itiQH M/AP ;i335 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ENGINEERING ,C424.W6S541980 DATE DUE T — fnfift — -* — W^^^ ^^rt^lMSvPf^^ ' 1 1 CAVLORO PRINTCO IN U.S.A. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004860239 Wisconsin geological and natural history Survey. E. A. BIROE, Director BULLETIN NO. XX HCONOMICS SERIES NO. 13 THE WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN BY leonarx) S. Smith, C. E. Engineer, H'lsconsin Geolog-icaTand Natural History Survey Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey MADISON, WIS. Published by the State 1908 Wisconsin <&eolOdical anO Tlatural Dtstoris Survey* BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. James O. Davidsox. Governor of the Stafe. C'HAiiLES li. VAX HiSE. President President of the ruiversity of Wisconsin. 'C'HAitLES r. Cakv, Vice-President. State Supt^rintendeut of Public Instruction. Calvert Stexslev.. President of the Commissioners of Fisheries. Locis Kaiilexbei.g. Secretary. President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences. Arts, and Letters. STAFF OF THE SURVEY. E. A. Buicx:. Director of the Survey. T. C. CUAMBKuLiN, Plei-tuccne (ieoogy. Consulting (Geologist. Saml'el Wiuu.man. Ui'ulogist. Survey of Centra, and Northern Wisconsin. Chaxcuv JrDAY_, Biologist. J?in!ojy of Lakes. CiKoiuiE Wacnei;. Biologist. Fishes of Wisconsin. ViCTOU Lenhkk. Chemist. Chemistry of Lakes. Rni- D. Hall. Cho.mi*^t. Chemistry of I-akes. Hig:hway Division. W. U. lIuTrHKis.s. C'hief of Highway Division. (Jeologisf. in charge of Economic Geology. AuTHtu K. IIiusT. Highway Engineer. Matetix W. Toi{ki:ls(»x_ Bridge Enijineei-. Investlavtlon of Water Powers. Leonakd S. S:\riTH. Civil Engineer. Engineer in Charge. Victor II. Uei.nkixg. As^^istant. David IL Dvgax,. Assisfant. In charge of Field Parties. bJlc I tABLE OF CONTENTS: \JJW . Page Table of Contents iv-xiii Illustrations xiv-xvi Preface xvii Introduction 1_3 Significance and extent of water-power resources 1 Sources of information 'z Explanation of tables 3 Physical Geography of Northern Wisconsin.,; 6 Geology 6 Pre-Cambrian roclis 6 Paleozoic roclis 7 Glacial drift 8 Topography 9 Hydrography 10 Soils 11 Forest conditions 12 Climatic conditions 1-1 Temperature 15 Precipitation 16 Part I. Water Powers of Northern Wisconsin 24-262 Fox River System 25-54 Drainage 25 tipper Fox 26 Lower Fox 27 Geology and topography 27 Profile 2S Rainfall and run-off 29 "Water powers 30 General statement 3S Legal status 39 Neen;ih 41 Mennslia 40 Appleton 43 L'pper dam 44 Middle dam 45 Lower dam 46 Cedars dam 47 Littlechute 47 Combined Locks dam 43 Grand Kaukauna dam 49 Rapide Croche dam 51 Little Kaukauna dam 53 Depere dam 53 Railroads '. - , <-'4 iv CONTEyTS Water Powers of Northern Wisconsin— continued. Page Menominee River system 55-77 Drainage • 55 Profile 56 Geology 57 Rainfall and nm-ofC 5S Iron Mountain station 61 Koss gaging station 07 Drainage areas ^2 Water Powers 6S General conditions 68 Bad Water rapids ^>'* Twin Falls 70 Pine River rapids 70 Horse Race rapids 70 Big Quinnesec Falls 70 Little Quinnesec Falls 71 Sand Portage rapids 73 Sturgeon Falls 72 Pemena dam and rapids 73 Chalk Hill rapids 73 White rapids 74 Twin Island rapids 74 Schappies rapids 75 Marinette dams 75 Tributaries ^ 76 Dams on main river and tributaries 77 Peshtigo River 78-88 Drainage and geology 78 Peshtigo River survey 78 Profile of river 79 Run-off 80 Gaging station at Crivitz , Wis 80 Gaging station at Herman's farm near Crivitz, Wis... 31 Water Powers S3 83 General conditions 83 Peshtigo dam 83 Potato rapids 84 Hasting's rapids 84 Crivitz dam 84 Upper and Lower Sandstone rapids 85 Spring and Seymour rapids 85 Johnson Falls 85 High Falls 86 Caldron Falls 86 Roaring rapids 87 Farm dam 87 Wilson rapids 87 Skinner's and Camp rapids 87 Taylor rapids 87 CONTENTS V Water Powers of N'ortlieni Wisconsin — continued. Page Peshtigo River — continued. The Upper river . 87 Dams on main river and tribntixries 88 Estimate of Peshtigo water i^owers 88 Oconto River 89-94 General conditions 89 Pro-file 89 Water powers 90 Stiles 90 Oconto Falls 90 Pnlcifer dam 90 Miscellaneous 91 Run-off 91-93 Gaging station at Gillett, Wis 91-93 Gaging station at Stiles, Wis /. 94 Wolf River system 95-104 General conditions 95 Run-off 96 Gaging station at Wlnneconne 96 Gaging station at Shawano 98 Gaging station at Keshena 100 Little Wolf 102 Drainage area 102 Profile 103 Water powers 103 Phillips 103 Royalton 103 Manawa 103 Smaller tributaries 103 Water powers ou tributaries 104 Wisconsin River system 105-167 Topography and drainage 105 Lake elevations and reservoir sites 107 Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co 109 Profile 110-111 Wisconsin River survey 112 Geology 112 Rainfall 113-115 Run-off 115 Gaging station at Muscoda 115 Gaging station at Kilbourn. . .- 118-119 Gaging station at Necedah 120-126 Gaging station at Merrill 127-132 Gaging station at Rhinelander 132 Railroads 131. vi CONTENTS Water Powers of Northern Wisconsin — continued. Page Wisconsin RiAer — continued. Water powers ■'^'* Praire du Sac • ^^^ Kilbourn • ^^^ Dam site, Sec. 36, T. 18 N., R. 5 E 135 Dam site. Sec. 21, T. 20 N., R. 5 B 135 Nekoosa 1^6 Port Edwards 1^6 South Centralia 136 Grand Rapids 137 Biron dam 137 Stevens Point powers 138 Plover Paper Company's dam 138 Wisconsin River Paper & Pulp Company 139 Jackson Milling Company dam 139 Battle Island dam site 139 Mosinee dam 139 Rothchilds dam site 140 AVausau dam 141 Brokaw dam 142 Trapp rapids 142 Merrill powers 143 Bill Cross rapids 143 Grandfather rapids 144 Grandmother rapids 144 Tomahawk dam 144 Pine Creek rapids 144 Whirlpool rapids 145 Rhinelander Power Co . 's dam 145 Rhinelander dam 145 Rainbow rapids 146 Otter rapids 146 Tributaries 146-167 General statement 146 St. Germain River 147 Tomahawk River 147 Pelican River 148 Prairie River 148 Eau Pleine River 149 Eau Claire River 149 Fall in the river IJO Profile 150. Scofield dam 150 Kelly dam ; . . . 151 Gallon dam 151 S. W. 14, Sec. 27, T. 29 N., R. 9 E.. dam site 151 Bernard's rapids 153 The Dells of the Eau Claire 152 COXTENTS vii AYater Powers of Xortlioni Wisconsin — eontinuotl. Page Wisconsin River tributaries — continued. Rill River Geology and drainage ; 1^3 Fall in the river 153 Profile l^*^ AVater Power 154 Sec. 4, T. 2S X., R. (i E., Rib Falls , 154 X. E. 1/4 Sec. 8, X. 29 X., R. 5 E 154 X. W Vi Sec. 31, T. 30 X. , R. 5 E 154 Sec. 13, T. 30 X., R. 4 E 154 Big Eau Pleine River 155 Geolojry and drainage 155 Fall in the river 155 Profile 155 AVater power sites 155 Centre Sec. 21, T. 27 X., R. 4 B 155 Tentre Sec. 13, T. 27 X., R. 3 K 155 March rapids 155 < 'herokee rapids 156 Plover River 156 Geology and drainage 156 Fall in the river 156 Profile 157 Water power 157 AIcDill dam 157 .Jordan dam 157 Hee. 1, T. 24 X., R. 8 E 15S Sec. 7, T. 25 X., R. 9 E 158 Undeveloped power j.58 Yellow River 158 Drainage and geology 158 Profile 159 Water poAvers 159 Germantown dam 159 Xecedah 159 Babcock power 159 Pittsville power 159 Rapids in Sec. 22, T. 23 X. , R. 3 E 160 Big Bull Falls I60 LemouAveir River 160 Geology and drainage 160 Profile 160 Water powers 161 Lemonweir I61 Manston dam I61 Xew^ Lisbon dam 16i VIU COXTEXTS Water Powers of Xortheru Wisrousiu-coiitinupa. Page Wisconsin Uiver trilnitaries— continued. Baraboo River -161.165 Geology and drainage 161 Railroad facilities 162 Profile , 163 Water powers • 162 Baraboo powers 162 Linen Mill dam 162 City Water Works dam 164 Hoyt Mill Company dam , 164 Island Woolen (.'ompjiny dam 164 Reedsburg dam 164 LaValle dam ^ 165 WoneAvoc dam 16.» Elroy dam 165 AVater power on triltntnries of Biiraboo River 165 Kickapoo Uiver 165-167 Geology and drainage 165 Fall in the river 166 Profile 166 Water powers 166 Gay Mills 166 Soldiers (TroA'e dam 167 Readsto wn dn ni 167 Viola dam 167 La Farge dam 167 Rockton dam 167 Small powers on Kickapoo River tributaries 167 Black River 16S-179 Geology 168 Rainfall 168 Topography and drainage 170 Profile 171 Run-off 17V472 Gaging station at IMelrose 171 GagincT station at Xeillsville 172 Water powers 175 Dam site in Sees. 1 and 2, T. 18 X., R. BE 175 Black River Falls dam 176 Black River Falls to Neillsville 176 N. E. 1/4 Sec. 17. T. 22 N., R. 3 W., dam site 176 Hatfield dam site 177 The "Dells" dam 177 Ross Eddy rapids 177 Weston rapids 178 Rapids in Sec, 16, T. 25 N. , R. 2 W 178 Rapids in Sec. 4, T. 25 X., R. 2 W 178 COXTEXTS ix Water Powers of Xoi'thei-u Wisconsin— coutinned. Pa'-^e Black River — continnefl. Water powers — c-ontiniiefl . Rapids in Sec. 21, T. 26 X., R. 2 W 1*S Greenwood dam 1"S Hemlock dam 1*9 Railroads .^ 179 Dams on tributaries of Black River 1"^ Chippewa River system 180-228 Topography and drainage 180 Geology 181 Proposed reservoir sites 181 Railroads 183 Rainfall and rim-off 184 Gaging station at Ean Claire 186 Gaging station at Chippewa Falls 194 Profile of river 197 Drainage areas 193 Water powers 199 Below junction of Flambeau River Ean Claire 199 Chippewa Falls 199 Paint Creek. Eagle Rapids 200 Jim Falls or Davis Falls 202 Brunett Falls 202 . Holcombe dam 202 Jlouth of Flambeau 202 Branches and upper waters 202 Topography and drainage 202 East Branch of Chippewa River 204 West Branch of Chippewa River 204 Court Or?illPs River 205 Upper powers 205 Tributaries Flambeau River 206-228 Drainage and water powers 200 Railroads 208 Profile 209 Water powers on the Flambeau River 210 Lady smith da m 210 Little Falls dam site 211 Burnt Island rapids 211 Big Falls rapids 211 Little Cedar rapids 211 Cedar rapids 211 Forks of the Flambeau 212 Porcupine rapids 212 Sec. 9, T. 38 N., R. 3 W 212 X coy TEXTS Water Po"v\-ei's of Wisconsin— continned. P'^S^ ChippeTN'a River system — coiitinned. AVater poAvers on Flambeau — (Continued. Barnabee rapids • ^^^ Park Falls i>owers ~^^ The lower dam -^^ The upper dam -^^ Schultz rapids "~^3 Island rapids ^^^ Rainfall and run-off 214-220 Gjisriuff station at Ladysmith -1-* Tributaries of Flambeau River 220 Dore Flambeau River —^ South Fork Falls 221 Geology 221 Profile 221 Logging dams 222 Red Cedar River 222-228 Drainage 222 Geology 222 Profile 223 Gaging station at Menominee 224 AYater powers and dams 225 Railroads 22& Eau Claire River 227 Jump River 227 Yellow River 228 Smaller tributaries 22S St. Croix River system 230-250 Topography and drainage 2^0 Drainage areas 231 Profile 232 Geology 232 Rainfall and run-off 233-236 Water powers 236 Fall 236 St . Croix rapids 236 Kettle River rapids 238 Tributaries 239 Length and drainage 239 Yellow River 240 Profile 241 Water powers 241 Eau Claire River 241 Apple River 242 Willow River 243 Clam River 245 Namekagon River 246 Totogatic River 248 CONTESTS xi Water Powers of Northern Wisconsin— coiitinTied. Page St. Croix River — eontinned. Trilmtaries — continuecl . Elinor streams > 249 Osceola Creek 249 Kinnilvinnic River 240 Lake Superior sj'stem 250-260 Topography 250 Water powers 251 Character 251 St. Lonis River 252 Xemacl ji and Black Rivers 254 Bois Brule River 254 Montreal and G-ogoshungun Rivers 255 Bad River 256 ^Main river .- - - 257 Tributaries 258 White River 258 Maringouin River 258 Tylers Fork 259 Potato River 259 Minor rivers 260 Railroads 260 Part II. Water Powers of Southern Wisconsin 263-323 Present conditions 263-268 Underground waters 265 Geology Potsdam sandstone 265 Lower magnesian limestone 266 St. Peters sandstone 266 Galena-Trenton limestone 266 Niagara limestone 267 Lake deposits 267 Springs 267 Milwaukee River 269-279 Topography and drainage 269 Profile 269 Water powers 271 Milwaukee 271 North Milwaukee dam 271 Thiens ville dam 271 Grafton powers 273 Milwaukee Falls Lime Company dam 273 Sheboygan Knitting Company dam 272 Upper dam 272 Saukville dam 273 Fredonia dam 273 :xu COXTEXTS AVater Powers of Southern Wisconsin— continued. Page Milwaukee River— continued. Water powers — continued. Newburg 273 West Bend powers ^^^ Ilarton d.ini ^^^ Young America 275 Kewaskum dam 275 Tributaries 273-279 Cedar Creeli 275 Profile 276 Cedarburg powers 277 Menominee River 278 Menominee Falls 278 Wauwatosa dam 27S Profile 278 Railroad facilities 279 North Branch of Milwaukee River 279 Sheboygan River 280 Geology and drainage 280 Fall of the river 2S0 Profile 281 Water poTvers 281 Water powers on the Sheboygan River and tributaries 282 Manitowoc River 283 Geology and drainage 283 Fall in the river 283 Profile 283 Water powers of Manitowoc River and ti'ibutaries 283 Rock River 284-317 Topography and drainage 284-317 Geology 286 Forest and rainfall 287 Run-off data . . .■ 289 Gaging station below Pecatoni^a Creek at Rockton, Illinois 5S^ Profile of the river 296 Water powers 297 Horicon 297 Hustisford 297 Pipersville 297 Watertown powers 297 Boomer's dam 299 Jefferson dam 299 Indian Ford dam 300 Janesville powers 302 Fords dam 302 Monterey dam 304 Beloit powers 305 coyTEyTs xiii Water Powers of Southern Wisconsin — continued. Tage Rock River — continued. Tributaries 308-317 Oconomowoc River 308 Profile 309 Crawiish River 309- Beaver Dam River 300 Profile 310 Fox Lake power 310 Beaver Dam po"\vers 311 Beaver Dam cotton mill 311 XTpper woolen mill 311 Lower woolen mill 311 Leipsic dam 312 Lowell daiai 312 Bark River 312 Catfish RiA-er 313 Profile 314 Water powers 3l4r Fnlton 314 Stebbinsville 314 Dunkirk 314 Stoughton 315 Madison 315 Gaging station at Madison 315 Smaller tributaries of Rock River 317 Fox River (branch of Illinois) 318-320 Profile 318 Water powers 319 Wilmot 319 Rochester 319 Waterford 319 Waukesha 319 Small tributaries 32a Mississippi drainage 321 General statement 321 Drainage areas 321 Water powers 322 La Crosse river 322 Trempealeau river 322 Rush river ' 322 Beef river 322 Smaller tributaries ; 322 Appendix — A synopsis of dam charters granted by the state between 1838 and 1907 325-341 l"«««x 343-354 ILLUSTKATIONS. Plate I. II. III. IV. V VI.. VII. VIII. IX. X. XT. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVTII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. Page [ap of the water shed of ^Menominee River oo Fi.!:r. 1.— The Horse Race 70 Fig. 2. — Upper Quinnesec Falls 70 Lower Quinnesec Falls 71 !Map of the water shed of Peshtigo River 78 Fier. 1 .—Twin Falls 98 Fig. 2.— Shawano dam 98 Fig. 1. — Johnson's Falls 8.") Fig. 2.— High Falls 8o Caldron Falls 86 Map of Oconto River watershed 89 Views of the Wolf River Dells 100 Map of Wisconsin River watershed 105 Distribution of Rainfall in Wisconsin River valley 114 Views of the r>ells of Wisconsin River 134 Cross-section of new Kilbourn dam 135 Fig. 1. — Xekoosa dam 136 Fig. 2. — South Centralia dam 136 Plant of the Nekoosa Paper Company 137 Fig. 1 . — Plant of the Consolidated Paper Company 13a Fig. 2. — Plant of the Grand Rapids Paper Company 138 Fig. 1 . — Upper dam at Stevens Point 139 Fig. 2.— Brokaw Paper Company's dam 139 Fig. 1. — Grandmother rapids 145 Fig. 2. — Old dam site near Merrill 145 View near foot of Grandfather rapids 143 'Grandfather Rapids Company's dam 144 ILLV8TRATI0y8 XV Plate Page XXIX. Fig. 1. — Khiuelander Power Company's dam 146 Pip. 2.— Rhinelander Power Companj's plant 146 XXX. Fig. 1.— View on the npper waters of Wisconsin River 147 Fig . 2 . — Eagle River dam 147 XXXI. Fig. 1.— Dam on Ti>maliaAvk River near Tomahawk 153 Fig. 3.— Dells of the Fan Claire River 153 XXXII. Map of Black Itiver watershed 109 XXXIII. Fig. 1.— Black River Falls dam (hiuh water) 177 Fiff. 2. — Rapids at Ross Eddy 177 XXXIY Fig. 1.