CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027480379 HENRY J. RAYMOND THE NEW YORK PRESS. THIRTY YEARS. PROGRESS OF AMERICAN" JOURNALISM FROM 1840 TO 1870. By AUGUSTUS MAVERICK. Publislied. by Subscription only. oiWo HARTFORD, CONN. : A. S. HALE AND COMPANY. CHICAGO: GEO. W. ROGERS. 1870. / Entered according to act of CongresB, in the year 1869, hj AUGUSTUS MAVERICK, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern Distnct of New York. TO THE READER. Prefaces are not to my taste : — perhaps not to yours. • I have tried to tell in a simple way the story of a life which had within it much that seemed to me worth the telling ; and so this picture of my friend goes forth to his friends and mine. a. m. New York, December, 1869. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOIirS. No. ^»««- 1. Portrait. ■ 2. How Henry J. Eaymond studied his Lessons as a School Boy, ... . . 18 3. The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in Lima, - - 22 4. The University of Vermont in Burlington, - - 26 5. Tac Simile of the New York Tribune, April 10, 1841, 38 6. The Pilot Boat Wm. J. Eomer in the Ice, - - 42 7. Present Condition of the Raymond Homestead in Lima, New York, - - - 77 8. Fac Simile of the New York Times, September 18, 1851, 88 9. First Office of the New York Times, 113 Nassau St., 1851, 95 10. Second Office of the New York Times, corner Nassau and Beekman Sts., 1854-7, - . 142 11. The Building now occupied by the Times, - - 154 12. Mr. Raymond's Sanctum in the present Times Building, 193 13. Residence of Mr. Raymond, 12 Ninth St., New York, 205 14. Pac Simile of Mr. Raymond's Editorial Copy, - - 225 15. Pac Simile of an Autograph Letter from Mr. Raymond, 323 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE B07. PAaa Western New York Fifty Tears ago — Birthplace and Parentage of Henry J. Baymond — The Raymond Family — The Old Homestead in Lima — Rev. Dr. Barnard's Churoh — Early Tears of Henry J. Raymond — Thirst for Knowledge — His Teachers — The District School — Raymond a Reader at Three Tears of Age A Speaker at Five — How he Studied — A Picturesque Attitude — The Favorite Cat — Raymond's Academic Course — Opening of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in Lima — His Schoolmate, Alexander Mann — Raymond Looking for Employ- ment — Brief Experienoe in a Country Store — He Forsakes Trade — In Charge of a District School — " Boarding Round " — Raymond a Poet at Sixteen — Ode Written for the Fourth of July Celebr&tion in Lima in 183£ — Raymond's De- parture for College ....13 CHAPTER n. IN COLLEGE. Raymond Prepared for College at Fifteen — His Father's Farm Mortgaged to Provide Means — Raymond as a Collegian — The University of Vermont — Incidents — Mr. E. A. Stansbury's Recollections — Henry Clay and Henry J.Raymond — Raymond's Graduation and Return to Lima 23 CHAPTER ni. ADRIFT. Out of College and in Polities — " Tippecanoe and Tyler too " — Raymond as a Whig Campaigner — Political Speeches in the Genesee Valley — An Indignant Demo- cratic Schoolma^r — Raymond again in Search of Employment — Determines ta V VI CONTENTS. iry his Fortune in Now York — Calls upon Horace Greeley — Repulsed — Does not Give Up — Studies Law — Advertises for u School — Gets a Foothold in Greeley's New-Yorlcer — Greeley finally Engages Him' — Raymond Working for Bight Dollars a Week — Becomes a Writer of Pill Advertisements and a News- paper Correspondent — Establishment of the New York Tribune — Raymond Fast- Anchored in Journalism CHAPTER IV. ANCHORED. The New York Tribune — Horace Greeley's Tribute to Henry J. Raymond — A Mistake Corrected — Raymond's Work on the Tribune — Signal Successes — Dr. Dionysius Lardner's Lectures — Severe Illness of Raymond — Greeley Calls upon Him — Raymond's Wretched Pay — What he Said to Greeley — Results of an Interview in a Sick-room — Raymond as a Reporter — Thomas McElrath's Reminiscences — Raymond Secedes from the Tribune 32 CHAPTER V. PROGRESS OF JOITRNALISM IN NEW YORK— 1840 TO 1850. Easy -Going, Newspapers — The Old "Blanket-Sheets'' — Editorial Duels and Horse- whippings — Mr. W. C. Bryant's Reminiscences — The Courier and Enquirer — The Journal of Commerce — The Evening Post — The Commercial Advertiser — The Herald — How Bennett Startled the City of New York — The Stin — The Tribune as a Cheap and Respectable Paper — Fierce Rivalries — Old Methods of Getting News — Sharp Practice — Pony Expresses — Stealing Locomotive Engines — Carrier-Pigeous — Setting Type on Board of Steamboats — How Raymond Reported Webster's Speech — The Voyage of Monroe F. Gale across the Atlantic — The Pilot- Boat William J. Romer in the Ice — Personalities — James Watson Webb's Ridi- cule of Horace Greeley's Personal Appearance — Greeley's Reply — The TYibun^s "SUevegammon" Hoax — Burning of the TViiune Office — The Tide Changing . 36 CHAPTER VT. PROGRESS OF JOURNALISM IN NEW YORK — (cojmmiisD.) Periods in Journalism — The Expansion of the Press and the Progress of Civilization — The Pioneer followed by the Printer — Useless Papers Dead — Condition of the CONTENTS. ' Vn New York Press Twenty Tears Ago — How the Herald andilio Tribune fell into Disrepute — Henry J. Raymond Creating a New Era in Journalism — The Germ of his Future Success . . . . ~ 4j CHAPTER vn. AN OLD TAINT. The Socialists Twenty-two Tears Ago — Horace Greeley and Albert Brisbane — The Tribune, the Future^ a.nd the Harbinger — Zealous Iconoclasts — The False Pre- tences of Fourierism — Socialistic Failures — The Tribune in Disrepute — Ray- mond's Attacks upon Socialism — The Celebrated Discussion between Greeley and Raymond — The Merits and Demerits of Socialism 51 CHAPTER Vin. RAYMOND AT TWENTT-EIGHT. His Filial Derotion — Burning of the Homestead in Lima — Mr. Raymond's Letters to his Parents and his Brother Samuel — His Visit to Lima — His Solicitude for his Father and Mother — A Touching Tribute 77 CHAPTER IX. BAYMOND'S ENTRANCE INTO POLITICAL LIFE. Election to the New Tork Legislature in 184:9 — A Good Beginning — Beturn to the Courier and Enquirer — Re-election to the Legislature in 1850 — Remarks on assuming the Speakership of the Assembly — Sudden End of the Session — An Incident in Raymond's Life — Quarrel between Webb and Raymond — Departure of Raymond for Europe — His First Impressions of the Old World — Letter from London • • • • SI CHAPTER X. FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TOEK TIMES. Origin of the Times — Thurlow Weed's offer of the Albany Evening Journal to Raymond and Jones — Failure of a Negotiation — Project of a New Whig Paper in New VIU CONTENTS. York— The Winter of 1850-51 — A Walk upon the Ice on the Hudson River — A Banking Law which Produced a Newspaper — George Jones, B. B. Wesley, and Henry J. Eaymond — The Times Copartnership — Eight Stockholders — Raymond's Shares Presented to Him — The Times Announced — Commotion among New York Newspapers — Raymond's Visit to Europe — His Return to New York — The Prospectus' of the Times — A Building Selected— How the First Number of the Paper was Made Up — Mr. Raymond's Salutatory Address — "Only Sixpence a Week" — The Money Sunk in the First Year — Mr. Raymond's Statement of Results 88 CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST WORKERS ON THE TIMES— A. RETROSPECT. The Journalists who Joined Raymond — Alexander C.Wilson — James W. Simonton — The Times and its Charges of Corruption in Congress — A Page of History — The Times Triumphant — Nehemiah 0. Palmer — Caleb C. Norvell — Michael Hennessey 103 CHAPTER XII. KOSSDTH — RAYMOND — WEBB. Arrival of Louis Kossuth in New York in 1851 — Enthusiastic Reception — Mnnicipal Banquet in the Irving House — Raymond and James Watson Webb — A -Lively. Altercation — Webb Defiant — Police Restoring Order — Webb's Suppressed Speech Subsequently Printed — The Press Banquet to Kossuth in the Astor House — Admirable Speech by Mr. Raymond — His Advocacy of the Cause of Hungary . 108 CHAPTER Xni. THE BALTIMORE CONVENTION. Mr. Raymond the Central Figure of an Exciting Scene — A Remarkable Episode in bis Life — How he Became a Member of the Convention — Northern Subserviency and Southern Arrogance— Attempt to Expel Mr. Raymond from the Convention— A Despatch to James Watson Webb, and what came of it — Mr. Raymond's Defence — His Final Triumph 2^20 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTEE XIV. THE TIMES IMPROVED, AND RAYMOND ELECTED LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR. Raymond's Resolution to Devote his Life to Journalism — New Writers Engaged for the Times — Charles C. B. Seymour — Fitz James O'Brien — Dr. Tuthill — Charles Welden — Charles F.Briggs, Hurlbart, Godkin, Sewall, and DeCordova — Raymond again in. Politics — Elected Lieutenant-Governor — Address as President of the Senate — Declines the Nomination for Governor 142 CHAPTER XV. BIRTH OP THE REPUBLICAN PARTY — THE PITTSBURG CONVEiNTTION. The Free-Soil Struggle — Causes of the Convention in Pittsburg in 1856 — Preliminary Action — The New Party — An Address to the People of the United States Sub- mitted by Mr. Raymond — Its Adoption — The Presidental Contest — Fremont Defeated — Raymond's Discussion with Lncien B. Chase 117 CHAPTER XVI. THE TIMES ENLARGING ITS BOUNDARIES. The Old Brick Church Property in New York — Old Knickerbockers' Reminisoenceg and Regrets — A Large Purchase for the Times in the Panic Year — The Wonder of the Day in New York — Unheard-of Extravagance — How the Old Newspapers had been Housed — Dinginess and Decay — The New Order of Things — Visitors Thronging the Ti'mM Office — Full Description of the Building .... 