. Michael's, Sunbury, 510; St. Patrick's, Trevorton, 781 ; St. Stanislaus Kostka, Shamokin 634 Centre Turnpike Company 305 Chamberlln, Moses 980 Chamberlin, WiUiam 980 Chambers, Stephen 242 Chapman, Edward 499 Chapman, Seth 223 Clieriy Family 598 Chester, Holden 907 Chilllsquaque 724 ChiUisquaque creek 19 Chilllsquaque Mills 718 Chillisquaqite Township.— Area and to- pography, 716; erection and subdivision, 716; pioneers, 717; industries, 718; Potts- grove, 719; Montandon, 720; Sodom, 724; ChiUisquaque, 724; schools, 724; chift-ches, 724 ; biographical sketches iioe Chulasky Furnace 716 Church of Christ, Sunbiuy 511 Church of God, Mt. Carmel 674 Citizens' Building and Loan Association, Mt. Carmel 664 CivinVar 390 Clapham, William, regiment of, 50; military administration o 53 Clark, F. A 933 Clark, Frankhn A 875 Cleaver, Kimber 600, 862 Clees. T. 1137 Clement, Charles M 831 Clement, Ira T., 814; industries at Simbury. . . 491 Clement, John K 825 Clerks to county commissioners 189 Clifford (Klofeta), John 960 Chnger, D., 988 ; planing mill, Milton 562 INDEX. 1243 PAGE. dinger, L. O 1008 Clyde, Thomas 527 Clyde, "William 527 Coal Poor district 760 Coal Township.— Suggestiveness of the name, 749; organization, 749; streams and roads, 749; industries, 749; villages, 750; Coal poor district, 750 ; chm'ches 751 Cohill,H. G 989 Cold Spring Brewery 490 Cold Spring Creamery 719 Colonial Period 17 Colt, Henry A., company of 431 Columbia Gazette 276 Colvin, E. F., 987 ; foundry and machine shop, Milton 562 Comly, Joshua W 250 Committee of Safety, abstract of proceedings, 111 ; constituent members 112, 113, 116 Committee of Safety (State), members of 191 Condition of the farming interests in 1845 340 CONGKEGATIONAI, CHURCHES.— Mt. Car- mel, 672 ; Shamokin 045 Constitutional Conventions, representation in 189 Cooke, "William, 237 ; regiment of 106 Cooper, James 1223 Cooper, Thomas 219 Coroners 183 Correy, Eobert W 1006 Council of Censors, representation in 190 Council of Safety, members of 191 County auditors 186 County boundaries 143 County commissioners 183 Coimty ofllcers ;.. 179 Coimty poor house 171 County prisons 161 County superintendents of public schools 179 Coimty surveyors 188 County treasurers 186 Coup, Charles E 987 Court houses 155 Court of common pleas 209 Court of quarter sessions 202 Cowden, John 526 Cox, "William B 1141 Cressinger, Jacob E 842 Crone, George F 959 Crone, Gothilf C 1221 Crone, Herman T 1221 Curnow, Eichard 1015 Curnow, William 1015 D Daily American (Sunbury) 283 Daily Dl.spatch (Shamokin) 294 Daily Herald (Shamokin) 293 Daily Times (Shamokin) 294 Dalmatia 711 Dalraatia Iron and Nail Company 712 Danville and Pottsville railroad 312 Danville Turnpike Eoad Company 309 Davidson, Joseph H 963 ro PAGE. Davis, H. E 856 Davis, Isaiah B., company of 429 Davis, John 1066 Davis, Morgan 1054 Davis, U.Q 267 Dean, "William A 994 De Armond, Samuel 1078 De Armond, Thomas 1156 Deeter, "W. A 1124 De Gruchy, ,Iohn P 533 Deitrich, Samuel 1050 Delaney, John J 966 Delaware Indians 22, 42, 46, 47 Delaware, Lackawanna and "Western railroad 327 Dela"vvake T0"wnship.— Organization and boundaries, 752; pioneers, 752 ; early indus- tries, 753; borough of MoEwensville, 753; Dewart, 755; churches, 759; schools, 764; cemeteries, 764; biographical sketches 1141 Dentler, .lohuF 239 Dentler, John P 1149 Deppen, B. F 1223 Deppen, George 1235 Deppen, Joseph 1032 Deppen, "William 1223 Derby, James M 1087 Derr, Fuller S 1085 Deutsche Amerikaner 283 Deutsche Demokrat 283 Development of the farming industry 337 Development of the Shamokin Ooai. Field.— Discovery of anthracite in this re- gion, .358 ; first application to general uses, 369; first Shamokin coal taken to market, 360 ; opening of the first mines at Shamokin, Coal run, and Trevorton, 360; the Danville and Pottsville railroad, 364; pioneer coal operations, 365: the disastrous year of 1842, 367; revival of 1850, 368; Judge Helf en- stein's developments, 368; original coal breakers, 370; Marshall's letter, 371; new collieries and outlets, 372; coal shipments to Elmlra in 1856, 374 ; other colUeries started and breakers erected, 374; tonnage of this region for the years 1857 and 1889, 389; total production tor the past fifty-one years 390 Dewart 755 Dewart Academy 764 Dewart, Lewis J137 Dewart, "WiUiam 472, 816 Dewart, "Wilham L 255 Dewltt, C. "W 1235 Diamondtown 785 Dickerman, Charles H 983 Dieflenbacher, James liol Diehl, J. Ward 1086 Dietzler, Jacob 1012 Dlstillebies.