— Black River at Xeillsville 211 PiIonterey dam at Janesville 304 LIII. :Map of Mihvankee River watershed 269 LIV Map of :\Ianit(twoc and Sheboygan River watersheds 280 FICa^RES IX TEXT. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. o, Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Distribution of rainfall in AVisconsin 16-17 Annual rainfall at Milwaukee 1837-1904 19 Annual rainfall at Madison 1869-1906 21 Lower Fox River at Xeenah. Wis 42 Lower Fox River at Menasha , Wis 42 Lower Fox River at Rapide Croche, Wis 52 Lower Fox River at Little Kaukauna. Wis 52 Map of water poAver at Mosinee, Wisconsin 140 Distribution of rainfall on Black River_ watershed 1893-1907... 170 Distribution of rainfall on Chippewa River watershed 1893- 1905 185 Xvi ILLVSTEATIOXS Page Fig. 11. Mnp of Chippewa Eiver at Chippewa Falls 200 Fig. 12. Map of proposed water power development at Davis (or Jim) Falls ". . 201 Fig. 13. Distribution of rainfall on Flambeau River watershed 1893- 1906 207 Fig. 14. Plan of water power development of the Great Northern Power Company on St. Louis River 253 Fig. 15. Distribution of rainfall on the watershed of Rock River above Rockton, 111 288 Fig. 16. Map showing location of dams in Jauesville, Wisconsin 301 Fig . 17 . Map of Beloit water powers 30(> PREFACK. The remarkable deve](>])iiiour in the <'lectrical goiieratiou and trans- mission rif poAver constitutes one of the nmst important advances in engineering science during the past decade. This devehjpment has served to greatly emphasize the importance and value of our water poAver resources. Probably not more than a half dozen other states in the Fnion are so favorably situated "with reference to water powers as is Wisconsin. If properly husbanded and developed it >eems certain that at an early date these water powers will be ropirded as the pio-^t important nat- ural resource of the state. While >iuale developments of from 10,000 to 30,000 horse power are not Avanting, it is their general distribution over nearly the entire state, rather than the great size of a few plants^ that is most eharacttristic of Wisconsin water powers. The total water power in the state at present developed, approxi- mately 130,000 horse power, is only a small proportion of the total power awaiting development. While this fact may be attributed in large measure to the lack of settlement in the ncirthern part of the state, where w^ater powers are most abundant, it is equally true that in very many cases the failure to develoj't is primarily clue to a lack nf ]utblicity regarding their location and value. To secure greater publicity, the legislature of 1005 a]">propriated $2,500 for making surveys of the water powers, and for ]n-eparing a report on the same. The present bulletin is not to be regarded as a final report on this subject but only as a first step toward furnishing the information needed by the public. The work of collecting these data has been made doubly difficult because the lack of funds needed to prosecute the field STirveys made it necessary in many cases to secure second hand information. Profiles of rivers have frequently been secured by means of railroad water levels at stream crossings. About 600 miles of riA'er have been actually suiweved at a total cost of about will PHEFAVE. ■Y'>.f*'*t*. ^m<' lialf nf which was fnrnislu'd liy rlic V S. < u'ltloiiical Stir- vtw in C(K)])(.n'atioii with thv State Survey. ^J'hc Fodtral Sni'w-y lias, li()w.'\'i'r, s]i;'iit a])i)r(Lxiuiatc'ly $1-^,000 --iiK'C' liM):^, in nuikinii' -ly ^■alual)lo niu-iitf roc- oriK. 11]) to Dcctaiihcr '-W. 11M)7, arc ]»rcst'ntc(l in rlii^ rcjion. Tlii- work of stream incasnrciiu lit ^Ivaild be contiiuicd in the fntui'c. a- rhc A'alnc of sTU'h rnn-(jif data iircatly increase^ witli the Icniiih of rhc r(H'ord. Ir i•^ well nndcrstond by hydraulic (niiiineers that such r. c- ords are indi^ji-nsahh^ for ])lainiiui^' the lurl)in(' installations of new l^lant^. A\ Idle a i^ood htuinnini: ha-^ alr:'ady h'cii made, much work >-till rcmaiu- tf. he done in --ur\'eyinu the r(Muainiui;" water ])ower riv-ers, in order that a iilan and ])r(tfih' '^llo^\ iuii' pi^sible ]iowov dcvelo])ments ii.iay ])e ])rei)ared and ]'rinted for avucral distrlhutiou. An effort has Ix'cn made to uivc full ci-'cdit for all infttnuation re- ceived, ywy valuahle infor. nation has \^^r^\ furnished the writ:'r hy jUMiiiucnt hydraulic cuiiiiuers, esjHH'ially hy 1). AV. ^lead, ]\Iessrs. Lowi'th tV AVolf. and AI'■-^-I■s. O'lvtH^f \- Orhis.tn to whom iz'rateful ackimwledo'ineut is madi'. M'2;reirate amount is probably not less than 2,500,000 to 2,800,000 acres. Some of these lands are now covered by a growth of white cedar, others with tamarack and spruce, the latter being usually found on the borders of both tamarack and cedar swamps, while still others are simply sedge marshes, some of which are yearly cut for hay. In many other swamp areas fires have killed the trees, causing all the small anc*horing roots to die and decay, so that the winds have over- turned nearly every tree. Many of the northern swamps are underlain by vast beds of peat, while all have a thick covering of moss and humus. Both these factors play an important part in delaying the water in its journey to the streams. Plate — shows the location of each class of soil. Forest CojN"mTioNs. ^'N"orthem Wisconsin in its primeval state was a vast forest of ma^ficent timber." This could be said to-day of large areas. The PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1^ rviili'iil })nrtioii i.it' till- I'c^iuii indiult's luixctl forcer in wliu-Ci, rlmngh the piiiL' liiir? noarly all been eut, there still remains over .").()('(.) feet (if hard M'ood and hemlock per acre, besides other timber eqiially valnable. The total area covered by forests of this grade amonnts to >,000 square miles, about the same as that of the State of ]\Iassa- cim^etts. Mr. E. T. Sweet^ emimerates 34 different kinds of trees which he found on tike Lake Superior slope alone. Additional specie^ found on the southern slope ^vould increase this nimiber considerably. The lumberman's labors ^vere first directed to getting out the pine, both because of its high value aiid because of the fact that he could fioat it down stream to market. This industry, including the manu- facture into lumber, had an invested capital in 1000 of $100,1GS,000 and tiirned out a product valued at $81,983,000.- This easily places it as the most important industry of the State. Only two other States exceeded this in 1900. In the same year, according to the United States Census report, "Wisconsin was the leading State of the Union in lumber and timber products, their total value being '$."')8,- 000,000. The amoimt of pine timber is limited and already its production is waning. Its place is being taken, to a large extent, by hard-wood timber, by cedar posts and poles, and by hemlock lumber and bark. The chanires Avroufi-ht annuallv bv the lund^cr- man's ax and the succeeding forest fires are very considerable. The recent appointment of a State forestry commission promises nnicli for the protection and fostering care of these great interests. The once popular belief that this northern area Avas Avorthless after the loss of its timber has given way in the past ten years to a gen- eral confidence in its agricultiiral possibilities. This is amply evi- denced by the rapidity with which these lands are being opened up by farmers and by their rapid appreciation in market value. In 1895 only 7 per cent of the 18,000,000 acres of the northern half of "Wisconsin was cultivated. This region has fiirnished 85,000,000,- 000 feet B. ]\L of pine lumber alone in the past sixty years. The gradual clearing of the timber has doubtless had an effect on the rim- off of the rivers. Under the changing conditions the rainfall will be less absorbed by the soil and will get to the streams in a shorter period. This is especially true of the swamps, where the fires have burned the thick humus and moss which formerly delayed the pass- 1 Geol. Wisconsin, vol. 3, ISSO, p. 32S. aXJ. S. Census, 1900, pt. 1, p. 293. u WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. age of the Avater to tliu lakes and rivers. It is only fair, however, to call attention to the fact that large areas of the original timber consumed by forest fires hare been replaced by a second growth of both hard and soft timber, much of it in the form of dense thickets, Avhich shade and protect the ground more effectually even than the original forest. Climatic CoxDITIO^'"s. TEilPERATUKE. The climate of this region is characterized by a large amount of sunshine, with high temperatures in summer and extreme cold, deep snows, and clear skies in winter. The summer heat and winter cold Live generally tempered by the influence of the bordering lakes. Lakes Superior and Michigan cover an area of over 54,000 square miles and never freeze over in winter. Although the prevailing wind is from some westerly quarter, this is so frequently broken up by the passing of storm centers from the lakes that both the tem- perature and the humidity of the air arc affected by these great bodies of water. Wisconsin rivers are generally frozen over between De- cember 1 and ]\[arch HO. The following table gives the highest and lou'cst temperatures for each mouth of the year for t'he twelve years ending lSs;> at places in or adjacent to this region: Eigliest and lowest temjjei'atures for each inonth of the year for the tioelve years ending 1SS3.^ Locality, Dulutli; Maximum. Minimum. . Marquette: Maximum. Minimum., Escanaba: Maximum. Miuimum.. Alpena: Maximum. Minimum.. St. Paul: Maximum. Minimum.. La Crosse: Maximum Minimum. . i cd a, < CO 73 56 —26 52 —2? 59 ~A3 >* li Q. -1^ > a 3 ffi y o a> 1-5 < m O z: « 57 —34 62 -26 75 3 91 26 92 36 99 46 93 45 90 30 73 8 65i —29 ; 69 —27 70 —14 SI 3 92 23 95 31 100 40.3 96 39.7 97 29 ST 18 m — 9 52 57 —20 65 3 S3 20 S8 34 92 42 89 39 84 26 7b 61 9 58 —57 66 —14 73 2 91 22 97 33.5 97 45 92 40 92 29.3 83 23 63 — 4 59 —32 68 —20 82 7 94 24 94 39 100 46 98 43 94 30 87 15 73 —24 65 —34 73 23 83 10 96 29 98 40 101 96 44 93 31 34 13 70 —21 59 -20 43 —23 56 —15 56 —30 60 —37 1 King, F. H., Northe-rii Wisconsin Handbook, 1806. PHYISICAL GEOGRAPHY. i^ lu couui'ctiun \\-irlL the sudden lowering of the winter temperaturCj a most interesting plienonienon was observed on St. Croix Hirer by United States engineers in tlie earlj' "winter of ISS:^/ ''This was the apparently close relation between the temperature and the mean velocity and discharge of the stream, the stand of the water beinii' at the same time nearly constant. In the earlv winter it w^as found that each cold "wave which increased the thickness of the ice about one-tenth of a foot at a time w\as accompanied by a great falling otf of the discharge, to be followed by a partial recovery dur- ing the next few^ days, the same phenomenon recurring with great re^'ularitv at each cold Avave. The recovery of discharge beina' in each case only partial, the gradual tendency was downward until the apparent minimum w^as reached, when there Avas no appreciable chauo'o for several weeks.'' PItECiriTATIOX. The average rainfall for t"\venty-five years over the entire State is close to o2.3 inches, distributed by seas(.)ns us f oUow^s : Winter, 4.7 inches; spring, V.G inches; summer, 11.7 inches; autumn, 8.-3 inches. If the rainfall of the northern half alone be considered, these figures would probably need to be slightly increased. It is worthy of note that 00 per cent of the rainfall conies in the summer and autumn months, while the least fall is during the winter months. December, January, and Feln-uary are the months of ininimum run-off, both be- cause of smaller precipitation and because of low temperatures and resulting deep frosts. Minimxim run-off may also occur in very dry summers. In general, it may be said that the precipitation in Wisconsin ex- ceeds that of Minnesota and ]\richigan and about equals that of To-\va. ' Rept. Chief. Enc:. I'. P. Army. ISSn. p. 1470. IG WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. 1B95 1896 1897 1898 n UHDtR rs INCHES 1899 IS TO 20 INCHCS £0 70 29 INCHCS . 8ST0 30 INCHtS 30 T035 INCHES . 1900 as TO 40 ► INCHES, b. ^OVCR 40 d INCHCS. Fig. 1. — Distribution of Rainfall in Wisconsin PHYSICAL GEOQBAPHY. 17 1901 1902 1303 1904 □ UNOCR rs 1805 IS TO eo f IKCHCS f ^20 T0 2S CS TO 30 INCHES 30 TO 39 INCMC8 AVERAGE 35 TO 40 INCHES oven A9 IRCMCt 1895-1905. (Prepared by D. W. Mead.) 18 WATER POWERS OF ^yISCOXSIy. The following table shows some details of the distribution of rain- fall by months : Average precipitation at five stati07is in Wisconsin for twenty years.^ Datall. ^1 ^ o ^ < s a 6 1 "3 3 PERCENTAGES. Distribution IOC 4.9 4.3 6.1 7.3 10.5 13.3 13.1 11.0 Classification of days ; On which rain fell- Mean 41.2 43.0 41.9 40.4 40.6 43.7 43.1 41.1 33.2 Maximum . . . 5e.o 77.4 79.3 59.4 59.3 67.5 70. 66.2 eo.6 Minimum .. . . 37.0 IS. 7 11.3 19.3 21.9 20.7 30.6 17.4 21.3 Without rain . . 5S.7 57.9 58. 1 60.2 59.6 b6.S 51. £ 5S.9 61. S Trace to 0.25' .. 31.4 41.1 3G.S 32.4 30.6 30.t 30.9 27.6 35.7 0.25' to 0.50' .. . .=^.0 3.3 3.4 4.] 5.5 5.Z 7 c 5.S 0.3 0.50' to 1.00'... 3.4 1.4 1.5 3.t 3.0 4.4 5.7 4.9 4.6 1.00' to 2.00'.. . 1.4 .3 .3 .4 1.2 l.S 3.2 2.0 1.9 2.00' to 8.00' . . . .2 .2 .1 .3 .4 .7 •7 .6 3.00' to 5.00'.. . i ii -2 .1 .3 .1 Over 5' KCMBEIl OF DAY.-^. ...... Greatest consecu- tive — 1 With rain 36 12 16 12 13 13 rll 13 15 Witho^it rain. . . ! 14 9 9 3 s 9 '13 3 8 INCHES OF ItAIX. Heaviest in 1 day.. 7.33 3.6 l.S 2.1 3.9 3.1 3.9 4.5 3.9 12.0 41.7 70.C 15. S 57.6 iiS.i 6.5 4.6 2.6 .3 5.6 7.9 36.1 60.8 15.8- 63.9 26.2 4.S 3.6 1.6 5.5 39.3 71.0 14.9 60.7 32.] 3.9 3.C 4.9 43.5 79.6 19.3 56.5 37.7 3,7 1.7 •■' 19 S 7.23 14 9 1.3 13 1.5 The amount of precipitation is fairly constant for the winter and a portion of the fall and spring months, but varies considerably in the summer months. ^ ^'Exceptionally dry periods occur about once in, fifty years, Avhen the avera^'e for three consecutive years is 22' inches and the least for one year is l'j.r> to 20. r> inches. Dry periods occur once iu twenty-five years, Avhen the average for three consecutive years is 24.2 inches and the least for one year is 20.3 inches. Moderately dry periods occur once in ten years. The exceptionally dry periods are preceded by an exceptionally wet period, when the annual precipitation has been as high as 50 inches. This i? followed by a period of moder- ately heavy rainfall, with a maximum of 45 inches. The last excep- tionally dry period occurred in 1S94 to IStMi."- The year 1003 had a moderately heavy rainfall. If the above cycl© can be depended on^ the next period of maximum rainfall may be expected about the year 190S. Fig. 2 shows the progressive averages of the precipitation at Mil- -waukee for the past seventy years, computed by the formula — " 16 1 Moore, W. L., Rainfall of tlie United States: Bull. D, C. S. Dept Agriculture. 2 K'n-liofffr, W. G.. master's thesis. 3 After Blandford. See Bull. D, U. S. Weather Bureau. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 19 ■wlicn-e c reprei^ents the rainfall of the year iu question and b and a stand for the rainfall in the t-u'o rears preceding, ^vhile d and e rep- resent the rainfall of the following two years. This eiuwe makes clearer the nature of the rainfall cycle. 1 1 -«.-». S 0» 0* cj 1835 36 37 38 39 ?■ 5 ■V ^ < / ?I ■ / K n ■4-/ /' ^ •^2 i 43 ^<- ■^S ^6 4e J/ S2 S3 >5^ 65 66 67 68 69 /8S0 6/ 62 63 6f 66 66 67 68 69 /370 7/ re 73 7^ 7S 76 77 78 7S /680 a/ . ee 83 84 65 86 87 88 89 /890 9.' 