151 CHAPTER XVII. SLAVERY, DISUNION, AND THE WAR. Raymond's Return from Europe and his Encounter with SocoSEJon in 1860 — His Un- waveriag Loyalty — Clear Foresight — Prophetic Utterances — Speech in Albany in 1860 — His Letters to William L. Yancey — War — Raymond's Patriotism — The Riot Week of 1863 and the Tmes — Raymond's Attitude . . . .160 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVIII. RAYMOND IN CONGRESS, AND THE PHILADELPHIA CONTENTION. Raymond in 1862-G4 — Speech in 'Wilmington, Delaware — Election to Congress in November, 1864 — The Vote in his District — Opening of the Thirty-Ninth Con- gress—Andrew Johnson's Conflict with the Republican Party — Raymond in the Philadelphia Convention in 1866 — The Philadelphia Address — Raymond's Ex- planatory Speech at the Cooper Institute — A Nomination to the Fortieth Con- gress Declined — Letter from Mr. Raymond — His Opponents — Injustice . .168 CHAPTER XIX. OUT OF POLITICS, AND BACK TO JOURNALISM. Mr, Raymond's ■W'ith4rawal from Public Life and his Return to Editorial Duty — Departure for Europe in 1867 — A Farewell Dinner — Letter from Rev. Henry Ward Beecher — Speeches by Mr. Dana and Mr. Roosevelt — A Jingle of Rhyme — Speech by Mr. Raymond — The Press Dinner to Charles Dickens — Mr. Ray- mond's Speech — Increased Value of the Times 193 CHAPTER XX. DEATH. Sudden Death of Mr. Raymond — Tributes to his Memory — His Enemies Confessing their Error 205 CHAPTER XXI. AT REST. Funeral Ceremonies — Eloquent Address by Rev. Henry Ward Beeoher . . .215 CHAPTER XXII. THE MAN. Mr. Raymond's Career- His Early Ambition — His Application — Newspaper Re- quirements — The Times — Raymond's Treatment of Subordinates His Hospi- it CONTENTS. XT tahty — Incidents — Raymond's Tact — Hia Habit of Discipline — His Idea of Journalism — His Errors — His Methods of Literary Labor — The Biography of Daniel Webster — A College Address — Religious Faith — " Gates Ajar " — Domestic Life 219 CHAPTER XXIII. ANKCD0TE3 AND INCIDENTS. Uow Bennett was Beaten at his own Game — The Loss of the Collins Steamer "Arctic" in 1854 — Mr. Barns's Narrative of the Disaster, and How the TTimes Secured it — A Ride in a Horse-Car — Adventures of a Night — The Italian Campaign of 1859 — Mr Raymond's " Brilliant Run " — The Times and the " Elbows of the Mincio " — A Bohemian Trick — How the Times Caricatured Bennett — Incidents of the Cable Excitement in 1858 — The War Correspondents — Newspaper Reporters — " Jenkins" — George William Curtis on "Jenkins" — Precision in Jonrnalism — The iJuenins' Pos*"* "Index Expurgatorius" 230 CHAPTER XXIV. A DIGRESSION CONCERNING NEWSPAPER BORES. How Editors are Bored — The Different Classes of Bores — The Poets, and wbat Mr. Bryant said of Them — Political, Inquisitive, and Clerical Bores — The " Strong- Mlnded " Women — The Persons Afflicted by Bores CHAPTER XXV. A HISTORY OF NEWSPAPER HOAXES. Famous Deceptions — The " Moon Hoax " of 1835 — The Polk Campaign and the " Roorback " — The Lincoln Proclamation Hoax 273 CHAPTER XXVI. THE PRESS OF TO-DAT. Papers Published in New York at the Close of 1869 — A Classified List — Peculiarities of Different Journals — Upwards of One Hundred and Fifty Dailies and Weeklies In Existence — What Was, Is, and Is to Be 323 HENRY J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW YORK PRESS CHAPTER I. THE BOY. WESTERN NEW TOKK FIFTY TEAKS AGO — BIRTHPLACE AND PARENTAGE OI HENRY J. RAYMOND THE RAYMOND FAMILY — THE OLD HOMESTEAD IN LIMA — EEV. DR. EARNARd'S CHURCH — EARLY ■• YEARS OF HENRY J. RAY- MOND — THIRST FOR KNOWLEDGE — HIS TEACHERS — RAYMOND A READER AT THREE TEARS OF AGE — A SPEAKER AT FIVE — HOW HE STUDIED — A PICTURESQUE ATTITUDE — THE FAVORITE OAT — RAYMOND'S ACADEMIC COURSE OPENING OF THE GENESEE WESLEYAN SEMINARY IN LIMA — HIS SCHOOLMATE ALEXANDER MANN — RAYMOND LOOKING FOR EMPLOY]J[ENT — BRIEF EXPERIENCE IN A COUNTRY STORE — HE FORSAKES TRADE — IN CHARGE OF A DISTRICT SCHOOL "BOARDING ROUND" — RAYMOND A POET AT SIXTEEN — ODE WHITTEN FOR THE FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRA- TION IN LIMA IN 1836 — DEPARTURE FOR COLLEGE. Fifty years ago, that part of Western New York which became the birthplace of Henry Jarvi§ Eaymond was remote and almost unknown. The great lines of land and water com- munication which now give it ready access to the centres of population, and to profitable markets, had not yet been opened. No telegraph existed ; cables under the ocean had not been conceived, even in dreams. The Erie Canal was still in pro- cess of construction, and De Witt Clinton, who watched its progress with keen attention, was Governor of the State. In the year 1820, the whole population of New York was 13 14 HENRY J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW YORK PRESS. but one million, three hundred and seventy-two thousand eight hundred and twelve, — or in the proportion of thirty inhabitants to the square mile, — and ten thousand and eighty- eight slaves remained in captivity within its borders. James Monroe was President of the United States ; Maine had just been admitted into the Union ; the people of the Territory of Missouri had been formally authorized to form a State consti- tution ; the country had lately emerged from the war with Eng- land, and the ravaged frontier of New York was relapsing into quiet after the long and violent shock of arms. Thirty miles from the frontier, sequestered even from the small business centres of that day, lay the little hamlet of Lima, now a part of Livingston County, — a county which had no existence fifty years ago, nor until it was born of the adja- cent counties of Ontario and Genesee in the early part of the year 1821. Lima is an old village, begun in 1789, and although its growth has been slow,* it has steadily held its own, and its people can boast that it has suflfered no material retrogression, — a boast which does not apply to many places in New York more celebrated and pretentious. Nature has been generous to this region. A fertile soil, rippling water- courses, crystal lakes, leafy woods, and distantviews of charm- ing landscapes, appeal alike to the artist's sense of the beauti- ful, and the farmer's love of the useful. The village of Lima, distant seven miles from the railroad station of Avon, on the Buffalo Division of the Erie route, now forms the north-eastern corner of the County of Livingston ; and as the traveller jogs slowly towards it, committed to the most uncomfortable bf old- fashioned stage-coaches, he is agreeably impressed by the signs of thrift and industry which meet the eye at every step of the well-kept country road. If not Arcadia, the place is ])astoral, and undeniably attractive. One mile and a half from the centre of the little post-village of Lima, is the old homestead upon which Henry J. Raymond was born — January 24th, 1820. The dwelling was destroyed *Tlie present population (Jnnnary, 1870) is about fifteen hundred. The town was formed in January, 1789, under the name of Charleston. In 1808, the name was changed to Lima. THE EOT. , 15 by fire twenty-eight years later, but the boundaries of the farm remain unaltered, and the fine grove of spreading locust-trees which shaded the old house remains to adorn the new. The farm passed into other hands upwards of twenty years ago, but ancient memories still cluster there. The progenitors of the Eaymond family, as the name implies, were of French extraction. The pedigree has not been pre- served, for pride of ancestry is not a characteristic of the Raymond blood ; and if some future Dryasdust should exhume the mouldy record of lines of crusading lords, it is certain he would get no aid from any researches undertaken by existing members of the family. Jarvis Eaymond, father of Henry Jarvis, was a farmer in Lima fifty years ago, — that is all the record his descendants want ; they see a perpetual halo about the father's head, and ask for no older, stronger, or purer ancestral line. Jarvis Raymond was married in the year 1819 to Lavinia, daughter of Clark Brockway, of Lima. The first child born to them was Henry Jarvis Eaymond, and five others followed. Of these but two survive, and the father himself is numbered with the departed. In the order of birth, the children were : — l._ Henry Jarvis Raymond. 2. Eliza Raymond. 3. Samuel Brockway Raymond. 4. James Fitch Raymond. 