— ChiUisquaque township, 718 ; Delaware township, 753; Lower Mahanoy township, 712; Milton, 558; Northumber- land, 533, 534; Point township, 716; Eush township, 741; Shamokin township, 729; Sunbury 484 District attorneys I80 1244 HISTOKY OP NOETHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. PAGE. Dltzler, George M 1104 Donnel, Chai-les G 227 Donohoe, Patrick 1013 Doiigal, Charles H. , 969 ; company of 439 Dougal, James 266, 967 Dougal, James S 267, 968 Dougal, William P 968 Dougherty, Charles H 1062 Douty, Charles H 891 Douty, John B 605, 882 Douty, Klchard B 890 DoutyvlUe 770 Drainage of the county 19 Drelhelbies, Joseph, company' of 395 Dugan, Charles 1061 Duncan, Thomas 243 Dunkel, Hiram 1072 Dunkel, John 1124 Dunkel, Kilyan 1072 Dunkelberger, William 1232 Durham, W. A 1092 Duttlnger, John 1201 E Eagle Run Brewery 619 Early county fiscal affairs 172 Early township officers 193 East Suneuby.— Early history, 513; local in- dustries, 514 ; incorporation 514 Eckert, Henry T 849 Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Shamokin 627 Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Sunbury 496 Edison Electrical Illuminating Company of Mt. Carmel 665 Eichholtz, Jacob E 845 Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers 405 Eightieth Pennsylvania Volunteers 422 Eister, William B 1174 Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers 402 Elliott, Samuel M 854 Elliott, William 1096 Elysbm-g 797 Elysburg Academy 798 Emrick, E.M 936 Engle, Norman S 865 Enterprise 750 Enterprise railroad 322 Epler, Jacob 1200 Epler, Samuel M 1200 Epler, Valentine 1216 Erdman, William K 964 Eshbach, Anthony 1109 Eshbach, David 1109 Eshbach, Isaiah A 1109 Eshbach, John 1109 Evangelical Association. — Bingeman, Lower Mahanoy, 713 ; Chilhstiuaque town- ship, 726; Dewart, 763; Emanuel, Jackson township, 748; Milton, 582; Mt. Zlon, Hern- don, 748; Salem, Jackson township, 748; St. John's, Little Mahanoy township, 736; St. page. John's, Shamokin, 639; St. Luke's, Upper Augusta township, 705; St. Paul's, Mt. Carmel, 675; Seven Points, 795; Sunbury, 511; Trautman's, Jordan township, 774; Trevorton 782 Evans, Edwin A., company of 431 Evans, Evan E 245 Evening News (Sunbury) 285 Everitt, Samuel 1121 Excelsior 750 Excelsior Wagon Works, McEwensville 754 F Fagely, Eeuben 602, 860 Fagely, William 602, 860 Fagley, Jacob ii69 Fairchild, Abram 1132 Pairehild, Solomon 1131 Farley, Michael 993 Farmers' National Bank of Watsontown, 683 Farnsworth, William C 831 Faulkner, James 266 Fausnaught, J. J 997 Fausold, Jonathan 1168 Fausold, Simon P 851 Fausold, Valentine 1168 Faust, William B 1033 Fetter, Jacob, 988; planing mill, Milton 565 Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers 425 Fifty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers 414 Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers 420 Fifty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers 418 Finney, Spencer L 996 First courts and cases 202 First National Bank of Milton 557 First National Bank of Mt. Carmel 664 First National Bank of Shamokin 624 First National Bank of Sunbury 494 Fisher, Albert S 1198 Fisher Family 1197 Fisher, George S 958 Fisher, John 1197 Fisher, John T 999 Fisher's Ferry 705 Fiske, A. E., company of 440 Fithian, Philip V., journal of 88 Fitzpatrick, Dennis 1222 Floyd, H 913 Follmer, C. F 997 FoUmer, Daniel 976 Follmer, Daniel H .' no7 Follmer Family 976 Follmer, Henry P 1107 Follmer, J. M 976 Follmer, J. S 1003 Follmer, LevlH 1150 Follmer, Michael H06 Follmer, William 1107 Foresman, William S H31 Forsyth, J . C lioi. Forsyth, William 1095 Fort Augusta.— First suggested, 49; expe- dition for erection of organized, 53; plan INDEX. 1245 PAGB. and location, 64; progress of construction, 55, 66; difliculty of obtaining provisions, ammunition, and pay, 57 ; resignation of the officers, 58; Colonel Clapham's grievances, 58; extracts and incidents from Major Burd's journal, CO; successive commanding officers, 06; the magazine, 66; Indian trad- ing house, 68; military operations in 1763, 71; numerical strength of the garrison, 73; the armament, 76 ; the old cannon, 77 ; the flag, 77; doctors and chaplains, 78; plan of the fort, 80 ; colonel's quarters 81 Fort Boone 129 Fort Brady 126 Fort Bunner 134 Fprt Freeland 125, 129 Fort Jenkjns 124, 125, 133, 135, 136 Fort Meminger 129, 133 Fort Montgomery 134 FortMuncy 124, 126, 137 Fort Eice 134, 135 Fort Swartz 135, 136 Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volimteers 412 Forty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers 410 Fosnot, Lew C 1086 Foulds, Thomas 1219 Foulds, Thomas, Sr 1218 Foulds, 'William, Sr 1220 Fowler, Owen M 292 Fox, James 1204 Freiheitsvogel (Sunhury) 276 French and Indian war 47 French pretensions 47 French traders 31 Frey, Samuel G 1084 Frick, Henry 285 Frontier defense 49 Fulton, Alexander 894 Funk, George W 1116 Furman, Isaac, carriage works, Sunbury 486 Fry, Absalom 1206 Fry, Joseph 1205 G Gable, "William 916 Gallagher, Daniel F 1047 Garinger, G. F 1166 Gaston, S. P 1160 Gazetteer (Sunbury) 278 Gearhart & Brother's foundry, McEwensville. 