92 S3 9-: 95 96 97 98 9J /900 Of oa 03 .04- \ ^ t^ / k / ii •^ C •-. >^ ss N ^ 1 L I-' \ ( ' 1 s 1 i s 1 1 \ 1 r 1 "v s 1 K 1 . -r" V- ' 1 1^ ■^ \ 1 1 C 1 1 1 1 1^ 1 1 1 A 1 ■ ■ y \ 1 ; 1 j ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ;l 1 1 ! 1 j -^ ' 1 ] -K. s, ■ 1 1 ) 1 /■ 1 1 1 / 1 1 I t^ i s - ■1 r : k — — — — 1 — — — ■^ r" H ^ 1 1 / 1 ^^ f- -j| 1 / 1 1 / 1 ' \ 1 1 \ 1 \ 1 ' ! s ' 1 1 1 ^ ■^i i 1 j ' i , 1 1 , r- y 1 V 1 ^ s 1 ? r* / |— \ - _ „ _ _ _ _ ^ ■Fig !. — Chart showing rainfall at Milvraukee, 1837-1904 20 WATER POWERS OF WISCOSSIS, In the followuig table are .shown the long-term precipitation records of four typical stations in this general region. The rainfall at 3Iil- "waiikee appears to be consi)) 1S^2 1SS3 ]SS4 ISSo 1S5<^. l.S^7 IS^ ISi'O ISiJl l&tl3 iS'.i; ]^I7 169i IN II) v.m 1902 l!lO:^ l»Kt4 1^03 ]!X)6 1907 46.; 35.; 24.: 30. ( 39.: 39.. 30. f 32.' 31. 30. i n.- 31. 30. 20. J 35.1 32 27.; 2A.\ 29. ( 31. 32.: 22. 23.- 29.) .32.; 34.; Du- I St. luth. I Paul. I -T 34.4 3 37. li 9 41.6 49. S 1 57.4 4 40.0 5 42.2 6 G2.1 6 Ai.Q 45.4 5 43.6 ."> 43.9 7 33. S 1 44.0 8 41.2 44.9 9 23.1 *. 9 10.7 .32.4 25.3 4 2S.1 s 27. S 1 1 4 9 ^ 34.3 2S.7 2S.1 22.6 45.3 32.5 3S.2 29. S 37.6 ,J9.3 3S.0 23.1 23.2 26.5 35. S 26.1 20.0 25.3 33.3 22.9 28.5 25.9 27.3 25.3 32.0 17.1 24.1 23.5 29.5 21. S 2S.5 32.6 33.3 26.0 31.7 25. S 22.3 24.3 27.1 34.7 30.9 30.5 10.7 25.3 30.5 27.5 2;^'l 34.3 20.7 25. S 26. 1 31. S 2^.0 37.9 24.5 34.1 3.5. S 35.S 2S.S 33.2 23.9 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 21 o 5 , 4 Rain fa// /n /nches ^ ^ % ^ ^ K 18£^j^^ ss ^^I^H ■ ^^^^ ^^^^^ • Ol 1^^^^ ■^■^ d4-|HflH JJ|S| 05 pm ^S 1 a^^^^H ^^B 1 1 1 ^^^^^m ^^BBB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s?h|H ■^ ^^^H MP 1 1 ^'^■H -^ ■^■1^ ^ 1 1 1 SL 05l^| HHI 1 1 1 &6|HH ^^ 1 1 Fig. 8 < 3. — Annual rainfall at Me A dison, Wisconsin. 5 PART I. WATER POWERS OF XORTHERX WISCONSIN. WISCONSIN SURVHY. MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA / ^\^^r.^"Vv ^^^ ^^^ WOLF RIYERS /.. S ,j z ^^'^"^^^^N WISCONSIN J90T / ^INJSTJEBAGO U LAC FOX KIVER SYSTEM. Draixage. Lalve AYinnebago, the largest inland lake in Wiscon^inj divides Pox Eiver into two radically different sections, the npper and the lower Eox. The npper river approaches from the sontheast to within abont a mile of Wisconsin Eiver at Portage, then tnrns to the northeast on its conrse to LalvC Winnebago. It winds, with low banks, thron.iih broad savamias having only a gentle slove, passing a total distance of 25 miles through three long lakes before reaching Lake Winnebago. *'!Mnd Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Lake Puckaway, have been caused by the deposits of affluents which the main stream has not been able to wash aAvay, plainly indicating that the jtresent upper Fox did not erode its course, for it has not even the power to keep itself free, bur instead is filling up. Lake Butte des Morts and Lake Winnebago are depressions which the present tendency is to fill up."^ Major Warren's hypotheses for these peculiar conditions have been widely accepted, and are so interesting that they are here given: "We have only to suppose that all the "waters of Lake Winnebago basin (including that of the upper Fox) formerly drained to Wiscon-- sin River; that a slow change of level in this region elevated the soiit^hwestern part and depressed the northeastern part till a large lake Avas formed, which finally overflowed, forming the course of the lower Fox. This explains the present doubling back in the course of the upper Fox and tributaries, and it accounts for the close re- lation and yet opposite courses of Fox and Wisconsin rivers. As the level changed, the erosion at the outlet could not keep pace with it and so prevent a lake forming, because a granite ridge lies near the surface between the Wisconsin and Buffalo Lake. When t)he lower Fox outlet formed, the loose material covering the rocks rapidly gave way and ^Warren, G. K.. Kept, on Wisconsin and Fox rivers. 1?7C>. 2i\ WATER POWERS OF ^yIScoysIy, lowere.l the lake level down to the roek, -which now (1S75) keeps it TO iTs ])re?iau. level. The period of this change was post-Glacial, be- cause this alluvial terrace is free from Glacial drift which it could not have been if formed before in a region like this, snrromided by Glacial drift deposit/' UPPER POX. Fox Eiver descends only 35.3 feet in the 106. S miles between Por- tage and Lake Winnebago — an average fall of less tlian 0.5 foot to the mile. The following Table shoAvs The river profile in detail as given by United States engineers : Profile of Fox River from Lake Wninehago (Oshkosh) to Portage Jock {Fort Winnebago). Station. Lake Winoebago Eureka lock, crest Berlin lock , crest TVhite River lock, crest Princeton lock, crest (Lake Puckawa). Grand River lock, crest Moutello lock, crest (Lake Buffallo). . . Governor Bend lock, crest. Fort Winnebago lock, (Portage) Pertage lock ■ Dista nee — Descent between Elevation points. From above sea Lake Winne- Between points. level. Total. Per mile. bago. Miles. Jlilfs. reel. Feet. FeeL 746.1 1 2L6 24.6 748.8 2.7 32 9 8.3 7.^0.6 l.S 42 9 10.0 755.7 5.1 .V2 3 73.0 9.4 20.7 760.2 763.9 9.4 3.7 )- 0.42 76.3 3.3 768.9 5.0 100.4 24.1 774.7 5.8 lOt.6 4.1 780.5 5.8 106.8 2.2 781.4 0.9 Pox Eiver has been improved for navigation by the Federal Gov- ernment along this entire distance by the building of 10 locks, but the slight fall gives few opportunities for water power. The first dam on the Fox is at Pardeeville, where a head of 14 feet is available. "Wisconsin River is about 10 feet above Pox Piver at Portage, and this fall could be utilized by a dam near the Fort "Win- nebago lock. A considerable quantity of water could be discharged through the canal with safety. At Montello, 28 miles below, a turbine is installed under a head of o feet, developing power for a gristmill. Xo developed power is infuse on the river beloAv this point. FOX RIVER. 27 Tbo thixi' principal tribiuaric^ '.'f the upper Fox have a fall of alnjiit 250 feet — much greater than that of the main river; they are all lounU oil the north side. These branches, Montello, Mecan, and AYhite rivers, start as clear, steady springs, running from the sand ridges of the drift covering that portion of the basin. They are each abcait 20 miles long, and "would be unimportant except for the fact that their fall, combined "with their steadine--s of floAV, makes them of considerable value. Montello Kiver joins the upper Fox at IMontello. A dam at this point has a head of 11 feet, furnishing power for a flouring mill and a -woolen mill. This head could bo easily increased to IG feet. The following table shows the principfil developed powers on the tributaries of the upper Fox. Developed icater powers on tributaries of upper Fox River. Location aad stream. Owner atid use. Head. Hat ton, Little River Lawrence. Dnek Creek Manchester, Grand River , Marhlebead. De Nevue Creek Markesan Grand River Oxford, Neenati Creek Do Pine River. Pine Creek Po.vsippe. Pine Creek Princeton, ditch from Mecan river Ripon. Silver Creek . Saseville. Pine Creek Waumander. Wauraander Creek. ... Wautoma, Mecan River "Westfteld, Montello River C. F. Stoiljman, flonrand feed r. E. Pierce, flour and feed G. Pfeitter. Hour I). I. William^-, flour and feed P . Wieski, flour and feed L. Larrner, flour and feed H. E McNott. fiour and feed Skinner i.'C: Jolinson. flour and feed.... W. H. Panlsea, flour and feed Tei^ke & Zierka, flour, feed and elec- tric liffht Nohr Milliua Co., flour and feed B, W. Heald. flour and feed A. G. Ocbs^Der. flour William Henke. flour and feed. . . . Cochran li" Nettinger, flour and feed. 10 n 12 30 11 9 14 14 19 12 10 15 H. P. 33 70 ■15 30 30 70 190 60 70 180 120 54 27 36 85 LOAYEE FOX. Geology a^cd Topography. East of "Wolf River Valley is the more prominent though similar valley of Green Bay and Lake Winnebago. In pre-Glacial time it miist have been much smaller in size, having been excavated to its present great size by the glaciej'. Lake Wimiebago alone covers about 200 square miles, while t^he area of the connecting valley be- low (lower Eox River) is 400 square miles. The western slope of both valleys is gradual, but the eastern slope is precipitous, being cut out of the soft Cincinnati shales overlain by the hard "Xiagara" limestone. The bed is the hard "Galena" lime- stone of the "Trenton" series. The eastern side of the lower Fox 28 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Kiver drainage basin l•ise:^ abruptly 100 to 200 feet above the water in Green Bay, and continues as a line of cliffs along the eastern shore of the present Lake Winnebago, and thence soiithward, though largely covered with drift in the southern part of the State. The glacial action sent down an immense ice sheet, cutting out the valley of Lake ilichigan, while a branch tongue gouged out Green Bay Valley ;to its present size. On the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan was formed the prominent Kettle Bange, a medial moraine. The floor of Green Bay Valley has a rapid rise, Lake Winnebago being IGG.T feet above Green Bay. The portion of the old valley now occupied by the upper Fox was largely filled Avith drift, and it seems probable that to the action of the glacier in cutting down th^ intervening '^Lower Magnesian" rampart and in partially filling the upper valley of Fox river is due the change in the flow of up- per Fox aud Wolf rivers through the newly enlarged Green Bay Val- ley to the lake. It is also likely that the change in flow i>^ parHy due to a depression toward the north, which occurred during or after the recession of the glacier, as suggested by Major Warren. This de- pression caused an advance of Lake [Michigan, which rearranged the drift and deposited the red clays. By means of the latter this ancieur shore of the lake can now be traced northward beyond ShaAvano, on Wolf River, westward np Fox River above Berlin, and southward to a few miles north of Fond du Lac. Lake Winnebago is a com- paratively modern reservoir, formed in the valley by the deposition of 2:lacial drift. Pkofile. TJie folloAving table gives in detail the profile of the river to-day, after the extensive navigation improvements l)y the United States Government. These improvements have changed the river into long stretches of slack water, with perhaps short rapids at the foot of a dam, except at Grand Kaukauna and Grand Chute, the site of the city of Apple- ton, where the rapids are passed by canals, Avhile the river flows over its original steep bed. FOX RIVER. 29 Profile of Fox River from Lake Winuehago {Menasha) to Green BayA Station. Menasba dam, crest Appleton upper lock, crest -ippleton locks, foot Cedars lock, crest Llttlecliute locks: Crest Foot Grand Kaiikaiina locks: Crest Foot Eapide Crocbe lock: Crest Foot Little Kaukaiina lock: Crest Foot Depere lock: Crest Foot Green Bay Distance. From Menasba Between poiuts. 0.0 5.1 5.1 6.3 1.2 y.(i 3.3 10.0 1.0 11.0 1.0 1S.3 1.7 U.2 .9 17.9 3.7 17.9 .25 ■23. <) CO 23.9 .2 ■2'J.S 5.9 29. S .0 3.5.2 0.4 Eleva- tiou above sea level. 746.1 736.5 699.7 090. 633. S 05.3. S 003 3 003.3 593.9 593.9 5S7.7 579. i .579.4 Descent between points. Total. 9.6 36. S .0 9.7 36.2 50. o .0 9.4 .0 6.2 ,0 S.3 .0 Per mile. 1.9 30.6 .0 9.7 36.2 .0 56.1 .0 37.6 .0 31.0 Rainfall and Ri'n-off. The United States engineers have maintained a gaging station at Kapide Croche dam ever since March, 1S96. The assistant engineer in charge, L. M. ilann, states that the crest of the dam at this point is well suited for a Aveir. Care is taken to read the gage five times daily, the mean reading being nsed to calculate the daily discharge. According to these records the mean low-water discharge for the past eight years Avas 1,409 second-feet and the average discharge 3,007 second-feet; 2,660 second-feet may be regarded as the ordinary fioAv of the river. Because of the steadying effect of Lake "Winnebago and the lakes above, formed by the expansion of upper Fox and Wolf rivers, the discharge of the river is remarkably uniform. At Apple- ton the ordinary variation from Ioav to high Avater is scarcely more than tAvo or three feet throughout the year. The folloAving table giA'Cs the maximum, the minimum, and the average floAv for each month for nearly nine years, ending December, 1904-, as measured at Kapide Croche dam, and also the rainfall and run-off for the same period : 1 From L'nited States engineer's profile of the river. 30 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Estimated monthly discharge of loicer Fox River at Rapide Croche dam. [Drainage area. 6,200 square miles.] Disct arge iu second-feet. Run Second- leet per square mile 0.6.34 .697 .637 1.37 .905 3.013 1.23 .714 .643 .551 .307 .1.53 .-506 .601 .4-50 .237 .034 .173 .324 .333 -off. .__ Depth in inches. 0.731 .726 .734 1.5-3 1.04 2.30 1.4? .S-23 .717 .635 .3:39 .170 ..5S3 .670 .519 .273 .0-37 .193 .3ry2 .440 Rainfall. Month. Maxi- mum. i 1 Mini- 1 mum. 2,262 2,545 2,063 3,076 4,333 6,63S 3,451 3,047 3,243 3,071 697 406 1,-56:3 2,ir3 sso 123 9 145 955 33S Mean. 3,931 4,320 3,947 8,510 5,610 12,760 7,613 4,434 3,933 3,417 1,3S4 940 3,140 3,736 2,737 1,470 146 1.065 3,91)7 2,367 luches. Per cent of rain- fall. 1895. January 4,97? 5,201 5,796 13.706 6,3S6 15,416 11,9S2 5,17.^ 5,072 4,1S5 1,7-39 1.76.5 4.346 4.r.->i 3 . ?6."i 3,i:07 :"iMO I.SSS 2 , 5.^2 February March April May June July August September October 1S96. March 1.14 4.39 5.23 2.75 3.09 3.09 3.23 2.55 3.06 1.04 21.0 April Mav 3.37 11.1 June July August September October November December 34.4 16.3 5.3-: .34 7 7** 11.3' 40 - The year 29.57 1.37 1-17 3.19 2.00 1.74 5-06 3.. 51 2.00 2.53 2.15 1..50 .86 1S97. Janiiarv 3,795 3,52-2 5.:^44 S.72S .J.J44 4.749 4,071 3.330 1..55S 3.'>'>5- 2,6&i 3,770 1,533 1.397 i,im 3,296 3.519 3,0:^3 1,297 ]16 273 399 861 SOU 2,762 2.765 2,711 6,]:?2 4,016 3,246 3,200 1,3?1 S33 1,434 1,S6G 3,314 .445 .44^5 .437 .939 .'US .534 .516 .303 .134 .3:30 .300 .373 \ ..513 .464 .504 1.10 .747 . 53-5 .595 .34'* .1.50 .365 .335 .430 37.5 February March April May Jane 39.6 33.1 55 . '"^ 43.9 11. '^ JdIv 16. • August 17.4 September October November December 5."' 13.-: 5<).0 The year 1898. January S,73S .3.1-1? 3.106 ^.S73 5! 693 6.S>3 4,9()9 2, 5.5.3 2,S05 1,795 2,.36S 3,735 2,S05 116 1.435 1,494 ] .7-? 3. -565 3 204 l.r>iU $']>> 443 1.234 994 2,763 2,5^9 2,359 3.96'^ 4,079 4.743 3.316 1.571 1,S17 l.5 3.075 3.3 53 3.657 6.35)0 6.398 3,7SJi 1,S.36 9S3 1,144 2,119 2,043 5.47 .3.54 .349 .413 .•i.5S 1.15 1.14 .704 .341 !2i3 .3m .379 26.15 1.1? .9^> 2.;u 3.00 3.0s 5.40 3.39 2'.73 2.63 3.03 .74 1.47 30.9 31 6 Febriiarj' 33 3 March .^pril Mav 1 13.3 21, ■> 37 '3 June Julv 21.2 21 4 August September October November December 12.0 6.60 7.05 51.6 25.4 The year S.-GT 105 2.S59 .461 6.26 29.74 21.1 FOX TtlTER. 31 Estimated monthly cHscJiarge of lower Fox River at Rapide Croche dam — Con. Month. Discharge ia second-feet. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Run-off. Mean. Second- feet per square mile. Depth in inches. Rainfall. Inches. Per cent of rain- fall. 1900. t January ' ?,63i February 3,024 March 3,677 April 4,355 May 4,051 June 2,208 July 2,413 August ' 2,646 September 3,5lS October 8,066 Kovember s,597 December 8,?22' The year.... 9,597 1901. January 4, .349 February 4,634 March 6,431 April 12,033 May <^,90i June 5,087 July 4,557 August Z,S\Q September l,6S7 October 3,373 November 3,373 Xtecember 3,672 The year 12,033 1902. January 3,1.