5 and 6. Two who died very young, and were never named. Samuel is now a prominent and prosperous citizen of Roch- ester, New York, — the senior member of the firm of Raymond & Huntington, bankers and insurance agents. James is a photographer in Detroit, Michigan, having removed to that city from Ypsilanti, to which latter place he emigrated on leav- ing Lima fifteen years ago. The mother's home is now with her son James, but she occasionally revisits Lima, her birth- place ; and when the writer had the pleasure of an interview with her in that village, a few months sinceLthe venerable and excellent lady dwelt with keen zest upon the memories of her youth. Heaven send all such good mothers length of days and full measure of prosperity ! \ 16 HENEY J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW YOEK TRESS. The home life on the eighty-acre farm in Lima, half a cen- tury ago, was simple, honest, and kindly. The father and mother were both professing Christians, and moreover consis- tent in their Christian character : — all professing Christians are not entitled to this high praise. Mr. Raymond, who is described by old inhabitants of the place, still surviving, as a man of sterling integrity, possessed of a remarkably clear mind and a happy faculty of imparting ideas, long occupied positions of trust in the little rural community in which he dwelt. He was for many years a Justice of the Peace in Lima, and a Ruling Elder in the First Presbyterian Church, of which the Reverend John Barnard, D. D., was pastor,* and was also for a considerable time the Supermtendent of Dr. Bai-nard's Sabbath school. A plain, unlettered man, his sound sense, honesty of purpose, and decision of character gave him command, and to this day his name is never men- tioned save with honor. He died in Detroit in 1868, in the house purchased for him by his son Henry, after the removal of the family from the old homestead in Lima. The first-born, Henry Jarvis Raymond — the subject of this volum§ — inherited much of his parents' solid sense, quick apprehension, and strong purpose. True, he was born to an inheritance of poverty ; but he was not the worse for that. Very few men possessed of strong will are sufferers from the troubles of a cloudy youth ; they make their own sunshine later on in life, and the difficulties of their early days are to their maturer fame what shadows are to art, — points of con- trast and backgrounds for brilliant color. Henry J. Raymond, as an infant, differed in no material respect from thousands of other children; and when he began to run about in pinafores he was chiefly noteworthy for great natural quickness and indomitable nervous energy. The induction into his first pair of trowsers, however, - * Dr. Barnard is still living in Lima, at an advanced age. He retired ftom the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church in that village, in 1857, after an active and nseftil service of fifty years. To his courteous kindness and the vividness of his recollections, the writer is indebted for valuable assistance in the preo- aratlon of these pages. THE BOY. 17 marked a peiiod in his young life. A thirst for the acquisition of knowledge came early to him, and grew in intensity until the day of his death. He never wearied of studying, examin- ing, analyzing. His active mind — too active at times — began to take form at the age of three, when he read simple lessons fluently, to the boundless delight of doting parents and admir- ing friends. He was not, perhaps, so precocious as Horace Greeley, who has uttered a moving lament over the stupidity of certain New Hampshire folk, who caused him to read print upside-down at the tender age of four; but Raymond's early skill in letters is to-day traditional in the place of his birth. ■ His first teacher — Charlotte Leech, now dead — was proud of her little pupil, and he profited so well by her Careful tute- lage that at the age of three years and a half he was consid- ered eligible for admission to the privileges of the district school. Those privileges M^ere in no sense remarkable, for the district school of that day was an exceedingly inferior institu- tion : — reading, writing and arithmetic were the principal studies ; books of instruction were dear and poor ; and neither teachers nor pupils were noted for wisdom. But the lad throve upon such meat as was given him, and the loving eyes of kindred and friends still linger upon the site of the little old house, a stone's-throw across the turnpike from the home- stead, in which the future editor took his first degree in learn- ing. No relic is now left of the rusty, old-fashioned school ; in its place stands a trim white building, populous and noisy with the school-boy life of the latter half of the nineteenth century. Who knows but the editor of the future great news- paper of America, or he who was born to rule the destiny of this nation, is to-day a pupil in roundabout jacket in that unpretentious school-house ? Raymond was a reader at three. At the age of five he was a speaker, — a speaker in a very small way, but yet a speaker. For, in the winter of 1824-5, while under the teaching of Mr. Fosdick, he appeared in the public exhibition of the schol- ars as the reciter of two pieces ; one of which was a satire upon lawyers, couched in terms severe but simple, as befitted a. youth of such tender years. 2 18 HENET J. EATMOND AND THE NEW TOEK PEESS, At the age of eight, the lad began to attend Mr. Button's classical school ia the yiUage of Lima, studying the elementary lessons during the summer, and remaining at home in the winter months. After the winter of 1829, he was in school constantly, living at home and learning rapidly. He mingled but little in the sports of his fellows, preferring his books rather than the company of the roystering coimtry boys. Chest- nutting had no charms for him ; bird's-nesting was a jo\- of which he never tasted ; even the exhilarating pastime of coast- ing was but seldom indulged in. He was eminently studious and sober. An omnivorous reader, he remembered and was able to use all he read. His remarkable power of memory and faculty of assimilation, which contributed in no smaU degi-ee to his success later in life, thus had an early development, and he was unwearied in application. His method of study at that early age was peculiar. Al- ways choosing the evening for committing his lessons, he as- sumed a position so picturesque that our artist has been dnected to make the accompanying sketch from the minute and vivid descriptions fiu-nished by survivhig members of the family. Picture the plain, old-fashioned room of a country-house, — a wood-stove roaring merrily while stormy blasts swept by un- heeded, — father and mother and brothers gathered around the table, at one corner of which Henry was engaged in study, — ■ his knees upon a hard chair, his elbows upon the table, his hands supporting his head, his eyes fixed intently upon his book, and a favorite cat mounted upon his friendly back. This cat, according to the family tradition, was veiy fond of the studious lad, and as regularlj- as he assumed his favorite position, so regularly did the feline companion arrive to com- plete the winter evening's tableau. Meanwhile, projects had been in preparation to enlarge the educational facilities of Lima. In the year 1829, the Genesee Axmual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal- denomination of the State of New York, at its annual session, appointed a committee to take steps for establishing a seminaiy of learning within the territorial limits of the Conference ; and subscriptions of funds for that purpose were solicited in the towns of Perry, .-f f t § ^1 THE BOY. 19 Brockport, Henrietta, Le Eoy, and Lima, which, places were competitors for the location of the seminary. The conditions of subscription were that the seminary should be erected in the place where the greatest amount of money should be subscribed. The sum of twelve thousand dollars was subscribed and paid by the citizens of Lima and its neighborhood. The subscribers were Saifluel Spencer and about one hundred and fifteen other citizens, and in pursuance of the terms and conditions of sub- cription the seminary was in the year 1830 located at Lima. As a further inducement to build the institution in Lima, the citizens of the town procured to be sold and conveyed to the seminary, for its site, abont seventy-four acres of land, situated within the limits of the village, at the nominal price of two thousand four hundred and twenty-six dollars and thirty cents, — much less than the actual value, — upon which the seminary erected its buildings, and went into operation in the year 1832. By an act of the Legislature of the State of New York, passed May 1, 1834, it was duly incorporated by the name of the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary. Henry J. Eaymond was among the first students who entered the new institution in 1832. His age was twelve, and he had profited so well by the instruction previously received in smaller schools that he was perfectly qualified to undertake a broader course of study. His raost intimate schoolmate in the seminary was Alexander Mann, through whose urgent solicitation Raymond subsequently went to college. They remained fast friends ; and it is an interesting fact, that, many years later, Mr. Mann was employed by Mr. Eaymond as an editorial writer japon the New York Times. Mr. Mann was in no sense brilliant, but he possessed a well-informed mind, and his uniform integrity and agreeable social qualities endeared him to all who knew him. Those who were associ- ated with him in the service of the Times cherish pleasant memories of the relation. Emerging from the seminary, Eaymond began to cast about for employment. His common-sense way of looking at the affairs of life suggested the reflection that it was his duty to 20 HENET J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW TOKK PRESS. contribute towards the expense of his own support ; and accord- ingly he obtained a place in a country store. The pay was at the rate of seventy-five dollars a year, — not an extravagant reward for the intelligent service performed, — but the lad did not like the business, and not long afterwards he and trade parted company forever. In his sixteenth year he began to teach, procuring the charge of a district school, -for three months, in Wheatland, Genesee County, iifteen miles north- west of Lima. In country phrase, he "boarded round" — taking such accommodations of food and lodging as the uni- versal custom of the day afforded to impecunious young teach- ers, but thriving under circumstances which were not alto- gether agreeable. The pay was small, and he was very young to hbld the place of pedagogue ; many of his scholars excelled him in size and weight as well as in age ; and his path was not strewed with roses. But he had a strong will, and his expe- rience in teaching was not a failure.. In the following summer, his school contract having expired, he returned to the homestead in Lima ; and on the Fourth of July made his first appearance as a poet. The celebration of the Na- tional Anniversary in Lima, that year, was exceptionally grand. The patriotic citizens, determining that " the Fourth " should be honored with all due observance, devoted much thought and time to the celebration ; and in response to a pressing invita- tion, young Baymond wrote the subjoined ode, which was sung by the village choir with immense spirit, to the accompani- ment of a swelling chorus : — ODE. Jtot 4, 1836. ^ir— "Hail Columbia.'' Hail! holy Truth : Hail! Sacred Eight, Whom heav'n gave birth ere dawn'd the light ! That art with heav'n coeval — firm : That art with heav'n coeval — firm. Thus thundered forth Truth's Sov'reign God As high 'mid slsy and earth he trod. THE BOY. 21 In heaven thou hast a during home, On earth thy name is scarcely known ; Her sons too base, too blindly low, Thy spirit's boldest, proudest foe. Hail Truth, Justice, Liberty! Heaven's sons are greatly free. Saints — 'tis not beneath your praise, Strike your harps to noble lays. Columbia heard his thundering voice. The despot's dread, the freeman's choice. Hail! holy Truth: Hail! sacred Right! Hail ! holy Truth : Hail ! sacred Right ! Through earth's domain the echo ran, And upward coursed the heaven's broad span. In this fair lafid doth Freedom live ; In this fair land her champions thrive : O'erwhelmed be Kings' united powers, That vainly strive to conquer ours. Hail! Truth, Justice, etc. Hail ! heavenly Science — glorious Ray Of bright effulgence — mental Day : Great pledge of lasting Liberty ! Great pledge of lasting Liberty ! The lordly tyrant's fiercest shock. The freeman's firm unshaken rock, Heaven's mighty orbs in ceaseless rounds Thy flat wheels — their limit bounds: Gloom shrouds the earth : thy brightest ray Pierces the shade —her night is day. Hail ! Truth, Justice, etc. Again the land of Patriots heard His mighty voice — the well-known word ; Hail ! heav'nly Science — glorious Ray ! Hail! heav'nly Science — glorious Ray I Welcome to Freedom's ' holy land ' ; Welcome to Justice' nura'rous band. Let Eastern climes content remain 'Neath tyrants' slavish galling chain : Bat next our hearts let knowledge stay; Freedom's sure pledge — as light, of day. Hail ! Truth, Justice, etc. Hail Columbia I Freedom's land ! Hail her champions — mighty band I All hail her Institutions free ! All hail her Institutions free ! 22 HENKY J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW YOEK PRESS. But when your hearts with glory rise, Forget not those who earned the prize; Forget not him, the proudest one, The great, the mighty Washington! Forget not those; who left their life ; Who met in War the last dark strife. Hail ! Truth, Justice, etc. Considered as a literary production, not much can be said in praise of this ode ; but when regarded as the work of a coun- try boy of sixteen, whose whole life had been passed in the seclusion of a rural hamlet, without access to the higher schools of instruction, or the privilege of studying the works of great authors, it becomes exceedingly interesting. The original raanuscript — written in a neat and flowing style ia which chirographic students might trace resemblances to the fac similes which appear elsewhere in this volume — is now in the posse'ssion of Mr. Samuel B. Raymond, of Rochester. With the writing of the Fourth of July Ode, in 1836, virtually ended Raymond's residence in Lima. In the follow- ing August he entered the Freshman Class of the UniTersity of Vermont, in Burlington, and his college life began. EST COLLEGE, 23 CHAPTEE II. IN COLLEGE. BATMOND PKEPAKED FOR COLLEGE AI FIFTEEN HIS FATHER'S FARM MOEl- GAGED TO PROVIDE MEANS — RAYMOND AS A COLLEGIAN — THE nHIVERSITY OF VIJRMONT — INCIDENTS MR. B. A. STANSBUET's RECOLLECTIONS HENRY CLAY AND HENRY J. RAYMOND RAYMOND'S GRADUATION AND KETUEN TO LIMA. In a fragment of autobiogi-aphy found among Mr. Ray- mond's papers after his death,* he observes that at the age of fifteen he was better prepared for college than his father was to send him. But Jarvis Eaymond knew the value of a good education, and at any cost to himself wa;s always ready to give his children the advantages of the best instruction. When his son Henry had reached the age of sixteen, the father mort- gaged his farm for the sum of one thousand dollars, and with the provision thus obtained, the lad was sent to Burlington, f The money devoted to this • purpose was afterwards repaid to the father by the grateful son. * See Appendix A. This fragment is evidently but an unfinished and crude series of notes. It needs revision, to remove obscurities and inele- ganeies of expression ; but it is given in the Appendix to this volume, with- out alteration, as a pleasant memorial. t The University of Vermont, an old and prosperous institution, situated on a commanding eminence in the city of Burlington, on t,>e banks of Lake Champlain,'has recently been enriched by an endowment of eighty thousand dollars. The subjoined passages, taken from the Burlington Free Press of October, 1869, show the purposes of this endowment, and also illustrate the generous sympathy of the citizens of Burlington and the alumni of the Uni- versity in the good work it is performing : — " We are sure," observes the Free Press, " that our readers will share our pleasure at hearing that the attempt to obtain a subscription of at least eighty thousand dollars for the Treasury of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College has been crowned with success. Never before by any one effort was so large a sum raised for the Institution. When the Uni- versity undertook, three years ago, to furnish education in the natural 24 HENRY J. RAYMOND AND THE NEW YORK PRESS. Four years in college were not devoid of incident. It is still a tradition in the University of Vermont that Eaymond was one of the best students of his class, and that metaphysi- cal lore was his favorite subject. He clung to his books with the invincible tenacity of his earlier years, determining to mas- ter the grave problems set before him, and coolly disregarding temptations and allurements. Among his classmates were sciences in their applications to agriculture and the mechanic arts, the Trus- tees saw the necessity of an important addition to the funds at their dis- posal. They therefore resolved to appeal to the public for the sura of one hundred thousand dollars. It was thought that the Alumni would be pleased to devote their subscriptions to tlie endowment of the Professorship of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, which had been rendered so illustrious by the distinguished scholar who then filled it, Prof. Joseph Torrey, and by his van erated predecessor, President James Marsh. They were therefore invited to contribute at least twenty-five thousand dollars to the endowment of the Marsh Professorship. By the terms of that special subscription it was to be completed before Commencement, 1867. The sons of the University cheer fully responded to the cfill, filled the subscription within the allotted time, and have paid the larger portion of it into the treasury. " It was decided to ask the citizens of Burlington and vicinity to subscribe at least thirty thousand dollai's, and, if possible, to carry their subscriptions to forty thousand dollars. It was also thought wise to provide that none of the subscriptious, except those which should be made to the Alumui Fund, should be binding, unless the total amount of all the subscriptions, special and general, should be at least eighty thousand dollars. When a committee, consisting of Albert L. Catlin, John N. Pomeroy, and Peter T. Washburn, should declare that the sum of thirty thousand dollars had been subscribed in Burlington and vicinity, and that the total sum of eighty thousand dollars, in special and general subscriptions, had been subscribed, and that such sub- scriptions were, in their judgment, good and valid, then all such subscrip- tions were to be binding and payable according to the terms thereof. That declaration these three gentlemen have formally made. "The gentlemen charged with the labor of raising the subscription wisely took the ground that before applications could successfully be made abroad, Burlington must show that she had a fresh and vital interest in the Institu- tion, and confidence that under its new organization it had a career of prom- ise ijefore it. They therefore began their labors here. The citizens of Bur- lington promptly responded ; and in a, very short time the thirty thousand dollars asked of them were promised. But they did not stop at that. And to-day there stands against the names of the citizens of Burlington and vicinity (including Winooski and South Burlington), the sum of over forty thousand dollars (#iO,451), a considerable part of which has been paid be- fore it was due. We thiuk it may fairly be said that Burlington has shown her interest in the University. From New York city and Brooklyn subscrip- tions for twenty-one thousand seven hundred and ten dollars were received; ftom St. Johnsbury, six thousand two hundred and twenty-five dollars ; from St. Albans, two thousand four hundred and fifty dollars ; and from Rutland, one thousand four hundred and fifty dollars. Smaller sums were procured in various towns of Vermont." President Angell, who has been at the head of the University since the year 1866, has directed its affairs with great skill and marked success. His scholastic acquirements and his genial temper assure to him alike the respect of the learned and the affection of the student. EST COLLEGE. 