754 Gearhart, Bonham E 264 Gearhart, Jacob 238 Geabhart Township.— Erection and or- ganization, 800; borough of Eiverside, 801; South Danville, 802 ; schools, 802 ; churches, .802; cemetery, 803 ; biographical sketches .. 1176 Geiger, H. H 1038 Geiger, Hinkel & Company's planing mill, Mt. Carmel 663 General Staats Zeltung 281 Geology of the county 329, 349 Georgetown 711 German regiment 133 PAGB. Gettlg, Christian 453 Gettig, Christopher 453 Gibson, Charles D 937 Giffen, James 1134 Gilger, Jonas L (jo2, 872 Gilland, James W 922 Gillespie, J. W 931 Gillinger, Eugene K 1216 Gillinger, Samuel 1216 Glaze, Stephen ms Gobin, J. P. S., company of 413 Godcharles (C. A.) Company 563 Godcharles, JohnsonB 986 Goldschmidt, Isaac 1026 Gonser, Andrew 1169 Goodwill, Kobert 898 Gotshall, Adam J 913 Gould, .Toe 1022 Gowen City 770 ■ Gvaeber, Conrad 396 Graeber, George C 898 Grant, Alexander 447 Gray, "William 454 Greek Catholic (Ecce Homo) church, Shamo- Wn 645 Greek cemetery, Shamokin 656 Greenough, Ebenezer 248, 808 Greenough, "William I 262, 809 Green Eldge 735 Gresh, I. D > 1007 Guffy, Andrew J 257 Gutelius, C. "W hoi Guyer, George 869 H Haag, B. K 931 Haag, John ggi Haas, Daniel K 943 Haas, Hiram M 333 Haas, J. K 947 Haas, John 473 Haas, John 315 Haas, John S 337 Haas, Joseph ; 1233 Hackenberg, W. H 1001 Hacker, Thomas J 923 Hagenbuch, H. "W io83 Hall, Charles 245 Hand, Edward, military administration of . . . 125 Hannah, John 527 Harmony Cemetery Association 591 Harpel, George W 1037 Harpel, M. H 932 Harpel, William F 923 Harper, Henry C, company of 440 Harris, James 1044 Harrisburg and Sunbury railroad 318 Hartley, Thomas, ordered to Northumber- land county with his regiment, 123; disposi- tion of his forces, 124; official correspond- ence, 124; expedition against the Indian towns on the Xorth Branch 124 Hartline, Daniel F io4g 1246 HISTOKY OF NOETHUMBERLAND COUNTY. PAGE. Hartman, Jaooby 1116 Hartranft, Uriah C, company of 423 Hartjell, Charles 1158' Harvey, Bernard 1014 Hauck, H. L., carriage worlcs, Sunbury 489 Haiipt, Benjamin ._ 961 Haupt, Henry ' 1229 Haupt, John 1230 Hanpt, Samuel 1169 Hebe 773 Heclcert, Benjamin 858 Hefley, George 1202 Hefley, George W 1203 Hegins, Charles W 252 Heilman, Daniel D 1163 Heim, A.A 904 Helm, Daniel 820 Heinen, T. C 979 Heinen, "William 979 Heinen, William A 979 Heiser, Conrad 1055 Heltenstein 770 Helfenstein, Charles P 879 Helfenstein, William L 604, 877 Hemingray, William 915 Hendriclcs, Benjamin 868 Hennlnger, Joseph 963 Henninger, Nathan 1229 Henuinger, Thomas 1228 Hepburn, James , 249 Hepburn, James, Sr 526 Hepburn, Samuel 246 Herb, Edward C 1017 Herb, Eudolph 1039 Herndon 744 Hess, J. Wilson 1137 Hewitt, Thomas 215 Higbee & Wagner's saw mill, Watsontown ... 680 Hilbush, Jacob K 1236 Hile, Ira 869 Hill, George 256, 820 Hill, JolmN 827 Hill, SethC 1122 Hinlcel, William H 1038 Hobson, Charles H 1040 Hockley, Alfred 1092 HofEa, Jacob nil Hoffa, John 1111 Hoffman, William 616 Hogne, D. C 1089 HoUenback,D. S 932 Hollenback, Eeuben 936 Holshue, Galen F., flour mill, Shamolcin 619 Horan, Michael 1018 Horan, Thomas J 1026 Horner, E. II 1147 Horton, .lesse C 1098 Hottenstein, A. B 1234 Hottenstein, Allen S 1001 Hottenstein, Charles 1110 Hottenstein, Daniel nil Hottenstein, Henry 1110 Hottenstein, Jacob 1110 House, .1. W 1125 PAGE. Housel, Edgar L 1086 Housel,J.K 1085 Hoy, Daniel K 1150 Hoy, David N 1112 Hoy, John 1112 Huber, Ivanhoe S 939 HuWey, Bernard 520 Hudson, George 1210 Huglies, C. E 960 HuUngs, Marcus, Jr 545 Hull, Thomas E 972 Hull, WiUiam 971 Hull, William 972 Hummel, Franklin 1209 Himimel, Jacob, company of 394 Hummel, Solomon 1209 Hunter, Samuel, appointed coimty lieutenant, 118 ; oflcial correspondence, 118 ; official ac- counts, 138; biography 447 I Imbody, G. W 998 Indian traders 31, 36 Indians, 21; Andastes, 21; Susquehannocks, 21; Delawares, 22; Shawanese, 24; Iroquois. 25 Internal Improvements 297 Ireland, David : 1112 Irich's graveyard, Shamokin 663 Ikon Fujbnaces.