^6 February 3.4S0 March 4.010 April 3,25? May 12,317 June 11,868 July 5,703 August -l.OSO September 1 ,865 October ' 3,024 November 3,1S4 December 3,100 The year. 1903. 12,317 January 3.756 February 3,652 March April 9,297 May 7..37S June , 6,791 July 5, .571 August 4.449 September 5,5i9 October 5,826 November 5,077 December 3,702 Sll 1,044 1,110 1,107 1,333 258 131 1,057 1,107 1,734 4,943 1.663 131 1,939 1,S25 1,743 2,469 3,453 1,741 2,045 1,130 675 9,910 1,640 1,464 075 765 mcy 1,135 947 1,471 3,491 1,647 1,311 515 435 756 892 The year. 9.297 435 1.206 1,675 3.043 2,656 l.Ei56 1,4.^S 1,&29 2,. "90 1,733 1,319 1.206 2,174 2,247 2,556 3,414 2,976 S73 95S 1,S31 2,021 0,230 8,063 4,353 3,053 3,526 3,773 3,339 8,960 4,994 3,723 3,501 2,176 1,221 2,551 3,256 2,763 2,263 2,142 2,892 2,3:3.5 4.9;?5 6.930 4,304 2,586 1,26(J 1,S13 2,394 2,274 3,037 2,760 2,9J9 6,500 5, =32 5,061 4,124 3,446 4,321 4.6S6 3,636 2,835 4.143 .351 .362 .412 .55I4 .480 .141 .154 .295 .326 .344 1.30 .702 .493 .569 .609 .619 1.45 .505 .600 .oQ^ .351 .197 .411 .525 .446 .596 .365 .345 .466 .377 .796 1.12 .0^4 .467 .304 .293 .386 .367 .490 .445 .476 1.05 .392 .816 .665 .5.56 .697 .7.-^ .595 .465 .669 .405 .377 .475 .615 .553 .157 .173 .340 .364 .973 1.45 6.70 .656 .634 .714 1.62 .938 .669 ,651 .405 ,230 .474 .536 .514 8.07 .431 .359 .537 .431 .918 1.25 .300 .533 .223 .33a .431 .423 Q.m .513 .496 1.17 1.03 .910 .767 .641 .773 .873 .664 .536 9.00 .74 54.7 1.56 24.3 1.09 43.6 2.32 21.5 1.61 34.5 2.63 5.36 6.45 3.76 4.30 7.91 6.17 5.90 7.08 13.7 1.57 92.4 .m 117.0 36.76 .90 72.9 .46 133.0 3.04 23.5 .79 205.0 2.72 34.1 4.63 14.5 6.41 10.2 3.33 17.2 3.96 o.dQ 2.93 16.3 1.35 46.9 .31 63.5 30.27 30.50 37.' 1S.2 26.7 .69 61.1 1-53 23.5 1.50 .35.3 3.42 17.4 4.02 23.3 3.39 32.1 5.47 14.6 1.40 33.4 2.S1 3.11 1.94 17.4 2.90 14.9 1.93 21.9 21.3 a: 109.5 .30 6-2.0 3.14 .37.3 5.37 17.. 5 2.14 43.5 5.47 14.0 6.23 10.3 5.91 13.2 2.75 31.7 1.14 53.3 .71 75.5 24.1 WATER POWER.^ OF WliiCOySlN. Estimated monthUj 'Itsvluvge of lower Fox River at Rapide Croche dam— Con. Month. Discharge in second-feet. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Mean. Run-olT. SfcCond- feet per squaie miJe. Deptli in inches. Rainfall. Inches. Januiu-y Febniarv. . March April May Jnne July August September. Oorobfr Xoveuiber. Dtct'iiiber. . The year. 1905. January 4.072 February 5^001 3Iarrh 5 7f),f> April uWod May e J""e 1t,41(> July 11. OS? AuffUSt 5,17o September ,5!n7a October 4,18^ November 4.'2ft4 December 4,421 ,S€>0 ,134 ,435 ,63T ,652 .706 .111 ,043 ,lEn .431 ,035 ,.504 n,&=2 The year.... | ij,.ji6 19C.6. January Februfiry Maroh April May Jnne July August .September October XoTeniber December The year.. 1C07. January February-. . March April May June July August September. October November. , December. . 4,637 4,S)t.l '),00> 15,010 14,275 O.lXii) 5,277 o,43S 2,'tU 3,(10,; },i\U 15,010 7,014 7,6iJ4 0,246 12,100 10,542 7,(>0:J 6,9:iO -5,0;S7 3,(i8G 3,770 3,111 3,(377 The year 12,190 1,IS.5 3.074 1,-565 3.12s 1.724 3,3!"IS 1,612 5,669 4,4-56 S,707 ■2,:i:ii-> 6,0?2 1,416 3.105 1,551 2,9S5 OSS 1,S54 1,324 3.457 1.667 4.056 1,S12 3.61S OSS 4,22S 2,263 ^.^rr 2,-545 i.321 2,00s 1.000 3.076 S.400 4,233 5,014 6,62S 12,210 .3,451 7,616 .3,047 4.424 2,242 3,004 2,072 3, -lis 2,147 3,6:3s 1.S51 3,461 1.S51 5,423 1.74S 3.600 2,401 2,. 534 1I.153 3,2S6 2.^3b' 2,614 1,523 . 1.5.33 2.S53 Sll 2,703 1,.517 1,S3G 5,063 4,.3Sf ■2,^v^r^ 1.5*>5 1,220 76:; S2S 766 3,01s 4.65^ 13,723 S,190 4,242 4.16:> 2,71^ 2,40(1 2,20 > ■3,530 5,112 4,S76 5,231 5 , 576 3,014 10,161 7,-530 5,?24 4,(?).> 3,659 2,552 2,S2ti 1,949 2,2S7 .496 .-505 ..54S l.OS 1.40 l.OS ..501 .4S1 .200 .55S .6.54 .5S4 4,ffrr .62.5 .606 .646 1.371 .905 1.069 1.22S .713 .644 .551 ..5S6 .5>S .S74 .596 .032 .751 2.21.-; 1.331 . b>4 .071 .4.37 .-504 S24 -.571 ..545 .632 1.20 1.61 1.20 .57S .554 .334 .643 .730 .673 9.270 .733 .726 .745 1.529 1.03S 2.197 1.44» .S41 .718 .6.50 .6.54 .6.53 .7SG .S44 .06(J .6:31 l.lUO 1.31S .92-3 .75( .-390 .41i' .456 .314 .30G .754 .975 .703 .65S .SS<> 2.. 567 1.47fl .41it .026 .972 .996 .939 .744 1.901 1.437 1.07O .Sl>3 .696 .47S .5:38 .350 .435 .841 .3S 1.45 1.30 1.86 5.93 3.99 3.08 3.01 5.75 4.73 .30 2.13 35.31 .SI 1.02 1.05 1.20 6.S2 7.77 4. .50 4.43 2.44 2.35 2.31 1.56 36.se 2.6S .93 •■> < , i.3S 3.06 6.6S 2.90 4.53 .3 - C*.5 4.07 3.71 l.OS Per cent of rain- fall. 150.0 37.6 35.1 64.5 27.1 30.1 14.5 IS. 4 5. a 13.6 243.5 31.6 36.36 2.40 .2ii 1.50 3.04 3.06 3.45 5.65 6.02 3.72 .63 1.4S 1.41 32.62 The maximum discharge in April, 1906, exceeded any previous dischargre and is the highest known at this .'Station. Tlip rainfall dis<-harge data for the year 19^5-7 was furnished through the courtesy of L. M. Mann, I'. S. Asst. Eiig., Oshkosh, AVisconsin. The rainfall for 1905-6-7 i.s the means of Portage Grand River and New London. FOX RIVER. ?>Z Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of lower Fox River at Rapide Croche dam. Day. Jan. 3.012! 2,262; 3,350 3,781 4,447 4,269 4,285 3,0^ 2,967 4,244 4,422 4,594 4.559 4,102 3,112 2,497 3,916 4,244 4,603 4,654 4,619 3,027 2,963 4,742 4,S>9 4,576 4,974 4,653 3,413 3,137 4,576 Feb. 4,673 4,328 4,766 5,164 3,765 2, ess 4,785 4,973 5,063 5,009 5,173 4.061 2,892 4,S30 5,201 4,785 4,T23 4,637 3,369 2,545 4,839 4,910 4,847 4,777 4,3.i6 3,055 2,575 4,136 Mar. 4,697 4,438 4,285 4,260 2,846 2,611 3,982 3,998 4,021 4,419 4,214 2,704 2,264 2,062 3,S!12 3,635 3,S76 4,313 2,529 2,098 4,228 4,490 5,796 5,757 5,6-36 4,509 3,546 4,363 4,2<]8 4,395 4,1S5 Apr. 4,79S 3,185 3,076 5,064 5,595 5,998 5,804 7.052 8,803 9,422 11,435 12.354 12,706 12,187 12,033 11,063 11,110 11,637 12,277 11,579 10,a36 10,639 9,406 9,032 9,20S 7,661 5,S62 6,164 6.144 3,302 May. i 4,373 5.85Sl 5,880, 5,910l 5,949' 6,135; 4,493 4,233 5,546 6,386 6,155 6,037 6,066 4,643 4,399 6,179 6,165 6,274 5,891 6,115 4,803 4,386 5,304 6,047 5,380 5.3S0 5,841 4,566 5,129 6,597 6,312 June. 6,628 7,339 6,935 7,225 8,277 15,416 14,244 14,178 15,133 14,286 14,122 14,060 14,559 14,585 14,219 14,363 14,533 13,981 14,277 14,27^ 14,191 13,419 13,674 13,513 12,534 11,892 14,021 13,265 12,509 15,351 July, j 11,983 10,639 10,433 10,585 10,664 10,639 9,415 9,206 7,865 7,416 8,803 9,124 9,066 g,769 8,521 7,165 6,699 8,860 7,373 6,597 6,577 5,804 4,533 3,451 5,797 6,179 5,493 6,545 5,193 3,563 3,480 Aug. 4,884 4,963 4,964 4,936 6,173 3,411 3,385 4,3S2 4,847 4,898 4,242 4,847 3,577 3,383 4,849 4,937 4,937 5,027 4,735 3,047 3.526 4,794 4,893 5,036 5,019 4,804 3.59;-l 3,518 4,145 4,036 4,369 Sept. 4,698 5,072 3,3S7 3,048 3,788 4; 102 4,487 4,395 4,430 3,969 3,106 4,372 4,144 4,327 4,447 4,243 2,8i6 2.826 4,236 4,405 4,447 4,294 4,337 2,974 2,342 4,030 4.431 4,163 4,285 4,127 Oct. 1 Nov. De«. 1S95. 1 S,071 3,133 3,546 3,5^ 3,366 3,554 3,932 3.057 2,504 3,899 3,971 4,023 3,884 3,764 2,774 2,227 3,955 4,052 4,066 3,939 3,956 2,038 2,173 3,917 4,021 4,069 4,0S1 4,160 2,710 2,26£ 4,185 2 3 4 5 6 8 <) n 1 ■> 3 i 5 6 3 9 1 ~2 3 4. . •G s >9 11 Tot^l 121,850 li^>,975 122,346 ^^ 1.236 i.;;:>5 i.ais l,4o0 1,113 9iy 1.2?] 1,479 1.407 1.407 1,371 9S1 537 1.437 1,24S 1,4S<3 1,360 1,414 1.034 1.024 1,739 1.461 1.224 1.179 1,605 1,337 1.532 1.707 355,292 1,272 1,027 922 7(>0 1,048 7S0 761 933 859 964 859 406 644 So9 922 985 1,043 9SJ 644 608 943 943 901 9S5 1,2T3 556 780 1,027 1.765 1,765 173,825 2, 4m 2,fi6S 1,56:; 1,039 3,49:^ 3,106 3,313 2,993 3,230 ; 2,032 j 1,575 3,301 3.427 3,476 3.558 3,396 2,636 2.460 3,591 3,897 3,897 3,897 4,071 2,729 2,387 3,932 4,246 4.071 4,161 4,071 2,519 382,954 2,789 4,246 4,346 4,141 4,282 3,967 3,397 3.135 4,461 4,382 4,605 4,389 4,106 3,296 2,913 4,037 3,796 3,397 3,807 3,397 2,431 2,461 3.967 4,211 3,933 4,141 3,897 2,60? 3,173 3.093 235,939 3,694 3,733 3.7->l 2,033 SSO 1,S20 3,592 3,394 3.863 3,728 3,761 2,201 1,953 3,592 3,525 3,525 3,694 .•^,396 1 _S72 l',(yT2 2,913 2,607 2,514 2,607 3,607 1,563 1,563 2,913 2,669 2,490 2,578 137,156 913 1,045 1,512 2,314 3.4^1 3,573 2!6^>7 2,490 1,250 1,392 I.SIS I.SIS 1,705 1,7-33 2,006 9S5 1,3K 2.006 2,032 2,061 2.006 1,899 2,4^ 838 327 123 269 375 406 453 312 119,657 259 293 179 73 36 36 i:9 323 390 1-32 192 136 48 43 205 145 193 134 78 195 17 145 1 134 36 112 123 27 9 374 134 105,943 145 603 838 60S 633 1,440 880 , 1,070 1 SSO j 1,093 60S 1 779 1,093 1 964 1 922 1,093 1,138 308 732 1,362 1,647 1,440 1,563 1,613 543 556 1,440 1.272 1,S45 1,SSS 1,672 1S96. 1 SS5 1,048 1,512 1,537 1,S72 1,872 1,792 1,563 1,093 2,201 2,229 2,638 2.739 3,739 1,115 1,160 2,460 2.729 2,663 2,739 ?,SS2 1,639 1,440 2,608 3,789 2,821 2,669 1,818 1,205 1,672 2,821 3 135 2 3,230 4 1 3,553 5 3,135 Q 1 1,952 2,372 9 2,331 9 10 2,739 2,913 11 12 2,913 2,729 13 •■■•" , 1.647 14 . . : 1,673 15 16 I 2,519 ■ 2,460 17 18 1 2,607 2,573 19 ; 2,573 20 1 1.563 21 1 1,613 ?2, 1 2,519 23 2,460 24 . 2,431 25 833 26 1,160 27.'... 338 28 1,792 29 . 3,913 30 2,60r7 31 3;239 ' 39,818 28,213 97,330 111,793 86,409 45,682 4,388 33,013 eo,2(W 73,392 34 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of lower Fox River at Rapide Croche dam — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. , Mar. Aor, May. < June. July, j Aug. j Sept. Oct. ! Nov. I Dec. I ! ' 1 , 2 3 4 5 6 7 , S 9 10 , 11 1? 13 14 15 10 17 IS 10 20 21 22 24 2o o,; 2~ I's.'.W.'.'.'.W 20 30 31 Tota' 15'!?. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 IC 17 1^ ]:") , 20 21 22 23 2i , 2> 26 27 2S 20 30 31 Total 2,201 2,173 1,513 2, OSS 2,7S0 3.104 3,304 3. DOS 2,75^1 2,(10: 2,2SG 3,072 S,10S 3.072 3.wn 3.';44| Z.VjS .J,;>j4 l.SOQ 2,'-)4-n 3,103 .■■;,:;ffi 3,103 l,^l^ S5.Gia r,.()rr. 2.0"'i 1.42"i •1 'v~:^ 1,3% 2,053 2,OG0 2 . ' li 1 ; 2,r'4ri 3,07i> I.JW l,5h:' 2,0<_)S 2,7t)^i 3,07S 2,S50 2.015 1,025 1,741 2,002 2,935 3,077 3,158 2,im 1,S51 1,401 1.; 3.040 3,301 3,103 3,or2 3,263 1,440 l,5t)3 3.(XIS 3,.3'il 3,040 3,108 3,10S 2, ISO 1.2*17 3,103 .':,072 3,230; 3,195 3,361 1,0.39 1.723 3,135 3,52 3,37S 3,455 r..ir.' 1,705 MO'. ;,oo.^ ',701 ^676 i57S ■,331 ,540 ,40<' ,46S ■,497 ,525 ,5S7 ,40.3 409 ,5t»5 403 .505 49J .914 1,4721 3,263' 3,2031 3,135 3,395 2,008 1,1S3 1.3931 2, 431 1 2,421 4,., ..] 5,004 5,633 5,4.32 4.018, 3,761 3,863 4,03' 2,490 1,297 2.173 i,(m 4,071 3,932 3,932 2,402 2,402 3,459 3.558 3.094 3,897 3.094 2.229 2,060 3,394 3.558 3,761 3,604 3.525 1.926 2,117 3.00s 3,198 3,394 3,394 3,320 99,197 5,0SS| 4,75S 4.(-M7 4,739 3.577 3,157 4.51.M 4,471 4 , 7.jVi 4,613 3,857 2,204 4. 872 4. 4,40S 4,270 4,175 4,.>64 3,215 3,090 3,703 3,723 3,16: 3.68< 2,343 2,076 2,453 2,623 2,600 2,624 2,4S8 1.923 1.004 1,8S3 2,230 2,567 2,490 1,771' i3S\ 1,868 1,805 1,709 1,400 1,096 1,042 1,535 !,■ 1,798 1,842 1 ,792 1,074 1.245 1,699 1,639 1,616 1,6(>4 1,685 1,088 9S9 1.557 1,641 1,618 1,687 1,661 1,117 79,317 66.064 92.026122.300 147.045 96,4S3 43,707 56.326 32.629 3-; ,239 65.397 67.435- 2,314 4CS 1,100 1,10(1 1.820 1,765 G21 1.070 1.1 IS J 1,>.2 3.103 343 702 2,200 2,128 3,103 328 550 2,015 2-^(J 3,230 328 1.138 2.(hl2 1.038 3,072 390 1,115 2.GIj4 l.llKi 3,040 272 1,1C0 1,073 2,401 1,926 530 1.183 1,390 2.474 1,416 702 985 1,S61 2,4^J7 2,760 o5<:i 741 1.064 2.748 2,608 064 55' i 1,012 2,563 2,400 390 1,345 1,964 1,905 2.40O 390 1,-512 2,lS:i 1.102 2. COS 819 1,512 1.4S] 2,512 1,440 1,410 1,807 l,w~- 3,400 1,-345 1,588 1,952 1.833 3,4.^9 3 , 431 1,440 1.04S 1.012 3,7T0 2,638 1.205 722 1.004 1,SS0 2,431 701 1,897 2,432 2,213 1,707 702 2,061 2.412 1,559 1.00^ 043 1.807 1,3?: 2,424 1,04S 1.205 1,897 S61 2,065 1,352 1,393 290 2,045 2.643 1,273 1,309 1,115 1,207 2,733 1,273 1,160 1,2.39 2.470 1,878 001 044 2,117 2,107 S06 l.l'IO 83S 2.490 2.148 1,657 343 1,138 2.373 1,2S1 2,900 ;?74 1,1S-1 2,608 1,0^(7 2,808 116 1,183 2,2S6 1,603 2,923 403 1,512 2,909 58,311 24.978 44,145 55,357 71,721 870 1,652 00: 2,609 2,805 1,546 l'^ .554 2.:; 31 2.766 1,049 1,070 1,585 l,rwr7 973 1.074 1,C^3 1,6S5 1,695 1,660 l,sW- 1,213 1,226 1,763 2,273 2,460 2,S05 2,752 2,024 8W 2,571 2,579 2,482 2,468 2,572 1,943 1,195 1,848 1,717 1,(^9 1,31 736 1,451 1,532 1,0; 1.735 1,714 1.133 750 1,2s 1,115 1,186 1,0S0 1,177 778 442 760 SIS 959 906 933 676 491 GSl 693 877 .U 1 S57 2! 134 1,7S9 505 2,187 1,047 7:1 1,457 2.47'l 801 1.234 2,609 1,024 2.i;i7 2 . 009 3--"' ; 2,475 2,-372 638 2,4S5 1,379 1,050 2,497 2,153 1,0! »2 2,V12 l„5:;9 1,241; ],54^'; 2,345 1-155 1.451 2.037 1,156 2,438 2,791 745 2,4-^ 2,715 751 2.552 2,215 1,300 2,563 1,343 1,178 2,482 1.462 1,304 1.747 2,453 1,892 1.281 2,409 1,S05 2,704 2,398 1,136 , 2,549 2,241 760 2,199 2,303 2.043 2,725 994 1,815 2.572 1,017 1,845 1,486 1,544 2,064 1,402 2,413 2,233 2,006 2,440 1,489 2,519 2,315 2,363 2.244 3; ,239 65.397 67.435- FOX RIVER. oO Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of lower Fox River at Rapide CrocJie dam — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. , May. June. Juiy. Aug. Sept 1S99. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 IS 1!) 20 21 •>o 2d'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 24 23 26 27 0^ 29 30 31 Tntnl 1 :i.'.'.'..'.. 4 .5 G s 10 , 11 12 13 14 15 m 17 1^ 19 20 21 2> 23......' 24 2.5 26 27 2S 20 .30 Zl 1,533 1,4S::^! 2,3(1(1 2,417 2,1.'-: 2.3J)3 2,173 i.-i(>r{ ],4fi=i 2.31(i 2.3H) 2,111(1 2.40(- 1,514 1,(104 2,254 2.379 2, 3, '2 2.347 2,3;^o 1,409 l,oOC< 1,?29 l,5fi, l,(3liO 1 ,9?1 771 1 , 501 1,34C 1,503 59,044 &4] 2,r%o2 2,391 2,400 2,479 2..Vi$ 1,57G 1,213 2,406 2,G0iJ 2,(j^ 2,G4C 2,(^ 1,736 1,236 2,52r 2,424 2,639 2,534 2,65' l,71fl 1,043 2,632 2,4ffl 2,57" ?,420 1,506 1,219 2,166 2,131 :^.174 2,275 2,261 1,45.^ 2,455 2,175 1,303 2.651 2,. 572 2, SIC 2.047 1.711 2,.55i? 5.(U() 2. 53 J 2,(U9 2,4 1.213 1,391 1,002 2.11 2,152 1,995 2,104 l,r>9: 1,014 2,007 Oct. Nov. Dec. Tntnl 5S,091 2,. ^5 2,366 2,446 1,641 1,044 2,36(1 2,3S1 3.a-?4 2,420 2,39b l,f)7: 1,071 2,316 2,654 2,707 2,729 2 .662 1,S95 1,314 2,861 2,SH1 2,606 2,6Sr 2,646 1,4S4 1,296 2,411 2,tl24 1,931 2,113 2,134 2.113 1,352 1,279 1,976 l,[i32 2,037 2,0(i3 2, 1)3 J 2,355 l,33fi 1.913 2 289 2 ',692 2,612 2, 5 5:-' 1,553 99" 2,731 3,001 3,756 2,S32 2,S2",i 1,910 1,243 3.192 3.2't; 3,325 3,435 69,S02 2,432 2,40S 2,490 1,707 1,110 1,342 2,576 2.639 2,614 2,63b 1,931 1,353 2,066 2,973 3,0S6 2,961 2,935 2,069 1,354 2,no 2,S32 2,904 2,954 3,296 2,259 1,300 3,159 3,644 3,677 3.560 3,652 3,270 1,S37 1,447 3,75(1 4,24!i 4,641 4,539 4,425 2,?33 2 [249 3,74] 3,821 3,a2 3,976 3,721 2,19f? 2,004 3.4(il 3,94(^ 3,77^ 3,955 4,1.>1 2 795 2! sis 4,33t 4,534 4,. 56: 5,707 4.91: 3.947 2,454 1,107 3,554 3,S46 3,967 4,06.^ S.-lDl 2,903 1,751 3,510 3,770 4,067 4,00& 4,0510 2,560 2,237 3,942 4, 4, 4,137 4,072 2,933 1,977 3.556 4,089 4,10(= 4,063 4,225 2,S6; 2,064 3.7S7 5,209 5,042 3,345 1 1,292, 531 2,104 2,305 5.020 5,235 4,031 3,505 1,437 7(14 2,64S' 2,455 5.131 5,432 3,133 3,121 S42 l,56l.t 2, .5421 l,'Vi7 5,417 4,73.3 3.675 2.396 1,003 1,0C37 2,4461 1153 5,395 4.018 3,361 2,415 1,411 996 1,743 2,. 549 5,500 5,51S 4,923 1,745 1,121 1,193 1,261 2,411 4,446 5,63.3 5,171 956 991 1,100 2,. 579 3,475 4,145 5,565 4,736 2,043 953 928 2.6:22 2.. 572 5,924 5,062 3,943 2,585 996 774 2,. 52:? 2,-5.JO 6,192 5,3C9 3,019 2,394 792 964 2,a35 1 ,775 6.615 4,4(^1 4,592 2,S43 578 92S 3,019 1,020 7,601 4,. 334 4,715 2,357 945 1,066 1,S90 2,366 5,050 5,S75 4,5S2 1,.547 525 1,144 1,143 2,498 7,301 7,091 4,552 1,2.50 891 982 2,1S7 2,. 3.52 7,763 7,0.^-' 4.974 1,5 j2 SS9 779 2,381 2,. 395 S,562 7,651 3.773 1,513 831 398 2,3.51 2,339 S,767 7,408 3,021 1,S29 831 969 2,352 1,780 7.S3S 6.702 4,516 1,946 1,001 1,039 2,261 1.259 5,421 6,S53 4.511 1 ,973 1,166 1,179 1,774 2.