25 James E. Spaulding,* of New York ; Dudley C. Denison, of Eoyalton, Vermont; J. S. D. Taylor, of St. Albans, Ver- mont; Daniel C. Houghton, and others with whom Mr. Ray-' mond always kept up the most cordial relations. Associated with him in college, but in other classes, were his old school- mate Alexander Mann, Professor W- G. T. Shedd, D. D., now a resident of New York ; J. Sullivan Adams, late Secre- tary of the Vermont Board of Education ; Rev. Calvin Pease, D. D. ; John Gregory Smith ; James Forsyth, of Troy, New York ; Rev. John Henry Hopkins, Jr. ; Charles P. Marsh, of Woodstock, Vermont; Torrey E. Wales, of Burlington, Ver- mont ; Robert S. Hale, of New York; Rev, Charles C. Parker, of Maine ; William Higby, of California ; John N. Baxter, and C. M. Davey, of Rutland, Vermont; and Rev. Wm. T. Her- rick, of Clarendon, Vermont. A writer, who has paid a pleasant tribute to the memory of Mr. Raymond, describes an incident which occurred "in the second year of his college course : — " Raymond was seventeen years old when he came to spend the long and dreary winter vacation with me in a temporarily deserted building of a Vermont college. He was 'full up' with his class, and there was no necessity for his devoting his time to Latin and Greek. There had just been received a splendid collection of the old English classics, and I was devot- ing my time to their careful study. Not so with Raymond. Boyish ambition to shine in his class determined his course and settled his character for life. The class had been reading the Odyssey of Homer. He had not read the Ihad in his prepara- tory course, and set about reading up. One book a day he assigned to himself as a task. But as these books were of un- equal length, some days he had to overtask nature ; and then began that system of overworking himself that at last ended in * It is an interesting incident in the career of Mr. Eaymond, that to three of the gentlemen with whom he was iutfrnately associated in early life, he afterwards gave employment in the service of the Times. Mr. Spaulding was for several years an editorial writer for the Times; Mr. Mann's connection with that journal has already been noted; and Mr. E. D. Mans- field, of Ohio, for whose journal Mr. Raymond had written correspondence from New York in 1840, became " The Veteran Observer." 26 HENET J. EAYMOND AND THE NEW TOEK PEESS. apoplexy. On one occasion he sat down to his task at four P. M. ; the book was a large one, and he read away through the entire night, and did not complete his task until four p. m. of the next day." Mr. E. A. Stansbury, formerly editor of the Burlington Free Press, and now Secretary of the Homoeopathic Life Insurance Company of the city of New York, also contributes a reminis- cence of Mr. Raymond. He writes : — "I knew him first as a young, delicate, intellectual-looking student at Burlington. . It was at the Junior Exhibition in the beginning of August, 1839. The great Kentuckian, every- where regarded as sure to be the nominee of the Presidential Convention to be held in the succeeding December, was making a sort of triumphal progress in advance through the Eastern States, to let his future supporters see the man they were to vote for. He happened to be at Burlington at Commence- ment, and, of. course, was sought by the authorities as the crowning attraction of the occasion. He occupied the central seat upon the stage in front of the pulpit, in the full gaze of an assemblage comprising all that Burlington and its neighbor- hood for n.\any miles around could boast of as charming and bril- liant. Crowds surrounded the church, unable to get admission, but patiently waiting to greet with tumultuous voices the idol of the State. " I remember the day of the Junior Exhibition well. It was oppressively hot. Mr. Clay, in black frock-coat, white vest and very wide brown drilling pantaloons, sat manfully contend- ing against the combined assaults of the stifling air, the monot- onous tones of the speakers, and the interminable length of the exercises — scarcely able, despite his best efforts, to keep se- curely awake for more than five minutes at a time ; and then, apparently, only by vigorously plying his large snuff-box, which had to do extra duty that day. "At length a slender, boyish figure stepped gracefully out upon the stage, made his bow to the President, to the Faculty iand Mr. Clay, and then to the vast audience. His reputation for ability was so well known that in an instant the buzz of con- versation ceased, and the first sentences of Eaymond's oration ^ -N. f' 'i f ta i* ^ -V i"*f si IN COLLEGE. 27 broke upon the ear, ahnost as clearly as if the church had been empty. I sat but fifteen or twenty feet from the front of the stage, so that the whole scene was like a picture to me. " In a moment Mr. Clay's manner changed. He was wid« awake. As the young speaker grew more animated, and recov- ered from the embarrassment, which he afterward confessed to me, almost overpowered him, at the thought of opening his, lips in the presence of that great master of oratory, the statesman leaned forward in his chair in an attitude of intense interest, and so remained to the close. When, in those measured and beautiful sentences for which Mr. Raymond was even then re- markable, he brought his theme to a graceful and appropriate termination, Mr. Clay turned to one sitting next him to ask who the speaker was. ' That young man,' said he, ' will make his mark. Depend upon it, you will hear from him hereafter.' " In the evening, at a reception in honor of Mr. Clay, the brilliant Junior was presented, and heard some words which, I doubt not, he treasured to the end of life." These incidents serve to illustrate some of the striking points of the young collegian's character. As a little child, he was obedient, staid, and eager for instruction ; as a well-grown boy, studious and industrious ; as a young man in college, decorous and diligent, making warm friendships and amassing stores of information, which yielded rich returns in the days of struggle and of triumph. In August, 1840, he was graduated at the University, and returned home for a visit to his parents — laden with the honors fairly won by four years of study and application. 28 HENRT J. EAYMOND AND THE NEW YOKE BEES8. CHAPTEE III. ADRIFT. OUT 03? COLLEGE AND IN POLITICS — ' ' TIPPECANOE AND TTLEE TOO " — THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840 — AN INDIGNANT SCHOOL-MASTEE — KATMOND AGAIN IN SEAnCH OF EMPLOYMENT HE TRIES HIS FORTUNE IN NEW TORK — INTEK- TIEW WITH HORACE GEEELET — THE NEW-TORKEK — RAYMOND STDDYIKG LAW AND TEACHING — IN GREELEY's SERTICE — INTRODUCTION TO JOUE NALISM. Emancipated from college, Raymond began to make politi- cal speeches. The autumn of 1840 was the time of the Harri- son campaign, and the familiar rallj'ing cry of " Tippecanoe and Tyler too " rang through the Genesee valley as loudly as in other parts of the country. Eaymond was too young to vote, but old enough to talk well. He had passed his twentieth birthday, and the experience he had had in four years of col- lege training and Society declamation, grafted upon a natural fluency of speech, gave him the confidence and ready flow of words which he never afterwards lost. Warmly espousing the Whig cause, he performed excellent service in the campaign, addressing large audiences in Lima, Geneseo and other places, and continually winning good opinions. A democratic school- master, named Loomis, however, became profoundly disgusted at the yoiuig collegian's success as an orator, as well as with the trenchant blows he dealt, and the story runs that he once inquired with much asperity " what that little Eaymond, with a face no bigger than a snuff-box, meant by coming round there to make political speeches ! " At this period, also, Eaymond took part in public discussions upon political questions, and acquitted himself honorablj^. The campaign ended, and Harrison was elected. But for that victory of the Whigs, Horace Greeley would probably not have established the Tribune; and had not ADBITT. 