— Chulasky, Point town- ship, 716; Northumberland, 635; Paxinos, Shamokin township, 729; Shamokin 615 Iroquois Indians 25, 43 Irwin, Jarid C 850 J Jackson, Angelo, company of 420 Jackson, Samuel 260 ■ Jackson Township.— Original boundaries, 743; pioneers, 743; industries, 744; Hern- don, 744; Mahanoy, 745; schools, 745; churches, 745; biographical sketches 1217 Jails 161 James, W.C 1049 Jolin, Abia 1184 John, Asa T 1186 John,Klida 1185 John, Family 1183 John, Griffith 118G John, Griffltli, Jr 1184 John, Henry T 1020 John, J. J 886 John, Jesse J 1185 John, Perry 1186 John, Samuel 603, 871 John,U. F 929 John, William 1187 Johnkowski, Louis 1026 Johnson, P. C 986 Jolinson, Peter \ 1217 Johnston, David 954 Jones, Thomas E., company of 428 Jordan, Alexander 229 INDEX. 1247 PAGE. Jordan Township.— Erection and organ- ization, 772; drainage, 772; roads, 772; post- vUlages, 773; Industries, 773; scliools, 773; churches, 773 ; biographical sketches 1217 Judges 213 Jury commissioners 188 Justices of the peace 193 Justices from 1772 to 1790 213 K Kamp, George P 1145 Kase, Harrison € 1104 Kase, Isaac G 9CG Kase, Spencer M 609 Kaseman, Daniel 1201 Kaseman, David 1201 Kaseman, WilUam F 1200 Kauftman, Daniel 1162 Kauffman, John E 1162 Kennedy, John 263 Keef er, George W 854 Keefer, Samuel L 1173 Keene, Laurence 453 Keihl, William B 1239 Kellaglier, Michael 1060 Kelly. I'redericli: M 988 Kelly, Peter F 1040 Kelsey, J. W 1114 Kennedy, John 263 Kennedy, E. A.' 934 Kennedy, WilUam C 888 Kerchner, B. L 1238 Kerr, Joseph 1156 Kessler, Joseph W 912 Keystone Machine Works, Sunhiu-y 490 Kiefer, William, Jr 1029 King, Eobert 520 King, William F 1051 Kirk, John M 1078 Kii-k, Thomas 1078 Klstner, T. H 1090 Klapp & Lucas's carriage works, Milton 606 Klapp, Reuben H 1119 Klees, William W 1029 Klick, WilUam 1126 Kline, Herman 1160 KUne, John 1053 KUne, John F 1160 Kline, Joseph 1224 Klonowski, Florlan 922 Klonowski, Jerome 1030 Knauss, Benjamin 1221 Koch, J. Joseph 918 Koerber, Henry 996 Kram, Charles A 1007 Kramer, Jacob G 857 Kremer, Jacob 1076 Kreitzer, John H 1000 Krick, George 1196 Krick, John 1197 Krick, Solomon E 1196 Krigbaum, Daniel 1195 Krock, John C 1125 PAGE. Kuhns, WilUam 1209 Kulick, John 1043 Kulp, Darlington E 908 Kurtz, J. U 1123 Kutzner, William E S91 Lamb, William H 1235 Lamerson, Lawrence 655 Lantz, Simon 1079 Lathey, WilUam K '-'65 Lawson, William C 255, 982 Lawyers 240 Leader, C. C 944 Leader, Edward M 915 Legislative representation 190 Lehigh Valley railroad 328 Lehman, William N 1031 Leinbach, J. B 1152 Leinbach, Jeremiah 1151 Leisenring, Franli 1199 Leisenring, Jacob 1199 Leisenring, Peter 1199 Leisenring, Peter, Sr 1198 Lemon, Thomas 715 Lerch, Felix 667 Lessig,C.J 914 Le Tort, James 31 Levy, Daniel 246 Lewis, David J 1016 Lewis, Ellis 226 Lewis, John H., company of 435 Lewis Township.— Topographical features, 765; poUtical organization, 765; Freeland's miU, 765; borough of Turbutville, 765; churches, 767; schools, 768; Tiu'butville cemetery, 769; biographical sketches 1141 Lewis, WiUiara H 953 Lewis, William H 1037 Lewisburg and Tyrone railroad 320 Limestone 331 Limestone ridge 332 Limestone valley 332 Linebaugh, Daniel S 1116 Lippiatt, Thomas H 962 Little Mahanoy .Township.— Bounda- ries, 734; organization, 734; pioneers, 736; miUsl 736; schools, 735; churches, 735; bio- graphical sketches 1217 Llewellyn, David 891 Lobb, Eichard 1220 Locust Gap 784 Locust Gap Local 296 Logan (Sayughtowa) 30 Logan, Joe. A 1005 Long, Hiram 841 Long, Samuel C 1231 Lorenz, Frederick W. V 939 Lowdon, John, company of 100 Lower Augusta Township. -Territorial development, 705; topography, 705; Fish- er's Ferry, 705; miUs, 706; schools, 706; churches, 706 ; biographical sketches 116O 1248 HISTOBY OP NOBTHUMBEBLAND COUNTY. PAGE. Lower Mahanoy Township.— Organlza^ Hon, 711; drainage, 711; early history and present business and Industrial Interests of Georgetown, 711; Malta, 712; Industries, 712; schools, 712; churches, 713; biograph- ical sketches 1217 Lowry, Andrew M 1079 Lubeskl, Enoch 1043 Lutheran Chukohes. — Christ, Milton, B81 ; David's, Jordan town^ilp, 773 ; Eden, Bocketeller township, 792 ; Emanuel, Rock- efeller township, 795; FoUmer's, Turbut township, 695 ; Georgetown, 713 ; Grace, Mt. Carmel, 670; Grace, Shamokln, 641; Hlm- mel, Washington township, 788; Hollowing Bun, Lower Augusta township, 707; Im- manuel's. Little Mahanoy township, 736; Messiah, McEwensvllle, 763; Paradise, Tur- but township, 697; Pottsgrove, 726; St. Ja- cob's, Ealpho township, 799; St. Jacob's, Upper Mahanoy township, 