-576 5,431 8,123 4,186 1,026 996 1.304 613 2.3S1 7,046 S.09.- 3, SSI 1,163 1,039 1,327 2,301 2.358- 6,373 S,.571 3,701 1,578 991 S85 2.205 2,417 5,263 S,51." 2,459 1,609 555 685 3.237 2,497 5,333 8,277 1,741 1,772 707 1,480 2,209 1,753 5,451 7,335 3,193 1,317 719 1,551 2,352 105 5,263 6,59-i 3,3:3c 1,339 ir22 1,404 1,873 9.5s 5,32a 7,37^ 3,3m 944 1,135 1,S29 905 2,123 5.S9S 6,oe9 3,395 791 1,099 2,029 2,;329 2,185 5.](.( 5,7i}7 :;.2;-i: 1,307 1,203 1,493 2,1.59 2,417 5,466 5,007 2.051 1,351 1,160 7&J 2,330 2.241 5,513 1,982 1,299 2,079 l,a59 )2.4S9 1SS,92S 117.333 56,913 29,633 35,450 63,';73 63,299 3,636 1,452 276 2,646 1,976 1,734 0.535 6,603 3,SS2 1,574 511 2,106 1,640 4,007 9.397 4,372 4,03S 1,375 319 1,946 1,421 5,185 9,^)7 3.512 4.010 1,102 131 1,966 1,962 5,479 8,225 5,674 4,054 1,929 S20 1,635 2,141 4,846 7,650 5,943 2.779 2,20s 352 1,287 1,S94 4,75S 8,959 5,807 1,674 2,CSo 345 1,956 2,950 3.657 9,039 5,6S3 2,461 1,467 294 1,912 2,113 2.S45 S,41S 5,439 2,253 1,302 365 2,075 1,333 4,827 S,65S S,222 2,275 93^.1 473 1,973 1,143 5,165 9,360 3,586 3,240 1,013 353 2,043 1,973 5,117 7,530 5,245 2,2S5 1,217 333 1,498 2,071 4,S13 7.567 5,653 1,7S4 1,1S9 394 1,057 2,187 4,665 8,775 5,075 1,75;^ 7.56 3S2 1,335 2,075 3,55'.' .S,456 5.301 3,741 353 538 1,905 2,184 3,028 s„(r7e 4,099 3,959 497 979 1,8S9 1.163 4,461 6.611 2,725 3,799 394 1,176 2,0c:9 1,1C7 4,S85 6,909 2,240 3,885 437 1,067 2,002 1,949 5,2S5 5.6.54 4,133 3,791 573 907 1,434 1.899 5,254 4.94Sj 4,292 2.665 523 1,192 1,120 2,062 5,703 7.5.'J6! 4,314 2,105 560 1,153 2,120 2,030 4,599 7,575! 4,378 3,729 5&5 799 2,007 2.169 4,225 8,219 4,4.57 3,937 264 1,170 1,575 1,433 6,510 8,15'-) 4,035 3,ST2 263 l,fi4fi 1,966 1,107 6,27'"' S.792 1.66S 3,839 396 2,047 1,994 2,329 7,427 7,100 3,224 3.694 258 1,982 1,440 2.5fll 7..5V2 6.917 2,6-21 2,539 30) 1.979 1,115 3.810 7,624 8,415 4,063 1,3S3 298 1,905 1,912 3,391 6.393 S.632 4,147 2,103 3S6 1,536 1.92S 3,515 6.3:56 b,32S 4,111 2,149 341 1,672 2,127 2.561 7.855 S,239 3,191 1,S59 2,413 ?,0I23 8,036 1,723 9^,273 2«.1S4 S9,708 56,754 60.633 162.120 241,866 134,9S5 36 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of lower Fox River at Rapide Croche dam — Continued. Day. Jan, 1901, 1 2 3 4 , 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 ". . 13 14 15 Ifi 17 IS 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 2S 2,221 3,1S9 3,50f7l 3,56ti 3. Sir 3,' 1, 2,067 3,719 3,62S 3,465 S,d72 3,5Sr 1,4S1 2,018 3,166 3.352 3,329 3,408 3,392 1,1S5 2,006 3,668 3,727 3,869 3,752 3,S4S 1,SS5 1,329 1,7S0 3.19] 3.197 3,453 3,315 3,66f 2,30^ 2,07f 3,560 3.9S1 4,199 4,06J 3,9tk 2,55< 2,207 4,175 4,650 S,437 0,454 3,Sffr l.Sl'i 2,340 5,0«S6 5,055 4,838 4,839 4,Wi^ 3,979 3,337 5,45J [ I I llS,{j4c 2,371 3,586 :^.54 3,538 3,306 3,505 1,664 2,073 3,530 3,595 3,636 3.710 3,663 1,5<>5 l,90y 3,5(W 3,40C 3,66c3 3,625 3,710 1,659 2,237 3,760 3,962 4,082 4,134 3,810 1.54o 2,091 6,192 6,597: (!,S<.)6j 7.649! 9,297i 7,729 7,661 6,37' 6,34-: 8,783 S.2S:? 7,807 7,402 8,394 8,517 6,236 6,216 6.339 4.1SS 4,51S 6,429 6,2S).i 6,657 5,784 4,796 3,SS6, 4,376l 6,207 1 6,011 1 5,288 195, Olc 3,408 3,457 3..n45 3,522 3,505 1,724 1,769 3.392 3,147 3 . 5io I 3,66S' 3,465: 1,S1S 1,956 3,289 3,644 3,424 3,4S1 3,130 1,739 2,036 3,913 4,335 5,185 7,425 5.429 2,354 2,504 3.359 3,748 4,3S5 6,009 6,306 6.14.^ 4.27.=S 6,118 6,237 6 ,(.>7.' 5,911 3,629 3,96-! 5,695 5,467 5,771 5,467 5,S41 3,421 3,869 6,065 6,127 6,127 .').93; 6,157 3,043 3,824 6,216 7,375 6,421 6,135 6,657 j.liA 171,50: 4.127 3,875: l.iil2 4,091 i 4.317! 4,5*.i7l 4, 410 1 4,S7;i' 5,334' 2.5<>4i 3,887 5,737 6,10c 7,16^ 7,495 8,015 7,647 S,233 9,637 9,434 9,399| 9,190 9,018 7,436 7,126 8,823 9,075 9,02S 9, or S,S6S 5,677 6,791 6,0(i9 5.429 5,3S6 5,95<> 3,747 4.05V 5,312 5,909 5,564 6,009 5,735 3,501 3, SI J 5,631 5,665 5,716 5,354 5,232 3.326 ;-;,04'i 5,429 5,476 5,411 5,335 5,204 2.65JI 3,089 5.0S4 95,307 90.703 105.333 20,060 269,926 3t)0,44K 6,742 7,316 5.794 5,477 5,tm 5,784 5,513 4,45t) 5,417 7,545 10,052 10.960 11,68,2 11.15:: 9,S10 10,168 ll,l.>32 10,960 10,604 10.16S 9,574 8,5ri 9,099 9,S45 10,165 10.812 9.3S9 9,5: S.720 8,471 S 5,57i; 5,419' 5,2:51 3,509 2,055 2,721 3,943 ;^.746 4,09.? 3,796 4,009 1,856 3.370 4,992 4,6S4 5,157 5,149 5,139 2,700 3,174 5,047 4,945 5,102 5.176 4,918 2,538 2,189 4,442 4,555 4,254 4,3.^1 9,539 9,411 9. 28.'? 9,793 S,253 8,404 5,799 S,245 6,96S 8,179 8,4831 8,139 5,027 8,527 8,125 8,315 S,2S1 7,356 5,999 5,776 6,167 5,241 3,758 3,61' 2,336 2.336 2,5S5 3,474 3.538 3,491 4,393' 2,S27j 3,1)11 1 3,845 4,136' ;?,75(i 3,707 3.757 2,206 2,875 3,671 4,021 4,134 4,030 4,134 1,438 2,003 i.O&i 4,099 4,047 4,021 1,S74 3,809 1,965 3,794 4,291 4,449 4,244 4,099 1.7S1 ',S45 3,428 3,2S? 2.65S 2,243 2,799 3".578 1,4H. 3,575 3,483 2.603 2,769 3,459 3,452 3,655 3,475 3,428 2,4a. 2,832 3.459 3,344 3,206 3.420 3,359 2,345 2,5S5 2.909 3,146 3,495 3,5S4 4,111 2.659 06,82: 4,195 4,281 4.29^ 4,325 4,324 1,S29 1,936 3,995 4,705 4.S09 5,007 5,086 2,734 2,731 5,199 5,312 5,293 5.3S7 4,442 3,751 2,489 5,10l> 5,369 5,481 5,415 5,519 3,4S1 ,2,991 5,013 5,059 L29,635 2,745 f,4S9 3.6171 3,636 0.54.' 3,070! 3,833 3,754 3,9S7i 3,924 4,043 2,(iy> 3,057 3,226 3,09.- 3,217 3,197 3,240 2,214 1,722 2,443 2,531 2,396 1,551 2,503 2,595 2,115 2,389 2,645 6,312 5,293 2, 505 1 2,618 5,321 4,993 5,826 5,-39^ 5,339 5,3.H9 2,S45 2,577 5,340 5.509 5.482 5,510 5.4^ 2,760 2,95: 5,599 6,134 5,36S 5,293 5,2S3 2,590 2,666 5,133 5,302 5,264 5,217 5,264 145,268 2,664 2,102 4,674 4,772 4.769 4,965 4,929 1.97.^ 2,09= 4,230 4.950 5,077 4.731 4,S16 2,226 1,859 4,219 4,466 4,838 4,504 4.282 1,733 2,307 4,422 4,4S4 3,874 3,310 3,37:; 1,977 1.873 110,591 ,253 92,525 2,631 2,39c 2.231 1,327 1,622 1,949 2,010 2^,01, 1,86 2,09 1,312 1,545 1,907 2,103 2,lta 2,124 2,091 1,565 1,361 1,762 1,325 985 1,988 1,S8S 1,276 i,3sa 1,975 1,925 2,267 2,052 2,124 1 1,355 1,324 2.499 3,3S5 3,4S0 3,(7S 2! 412 3,54l 3,379i 4,285 2,748 1,667 3.137 6,935 55,631 107,156 121,689 115,163 39,443 3,869 4,405 4,3>4 3.005 2,527 4,077 4,379 4,4l:i 4,269 4.277 2,831 2,452 3,069 3,60^ 3,609 3,757 3,721 2,871 2,299 3,711 4,439 4,354 4,111 4.077 2,253 1.812 3,163 3,700 3,677 4,594 4,311 3S WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSiy. I nlike mauv other norihcni rivers The lower Fos. i> rarely troubled with ice gorges, because the ice on Lake Winnebago nielt^ gradually. It i> stated that trouble is sometimes experienced from anehc>r ice forming on the rapids in excepti >o large a proportion of its total descent concentrated in its lower reaches as has the Fox. Be- tween Lake Winnebago and Green Bay the river descends a total of 1GG.7 feet in a series of eight rapids. The total drainage area of the river is i),4-l:t> square miles, of which area i.»,04(5 square miles or 1)4 ]ier cent, are included aliove the outlet of Lake Winnebago. These nvo facts — the large eoncentration ot fall in the lower river and the location of IH per cent of ils drainage area above this concentra- tion — have the efiect of ])roducing extensive and valuable water powers. "Before any improvements had been made the river tloAved between wooded clay bluffs fro^n in to 70 feet or nnu'o in height, in some places rising abruptly from the river's edge on each -^ide. Through this channel ran the clear, dashing river o\"c^r its limestrne bed from son to 1,000 feet wide. Great chang:'^ Inve since been made."^ The following table gives the location and amount of fall at each of these rapids before impn^vement, according to surveys of !Major Snter in LSG6: 1 Tenth Census. FOX RIVER. 39 Rapids on lower Fox River in ISiW {before improvement) .t- Nams. Descent. Distance apart. Feet. Miles. Depere Little Kaukauna Eapide Crocbe Grand Kaukanna Littlechute Cedar rapids Grand Chute Winuebag-o Eapids Green Bay to Lake Winnebago LEGAL STATUS. Ill 1S4G Congress passed an act granting a large amount of land to the State of Wisconsin for the purpose of making a navigable route from Lake Michigan along Fox Eivev to Wisconsin Eiver. In 1S53 the StatCj after expending $400,000 upon the improvements, passed the A\'ulpanv. This companv issued bonds, completed the improvement, and in IS 5 6 the first steamer passed through from ^Mississippi Eiver to Green Bay. On the advent of railroads soon after, the route fell into disuse, and the companv \vas unable to pav interest on its bonds. Suit was brought by the hold- ers of thcM' bonds, and the franchise^. pr*^perty, and land grants of the comjnmy wcri' sold to a corporation organized in 1SG6 as the Green Bay and ^Mississippi Canal Company. In 1S70 the United States appraised tbe value of the locks and canals at $145,000, took possession of them on the payment of this sum, and has since exer- cised control in the interests of navigation. The Green Bay and ^Mississippi Canal Company still exists and retains its land grants, Avater-power franchises, and other property. The company claims the right to all surplus water after the needs of navigation are supplied. This claim includes the right to tap the canals at any point and draw off the water, provided navigation is not interfered with, as well as the right to take all the surplus flow of tbe river at the head of each rapids and use it at that level. This claim has been confirmed by the United States Supreme Court. The ^Wtirren, G. K., Report, 1?TG, p. •>>. 40 WATER POWERS OF WlSCOXSiy. cnjiipnnv ,loc^ imr clniiu iiwiicr-lii]* nf ])t.\vt'i' uliic-li i.^ Jcvc1o}h\1 ar a it-\tl Itfli.w ilif lu';i.l (if a rapid? Ity persons i_»\viiiug the iaiul and us- ing "winor M-liieli iia^ itas^od the Tailraees of the company. In some eases this company owns the power, while others own the land. These interests have in some instances been nintualized. in a joint company; in others protracted lawsnits have resnlteel in pre- venting the development and nsc of the water ^xtwer up ,to the present time. The Avater powers at Eapide C'roche and Little Kankanna dams have not been improved for this reason. As the loAv-water llow of the river falls far short of being snthcient for the turbines now installed, frequent controversies and lawsuits concerning the OA\TLership of the water have resulted. Tinally a few years ago the Xeenah and ^Menasha Water Power Ci-tnipany, composed of practically all the tisers of water for power purposes on the river, was formed to regulate the ttse of the surplus Avater not required for navigation. Under the rules of the Secretary of War water may not be drawn below the crest of the Menasha dam except by his special permit. Such permission is freqtiently given, however, to help out the great manufacturing interests concerned. Fox Eiver discharges from Lake Winnebago in two nearly par- allel channels, distant about three-fourths of a mile from each other. Theso branches join in less than 2 miles in Lake Butte des Morts, an ex]>ansion of the river 3 miles long and extending at right angles to the general direction of the river. ]Menasha and Xecnah are located at the lower end of the two chan- nels. Menasha on the north side of the northern channel and Xeenah on the south side of the siuither]! channel. These cities are about 1 mile apart and have a total population of abotit 12,000. The river lianks are here only 10 feet or less high. There is a dam in each channel, Avith an average head of S foct, the two maintaining . the level of Lake Winnebago. These dams would develop 2,-1:00 theo- retical horsepower.^ A view of the Government dam is shown in Figure 2, Plate 2. The riparian o^mers on the Xeenah channel improved the water powers before the ship canal was begim, and thus obtained a prior right under a State charter. Most of the manufactories are located on the strip of land, averaging 125 feet wide, between the river and the race. iThls pstimfite is bfisecl on an ordinnry disoharge of 2.(360 second-feet, equal to :T rnn-off of about 0.43 second-feet per square mile. WISCONSIN SURVEY BULLETIN XX., PL. IV. Fig. 1. U. S. DAM AT KIMBERLY, WISCONSIN, FOX RIVER. He;id 9.7 feet. Fig. 2. U. S. GOVERNMENT DAM AT MENASHA. WISCONSIN Heud 8 feet. FOX RIVEIi. J:l XEEXAII. The Kiuiberly Clark Paper Company is the most extensive nser of water power at Xeeiiah, having installed 20 tnrbines under a head of 7^0 feet, rated at 1,500 horsepovrer. In addition, this firm has 3.!)0 steam horsej^ower, all nsed in the mannfactnre of snlphite and lironnd "wood pnip. The Xeenali Paper Company ha- installed 11 tnrbines under head of 7 feet, rated at S3S horsepower, and reports an additional 750 steam horsepoAver, all used in the manufacture of paper. The Winnebago Paper Mills have installed turbines under a 0-foot head, rated at 854 horsepower, M'hieh is supplemented with ITiO steam horsepower. Other i^ower users in Xeenah are included in the following table: Additional xcater powers at Xeenali. Owner and use. Turbines. Head. 8.0 8.0 Kpeuger & Lachmana, flour Neenab Boot and Shoe Mauufacturing Co. Neeaah and Menasha Gas and Electric Lipht Co 7.0 Robert Jamison, machine shop y.O Wultf. Clausen dc Co.. Hour 8.0 H. P. 460 39 Steam H. P. rlo Bemarks. Use steair when water is cut off. 199 1 125 94 10 ; 123 60 . Burned. ME^'ASHA. The Government canal is located at Menasha. This canal has a total length of about 1:,320 feet, its single lock being located at the loAver end near Lake Butte des Morts. This dam develops 2. IS 7 theoretical horsepower at ordinarv flow. The Federal Government entered into an agreement with certain persons under which they con- structed the navigation improvements and received in return the ownership of the resulting water powers. As a consequence the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company has no interest in these water powers. A dam 475 feet long at the head of the canal develops a head of 8.2 feet, though some of the turbines work under heads of 6 to 8 feet. The strip of land between the canal and river is used for the location of numerous manufacturing plants, all the power, except that of the Howard Paper Mill, being taken from the canal. 42 WATEB POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Fig. 4. — Lower Fox River at Xeeufili. "Wis. Sca/t Fig. r>. — Lower Fox River at Meuaslia. Wis. FOX RIVER. 43 Tliu lara'o^t \\atcr-i'<)wer user at ^leiia^^ba is the Gef'ra'e A. Whit- ing Company, Avliicli ctwns the right to "first-class Avater." Its six tur- bines work under an average head of s feet and are rated at 503 horse- power. The company, Avhich is engaged in the mamifacture of paper, has also installed 2G5 steam horsepower. Another large concern is the [Menasha Wooden Ware Comi^any, whose turbines work under an average head of 5 feet and are rateil at 414 horsepower. This is supplemented by 1,090 steam horsepower. The other important water-power users in ^Menasha are included in the following table: Additional water poicers at Menasha.^ Turbines . Steam Owuer and use. Head. H. P. H. P. Gilbert Paper Co Feel. 