29 the Tribune been established, Henr^' J. Raymond's career tnight have been different. At the close of the Presidential canvass, Eaymond songht for a select school in which to teach, and he has himself told us that it was only upon the downfall of all such hopes, and in despair of finding anything to do at home, that he determined to try his fortune in the city of New York. Arriving there in December, 1840, knowing but one person in the whole city, — a student in a lawyer's office, — he ventured to make application to Horace Greeley for the place of assistant on the JSTew- Yorker, the little weekly journal which was the immediate predecessor of the New York Tr-ibune. Eor five years Raymond had been a subscriber to the JSfew- Yorker, and had occasionally sent con- tribiitions to its columns : and on the strength of this relation he made timorous advances to Mr. Greeley. But the result of the first inteiwiew was chilling ; the services of another appli- cant had just been accJfepted ; Greeley was poor, and his paper, like all of its class at that day, was unable to bear the expense of a larger number of assistants. Raymond, however, ob- tained permission to be in the office whenever he chose, and in return promised to give his help on any occasion when his services should be of value. On this anomalous footing he made his way towards the first round of the ladder of New York journalism. • Again pushing out upon the current, he advertised, through the National Intelligencer of Washington, for a school in the South, and while awaiting replies, occupied his leisure hours in reading law in the office of Mr. Edward W. Marsh, a member of the New York Bar. A part of each day for three weeks was passed by Raymond in the office of the New- Yorker, where a considerable share of literary work gradually fell into his hands. He writes of his life at this period : "I added up elec- tion returns, read the exchanges for news, and discovered a good deal which others had overlooked ; made brief notices of new books, ' read proof, and made myself generally useful. At the end of about three weeks I received the first reply to my advertisement, offering me a school of thirty scholars in North Carolina. I told Mr. Greeley at once that I should leave 80 HENEY J. EATMOND AND THE NEW YOKK PEESS. the city the next morning. He asked me to walk with him to the post-office, whither he always went in person to get his letters and exchanges, and on the way inquired where I was going. I told him to North Carolina to teach a school. He asked me how much they would pay me. I said, four hundred dollars a year. ' Oh,' said he, ' stay here — I'll give you that.' And this was my first engagement on the Press, and decided the whole course of my life." Eight dollars a week was meagre pay for the literary labor performed . by Raymond in his twenty-first year : — quite as meagre, in comparison with the quality of the work, as the paltry pittance of seventy-five dollars a year paid him in the country store at the age of fifteen ; but he did not repine, nor did he refuse the slice because the whole loaf was not at com mand. It was, however, simply impossible to live comfortabty upon his pitiful salary. By extra work, he was enabled to increase his income, and he did not disdain to weight his lean purse by writing daily advertisements of a vegetable pill for a quack doctor, at the rate of fifty cents for each production. Subsequently he obtained the situation of teacher to a Latin class in a young ladies' seminary in New York ; and, still later, eked out his means of subsistence by writing correspondence for the Philadelphia Standard, edited by E. W. Griswold ; the Cincinnati Qhronide, edited by E. D. Mansfield, afterwards the " Veteran Observer " of the New York Times; the Bangor Wliig, . and the Buffalo Oommercidl Advertiser. Thus the tide ran, — Raymond always floating with it, never overwhelmed, — until the spring of 1841 , when Horace Greeley established the New York Tribune. The few months' service which had been rendered by Eaymond made him a necessity to Greeley, and with the foundation of the Tribune were also laid the foundations of Raymond's future position and prosperity. Less than three months over age when he took the post of first assistant upon the Tribune, he at once threw his whole force into the profession which he then definitely determined to fol- low ; and so began a career v^hich culminated a few years later in a new era for Journalism in America. Twenty-one years of Raymond's life had passed before he ADRIFT. SI became fast-anchored. Thereafter he was identified with news- paper life ; in it he made his reputation ; by it he amassed a competency; through its agency he rose to political prefer- ment, — and he died in harness. To his peculiar experiences in the office of the Tribune, a sep- arate chapter must be given. 32 HENEY J. KATMOND AOTJ THE NEW YOKK PKEiSS. CHAPTER IV. ANCHORED. THE NEW YORK TKIEUNE — HOKACE GREELEY'S TRIBUTE TO HENET J. RAY- MOND — A MISTAKE COKBECTBD — RAYMOND'S WORK ON THE TRIBUNE — SIG- NAL SUCCESSES — DR. DIONYSIUS LABDNEE'S LECTURES — SEVERE ILLNESS or RAYMOND — GREELEY CALLS UPON HIM — RAYMOND'S WRETCHED PAY — RESULTS OF AN INTERVIEW IN A SICK-BOOM — RAYMOND AS A EEPOEIEK— HIS SECESSION FROM THE TRIBUNE. Horace Greeley has written of Henry J. Eaymond:* "I had not much for him to do till the Tribune was started ; then I had enough ; and I never found another person, harely of age and just from his studies, who evinced so much and so versatile ability in journalism as he did. Abler and stronger men I may have met ; a cleverer, readier, more generally efficient journal- ist I never saw. He remained with me eight years, if my memory serves, and is the only assistant with whom I ever felt required to remonstrate for doing more work than any human brain and frame could be expected long to endure. His salary was of course gradually increased from time to time ; but his services were more valuable in proportion to their cost than those of any one else who ever worked on the Tribune." The praise here bestowed is just — but Mr. Greeley's mem- ory is at fault. Mr. Raymond served upon the Neio-Yorlcer and the Tribune less than three years in all, — from December, 1840 to April, 1841, on the New-Yorker; and from 1841 to 1843 on the T'ribune; the latter year being the date of his secession from the Tribune to join General Webb in the Courier and Enquirer. But Mr. Greeley is entirely right in the tribute he pays to Mr. Raymond's qualities as an efficient worker. Raymond set out with a resolute purpose, not only to estab- * "Recollections of a Busy Life," pp. 138-9. ANCHORED. 33 lish his own reputation as a journalist, but also to gain for the Tribune the patronage and the confidence of the reading pub- lic. To these ends he bent all his energies, and to his untiring perseyerance and his marked capacity the new journal owed a very large share of its early success. He wrote editorial arti- cles, clipped paragraphs from the exchanges, made up the news, prepared reviews of new books, reported the proceed- ings of public meetings^ and did with all his might whatever his hand found to do ; receiving, as the reward of all this wearing labor upon a daily newspaper, which required his ser- vices half the night, the same salary of eight dollars per week which had been paid him for the lighter and pleasanter day's work of a weekly journal ! Among the signal successes achieved by Eaymond, in the early days of his service for the Tribune, was the reporting of the scientific lectures delivered in New York by Dr. Dionysius Larduer, — a popular lecturer, very much overrated, who was then at the height of his celebrity. The lectures were deliv- ered in that extraordinary old church in Broadway called the "Tabernacle," long since pulled down, in which Jennj'^ Lind declined to sing because it was " an old tub," — and so it was. Eaymond, always swift-handed, had a stenographic system of his own, a kind of long-short-hand, by the use of which he was able to follow an ordinary speaker very closely ; and his reports of Lardner's remarks proved to be so accurate that the doctor adopted them, and with slight revision they were afterwards published in two octavo volumes. But on the night when the last lecture of the course was delivered, Eaymond fell ill. Coming out from the heated church, he found a tempest raging, and reached the Tribune office only after a thorough drench- ing. Sitting for hours in wet clothes, he finished his report, — a very long and excellent one, — and went to his home in the small hours of the morning, to wake next day in a violent fever. His room was on the upper floor of a boarding-house on the corner of Vesey and Church streets ; his means were limited; the attendance was poor; fare was scanty; neither family nor friends were near him ; it was altogether an unpleas- ant predicament. But he pulled through bravely. He had 34 HENKY J. EATMOND AND THE NEW TOKK PEESS. sickened in the service of the Tribune; and, as has too often occurred in Mt. Greeley's establishment, hard service was in- adequately rewarded. Some time elapsed before Greeley went to inquire about his assistant, the loss of whose aid was begin- ning to tell upon the paper. Then a conversation occurred, something like this : — "When will you be well enough to come back?" said Greeley. "Never, on the salary you paid me ! " replied Raymond. Greeley inquired how much Kajniiond wanted. " Twenty dollars a week ! " said Raymond. Greeley protested angrily that he could pay no such price ; but he finally yielded, and the previous relations were restored. Mr. Raymond, in' conversation with the writer of these pages, ten years later, alluded to this tilt with Mr. Greeley; and in speaking of the Times — then on the eve of publication — obsei*ved that he desired no man to perform services for his own paper for the inadequate remuneration he had himself received during his connection with the Tribune. When Raymond took his stand for pay equivalent to the value of the services rendered, Greeley j'ielded ; but so long as the sub- ordinate did not I'ebel, the chief did not relent. It is the mis- fortune of some men to be too patient; of others, to be -exact- ing and ungenerous. The relative positions of Henry J. Raymond and Horace Greeley at this period of their lives furnish striking illustrations of the result of such conditions. A pleasant reminiscence of Mr. Raymond's connection with the Tribune was given by Mr. Thomas McElrath, at a dinner given at Delmonico's, in New York, on the 10th of April, 1866, in commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the birth of that journal. Mr. McElrath, alluding to the gentlemen originally engaged upon the Tribune, said that Mr. Raymond had contributed greatly towards securing the recognition of the jounuil as a leading newspaper of the day. He spoke of Mr. Raymond as an able and graphic reporter, who f)Ossessed the faculty of presenting to his readers a pen-picture of events as they transpired, in a manner scarcely ever equalled by any journalist. Mr. McElrath " alluded particularly to the reports ANCHORED. 