710; St. James, TurbutvUle, 767 ; St. John's (Delaware Bun), Delaware township, 761; St. John's, Jack- son township, 747 ; St. John's, Locust Gap; 786; St. John's, Northumberland, 640; St. John's, Shamokln township, 732; St. John's, Upper Mahanoy township, 710; St. Mat- thew's, Mt. Carmel, 671; St. Paul's, Cam- eron township, 771 ; St. Paul's, Jordan township, 774; St. Peter's, Cameron town- ship, 771; St. Peter's, Jackson township, 745; St. Peter's, Lower Augusta township, 707; St. Peter's, Ealpho township, 798; Stone Valley, Lower Mahanoy township, 713; Trinity, Milton, 679; Trinity, Shamo- kln, 640; Vera Cruz, Lower Mahanoy town- ship, 713; Watsontown, 690; Zlon, Jackson township, 747 ; Zlon, Mt. Carmel, 671 ; Zlon, Kockefeller township, 792; Zlon, Sunbury, 503; Zlon, Trevorton, 783; Zlon, Turbutville 767 Lyon, Edward 700 Lyon, John 454 M Maclay, Samuel 234 Maclay, William, correspondence, 121 ; resi- dence at Sunbviry fortified, 129; biography 448 Macpherson, John 233 Mahanoy 745 Mahanoy Creek 20 Mahanoy Township.— Proceedings for its erection, 708 ; division into Upper and Lower Mahanoy, 708 ; further disintegration of its territory, 153; pioneers 709 Mahanoy and Samokln Improvement Com- pany 323 Mahanoy and Shamokln railroad 322 Mahon, Peter A 928 Malady, Charles lOU Malta 712 Mandata 773 Markle, Martin 909 Markley, Solomon 262 page. Marr, Addison G 929 Marr, Joseph ,.971 Marsh, James D., company of 419 Marsh, Minner G 1116 Marshall, George 910 Marshall, William H 880 Martin, Charles M 840 Martin, Hugh 1130 Martin, Robert 616 Martz, E. H 960 Martz, George O 941 Martz, Peter 238 Martz, Solomon 604, 1193 Massacre of Penn's creek 47 Masser, Franklin B 842 Masser, Henry 474 Masser, Henry B 252, 806 Masser, Jacob B 265, 842 Mast, Thomas 1155 Matthias, Jacob 1102 Maurer, Charles K 1029 Maurer, J. M 935 Maus, John A., company of 408 Mauser, Alem 1158 Mauser & Brother's carriage works, Mc- Ewensvllle ." 754 Mauser, Cain 1159 Mausteller, John 1115 May, Isaac, Sr 899 May, James 900 Mead, David 453 Meekly, John 267 Medical prof esslon 261 Medical societies 269 Medlar, J. G 916 Menges, Peter B 1148 Mercantile appraisers 189 Messlnger, Isaac N 1080 Messner, E. D 1239 Methodist Episcopal Churches.— Boyle's Run, Lower Augusta township, 706 ; DoutyvUle, 772 ; Ebenezer, Rockefeller town- ship, 795; Elysburg, 799; Excelsior, 751; Georgetown, 714; Irish Valley, 733; KHnes- grove, 702; Milton, 571; Montandon, 726; Mt. Carmel, 671 ; Mt. Pleasant, Upper Au- gusta township, 702; McEwensvllle, 763; Northumberland, 539; Oak Grove, Balpho township, 800; Bushtown, 742; St. John's, Sunbury, 507; Shamokln, First, 634, Second, 637; Snydertown,733; South Danville (Elver- side), 803; Upper Augusta, 702; Trevorton, 780 ; Watsontown 689 Mettler, Lorenzo 1215 Mettler, WilUam 1215 Mettler, William H 1215 Metzlnger, Nicholas 1067 Miles, J. Hunter 1003 Militia.— Organization of at the outbreak of the Bevolutlon, 116; called Into active service, 118; moblUzed In the war of 1812, 391; miUtia musters, 469; militia of 1862, 436; militia of 1863 438 Miller, Amandus 1183 INDEX. 1249 PAGE. Miller, Daniel S 888 Miller Family 1182 Miller, Francis A 964 Miller, George 1182 Miller, George W 1183 Miller, Lewis, company oJ 430 Miller, Nicholas 450 Miller, S. M 1132 Miller, Samuel M 1076 Miller, William G 1013 Mills.— Chlllisquaque township, 718,719 ; Del- aware township,753 ; Jackson township, 744 ; Jordan township, 773; Lewis township, 765; Little Mahanoy township, 735; Lower Au- gusta township, 706 ; Lower Mahanoy town- ship, 712 ; Milton, 558, 561 ; Northumberland, 536; Point townslilp, 715; Kalpho township, 798 ; Kockef eller township, 791 ; Eush town- ship, 741 ; Shamokin township, 728 ; Shamo- kin, 619; Sunbury,484; Turbuttownship,684; Turbutville, 766; Upper Augusta township, 701; Upper Mahanoy township, 710; Wash- ington township, 787 ; Watsontown 681 Milton.— Pioneer history, 545 ; the town plat, 548; inhabitants from 1804 to 1808, 549; taxa^ bles in 1818, 552 ; borough government, 553 ; the postoffice, 564; facilities of travel and transportation, 664; general business inter- ests, 555 ; industries of the past and present, 658 ; floods and fires, 566 ; secret and other so- cieties, 668; churches, 668 ; Simday schools, 583 ; miscellaneous moral and humanitarian organizations, 585; educational interests, 6S7; local papers, 286, 590; cemeteries, 591; biographical sketches 967 Milton Academy 588, 589 Milton Association for the Better Observance of the Christian Sabbath 586 Milton Bible Society 585 Milton Car Works 562 Milton Cemetery Association 591 Milton Classical Institute 589 Milton Democrat 288 Milton Driving Park and Fair Association.. . . 