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 4 'y 243 321 156 90 124 25 124 38 35 800-1,000 Howard Paper Co — John Strange Paper Co 200 250 Banonr Flouring Mills 50 MacKinnon Excelsior Co 225 MacKindon PuUt-y Co 25 John Schneider planing mill Valley Knittihg Co, hose, mittens, etc. . . . Menasha Whollen Mills Small en- gines. Remarks. Leased. WheQ water is low. Foj- the entire distance of 5 miles between Menasha and the Ap- pleton upi-)er dam the river affords slack-water navigation; indeed it has been claimed that later improvements on the Appleton dam have caused the water of Menasha to back up a foot or more above, its original level. As A]>p]eton is a]iproached the chiy banks rise to a height of 50 or GO feet. APPLETOX. Fall. — Because of their intrinsic value, as well as on account of their early development, the Appleton powers are not excelled on the lower Fox. According to the Government profile the river has a total fall of 36.7 feet in a distance of 1.2 miles. This head is developed by three dams, Avhich divide the river into upper, middle, and lower levels, with estimated theoretical hor^epower^ at ordinary flow of 4,238, 2,225, and 2,558, respectively. * Aiithority. L. M. Mann. T'nited States assistant ensi"**?!'- = Estimated by r. S. Asst. Enffr. L. M .Mann, on flow of 170.000 minnte-feet, at -4.508, 2,367 and 2,721. 44 WATER POWERS OF lVi^C0.\fe7-\. Ar Apiilut'iu the ri\L'r Itv a gradiiul beud cliaiigcs its ooiir^e from northeast to >outheast, again turniug to tlie northeast just above the lower dam. On the left bank the clay bluli's rise steeply 50 to 70 f eetj while ou the opposite bank is a flat extending for 3,500 feet, and perhaps 1,300 feet wide, beyond which rise high bluffs, as on the left bank. For the purposes of navigation the Government has con- structed two dams, dividing the descent into two levels. The second or middle dam was constructed by private enterprise and is used ex- clusively for *\vater power. I pper dam. — The upper dam is a substantial stone structure. It extends from the foot of State street on the left bank normal to the shore for 250 feet, thence diagonally downstream for 700 feet to a point 400 feet from the right bank. From this latter point a retain- ing wall or long pier extends downstream SOO feet to the right bank. The head varies from about 10 feet at the upper end of the dam to IS feet ,at the lower end, the average, as given by the Government engineers, being 14 feet. Its available Avater power is taken from a race along the left bank, from the ship canal on the right bank, and from the adjacent retaining wall. The extreme variation of head is stated at 2 feet, but the ordin- ary variation is only half that amount. It is due to the manner of using water by the Xeenah mills, and to prevalence of strong winds blowine; continouslv on Lake Winnebai^o and chanoinc; volume of dis- charfi:'e. The race on the left bank is 600 feet long, several extensive paper, pulp, and flouring mills occupying a strip of land between it and the river. Here are located the Appleton Paper and Pulp Company, with installed turbines under 11-foot head, rated at 550 horsepower; the Kimberly & Clark Company ; the Vulcan and Tioga mills, with about 710 and 770 turbine horsepower, respectively; and the Atlas paper mill, with 766 turbine horsepoAver. The Appleton "Waterworks Com- pany, 1,400 feet beloAv, receives power from this canal through a flume which affords a head of 18 feet. The above powers by long- established usage are recognized as belonging to the respective com- panies, and not to the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company. Of the power developed on the right bank, nearly all is taken from the long pier. The Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company owns the land on this side of the river and leases power to users. The head here varies from 12 feet near the upper end of the pier FOX RIVER. 45 to 1(i foot nt tlie lower end. The water is taken tlivcnigh ten arehed cijionings in the stone pier from the large bay above. This power is fully developed by the Wisconsin Traction, Heat, Light, and Power Company, with turbines under IG-foot head, rated at 2,250 lioi'se- power (besides 2,000 steam horsepower). Of the few unused power sites on this dam the greater number are located on the shi]) canal, and, as heretofore stated, are owned by the Green Bay and ilississippi Canal Company. The following table gives the developed powers : Water powers on the United States canal at Appleton. Water power. Owner and use. Riverside Paper and Fiber Co Applet-on Chair Co., furniture Union Toy a^-d Furniture Co. . Average head. Rated H. P. Entitled | to— Feet, 14.0 7.D 8,0 383 26 50 300 25 2j ' Steam H. P. 35 30 Middle dam. — The middle dam aUo is independent of both the Government work and tibe Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Com- pany. It was built by private capital for watei'-power purposes only. It is 2,400 feet below the upper dam and is about 4:5(» feet long. The Jam was constrncted of timber in 1^77 and has its foundation in lime- sroue. A canal leads doA^m the north (left) )bank. The south end of the dam abnts on Grand Chute Island, West's hydraulic canal be- ing supplied from tlie adjacent basin. Previous to 1S77 power had been developed by wing dams pas^^ing n]>stream from both banks for several hundred feet. The present 'dam is reported to have an average head of 7.3 feet, developing at ordinary How (2,0(10 second-feet) 2,100 theoretical horsepower. The head at the various factories and mills varies from 7 to l-t feet, de- pending on their location, the variation being similar to that at the upper dam. The water level is remarkable for uniformity. The north-shore race is SOO feet long, supplying a head varying from feet at the upper end to 12 feet at the lower. West's canal starts at the right abutment of the dam and extends do-wn Grand Chute Island for about 1,700 feet, nearly parallel to the river. It has a width of about 130 feet, with earth and stone em- bankment about 3 feet above the water surface. The head averages 46 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. 10 foot. Severn! liiie pOAver site^ ?till \inoceui")ie(l on this canal are- e-pct'ially desirable because of excellent transportation facilities. Plate 3 is a view of the Tox Eiver Paper Company's mills. The folloAving table gives the important nsers of Avater po^ver from the middle dam : Water powers on the middle dam, AppJetoii. Owner and use. Fox River Paper Co.- Eaviue mill ...... Lincoln ni 11 e ox River mill Patton Paper Cm Patton Pulp Cu Telulah Paper Mill, pulp Appleton Machine Co Appleton wouJeu mill, paper, kuittiug, etc. Fourth Ward plaining mill, lumber Marstouit Be.eridge, hubs and spokes Valle.i Iron worKs ^ater power. Average ; Rated head. | H. P. Feet. ■ 11.0 8.0 8.5 14.0 5.0 J.O >i.O ti.O 7.0 ;,126 814 4o5 14 47 28 Entitled to- Steam H. P. f flow of Fox i / River less 25 r H. P. 1,250 H. H. j- 3.000 sq. in. eOO sq. in.... 90 H. P 30 H. P 75 H. P 40 H . P 1,050 500 500 25 50 Luircr dam. — The lower or Guvermnent dam is located about three- f(inrrh> of a mile beloM' the middle dam and just belo"\v the lower l:einl nf tIu- river, at a point where the river is 4^5 feet wide. A view uf this dam is shown in Plate 4. The dam extends downstream from the left bank 417 feet, at an angle of abnut 45^ with the chan- iiel, to an embankment Avhich extends GOO feet farther doAvnstream. The ](iW(^r-]ovel ship canal is back of this embankment. The river rini-^ eLi-e to the left bank, which is high and steep, while on the right l)aiik a Hat 200 to '*]0(> feet wide intervenes between the shore and the bluffs. There are four methods of utilizing the power — viz, from the abutment of the dam, from the r*ce *^u the left bank, from the ship (anal, ami from the Telulah Water Power Cfunpanys canal on the right sh.c^ ajrrp I *^^^^^^^^ft! ' ■ II^^^^aH v-w ""^Rl in -rt-^JI ■ ■\y4ir^- '^^^J^ \ ''IP?' '^^iB=^rj :/,:■ i^^iMI ■■■■ ~'.'-^'!^ M ,.■::, ■-''■-.• Fig. 2. DAM ON LOWER FOX RIVER AT DEPERE. FOX RIVER. 49 wMtor to tlio oud feet, all located on the left bank of the river. At its middle point this caual is distant 1,000 feet from the river. The river is abont 700 feet Avide at the dam, bnt a (piarter of a mile below broadens ont between several islands to a maximnm width in the middle of the rapids of over 2,000 feet. The islands are low, Imt all have the dimestone base. These islands, together with the flats on both sides of the river, give fine facilities for water-power development. The distance across the valley from blnfi to blnff is abont 3,500 feet. The water powers are made available in three or more ways, viz., from the ship canal, from the Kankaima "Water Power canal, and from the Edwards k ^lead canal. There is a frontage of 900 feet or more on the upper level of the ship canal snitable for power develop- ment and furnishing an average head of abont IC. feet. The Kan- kanna Water Power canal starts 400 feet above the dam, thence runs 400 feet at an angle from the shore of about 45°. At a point about 200 feet from the river it turns and runs parallel to the south chan- nel of the river for 2,000 feet. Its greatest width, 150 feet, is at the bulkhead. Its minimum width is SO feet and its depth is 11 feet. There is said to be a descent of 2 feet in the total length of 2,400 feet, the average head furnished is IS feet. Along the side and end of the canal there is a total frontage of 2,100 feet available for power sites and mills. The Kaukanna Water Power Company's claims to one-half the flow of the river were denied by the Green Bay and ^Mississippi Canal Company at the time of the construction of these improve- ments, and the matter was taken into the courts for adjudication. After successive trials in the State courts the question was finally settled by the United States Supreme Court October, 1S9S, in favor of the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company, which thereupon purchased the entire plant and canal of the Kaukauna Water Power Company. In this decision the Supreme Court held broadly that the use of the surplus waters created by the Government dam and canal at Kaukauna belonged to the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Com- pany, but that "after such water had passed over the dam and 50 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. through the sluices aaad had foimd their way into the unimproved bed of the stream^ the rights and disputes of the riparian o-wners must be determined by the State court," The Edwards & Mead canal was built under the direction of Capt. X. IE. EdwardSj engineer for the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company. Advantage was taken of a branch of the main north channel running between two large islands; this was formed into a pocket by damming the ends and sides. This channel starts GOO feet below the bridge, and the dam was placed 1,000 feet below its head. As the water is taken from below the first level of the rapids the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company could make no legal claim to it, but subsequent to its development bought the power. The sides of the channel are substantially built of earth on the south side and dry rubble masonry on the north side, Eecently very comprehensive plans have been prepared for the improvement of the lower level at Kaukauna, which will produce 6,500 theoretical horsepower. These plans include the blasting out of the tailrace so as to develop a 21-foot head at the present Gov- ernment dam, and also the construction of a new masonry dam below which will develop 27 feet additional. As this dam would render useless some of the present improvements below the Government dam, it will be ncessary to purcha^ such property before the new dam can be constructed. These developments will be made as soon as a suitable tenant is found. At the present time the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Com- pany offers for rent 3,000 theoretical horsepower already developed at the headrace of the Kaukauna Water Power Company's canal, recently purchased. Large store buildings at this point, though par- tially destroyed by fire, could readily be converted into a large man- ufacturing plant. The city of Kaukauna has 5,000 inhabitants and is on the main line of the Chicago and IPTorthwestem Eailway, being also reached by the Fox Eiver Valley Electric Eailway. The following table gives a list of the power users at Kaukauna and the installed turbine power: FOX RIVER. Water 2yoiccj's on Fox River at Kaa'kaiina.'^ Owner. Badger Paper Co Chicago and North western Ewy. Kaiikanna Fiber Co Kankauna Machine Co Kaukauna Electric Liglit Co. ... Thilmany Pulp and Paper Co. . Western Paper Bag Co Oiuagamie Paper Co Lindaner Pulp Co Ree^je Pulp Co Xhilmanj" Pulp and Paper Co .. shops Water power. Ste H. Average head. Rared H. P 1.230 47 194 250 194 SS9 1,400 SIG Entitled to- am P. Feet. 16 450 7 14 14 14 rs lOO 75 110 200 15 14 15 275 400 1,500 175 310 13 12 440 T09 350 12 567 ^Xos. 1-4 are owned jointly by the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company; Nos. 5-0 are leased from the same company; Nos. 10 and 11 are leased from same company and Edwards. Below Kaukauna Kapids the river is from 1,200 to 2,200 feet wide for nearly 2 miles, but it gradually contracts to a width 'of about 500 feet for the lower half of its course between Kaukauiia and Eapide Croche. Almost without exception the bluffs rise directly from the river for the entire distance. Xavi^ation is also by slack water from the Grand Kaukauna Canal to the Rapide Croche dani. i EAPIDE CROCHE DAM. \ Tlie Eapide Croche dani is located 4.5 miles below the Graiud Kaukauna dain and was built by the Government for navigation piir- poses. It is about 450 feet long and has an average head of ^.5 feet. The bluffs rise on either side close to the river^ except on tflie left bank at the site of the ship canal. This canal starts just abdve the dam and extends downstream for a distance of 1,760 feet to tlhe lock. This forms a strip of land well suited for power or mill sites, being 900 feet long and varying in width from 2*0 feet at the ends to 200 feet at the middle. This ground and 120 acres adjacent! is owned by the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company. ' The Eapide Croche dam develops 2,400 theoretical horsepower, which may be leased on extremely favorable terms. At the present time this power is not utilized. Its location, nearly midway be- tween Green Bay and Appleton, is convenient for the development of 52 WATER POWERS OP WISCOXSIX. FIs. G. — Lower Fox River at Rnplde CrocUe, Wis. Fi^ 7. — Plan of water-power development at Little Kankanna, Wis. FOX BIYER. 