33 made by Mr. Raymond of the celebrated Colt murder case, which at the time occupied the attention of the whole country, and also to the equally celebrated Mackenzie trial. These cases were sketched at length in the columns of the Tribune by Mr. Raymond, in an elaborate and attractive manner. Mr. McElrath said that these reports added several thousand sub- scribers to their list during the pendency of the trials, and that nearly all who were thus induced to become patrons of that paper, continued until the journal became an established insti- tution." In 1843, however, wearied by long and ill-paid service, — and somewhat disgusted withal, — Mr. Raymond accepted a good offer from the -proprietors of the Oourier and Enquirer, ahd turned his back forever upon Mr. Greeley and the Tribune. A new phase of his life had begun. Here let us pause, to undertake a passing review of the course of New York Journalism. In order to arrive at a correct understanding of the radical changes which Mr. Raymond was instrumental in introducing into the conduct- of great news- papers in New York, it is essential to remember the character- istics of the journals which had existed for many years before his appearance in the field of contest. 36 HENEY J. EAYMOND AND THE NEW TOEK PEES8. CHAPTEE V. PROGRESS OF JOURNALISM IN NEW TORK — 1840 TO 1850. EAST-GOING NEWSPAPEBS — THE OLD "BLANKET SHEETS" — EDITOEL4.L DBELS AND HORSE-WHIPPINGS ME. W. 0. BETASt'S EEMINISCENCES — THE COUP.IEE AND ENQUIEEE — THE JOUENAL OF COMMEECE — THE EVENING POST — THE COM- MERCIAL ADVEETISEE — THE HEEALD — HOW BENNETT STARTLED THE CITY OF NEW TOEK — THE SUN — THE TRIBUNE AS A CHEAP AND EESPECTAELE PAPER — FIEECE EIVALEIES — OLD METHODS OF GETTING NEWS — SHAEP PEACTICE — PONT EXPRESSES — STEALING LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES — CAEEIEE-PIGEONS*— SETTING TYPE ON BOARD OF STEAMBOATS HOW EATMOND EEPOETED WEBSTEE'S speech — THE VOYAGE OF MONROE F. GALE ACROSS THE ATLANTIC — THE PILOT-BOAT WILLIAM J. EOJIEE IN THE ICE — PEESONALITIES — JAMES WATSON Webb's eidicdle of horace geeelet's peesonal appearance — geeeley's eeply — the tribune's " slievegammon " hoax' — BUENisG of THE tribune office — THE TIDE CHANGING. The easy style of journalism prevailed in New York prior to 1840. The heavy, old-fashioned, "blanket sheet" news- paper, with which the steady merchant of pure Knickerbocker descent had been accustomed to season his morning cup of coffee, and the equally huge evening sheet which conduced to his post-prandial refpose, were the best he or his fathers had known. Those days were serious. No flippant flings disturbed the equable flow of journalistic inanity. When two editors differed, one shot the other, quietly, in a duel; or else there was a lively horsewhipping scene in the public streets, a full description of which appeared, on the following day, in the newspapers owned by the horsewhipped men.* There was no telegraph before the year 1843 ; there were no fast ocean steamers till a period still later ; no Associated Press organiza- tion simplified the processes of obtaining news. In fact, — and justice requires it to be said, — it was not until James * Seethe Commercial Advertiser, the Courier and Enquirer, and the Herald ot the period. PEOGEESS OF JOURNALISM IN NEW TORK. 37 Gordon Bennett set the example, in 1835, that the conductors of public journals cared to publish intelligence too freshly. Like epicures, they waited for the food to age. All the old and heavy-weighted journals, which lazily got themselves be- fore the New York public, day by day, thirty years ago, were undeniably sleepy. Their dulness and inaptness had become traditional by long custom ; and a remarkable illustration of this is afforded by a passage in Mr. William C. Bryant's "Eem- iniscences of the Evening Post," — a very readable review of the first half-century of that journal, — which was first pub- lished in its columns in November, 1851, and was subsequently reprinted in a shilling pamphlet, now out of print. Mr. Bry- ant wrote : — " In the Evening Post, during the first twentj'' years of its existence, there was much less discussion of public questions by the editors than is now common in all classes of newspapers. The editorial articles were mostly brief, with but occasional exceptions ; nor does it seem to have been regarded, as it now is, necessary for a daily paper to pronounce a prompt judgment on every question of a public nature the moment it arises. The annual message sent by Mr. Jefferson to Congress, in 1801, was published in the Evening Post of the 12th of December, without a word of remark. On the 17th, a writer, who takes the signature of Lucius Cassius, begins to examine it. The examination is continued through the whole winter ; and, finally, after havuig extended to eighteen Ambers, is concluded on the 8th of April. The resolutions of General Smith, for the abrogation of discriminating duties, laid before Congress in the same winter, were published without comment ; but a few days afterwards they were made the subject of a carefully written animadversion, continued through several numbers of that paper." The ruthless Bennett shocked the staid propriety of his time by introducing the rivalries and the spirit of enterprise which have ever since been distinguishing characteristics of New York newspaper life. The only cheap papers, in 1840, which pretended, with any show of reason, to publish all the news of the day, were the Herald, and Moses Y. Beach's Sun; and 38 HENEY J. EATMOND AND THE HEW TOKK PKESS. although the former of these was low and often scurrilous, and the latter silly, they attracted readers among the younger in- habitants of New York, who had begun to tire of the Dutch phlegm. It was a shrewd movement of Horace Greeley to take ad- vantage of this change in popular sentiment. He says of the first number of the Tribune, issued April 10, 1841: "It was a small sheet, for it was to be retailed for a cent, and not much of a newspaper could be afibrded for that price, even in those specie-paying times. I had been incited to this enter- prise by several Whig friends, who deemed a cheap daily, ad- dressed more especially to the laboring class, eminently needed in our city, where the only two cheap journals then and still existing — the Sun and the Herald — were in decided, though imavowed, and therefore more eifective, sympathy and affilia^ tion with the Democratic party. Two or three had promised pecuniary aid if it should be needed; only one (Mr. James Coggeshall, long since deceased) ever made good that promise, by loaning me one thousand dollars, which was duly and grate- fully repaid, principal and interest." Cheap papers — three in number — having thus come into existence, the sixpenny mammoths began to gasp. Their day was done. From 1843 to 1850, indeed, Raymond made a strong effort to restore to Webb's Courier and Enquirer some measure of its departed glory, and hi& celebrated discussion with Greeley on the subject of Socialism gave it a temporary re- vival ; but he became discouraged with the effort, and finally established the Times. The Times lived, and the Courier and Enquire)' died. In the eternal fitness of things, hoary age thus gave place to lusty youth. The old Journal of Commerce, which still exists, lives because the older men died out of it, or left it, and the red blood came in ; and it is to-day one of the four papers* in New York which return enormous profits. Between the extremes of dull respectability and bold inde- cency, of portentous heaviness and unsubstantial froth, came * The Herald, the Times, the Journal of Commerce, and the Evening Post, — each of which made clear annual profits of from fifty thousand to one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, in 1868-9. BY HORACE GREELEY. PRICE ONE CEWT. NEW-YORK, 8ATVRBAT, APRII, lO, IS4I. OFFICE MO. 30 ANN-ST. TOI,. I. WO. I. J CASE OF RECORDER MORRIS. le«»iiir r«r4cr ■ coBipuiy *uh IkiV I.. VartM, Vayor erf Iba cily of Now ! vcn: I., the hMi>.« of Mr. Pirrf. n p^r a^ctai fAnrdcitr*. , -■- ' III iLc ra»* (.rHpx TB. Dr. Pncrill, C> ^"^'il- 319,) ih" <^oan tiffaitr m , neJiaul. ole r(:r,u!nu; thr tHJok* oftbc c(ir]HFrK(^io (rf Ot/uri.'. in b« onnp for ! been *uppo>r(J hy r-to««,C»«R^',Orricr.Al(»«y.JBi«.rTlI,IM;. ■ "">•" r«.r» th,» for ». Gl^^iwonL . .uid h^ ihr.efur,- ,^r„^J u, ; «.- ,o K-ht , .ij„orr „« u. ru,..,.h i.-' , «... befcrotb^ court »W tfcr bmor U>.rkau«M(« (b« f«^ipl of r«*r E«- , ^^Jr'T,.,.^ l 'atornwl hUo ihai », m««Ulr«tr. •« en,^ .-„«. li. lfc<- ra.o of p.m v.. Div.-a .Jc^id^;^ Bura. 16.C.. .ubpo>u Ju- i If wy par!, J-*,r« to k** .- Mi, At-toime* GBmm^L's OrriCK. Albftsy, Jauuy *R — I kavp tkr b*sor u> •ckaowMgc (b« reuiipi of row r E ftrfj*r«:j-j *-c.Mi»uaie*Uo«. wg«thar wrtb a Mpf of U« f'fcwgn of I Robert H. Hum*, Em^. &«cordn- of tfa«> div of N*w York, to Om I Grind J*.f y of that County. dolt**rMl ia Nontub^r taiL My aH*-Dii<-Q I panickilarly iire'led to lito portiua of tlv» ehaif • wtorda tli« R^cordf^t drtaibi (hr aunnor ta which tbe (fwumony Ukkfc ; before (h« e.tatttain^ majfnirau on ■ <:karf« ■raiuKl Jaru^r If. Glcnl- j worU WM iB3tJp ()i»blk, uil kUo to (h*t portiuD lu wbirb ihn RccurJer | Mat»> the msonrr of bir Mixiuf e<^^taJB jiBpor* in tbo piMir^atoii cif ■ ; Mj. Pierc*. b«)«nguif (o tb^. mikI f>kiu-il froBi th*- ir-iil (luiica, .lad cmami' tbpiu to diatiDicl clariwj cf offlrera. \ * dirti « inl^r'-kanfratilr, ai»5 mora tban ari: lh_ ^ppro ' ;T I V ^'^r'"^ .''