346 Milton Gas Company 557 Milton Iron Company 563 Milton Knitting Company 565 Milton Ledger 288 Milton Manufacturing Company 564 Milton National Bank 556 Milton Becord 288 Milton Steam Boiler Works 565 Milton Steam Tannery 558 Milton Sunday School Union 586 Milton Temperance Society 686 Milton Trust and Safe Deposit Company 557 Milton Water Company 657 Miltonian 285 Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad 321 Miners' Trust and Safe Deposit Company.. .. 623 Montandon 720 Montelius, Alfred M 1014 Montelius, Kalph W 1036 Montelius, Walton H 1033 PAGE. Montgomery, D. M 1129 Montgomery, David 1143 Montgomery, David B 1144 Montgomery, David J 1146 Montgomery Family 1141 Montgomery, H. R 1129 Montgomery, James 1129 Montgomery, John 238, 1142 Montgomery, John 1143 Montgomery, John G 1144 Montgomery, John S 1129 Montgomery, Robert 1142 Montgomery, Robert C 1144 Montgomery, Robert L 1144 Montgomery, Wilham 216 Montgomery, William 1143 Montgomery, Wilham S 1144 Moore, Alexander 1212 Moore, Jesse 245 Moore, U. S. G 936 Moravian Missionaries 40 Morgan, Edmund 913 Morgan, Harry W .* 903 Morgan, Samuel B 1073 Morris, Wilham T 263 Morrison, John W 1066 Morse, George 1039 Morton, Thomas 1053 Mowry, Jacob 602 Mt. Cabmel.— Old hotels, 655; the town plat, 658; arst Improvements and subsequent growth, 669; the flrst merchants, physicians, and lawyers, 661; the postoffice, 662; rail- roads, 662 ; municipal organization and gov- ernment, 662; the Mt. Carmel coal trade, 663 ; general industrial interests, 663 ; finan- cial institutions, 664; water and electric light companies, 666; secret and other so- cieties, 666; the press, 294, 666; schools, 666; churches, 670; cemeteries, 676; biographical sketches 1013 Mt. Carmel American 295 Mt. Carmel Cemetery Company 676 Mt. Carmel Iron Company 663 Mt. Carmel Manufacturing Company 663 Mt. Carmel News 294 Mt. Carmel Progress 294 Mt. Carmel Savings Bank 664 Mt Cakmel Township.— Organization, 784; drainage and roads, 784; colUeries, 784; mining villages, 784; churches, 786; bio- graphical sketches 1013 Mt. Carmel Water Company 666 Mt. Vernon Cemetery 803 Muench, Charles E 1187 Muenoh Family 1187 Muench, Jacob E 1188 Muench, Wilham H, 1188 Muffly, James W 1088 Muffly, O. L 1148 Mullen, John 906 Murdock, Thomas A lOOS Murray, James 1126 Murray, James, regiment of 119 1250 HISTOKY OF NOKTHUMBEELAND COUNTY. TAGE. Murray, John 1120 Murray, John 1127 Murray, Samuel W 983 Murray, 'Wimam 1127 Murrays of Chilhsquaque 1120 Mnth, B. H 1235 Mc McBrlde, Kobert 400 McCarthy, Francis 1059 McCarthy, James A 1000 McCarthy, Michael A 1000 McCarty, William 817 McCauley, Daniel 1051 McCay, Robert 1097 McCleery.J. P 970 McCleery, Jolm, company of 409 McCleery, William 207, 909 McClow, Benjamin 002 McClure, H. M 835 McClure, J. F 1084 McConnell, William C 941 McCormicIf, Charles C 975 McCormick Family 972 McCormick, Eobert M 976 McDevitt, James H 820 McDonnell, John 1001 McEliece, George 942 McElieee, John 942 McEwENsviLLE.— Early history,753 ; growth, 754; local industries, 754; borough organi- zation, 755 ; biograpliical sketches 1141 McEweusville Academy 704 MoFee, WilHam 1021 McGowan, Artliur, carding mill and sickle factory, Milton 558 McGuigau, Bobert, company of 391 McGuire, WilUam, company of 392 McHarg, Joseph '. 108 McKee's fort 07 McKinney, David 450 McKnight Family 1108 McKnight, James 1108 McMahau Family 1128 MoMahan, James 1128 MoManigal, David A., company of 428 McNamara, Thomas L 907 Mc Williams, Curtis Q 940 McWilliams, Kimber C 935 McWilliams, Bobert C 1105 N National Greenback (Shamoldn) 294 Neagley, Joseph 1132 Neff, Christian . ^ 835 NefE, <;eorge H 836 Nesbit, 1). M., planing mill, Chlllisquaque township 719 Nesbltt, William H. H 1138 Newbaker, J. B 1217 Newcomer, John T., company of 423 Newharrt, Charles 990 PAGE. Newspapeks.— Northumberland, 273; Sun- bury, 270; Milton, 285; Shamokln, 291 ; Mt. Carmel, 294; Watsontown, 295; McEwens- villeand Locust Gap 296 Nicely, Joseph 239 Nortliern Central railway 318 Northumberland. —The town plat, 515; early history, 510; prominent early resi- dents, 519 ; early merchants and hotels, 525 ; the postoffice, 527; bridges, canals, and railways, 528; borough organization and government, 533; industrial activity, 533; schools, 630 ; local journalism, 273, 537 ; secret and other societies, 538; churches, 538; cemeteries, 544; biograpWcal sketches .... 