53 clcc'U'ic ]H>wor for railroiid or (itlior piirpo>c>. Tlio Chicago and Xorthwoitern Railway and the Fox Eivrr Valley Electric Raihvay are close at hand on the left bank. LITTLE KAVKAUNA l>Air. Six miles below the Rapide Croche dam is located another Gov- ernment dam Avhich furnishes slack-water navigation in this stretch of the river. This dam, a view of which is shown in PI. 5, fig. 1, is about 550 feet loui>' and furnishes a head *^f S feet. The bluft's rise close to the right bank, but on the left bank recede for several hundred feet. Advantage is taken of this fact to locate the Govern- ment canal here. This canal is '.).">() feet long and has a single lock at its lower end. For details see Fignre T. The power here, like that at Rapide Croche, is owned by the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company, while the riparian rights are owned by other parties. This fact has led to a protracted legal struggle, which has resulted in preventing the utilization of the valu- able w^ater powers. It is stated on good authority that these suits have recently been settled and that improvements will soon be made. A large number of water-poAver lots would be made available by the construction of a tailrace parallel to the canal about as shown in fig. 3. An 8-foot head with a flow of 2,660 second-feet, gives 2,400 theoretical horsepower. DEPEEE da:m. This dam at Depere. a city of over 4,000 inhabitants, about 7 miles from the moutb of Fox River, is the last dam .and lock on the river. A view of it is shown in Fig. 2, PI. (». The dam is of crib construction, about 2,000 feet long, and furnishes an average head of 7 feet, w^hich, at an ordinaiy flo^v of 2,660 second-feet, gives 2,100 theoretical horsepower. A modern steel bridge is located just below the dam. This power does not belong to the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Company, for it w^as built under a contract whereby the riparian owners were to have the use of the powder in return for the maintenance of navigation improvements. The American Writing Paper Company, which has one of the largest and most modem paper mills on the river, has installed 16 54 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. larire turbines, -with vi rating of 1,.'')G5 practical horsepower. In ad- dition the company uses 1,300 steam horsepower. It is entitled to the total power of the river less 290 horsepower. The value of its annual product is stated at $600,000. On the right bank, taking water from the ship canal, are located the J, P. Dousman Company's flouring mill, with 17r> actual tur- bine horsepower and the De Pere Electric Light and Power Com- pany's plant, with 100 actual turbine horsepower. The llouring mill has a capacity of 300 barrels a day. These are the last powers on the river. RAILROADS. Attention has elsewhere been called to the fact that the freedom from the freshets which lower Pox Eiver enjoys allows the building of railroad side tracks over or across the river so as to reach any mill no matter how situated. The river thus enjoys excellent rail- road facilities. The Chicago and Xorthwestern Railway closely fol- lows the left banli of the river between Xeenah and Green Bay, and a branch performs a similar service for all the mills between Menasha and Kaukauna on the right bank. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway reaches !N"eenah, Menasha, and Appleton, w^hile an- other branch parallels the river between Green Bay and Depere. The Wisconsin Central line reaches Xeenah and Menasha. Besides the steam lines, the river's entire length is closely followed by an electric interurban railroad, which 2^1'ovides a train every hour at reduced rates. The navigation improvements maintained by the Federal Gov- ernment .provide for a G-foot channel between Oshkosh and Green Bay. While this channel is insufficient for the larger freight boats navigating the Great Lakes, the commerce on lower Fox Piver has been sufficient to reduce the railroad freight rates to an exceedingly reasonable basis. This gives the numerous factories on this river a very marked advantage in shipping both raw materials and finished products. This advantage, together with the extremely low rates at which water power may be rented ($5 to $10 per annum per horse- power^), has already made this one of the largest manufacturing dis- tricts in the State. ' This Includes the price for water deUvered In fore hay only. .(-^^^ MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA OF MENOMINEE RIVER IN WISCONSIISr AND MICHIGAN 1907 20 25 MtLES MEKOMINEE RIVER. 55 MEXOMINEE RIVER SYSTEM. This river is formed by the junctioiL of Michigamme and Brule rivers, and for its entire length of about 104 miles forms the bound- ary between Wisconsin and Michigan. It flows in a general south- easterly direction, entering Green Bay at Marinette. DEAIIS-AGE. The Menominee drainage basin is narrow in its lower portion, but widens as the stream is ascended, the river receiving important branches near its source. Its total drainage area is about 4,000 square miles, of which 1,450 square miles is in Wisconsin. Like Chippewa River, it has a main arm to the north^ Michigamme river, which is nearly as long as the main river, its source, in fact, being within 12 miles of Lake Superior. This has an important bearing on the discharge of the Menominee, because it secures the large run-off due to the heavy precipitation of that region as well as the steadying effect of the enlarged drainage. The combined drain- age area of Brule and Michigamme rivers amounts to 1,769 square miles^ — ^nearly one-half that of the entire river system. PEOFILES. In the table that follows will be found a statement in detail of the descent of Menominee Eiver, together with other valuable data: 1 Tenth Census, vol. 17, p. 57. 56 WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIX, Profie of Menominee River from its mouth to head of upper rapids. Twin Falls.i No Station, 11 12 li 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 2i 2S Month of river Dam Xo. 1, foot Dam Xo. 2, foot Dam Xo. 3, foot Schapples rapids, foot Schappies rapids , head Grand rapids, foot, (moutli of Little Cheddar River) Grand rapids, head (X. "\V. ^^ see. 32, T. 34 X., li. 23 E Railroad crossing-, Ross "White rapids, foot (lot 1, sec. 30, T. 35 X., R. 21 E) AVhite rapids, head (south line sec. 7, T. 35 X.. R. 22 E) Pemena rapids, foot (mouth Pemeua Creek) Pemeua rapids, head (south line sec. 5, T. 36 X., 22 E.) Pemena dam, foot Pemena dam, crest Sturgeon Falls, foot Sturgeon Falls, head Bturrgeon River, mouth Norway, Mich, (where public road joins river) Iron Mountain, Mich. (500 feet above old ferry) Little Quinnesec Falls, foot Little Quinnesec Falls, head Big Quinnesec Falls, foot Railroad bridge south of Iron Mouu tain Highway bridge south of Iron Moun- tain Railroad bridge, river siding Twin Falls (500 feet below lower rapids) Twin Falls (head of upper rapids) .... Distance- From moucn. Miles. 0.0 2.0 2.5 2.75 7.7 s.r 2-3.0 24.5 2ti.5 50.7 53.7 61.5 63.0 67.0 67.5 77.0 77.5 7S.1 SO.l S4.1 85. i S5.65 S9.9 91.15 92.4 100.4 101.4 102.1 Be- tween points. MilQi 2.0 .5 .25 5.0 1.0 13.3 2.5 2.0 24.2 3.0 7.8 1 5 4.0 .5 9.5 0.5 0.6 2.0 4.00 1.3 0.25 4.25 1.25 1.25 S.O 1.0 0.7 Eleva- tion above sea level, Feet. 5S0.0 5SO.0 5S7.0 504.0 612.0 622.0 649.0 609.0 671. S 683.4 714.4 748.3 767.1 773.1 7S6.2 803.9 S16.S SIS.O S24.0 S51.0 S7S.0 942.0 966.0 1,020.0 1,045.0 1,065.3 1,072.5 1,099.8 Descent be- tween points. Total. Feet. 7.0 7.0 IS.O 10,0 27.0 20.0 2.S 11.6 31.0 30.3 IS.S 6.0 13.1 17.7 12.9 1.3 6.0 27.0 27.0 64.0 24.0 54.0 25.0 20.3 27.3 Per mile. FetU 14.0 28.0 3.6 10.0 2.0 8.0 1.4 4S.0 103.0 3.9 12.5 15.0 26.2 1.9 25.8 2.0 3.0 6.7 20.7 256.0 5.6 43.3 20.0 2.5 7,3 and\o-T^^T"w O^h/c^Y: N ^2^"^"^^ = ^^'v ,V.^vM«°*^'"i°«« «i^^^ Boom Company Nog 7 8 MEXOMiyEE RIVER. 57 From its head, at the junction of Ernie and ]\IiehiganmiG rivers, to its month, u distance of about 104 miles, the river descends alxnit 700 feet. lu addition to this its Wisconsin tributaries descend abont oOO feet, and those in Michigan 470 feet. The opportunities for water power are numerous, because of the frequent concentrations of ive, nt seven iioar-hv stnti'Hi>, allows the average rainfall of this section for the aliove period to he 31.5 ar.ches. This is very conservative, for earlier ohservations for longer periods show larger averaii'cSj as ■\\'ill he seen from the following: Record of precipitation at two stations in Wisconsin prior to IS'J.'h [From Smitlis-onian tables.] Period covered. Embarrass .. Weyauwega Yea ?■». 3:> Precipitation. Inches. 38.3 44.1 There is reason to helieve that the rainfall at the head"^^'aters of these rivers is in excess of that on the lower part of the drainage area, where most of the observation stations are located. The following table compiled from Bnlletin C, United States Weather Bnrean, shows the results of obseiwations of precipitation and temperature in the basins of Fox, Oconto, Menominee, and Wolf rivers for the years stated prior to 1ST6: Record of precipitation and temperature at nine stations in Wisconsin prior to ISK). Station. Period of observa- tion. Wnntoma : lS7l-]^74 Portage i lS:^c,-]-4.o WeyniTwega I iSiU-iST-'J Wanpnca ]5iM-i5r4 Mona.'^ha ]S"iT-l.v'i^ Appletnn ] ]>o74 Escanaba I ij;7:;-l57 (^.74 5.50 7.67 (1.15 ,^.14 S.ry2 Sum- mer. 6.r-> 11.4(1 17. So 14.50 10.7:3 10.24 0.;^5 1-2.40 13.7: Au- tumn. IiicJies. Inches. l.flS 7.(i:3 14.2;i (i.!j2 ?.0:i 0.92 111.4-! t.51 10.57 Win- ter. Inches. 2.83 5.81 3.n3 5.14 ;^.70 4.46 5.7.? 3.2S Year. Inches. 44.13 ■25.92 20.70 2S.51 34.-57 3Q.09 Temperature. Sum- mer. °F. GS.22 OS. 20 70.17 &3.30 (77. 4S (iS.lO 6.i.S2 Win- ter. °F. 19.81 10.33 2^J.4S 23.11 20.15 18.62 18.25 It will be noted that the npper portion of this drainage area is scarcely represented in the above tables, the stations where rainfall observations were made being grouped in the lower portion of the river valleys. There is reason to believe that the average rainfall wonld be fomid to be sensibly larger for a series of stations more evenly distributed so as to include the northern portion. MEXOMIXEE RIVER. Gl The fallowing ilischjn*ii<' nicn'-iii'oniont^ij gngo hoiglitSj nnd rating table are the result of uhservations by hydrograpliers of the United States Geological STirvey on !^[euominee River, near Iron ilonntain, Mich. : Discharge measurements of Menominee River at Homestead bridge, near Iron Mountain, Mich., V.W.^ to 1001. Date. Hjdrographer. \Vidth. Area of sect oa. Mean velocity. Gape ' beifjht. 1 1 Dis- charge. 1902. September 4 November 4 1003. April f)i April 1*1 FC€t. S(i..l'eei. Ft. pr. Acc.i Feet. 1.90 1 2.67 5.40 7.32 4.20 ;i.6a 10.33 3.iJ9 7.95 5.97 2.0 J 4.34 S.25 4.02 7.43 6.S5 3.67 G.5S 3.24 11.51 11.67 10.45 9.92 7.61 2.98 4.00 3.1s 2.2 Sec-feet. 1,:J22 W. V. Savicki ....".. L. K. Stnfkmau .... ilo 202 1.532 2. Clio 1,455 \:ui 2 , ^ 7 5 1,477 2,312 2,522. 1,101 1,571 2,408 3,. nil 2,271 2,035 1.421 2,100 1,346 3.213 3,247 2,958 2.824 2.266 1,214 1,462 1.281 995 2.2> 1 2^17 1.76 23. 41 l.t,3 2.03 3.01 1.42 2.02 3.20 1.94 2.:to 2.32 1.7S 2.50 1.S3 3.40 3.46 2.96 2.S4 2.63 1.57 1.(77 1.74 1.25 1,554 3,409 5,570 Ju 1 V -^l:? d.» 2i)^ 212 205 210 210 205 210 223 210 220 215 20> 225 207 244 244 233 23S 216 21)5 203 207 195 3,161 An;aisY 25 . ... (]0 2,3.37 Reptembt-r 16 October 27 .... (U) 9 . 490 do 2.s5'i 1904. Mny IS E. Johnson, jr do 0,193 7,591 Alienist 10 September 5 Ootolier 11 November IS 1905. April 12 Mnv >' .. . 1.4S 1.47 1.40 1.40 1.35 1.3S 1.55 1.65 1.:'3 1.60 1.65 1.57 1.65 1.67 2.43 2. SO 3.2-3 2.95 3.57 2.?3 3.75 6.45 5.65 5.35 5.00 4.47 4.45 3.90 3.9-2 3.45 3.30 3.00 2.63 3.55 2.63 2.55 2 15 2.70 3 'I'j 3 . 6:3 4 1.90 1.60 2.00 2.33 3.35 3.05 1.9-? i.sr 1.95 1.65 1.53 1.45 1.40 ■20 3.75 o 21 3.75 6 .->.-> 2.57 % : ■2Z . 2.40 24 2.32 9 25 2.35 10 2r, 2.20 11 . 1 •^ 2.10 1-^ 2.^ 2.00 13 1 14 1 ' ' 09 2.15 .30 Zl 2.20 15 1 2.10 10 ! " 1 Mean daily gage fieight. in feet, of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Midi., Septemlyer J^, 1902, to December 31, 1907 — Continued. Jan. Feb. j Mar Apr. i W^y. 1D03. 1 , 2.57y 2 2.rr2 S 2.42 4 -2.4^ 5 3. .50 e 2.30 7 3.25 S 3.40 I 9 2.35 10 2.31) 11 2.35 12 2..^0 13 2.20 14 2.1if 15 2.1s 16 3,22 17 2.25 IS 2.25 19 2.33 20 2.25 21 2.10 22 2.20 23 2.23 24 2.15 25 2.12 26 2.25 27 2.35 28 2.25 29 3.35 30 3.35 31 2.20 . 2.35 2.30 2.30 2.15 2.15 2.2s 2' 25 2.23 2^20 2.2s 2.40 2.2s 2^22 2.25 2.20 2.1s 3.30 2.13 2.10 2.0O 1.95 2.20 2.25 2.32 2.45 2.33 2.43 2.40 2.35 2.4S 2.. 15 2.63 2.72 2.73 2.75 3.00 3.33 3.55 3.50 3.4S 3.55 4.25 6.25 S.3S S.S.5 7,50 6,20 5.95 5.8ff 6.15 5A^ 5.50 5.15 4.65 4.30 4.6S ] 5.15 : 5.65 j 6. 'So I 2.25 4.75 S.30 5.50 5.50 6.05 7.35 7.15 6.70 7.45 7. ,52 7,55 7.30 S.30 7.45 7. 58 7.05 e.tio 7.65 7., 50 7.75 7.00 0.^ 6.W 7.45 7.95 s.so 9.45 9.4S 9.73 9.60 9.33 7.90 8.9S S.IO 9.90 9.4-5 9.1s S.65 7.60 6.32 7.55 8.73 9.05 7.40 9.40 6.80 7.80 7.15 8.45 10.40 11.85 10.10 10.75 Jane.j -July. Aug. Sept. Oct, . 9,30 3.70 6.25 1 8.05 4. SO 6.20 1 6,30 6.50 4.55 7.60 3.S5 5 60 7.05 3.50 6.60 6.50 7.40 s.oo 3.40 6.30 9.00 4.S5 5.95 8.90 4.85 5.45 7.20 4.45 5.25 6.70 3.90 5.20 6.75 3.50 6.00 6.60 4.40 4.S5 6.50 6.75 4.00 5.40 4.50 4. CO S.fiO 4.45 3.40 5.60 4.55 3.05 3.70 4. SO 2.75 4.05 3.75 2.S5 4.25 4. SO 2.40 4.05 2.30 3.10 3.75 3.10 4.20 3.70 2.70 3.15 3.75 3.10 3.10 3.75 2.80 3.25 3.35 2.00 4.80 4.05 3.80 5.30 4.66 2.70 6.70 S.85 2.45 6.85 3.90 2.00 8.20 4.00 7.10 4.55 4.45 4.05 3.70 3.50 3.65 4.00 4.65 5.70 6.65 6.90 5. SO 5.50 7.60 8.10 9.00 10.50 11.20 10.40 9.45 8.70 8.00 6.85 6.95 6.35 5.90 4.45 5.50 4.S0 4.40 4.00 4.30 I 4.40 3.30 5.20 3.75 6.60 4.10 7.70 4.00 7.50 3. SO 7.(t5 3.50 7.55 3.65 7.10 3.50 6.S5 3.40 6.70 4.10 6.50 4.S5 6.25 3.50 5.75 3.20 5.50 3.25 5.40 3.55 4.85 3.25 4.90 2.85 i.tiO 2.65 4.90 2.85 5.20 2.50 5.30 3.25 4.35 3.00 4.20 3.10 4.05 2.90 3. 89 3.00 3.90 3.a5 S.S5 s.oo 3.80 3.10 3.75 3.60 3.70 Dec. 3.60 3.65 3.55 3,55 3.70 3.60 3.40 3.3.5 3.35 3.05 2.90 2,60 2.50 2.40 2.45 2.40 2.40 2.35 2.65 2.35 2.30 2.25 2.35 2.30 2.35 2.55 3.15 3.35 3.10 3.05 3.15 MEyOMiyEE RIVER. 63 Mean doily gage height, in feet, of Jilenominee River near Iron Mountain^ Mich., Beptemher -J, 1002, to December 31, 1907 — Continued. Day. VJOi. 11 Jjn. Feb. Mar. Apr. i May. ! June. i July I I I I I I Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, 1905. 2.90 2.70 2.75 2.75 3.20 3.60 3.50 3.i3 3.20 3.10 SAO 4.25 i.SO 4.30 4.35 4.35 4.40 4.15 4.10 4.25 4.25 4.20 4.20 4.25 4.20 4.50 4.45 4.35 2.5S 2.35 2.60 2.6-^ 2. SO 2.Sa 3.20 2.90 2.92 2.95 2.7S 2.7o 2.50 3.00 4.30 4.25 4.30 4.50 4.30 4.2o 4.20 4.20 4.25 4.00 3.!X> 3.y5 3.y0 O.bJ 3.95 3.60 3.75 3.75 3.70 3.00 3.75 3.60 3.60 3.55 3.Qb 3.55 3.75 4.55 4.90 i.70 2.40 2.55 '2!35 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.45 4.75 4.70 4.55 4.10 3.90 4.5U 4.90 4.8J 4.70 3.90 3.50 3.00 3.15 3.30 3.25 3.00 3.05 J.o5 3.45 3.15 3.15 3.40 3.45 3.75 I 4.55 4.60 4.35 4.40 4.30 4.55 4.60 2. 30 2.3S 2.45 2.60 2.62 2.60 2.33 2.30 2.22 2.25 2.35 2.50 2.40 2.45 3.50 2.65 2.98 3.40 3.80 4.60 ■6.00 7.60 7.40 4.65 4.55 4.35 4.60 5.10 4.S5 4.70 4.65 6.05 o.-2i) 4.10 a.i^ ii.iio 3.r0 3.75 4.10 3.95 4.25 4.40 4.30 4.35 4.40 5.45 6.06 7.35 7.25 7.45 S.35 7.40 6. SO 6.70 7.00 7.90 S.Oo 7.45 6.S0 6.s0 6.60 7.00 7.30 7.40 7.40 6.70 6.40 6.10 6.20 5.80 5.80 5.70 6.00 6.20 6.00 5.80 6.40 6.80 7.60 8.00 8.60 7.90 7.95 b.70 9.70 i>.15 y.70 6.50 10.40 11 .95 . C^) . 11.60 11.10 10.70 10.53 ■i).Ob 9.05 8.10 6.15 6.15 6.25 4.90 0.15 6.10 7.U5 9.00 . C^) 10.90 10.00 6.70 6.U0 S.60 S.40 8.50 9.10 9.20 a.M 9.30 9.20 9.S0 9,60 9.10 9.00 9.10 S.30 7.40 S.GO 9.70 10.10 10.20 9.30 10.20 7.40 7.40 7.40 6.00 5.20 7.60 5.60 4. SO 5.80 3.40 S.45 4.60 0".95 2.35 D.Gb 2.20 0.30 2.90 9. 60 2.60 7.30 3.70 8.80 3.60 7.50 s.m 8.55 4.20 6.50 3.;jO 7.50 4.10 6.70 4.20 (i.70 1.80 5.90 4.30 5.40 3.75 4.95 4.30 4.60 1.65 4.50 3.25 3.70 3.05 3.50 2.50 3.50 4.30 4.40 2.70 3.70 2.30 3.70 1.30 5.45 2.73 7.20 1.40 6.75 2.70 5.60 1.50 6.70 3.10 6.70 1.45 1.30 I 3.00 5.50 5.03 8.60 2.4t) 6.40 2.40 7.10 3.50 s.co 6.30 S.OO 0.90 7.60 7.30 7.60 O.oO 5.80 7.10 4.20 5.20 5.20 5. SO 4. SO 5.70 5.40 5.70 5.20 5.SJ 5.60 6.40 4.30 7.30 4.40 7.20 6.10 10.20 3.90 9.30 3.40 6.70 2.20 S.40 2.05 6.50 2.95 6.50 3.90 5. SO 3.70 5.60 3.70 7.80 3.40 7.00 3.95 S.OO 4.60 8.90 4.70 4.60 2.35 1.90 3.30 3.15 2.90 3.70 3.00 4.95 1.30 4.30 2.70 4.00 1.30 4,10 1.20 4.10 1.45 3.70 3.20 3.15 ■s.s-j 2.90 4.40 3.10 4.00 2.o5 1.90 2.S5 2.05 3.50 3.70 3.40 3.60 2.80 4.00 3.15 3.10 2.60 3.15 2.70 2.40 2.95 3.65 2.5y 3.45 2.55 3.90 3. SO 3.90 3.90 3.40 3.95 2.70 4.15 2.30 4.00 1.90 3.5u 3.05 3.J7 1.95 4.20 2. SO 3.70 3.90 3.40 7.20 3.50 S.OO 3.40 7.80 3.45 7.00 3.30 6.30 3.25 5.30 3.40 4.60 3.30 4.40 3.40 4.10 3.20 3.70 3.20 3.33 3.30 3.0O 3.30 2.;i3 ?1 PJ^ ■2.:m) 2. 