■'''' ■*'*7''''''i'''''''''"* ■»■""" 'hall to ramprlbul .= . -fthnl'-e"!"*:*''. aod f^ »*• --xmuIi** drparlnieiil* of goArowrot. i a^ajii.t him-etf.- ia luwrl-d .o tb< I %f.r I- ibe duirihut.no ..f dou« accid^nUJ. or intiaawnaJ. i,r lotoaded 1 rran^i-tl >■> ih- r^-.k...-.™ „r ifa. •mall, au-l '-b'v-L*:J. uud bounik-d uo aJI <-itl«i b' .odep..od«l po,^, vhicU ar, devol.ed »{»» oih-r.. Ti,,- .. but aVal^Uii^D of tho iaaju^^r .rf ih< hich confrrr^ uyon hita tbn powar. to do al! lliin;a wb\ iioKm Ihn a^cuniy of liberty. Uw oftbeknd. Tbpfc i^ BO iloabt of tta« rif bt of the R»rordf: Ud cosmlhng «afiatrmte, uv mure Ihaa iti, jud(« oftbe Supreme CoiuT. atthoUKh il U u U tbal nqMcity ; and i« cu? of tbe K^cijr4fi who In to IT)- (^ ■r,?Mad IB ciMe h. fnr thfe adraaceBpnt of juattee Uul bi< Buad ihould b« prc-orrupiad w iib Ikeragoe aad U, «« H«teiu«Dta of a prduoiBarr cxiLnaJutiuo. On-; ■Vfirtruc iHr, ali«, by ttalute, • rtfbt to bwmicuU anotber >iitb bim ia tb« examJOitioa— « pn viVg« wbieb a Jiuilcc of tfau p^ac*, not axp« ricar«d U crioiiiiBl lav, «ft«ii essrcistw, in diiSf utt «iul mportaal E«*w. »iib Mlrosta^e lo tb« pabUe. Tberfl i>, thrrefor«, oo froiiMJ la tki* rcap'ft fnr tbc rba-v« wbu-b I Uie B«C'jnlu aJlegea ha.> b««f] Mia/ls afminat bin, of D'uri'iu; ^<> k a«borily wbtcb dOM mt bc4uf lo b» officn. Bi»Zttijci hiiidut). . ' '5 Howf.l . Slato TrLiL. I"-, -H. Buiif lurb wiyr nottb«rf5J iownl— if, und^eoIOTof iBt'stifraLoir ' _ "Tie roo-miorncps foxing from tlrn 'lortnoe that ih« acl of tb« a chwv" afamat UI*.«l*orth. irrelevant tr,i,inouy waa rer. iTed. and I .^<^'*1" i»., mit aa(bonz«d ' oOcUl • act, will 6* found iololerabla. porwio.- rtippoeed to be iffl|4ieat«d wdre called ii|mo a* tntmiitty in- i '"T "^ 'an' every Uouac tarthnctty mirbf mitrfd by tbii roafia- Fto;id of beina rhar«ed aa maaoaaZ*. aud rom[N-HBd to iMUfy nodcr K^^'-.'t "" I""'"'** - "''' *"*"' 'ommimn* mj^wimlej) br day or o«tb »« l(. ihflir own cooduri. raih^r than to tbnl of lileoHioflti. Ih«-ti [ °\ "'?»»-»"'' =ejrrhed without »arraoi an^i sKb imFuu.ty. aad wk- U.* invcaU^lOD ui clear riobUOB of th^ grr-al prin. ipi.- which i "IT™ "'"'* »« «. b« ■« c«u^ tfiP injurrd party ,k » ilhoul rrdr«^ dirt.nfui«he» a rnurt from no ,i».uintioii. thai ■■ no man 'Uil:! ' ■ b-ld ' , ^*"* '"'■"'"»''«*«• «'■•" not-lmoa ibc cmleoct of ihn ntbt. {wbirh to atc\ut tum-*lfr \ ''l^ '^' P'f-^"' ^J l»e B-lai.it«I./ but from (A« aidaaii in whirt, li bpptmn by ihe Recorder'^ •t;tl<-mrni, Ibal Iho l^^tiuiony t.ibeo brfora b«i, «> tbr cEaaiiniaf tqa|>>(tralo, wwi published b/i ii wo^ laitCB IVoM day lo day. la Um pvlilic jouroaU. cith hi^, know Wife bbJ coiuaaL, aBd id kout de^ m«, ander bii ■iip«riiilcBdMi''c Tbe commoa bur, is tt* hsmaBa and poliuc wa:rhfula4a« to fuard Iba tBBOCcal alaHMl froM the poMibiiiljr of buing cDDfouiMled witb tbo fuiilT, fi*e« to every ooe vbo ia accuaed of a 'J^oie, tba MlriaUifs of l»o triai-. Tbe 8ni i» beiur* tb* flraod Jury, and in merely a t^crti. n pmrit iBquiajtifiD. t» aaccrtaiD U tbrre be auScient efideace lo jiuufv tbair i MakiBj the chiiife public, aaif patliaf tbo Bceoaed upoo hit dnfc»e« Ltsd tbom to UK. I iafomnd falB that ai magUlratrn pelttrf la lakr ikmm, aad unlnaa they were airi reed W i^air't bU how* (or thrtil Mr. Pi-rr^ .ulcd if wb 'a^ not .. k^al r;fh( uj (As them, bn vouUl under no rirruButiacFi pi*,, [dm lo Uf. 1 Hifoim-d bin) ibnt »f ind only had th~ b^sl nybt, hul our olGci.it daty tamptiUd as to uidta an efibii to r>bt«in ih>iu. And I no»f fUte, if Mr. PiPrta bud uenriA>^d lO bu refuni to git„ ,j, tbr. pinpctj, 1 kould hat' prifcc«ded and •rjnrbed bu^ouro for tbem." '■ \Vunoii of ' eomiauiimi, lo lufcr hi4 owa the other party, be nmri ii># notice to produce thrm. ja-i if boI pro- | traf^'k oaiy by ieipli - l.'oa>iiiu[ioB of ihn I ait-d ?l3lwi. :rpn:U»d in ihc CwB^uimutn of tha Ijtate, aud reiieratrd io >>ur "KB BibufRi^hu. . .... ■ ^^ Recorder adroiL", or rather ia»tiJi<*» hinyelf, or. srouiid, ' ihal i d«.prTandiror6T,t«tp.iiwtplo. Al.-noii alti then. „ «, .„ran( kaowu to lb« Uw lo ^arch for tA.omoov V II* ab-"lute K^ennnu. •*..! ud m,* e,*r^|«-d placM the ri^bt upon what he c.lto ■ the -jrM .ud . oalr.rfUo^ pt»r.».H ii^^rr^■ hv .i.i ^ •^^r-:!';; .> ;^t; '^" ""* f '«^'«-'« ""» ' "f common law ,- wh^b he a««in. to be ■ tho rubl fofih^ itViwuta) (tVrry. by tbia mwuta and careftil d»tribulton loio ,b« de,,,rtm.Qt, , to do erer, ihio. nr«...rv lo protect the coLimu».ly at -arr- wainJ Ud ir-dal.no. ofofflco-, ,o thai i-ie power e-Hniurtled lo wy „ac mu j *., depredal.owVftlon.. V-iih Urt k..| |K.^,l.)^...;i,v t„ .VTig*.-- L- ih. -.r,r,^,ttd, but ! priTilT[o«andp«>;jany -rfiudividtial^-' dare tfarrn loucbiT', nbii:^ b=it been produred t»d i&aittod Ujioa lit , durod, be taay jeivfl piuv! r>idei)en of iti«ir content*, one Mr. P>>>cb. ib« Jpf-ndouC cl.-i-i, 'jd(o" a rae-ler la ebaac-r ; , and ^ Tkfl tc-e of Res tx. Wauon aad *L 'J T. R. IIIP. ara>> a tbia tiir.fMTtia K.ih ttlc dnc«* tr-cuiQ, wai id ordfr to fouai* a pro-e- u- for a eriininR) taforuuiou for a libet eonalKing is a ^erla (iOE by way of it>d:<-ti3cac mtoiO't Ct^rh, who hi»d prMtitxi ih"m 1 acd ordor e.ii-red in ror;,rrt^Uo(. book*, rouchf^ra hnfbro Ihc master, fur fttTfrry. .Mt. DUmi refui*.! lu o^- ' ^oti^r /.'>aid, "U bu bees totem aly dciermi&ed thai peur. On notiuii for :iB aiiacbmeoi. Lord MaK^Ci-M w«« r'rcjrly of I prnaeri.tioa you mny fire r^otie* to s drf<;odaat io DroJi upiDiun Cuti ' %r. DiicQ wa, ant FunficiluM'' lo Aidtvtt up tb^»e p«- ' ' ' hii rtl^ifi. asd ihl'I iiiKt>«d 0f produnof them apuiail hi> iiiul. be i)u;ht :nrc*diaiiHty upt>t. rt^^nip; tbe Kubp^xio du'-.r^ to- iffl. lo hare il-titrred lttf» up lo bi" 'JI>"jL' rto Jo ttji cik»e of llililrn aod K«y w. IlarTev, t Rur 5W9, T^rd iy», 'Ibnl w cinl fji/^rr, the ri,uri wiU force partie* lo pfi>- C" whurta may pro^e a^ais*! tb«n<' jury ; but la a erinliiiid or prodo-e aay e>idi.-ai:^, i fbe c^urt 'cy, "Thij. KMacdary eridnwe ra« properly re«Bi»ed, beraii** it waa tbe bar. eviacnre 'u th" pcf^fiMwa ii^«* era aot ■:«.£ .« ib- poaa^Mioa, a.r]d if be ref;ja^« you may giVG otbi-r ei^.tlerjce of it.'' aae«of rrlm.i and tine. It u lit aece^rily of the caac. asd tke tt¥-% ~ :aM:of tbf Suie, Tfl. Kiabbojgb, %l Dr^irnaui. •*■>. Or, Rep. of the rerenuw, that ju-ti6«l ihai wnl." • I caae of murder, and amice wv fireit Ifte p'-iv>aer to pro- I Tb' R/ly objected. evES to tbe adraicaiaa of aay evidenm of tlie •earch for ]>rncedeau. reifOrtwl that he fi/uad no eurh wni i ■ncieat hook*. Jame« Otm, whoM iistme fro^a iti ideaiificatica with tklt CAjt**, ha beco;D«a part of ok.- MiRury *aiCAUMf >ipon aa ad Uta.> 'a b^ha^d tbeciilMM«dr BmIod. Si^iie lntpcrfpcl frumeau 01 htf maaieh oa lata one ■■«% vtuck ti»] ti^ behiDd 11 a tradilionary faxMOf beinir ai>e of tar H^ •ursajaa . . . er>mpeUed to jiva _ . . , j itaiT^jit tunxelf, aaariioood by the bill of rij^hta, ^rrotecta the dcl'iLdAat **- (^"^EXiniu af h:^ eml patriotic '^laqaeece, 3n> repui ! 10 ibi poTrQuion of lit* |>rinur> cvidaAca. Tie object of tie M>ttc- [ JTinefa history of the p^ir-.xt of Kil«>■r.h4ae{l^ (5d toL PL) A I ia Qoi (o tt-mprt ibe prod'jclk'ii of {be pcper, (for ac nei ^overit o^ 4irttact* will show the k^irit wh.'^ii urvra-iled at Ehti day. i —aae^ rUMrr dirrala or •mdvuti«,> hy plng^mf hLic uader adinaJiaa- i Ho ^&yt . " 1 vlO to av dyiiu liay, ofipoaa with all the f aaakj a ' lajT' if !j« do^ ocl produce iL" ' which fJod baa^^nn B>a, ail «ncb uuam^nttiM uT .lancry oc th« oMt ^bu irate of the Uait«d fluica t^. Bnttoa, (J lla>N>n. 4'M,) waa a cxae i bosd, aad rilUiay ins toe other, »• tbia whr af aiaiirf.u^t. u- k af» ' of f<)Tjfi-4 Biit-u. reii!aiaiBjr in th«> psaaeoitfB oi tbe former. The dl»- [Wtars to me the woral inatrunKa: at artiilrary powe,-. the mvttafe- ■ tj-irt aiioro'-v did .lot a^k Jawt^liBhiC7 .mpe. rut and (yraiiDic powei. It !■ rertWoly extiaordiiiJti ibut th<: firii imd cootrolUof prinrljilr of our fr^ecooiraon b*, •<■ careful of private riyhta aed ladiviitucl indepcBdence, tojeokiui ofdKcreii'intry power ew>o in the hipbert jad^f*. aliuukt eontVr upon an iof-:nor iijiBi^traT,?. a jOfticA nf the ^0mi:' or a police nfficar. ii power Ibo -•■no id lU nature a-, fta' which lh« KonMQ*. in [her ejirrinf •-inor^eiiTiea, croaicd for thi" pur^Hjse of ,-u'pendioc """ I"" ' T.ic propo-iliuo i' .;>t-.nli.i(o4e, 'lUch i hrti'-h and fo and aeizc iheoi hiouelf: a rapial,' I (hn note* ;feti*rail> in the tni<>ii, Hul -BpiK»!>. an 13 thin cau... i:.e p^»err are ia Ae basda of a (bird pe;-.,ou, thfl pracliCR lo eiu^Ily weU evlabliabad, that the court will ■jitiit: a fuhp/xan^ctt tectan if nicu peraon, orderiitf bim to come in- to court artd brinif tbe papen witn h:m ; aod Buch periran will, theo ciid EbCTF, in open cauii^ give bu rea^uILf fur uoi pr..Klu<;inf the pa- - , - -, , — , — , pflf, that they are Ihe pnraiepopora of the accBMQ, ee*ltd )ip hyku*., whaa II ia aiaencd by one of the judzMi of tbe Liod. It ba< been j aad d>.hre.-ed lo witnu^i for rafe fc»rtKO£4 Uid tbe rourt wttL :n pub- tbou^at tha: multilui^e ofla^i. defiuioe minaiel) the rifhu aad du- . li^ nad on 'oleaia arr-uninnl, dtcide whether ihey cab Icfally break ilrw of eitizena, aod Ivaviaf aothmg lu the di<«retiao of jutt^e^,, ,* the 1 (hat (