1093 Northumberland Academy 530 Northumberland Agricultural Works 536 Northumberland Bridge Company 528 Northumberland Car Works 535 Northumberland Cemetery Company 545 Northumberland County Agricultural So- ciety 341, 345 Northumberland County Democrat 283 Northumberland County Herald 288 Northumberland County Legal News 285 Northumberland Coimty Medical Society.... 209 Northumberland Coimty National Bank 023 Northumberland County Soldiers' Monu- ment Association 442 Nortliumberland Iron and Nail Works 535 Northumberland Missionary Society 685 Northumberland Eepuhlikaner 279 Northumberland Union 276 Nortliumberland, Union, and Columbia Bank 566 Northumbrian 287 Nurseries, first 340 o Cakes, J. B 1159 Oats, Dominick 1039 Officers' surveys 82 Omlor, Peter F 1049 One Hundred and Fifty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers 431 One Hundred and Thirty-flrst Pennsylvania Volunteers 427 One Hundred and Twelfth Pennsylvania Vol- unteers 424 O'Neill, Mark A 1030 Oram, W. H. M 925 Organization and Administration 142 Orphans' court 207 Osborn, James A 1003 Overpeck, H. M 1091 Owen, Samuel 1057 Oyster, Daniel, company of 413 Packer, Jolm B 255, 810 Packer, Samuel J 249, 809 Packer, Samuel J 810 Packer. WHUam C 810 INDEX. 1251 PAGE. Pardee Car and Machine Works 682 Pardee's saw mill, Watsontown 681 Pardoe, Joseph 1134 Parr, James, company of 103 Patton, John, f oundi-y, Milton . . , . , 561 Paul, Charles 1210 Paul, T. H 911 Paxinos 730 Paxinos Furnace 729 Paxinos Powder Mills 729 Paxtou, Harry B., company of 409 Peal, John W 822 Pennsylvania railroad 312 Pennsylvania Eailroad Company's repair shops, Simbury 492 Pensyl, David E II80 Pensyl, George lisi Pensyl, Henry 1181 Pensyl, Jacob II80 Pensyl, John 1214 Pensyl, Leonard 1180 Pensyl, Samuel 1214 Pensyl, Solomon 1214 Pensyl, William 1182 Persing, Emanuel S 1203 Philadelphia and Erie railroad 318 Philadelphia and Beading railroad 321 Philadelphia and Sunbury railroad 312 Phillips, Hugh M 1041 Phillips, Kobert 268 Phillips, W. H 1041 Piper, Tobias 267 Pleasants, Charles 251 Pleasants, James 251 Plummer, John P 1222 Plummer, Joseph 1222 Plummer, WiUlam 1222 Plimket, WiUiam 216, 261 PoiiTT Township.— Proceedings for its erec- tion, 714; first township ofBeers, 714; pi- oneers, 714; industries, 715; biographical sketches 1093 Pollock Guards 409 Pollock, James 228 Pomf ret manor 82 Pomfret Manor Cemetery Company 513 Population, statistics of 154 Pottsgrove 719 Presbyterian CHUKCHES.—Chillisquaque, Chillisquaque township, 724; Elysburg, 800; Hollowing Eun, Lower Augusta township, 706; Milton, 574; Mt. Carmel, 675; McEwens- ville, 763; Northumberland, 538; Eush, 741; Shamokin, Shamokin township, 731; Sha- mokln, 638; Sunbury, 504; Warrior Eun, Delaware township, 759 ; Watsontown 691 President Judges 214 Price, John B 264 Priestley, Joseph 266 Priestley, .Joseph 520 Primitive Methodist CHUKCHEs.-rMt. Carmel, 672; Shamokin 637 Progress Hat and Cap Manufacturing Com- pany : 664 PAGE. Protestant Episcopal Ghurohes.— Grace, Kiverside, 803; Milton, 570; St. Mark's, Northumberland, 543; St. Mat- thew's, Sunbury, 509; Trinity', Shamokin... 643 Prothonotaries 179 Public buildings 155 Publlok Inquirer (Sunbury) 277 PubUc Press (Northumberland) 276 Public roads 297 PubUe school system, inauguration of 176 Purchase of the Susquehanna, 42; of 1736, 44; of 1749, 45; of 1754, 45; of 1768 82 Purdy, Traman H 818 R Bailroads 311 Eaker, Conrad 1231 Kaker, Conrad H 1231 Eaker, F. D 934 Eaker, Frederick 1231 Eaker, H. M 1173 Eaker, Jacob 1173 Eaker, John 1173 Ealpho Township.— Successive steps in the proceedings by which the township was erected, 796 : line of division from Shamo- kin, 796 ; drainage and roads, 796 ; pioneer^, 797; early history, growth, and secret so- cieties of Elysburg, 797; industries, 798; schools, 798, churches, 798; biographical sketches 1175 Eambach, Silas 1068 Eamsey, Joseph S 1043 Eaup, H. P 1151 Eeading road 299, 305 Eeager, M. G 951 Eebuck , . . 787 Eeed, Amos 1170 Eeed, Casper J 1213 Eeed, Emanuel B 1131 Eeed Family 1176 Eeed, Farnsworth 1103 Eeed, F.T 910 Eeed, Jacob , 1177 Eeed, James 1213 Eeed, Jerome B 856 Eeed, Jesse 1177 Eeed, John "76 Eeed, John B 1016 Eeed, John W 1177 Eeed, Simon P 1213 Eeed, William 1130 Eeed, William A 1177 Eeformed Churches.— David's, Jordan township, 773; Emanuel, Eockefeller town- ship, 795; Georgetown, 713; Grace, Mt. Car- mel, 675; Himmel, Washington township, 788; Hollowing Eun, Lower Augusta town- ship, 707 ; Iramanuel's.Little Mahanoy town- ship, 735; Paradise, Turbut township, 696; St. Jacob's, Ealpho township, 799; St. Jacob's, Upper Mahanoy township, 710; St. John's (Delaware Eun), Delaware town- 1252 HISTOEY OF NORTHUMBEKLAND COUNTY. PAGE, ship, 761 ; St. John's, Milton, 576; St. John's, MoEwensvllle, 762; St. John's, Sliamolcin townsliip,732; St. Jolin's, Hhamoltin, 642; St. John's, Upper Mahanoy township, 710; St. Paul's, Cameron township, 771; St. Paul's, Jordan township, 774; St. Peter's, Cameron township, 771; St. Peter's, Jackson town- ship, 745; St. Peter's, Ealpho township, 798; Stone Valley, Lower Mahanoy township, 713; Sunbury, 504: Trinity, Turbutville, 768; Trinity, Watsontown, 689 ; Vera Cruz, Lower Mahanoy township, 713; Zion, Jackson township, 747 ; Zion, Kockefeller township. 792 JRegisters and recorders 179 Reilly, John H 1055 Keimensnyder, George B 834 Keimensuyder, John J 833 Eeitz, I. S 961 Eeitz, Moses 1164 Eeligious Museum (Northumberland) 276 Eenn, I. J 1164 Eenn, Ira T 1165 Eenn, Philip H 841 Eenney, James 1218 Kepresentatives (State) 191 Eepublican Argus (Northumberland) 275 Eessler, Isaac H 1237 Eevolutionary Period 99 Eichardson, W. A 917 Bidden, WilUam 993 Eighter, Thomas M 1019 Eine, John A 1139 Elnehart, Charles P 1161 Eippel, Conrad 859 Eishel, Jacob S 1129 Kitter, Isaac F 990 Elver navigation 309 EiVEBSiDE.— Location and plat, 801 ; growth and suburban character, 801; municipal government, 801 ; biographical sketches .... 1175 EOADS.— Tulpehocken road, 298, 303; old Beading road, 299 ; Fort Augusta to Lycom- ing, 299 ; Fort Augusta to Mahoning (Dan- ville), 300; Sunbury to Mahantango, 300, 304; Sunbury to Mahoning (Danville), 300; Sun- bury to Catawissa, 301 ; Sunbury and Shar mokin creelc, 301; Sunbury to Lycoming, 301; Harrison's road, 302; Strawbridge's road, 302; Valley of Mahantango creek, 303; Northumberland to Lycoming, 304; Muncy to Mahoning (Danville), 304; Mar honing (Danville) to the old Beading road, 304; valleys of Little Shamoldn and Green- brier creeks '. 305 Eoarlng Creek Water Company 626 Bobb, Eobert 112 Eoberts, Samuel 246 Bobertson, Andrew 892 Eobertson & Osier's flour mill, Shamokin 619 Eoblns, Edwin 8 931 Eoblns, Galen S 268 Eoblns, John K 268 ■ Eoblns, Joseph C 268 Eoblns, William 264 , PAGE. Bobinson, Thomas, company of, 136; corre- spondence 136 Eockef eller, David 813 BocKEFELLEB TOWNSHIP. — Organization and boundaries, 790; drainage and roads, 790; villages, 790; mills, 791; schools, 791; churches, 792; biographical sketches 1160 Bockefeller, WllUam M 231, 814 Bock Street Planing Mill, Shamokin 619 Bockwell, Ludlem B 862 Eodrigue, M. Arlstide 266 Eohbach, Ellas P., company of 435 Bohrbach, George, foundry, Sunbui-y .-. 490 Eohrbach, Lloyd T 826 Bombach , George W 1069 Bombach, John W 1007 Eoney, Thomas 1050 Eoster of the medical profession 269 Bothermel, Abraham 1224 Bothermel, Daniel H 1227 Bothermel, WlUiam 1224 Eoush, John 1113 Kuckman, Bobert C 1149 Bules of court 211, 212 Bush, Jacob 216 Enshtown 741 Bush Township.— Successive movements for the division of Shamokin township, 737 : formation, origin of name, and first town- ship oSBcers ol Bush, 737; pioneers, 737; in- dustries, 741; Bushtown, 741; schools, 741; churches, 741 ; biographical sketches 1175 Eussell, Andrew 1151 Eussell, E. H 1159 Eussell, John 1161 Eussell, Samuel 1152 Eussell, T.W 1152 Eussell, W. T 1083 Byan, George W., company of 430 Eyon, George W 926 Byon, William W 930 S Samuel, Edmund W 1036 Sanitary Aid Society of Sunbm-y 402 Sanitary Commission 402 Savidge, Benjamin 1148 Savldge, C. E 834 Savidge, John B 923 Schabo, John 957 Schleif, Francis 966 Sehlelg, Adam 1227 Schleig, Daniel 1228 Sehlelg, Peter W 1228 Schoil, Casper 239 Schools.— Cameron township, 770; Chillis- quaque township, 724; Delaware township, 764; Gearhart township, 802; Jackson town- ship, 745; Jordan township, 773; Lewis township, 768; Little Mahanoy township, 735; Lower Augusta township, 706; Lower Mahanoy township, 712; Milton, 589; Mt. Carmel, 666; Northumberland, 636; INDEX. 1253 TAGE. Ealpho township, 798; Eockefeller town- ship, 791; Rush township, 741; Shamoliiu, 645; Shamolcin township, 730; Sunbury, 497; Tiirbut townsliip, 697 ; Upper Augusta townsliip, 701 1 Upper Mahanoy township, 710; Wasliington township, 787; Watson- town, 687; Zerhe township, 780; puhUc scliool system Inaugurated 176 Schreyer, Thilip H., company of 419 Sehreyer, W. A 996 Schwartz, Joseph 1068 Sehwenlt, John E. K 1140 Scott, Oscar J 1030 Scott, Thomas 1023 Scott, WilUam L 610 Scudfler, Daniel 249 Scupham, iMarlc P., carriage worl