05 2.50 2.70 2.00 2.22 2.2S 2.20 2.23 2.10 2.12 2.07 2.00 4.30 4.40 4. SO 4.90 4.80 4.40 3. SO 3.50 3.45 3.15 2.95 3.05 2.85 2.80 3.05 2.73 2.05 2.45 2.75 2.S5 2.55 2.90 3. SO 6.70 7.60 8.25 7. SO 7.35 6.40 5.90 5.55 5.30 O.20 5.00 5.00 5.05 5.05 5.15 5.05 5.15 5.05 4.85 4.33 4.30 3.90 2.S2 ■2.sy 2.50 2.4:? 2.421 2.35 2.40 2.43 2.40 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.53 2.80 2.90 2.S2 2.96 3.10 3.30 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.. 50 3.55 3.50 3.40 3.20 3.20 3.20 3.30 3.10 3.63 4.10 3.25 2.55 3.50 2.30 3.80 2. JO 4.S5 2.92 4.10 2.93 3.10 2.97 3.20 2.75 3.20 2.50 3.25 2.32 3.05 2.27 2.95 2.32 3.05 2.32 2.80 2.47 3.S5 2.50 3.15 2,47 2.92 2.27 2.90 2.22 2.67 2.42 2.77 2.37 2.S5 2.40 2.75 2.42 2.47 1.92 2.32 1.75 2.20 2.00 . (-) . 3.07 2.60 3.30 l.SO 3.30 1.75 3.20 2.25 3.00 2.30 3.00 2.25 3.0J 2.65 2.95 3.30 2.83 3.15 2.92 3.20 3.00 3.20 3.00 3.30 3.00 3.20 2.90 3.45 2.9S 3.30 3.10 3.25 3.15 3.40 3.05 3.30 2.90 3.25 2. S3 3.00 2.90 2.95 3.05 2.S5 3.05 2.70 3.10 2.60 3.05 2.60 3.15 2.ft> 3.20 2.63 3.05 2.70 2.90 2.55 2.50 2.40 1.80 2.40 2.4S 1 Gage under water. 2 Kiver frozen. CA WATER POWERS OF M'ISCOXSIK. Daily gage Jieight. in September feet, of Blenordinee .'i, WhL to December River at Iron Mountain, ol, IVOl — Continued. Mich., Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. -iuff. Sept. Oct 190G. 1 2.4S 4.55 3.0 3.S S.5 S.S 9.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 2 ■2. 4-2 4.1 3.0 3.9 9.0 6.S 8.3 2.9 3.6 2.25 3 2.4 4.0 2.Sf5 4.3 9.4 7.i> ( ■> 2.05 3.1 2.3 4 2.5 4.05 2.9 4.T5 9.5 5.1 S.G 2.4 2.S 2.4 5....i 2.5 4.U 2.& 4.y 9.ts 7.0 G.4 2.7 2.05 2.5 G 2.(1 3.9 2.5:2 4.92 9.1 6.0 6.2 3.75 2.5 2.45 ■2.5-S ■2.5 3.S 3.75 2.<> 2.62 5.0 5.U5 £.2 S.5 S.4 10.7 4.1 4.0 4.25 4.0 2.3 2.4 2.4 S 2.5 9 2.4 3.6 2.9 5.35 l.G 11.3 3.Q 3.3 2.6 2.6 10 2.4 3.55 ■2.9 G.l 7.3 10.3 4.75 3.5 2.1 2.55 11 2.3 3.4 3.0 7.15 7.S S.l 4.4 3.2 2.0 2.75 12 2.4 3.4 3.05 7.11 7.1 7.7 4.3 3.3 2.4 2.65 2. So 3.45 3.42 3.4 3.1 3.0 S.25 S.9 7.2 6.1 6.7 4.6 3.9 4.1 2.75 2.4 4.0 S.S 2.7 14 2.75 15 3.6 3.3 3.0 10. D 6.2 3-7 4.G 2.5 3.7 2.4 IG 3.6 3.25 3.0 11.05 6.5 4.6 4.3 2.6 3.9 3.25 17 3.5 3.25 3.'J5 11.4 6.3 2.0 4.1 4.1 3.7 4.05 IS 3.35 3.20 2.M 11.7 *-.7 2.4 S.S 3.S 3.4 4.15 10 3.0 2.7 3.35 3.4 '■'■ .0 2.P5 13.1 13.7 0.2 5.S 2.3 3.3 3.6 4.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.0 5.0 20- : 1 21 2.7 3.3 2.f)5 14.3 5.15 4.S 3.9 2.6 2.75 2? 2.S 3.3 ^.05 14.1 4.35 4.73 3.4 2.S5 3.0 23 2.75 3 25 S.Oo 13.2 2.3 4.3 4.2 3.2 2.9 24 2.S 3.25 2.05 12.15 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 2.S 2j 3.2 3.20 2.9 11.9 4.7 3.0 3.5 3.9 2.7 2.5 j 4.15 3.25 3.05 10.7 5. Hi 2.6 3.2 4.1 2.65 27 ■ 4.S5 5.3 5.0 4.S 4.S 3.2 3.05 3.3 3.4 3.45 3.55 3.6 10.1 0.6 9.4 0.2 7.0 6.7 S.9 S.35 t).0 S.S 9.1 3.S 3.G 3.4 3.0 2.S 3.& 3.6 3.5 3.25 2.S 2.S 2.75 2.7 2.S 2S 21) 31 ' 1 Gage reader left. Day. Mar. Apr. May. June. i July. 1 1 Aug. Sept. Oct. ^fov. Dec. 1907. 1 7.3 7.0 ?:? 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.3 6.9 G.6 6.5 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.0 5.8 J.R 5.7 5.6 S.S 6.1 7.3 8.3 3.5 S.Q S.9 8.8 8.6 7.6 7.6 7.S S.4 9.6 9.6 9.8 9.S 10.2 10.4 8.5 9.4 9.5 9.7 10.3 13.3 14.1 14 -T 14.3 12.7 13.0 11.8 10.9 12.6 11.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.7 9.0 8.5 3.5 8.0 7.S 7.6 S.3 7.6 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.8 4.7 3.2 2.9 4.0 3.2" 2.6 2.0 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.2 4.5 4.8 5.6 6.8 6.2 6.0 5.9 1.9 6.1 5.8 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.G 2.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.5 2.G 3.7 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.4 l.G 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 l.G 1.8 1.S 2.3 2.6 2.0 3.2 1.7 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.35 1.6 j.6 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.8 4.6 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 S.S 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.G 2.6 ?.4 2.3 3.0 2.4 2.45 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.45 2.5 2.5 2.5 i'.i" 1.9 1.6 1.7 l.S 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.9 2.7 l.S 1.9 l.S 1.8. l.S 2 l.S 3 l.fl 4 1 ** 5 2 1 5 2.2 7 3.0 g 3.0 9 3.0 10 2.S 11 2.5 12 2.1 12 2.1 14 2.2 15 2.3 le 2.3 17 2.3 IS 2.3 19 2 4 20 2.5 21 2.3 22 3.3 23 2.3 24 13.8 4.3 4.8 5.25 6.65 7.2 7.5 7.5 2.5 25 2.5 26 2.4 27 2.3 28 2.3 29 2.3 30 2.3 SL 2.3 Average 7.07 10.1 -- >Ice went out. MEHfOMINEE RIVER. 65 Rating table for Menominee River near Iron Mountain^ Mich^ September 4> 1902, to December 31, 1905. Oage height. DiRcharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Second-feet. Feet. Second-feet. Feet, Second-feet. FeeU Second-feet. i.a 1.032 2.8 2.080 4.4 3,242 6.8 5,230 1.3 1,094 2.9 2,150 4.5 3,319 7.0 5.420 1.4 1.156 3.0 2.220 4.6 3,396 7.2 5.615 1.5 1,219 3.1 2,290 4.7 3,474 7.4 5,315 1.0 1,288 3.2 2,361 4.8 3,552 7.6 6.025 1.7 1,346 3.3 2.432 4.9 3,630 7.8 6.235 1.8 1,410 3.4 2.503 5.0 3,708 8.0 6.450 1.9 1,475 3.5 2.575 5.2 3,865 3.5 7.^20 H.O 1,540 3.6 2,647 5.4 4,023 9.0 7,630 2.1 1,609 3.7 2,719 5.6 4.1S3 9.5 8.230 2.2 i.era 3.8 2,792 5.8 4,345 10.0 8,970 2.3 1.739 3.9 2,866 ! 6.0 4.510 10.5 9,670 a. 4 i.goa 4.0 2,940 6.2 4,680 11.0 io,3ro 2.6 1,942 4.2 3,090 6.4 4,860 11.5 11,070 2.5 1,874 4.1 3,015 6.6 5,040 12.0 11.770 2.7 2,011 4.3 3,166 1 6.7 5.135 Rating table for Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., for 1906. Gage height. Discharge. Gage hei^t. Discharge. , ' Gage I height. 1 Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. ^eet. Second- feet. Feet. Seeond-feet. Feet. Second-feet. Feet. Seeond-feet. 2.oa 1,540 3.30 2.432 4.60 3,396 6.80 5,230 2.10 1.609 3.40 2,503 4,70 3,474 7.00 5,420 2.20 1.673 3,50 2.5r5 1 4.80 3.652 7.20 5,615 2.30 1.739 3.60 2.647 4.90 3,630 7.40 n;Si5 2.40 1.806 3.70 2,719 5.00 3,709 7-60 6,025 2.50 1.8r4 3.80 2.792 5.20 3,865 7.80 6,235 2.60 1.942 3.90 2,866 : 5.40 4,023 8.00 6,450 2.70 2,au 4.00 2,9W 1 5.60 4.183 9.00 7.630 2.80 2,080 4.10 3.015 ; 5.80 4.345 10.00 8,930 2.90 2.150 4.20 3.099 1 6.0O 4.510 11.00 10.250 3.0O 2,220 4.30 3,166 6.20 4.680 12.00 11.660 3.10 2.280 4.40 3,243 6.40 4,860 13.00 13.100 3.20 2.301 4.60 8,319 6.00 6.040 14.00 14,600 ^ote— The above tables are applicable only for open-channel conditions. It Is based on discharge measurements made during 190e'-l906, and is fairly well defined. QQ WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Estimated monthly discharge of Menominee River near Iron Mountain, Mich., September, 1902, to December SI, 1905. [Drainage area, 2,415 square miles.] Date. 1902. September {4r^) October November December 190S. April May June July August September October November December 1904.1 April May June July August September October November December i 1905.1 April May June July August September October November December 1906. January February , Marcb April May June July August September October (1-19) .... Discharge . Run-off. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Per square mile. 1 Depth. Sec, -feet. Sec. -feet. Sec. -feet. Sec. -feet. Inches. 1,773 1,032 1.295 0.536 0.533 2,625 1,094 1,596 .661 .762 5,306 1,806 2,829 1.17 1.30 2,&47 1.2S2 1.909 .790 .911 6.730 1,705 5.175 2.39 2.14 11,560 4.693 7.496 3.57 3.10 S,020 1,540 3.417 1.57 1.41 6,670 1,S06 3,553 1.70 1.47 7,630 2,4€T 4,049 1.94 1.6S 10,650 2,575 5,091 2.35 2.11 6,130 2,719 4,057 1.94 1.63 3,669 1,S74 2,505 1.16 1.04 2,719 1,705 2.150 1.03 .890 S,150 2,6S3 3,995 1.S4 1.65 11,770 3,630 7,379 3.76 3.26 S,410 2,5T5 4,791 3.21 1.9S 3,396 1,094 2,196 1.05 .909 3,242 1,032 2,125 1.01 .sso 3,669 1,410 2,4S3 1.15 1.03 6,725 1,S40 3,650 1.74 1.51 3,591 1,373 2,293 1.06 .949 2.199 1.673 1.S3S .srr .761 7,140 4,265 5,283 2.19 2.44 9,250 2,503 6,810 S.83 3,25 ff;250 1,S06 5,011 2,07 2.31 7,140 1,573 3,850 1.59 1.83 3,090 1,^ 2.130 .882 1.02 6,450 2,030 S,234 1.36 1.52 2,611 1,773 2.163 .896 1.03 2,432 1,410 2,204 .913 i.ce 2,539 1.373 2,085 .363 .995 3,940 1,740 2,370 0.979 1.13 3,360 2,260 2.590 1.07 1.11 2,650 2,0S0 2.250 .930 LOT 15,100 2,790 8,040 3.32 3.70 s,ffro 1,740 5,610 2.33 2.6S 10,700 1,740 5,040 2.08 2.32 7,890 2,0SO 3,500 1.45 1.67 3,130 1,310 2,400 .992 1.14 2,940 1.540 2.160 .893 1.00 3,710 i.no 2,140 ,884 .62 Note.— Values are rated as follows: January and March to October, fair. It Is probable that ice conditions affected the flow during February and that the value given above is considerably in ezcess of the true value. 1 Ice conditions January. MEyOMJi^EE RJVER. 67 KOSS, MICH. Tliis station was established June 21, 1907. It is located on a Wisconsin and Michigan railroad bridge 1,000 feet southwest of Koss, Mich. The general direction of the channel is straight for 1,000 feet above station and also for 3,000 feet below station. The width at ordinary stage is 300 feet broken by one pier. (Looking down stream.) The right bank is of medium height and wooded and not liable to overflow. The highest velocity is on the left side of the stream. The left bank is high and not wooded. There is an island do-\\'n stream SOO feet from the station which causes the river to- divide for a short distance. Discharge measurements arc made from this bridge to which the gage is attached. The initial point of sounding is at the left end of bridge directly over the inner side of bridge abutment. The zero is indicated by a red paint mark. A standard chain gage, which was read during 1907 by Guy H. Bronoel, is fastened to the upstream side of the bridge. The length of the chain from the end of weight to the center of iparker is 30.93 feet. The gage is referred to bench marks as follows; (1) Top of railroad track opposite the gage box is 28.55 feet above the datum of the gage. Discharge measurements of Menominee River at Eoss, Mich., in 1907. Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of section. Mean velocity. (face height. DiG- cbarfTB. Remarks. Joae 21 . . July 19.. \ue. 23.. Oct. 15.. Nov. 12.. G. A. Gray G. A. Gray G. A. Gray G. A. Gray G. A. Gray Feet. 246 242 235 280 278 1,5P0 1.380 1.147 1.54:j 1,460 Ft. per sec. 2.32 1.83 .90 1.82 1.71 Feet, 8.04 7.27 6.15 7.3.5 7.10 3.869 2,652 1,081 2,953 2.637 Good . Good. Logs running-. Logs running. Discharge measurements of Menomonie River near Eoss, Mich., in 1908. 1 Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of section Mean velo- city. Gatre b eight. Water sur. Dis- charge Av. depth of ice. Depth of snow. ma. January 21 February 11 G. A. Gray do Feet. 258 274 283 233 Sq. feet. 1,353 1,505 1.349 1,349 Ft. per sec. 1.39 1.^ 1.30 1.26 Feet. 7.15 T.7 7.85 7.85 Sec-ft. 1,SS3 1.837 1.754 1,756 1,1 1.2 1.75 1.75 No. 5 March 10......... do .3 March 10 do 3 68 WATER POWERS OF WISGOySIN. 1907 r>ec. 1. Dec. 10. 1908 Jan. 3. Jan. IS. Jan. 20. Jan. 27. Feb, 7. Feb. H. Feb. 21. Feb. 28. Mar. fi. Mar. 13. Mar. 20. Apr. 11. Record of thick^iess of Ice at Koss. Winter, 1907-S. Feet. Average thickness of ice 8 Areraffe thickness of ice 8 Average thickness of ice 8 Average thickness of ice Average thickness of ice 1.0 Average thickness of ice 1.1 Average thickness of ice 1.4 Average tliickness of ice 1.2 Average thickness of iee 1.3 Average thickness of ice 1.4 Average thickness of ice 1,8 Average thickness of ice i.c> Average thickness of ice 1.6 River opened. Daily Gage Seight of Menominee River at Koss, Mich., for 1907. Day. Jnne. July. Anff. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 7.55 8.04 7.55 7.54 8.02 8.02 8.35 7.7 7.9 S.15 7.75 7.4 6.95 7.55 S.O 7.85 7.7 7.6 7.3 7,6 7.65 7.0 7.8 7,65 6.75 7.35 7.45 7.6 0,7 7.25 6,95 7.3 e.o 6.9 G.So 6.95 7.75 7.0 6.75 7.0 6.75 7.0 6.75 7.0 7.75 6.55 6:75 6.7 6.7 6.75 6.5 6.7 7.1 7.55 6.8 7,15 7.5 6.4 7.35 6.55 7.45 6.45 7.35 6.1 7.2 6.Q 7.5 7.5 7.9 6.7 8.05 Q.G 8,25 S.35 8.6 8.25 7.7 7,55 7.S5 S.2 8.8 9.6 9.6 9.75 9.65 9.6 9.45 3.95 9.0 8.55 8.55 3-2 8.1 7.4 7.6 7.55 7.4 7.2 6.35 6.95 7.05 7.0 7.05 7.2 7.05 7.05 7.4 8.0 7.45 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.25 7.15 7.0 6.95 6.9 7.15 7.1 7.05 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.15 7.05 7.03 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.1 6.95 6.7 G.7 6.95 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.0 6,9 6.8 6.3 6.9i 2 i 6.^ 3 ! 6.S 4 1 7.1 5 1 7 1 7.0 7 1 7.0 3 7.0 9 7.0 10.:;::::::::::::::::::.:: : 7.0 11 7.1 12 7.1 13 7.1 15 . S 7.0 7 16 6.9 17 6.9 IS 7.15 19 : 7.0 20 ... (^) .. 6.9 21 22 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.56 8.(^3 8.06 8.06 8.05 8,03 8.08 6.9 6,9 23 6.9 24 6.9 25 6.9 26 6.9 27 6.9 28 6.9 29 7.0 30 7.0 51 7.0 ^ station established. The following table of drainage areas of Menominee Eirer at Tarious points is compiled from Water-Si5)ply and Irrigation Paper JSTo. 83: MenoTninee River drainage areas. Square miles. Bmle River above Iron Kiver 170.0 Iron Hiver above mouth 94.7 Bmle River, including Iron River 264.7 Brule River above Paint River.. 305.0 Paint River at moutli 738.5 Brule River at Junction with Michlgamme River 1,044.0 Michigamme River at mouth 733,7 MSyOMIXEE RIVER. (39 Square miles. Menominee River above junction witli Tine River 1,833.0 Pine River 586.0 Menominee River, including I'inu Rivor ■ 3,419.0 Menominee River above Sturijeon River 2,533.0 iSturgeoii River at mouth 396.0 Menominee River, including Sturgeon River 2,934.0 Menominee River above junction with Pemebonwon River 2,993.0 Feme Bon Won River 163.0 Menominee River, including Pemebonwon River 3,156.0 Menominee River above junction with Pike River 3,27i.O Pike River 292.0 Menominee River, including Pike River 3,566.0 Menominee River above Little Cedar River 3,79^.0 Li t tie Cedar River 149.0 Menominee River, including Little Cedar River 3,941.0 Menominee River at mouth 4,113.0 Water Powers, general conditions. Principally because of the opening up of the many rich and valu- able iron mines of this regionj and the resulting extensive railroad building, the valley of Menominee Eiver has had a rapid develop- ment. The following 'railroads at present have extensions in this territory: Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; Chicago and ISTorth- western; Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie; and Wiscon- sin and Michigan. All of them cross the Menominee one or more times, and several are near enough to run abort spurs to the import- ant water-power sites. The developed water power is at present used for the most part in mining and for the operation of lumber, paper, and pulp mills. Menominee Eiver varies in width from 200 to 600 or 700 feet far up toward the headwaters. For the first 7 miles from the junction of the Brule and Michigamme there are no heavy rapids, bnt, in the language of the lumberman, there is "strong water" all the way and probably many good water-power sites. BAD WATER RAPIDS. The first notable rapids, known as the Bad Water rapids, occur 7 miles below the head of the river, in sec. 27, T, 40 IS'., E. 19 E., at a point where the river, 100 feet wide, descends 5 feet over a ledge of rock. While definite information is lacking, it is likely that a dam could be built here, giving a head of 10 feet. 70 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. TWIN FALLS. About 3 1/2 miles below Bad Water rapids, in sec. 2, T. 39 ^S"., E. 19 E.J are the Twin Falls, about one-half mile apart. The verti- cal fall in each case is 12 feet, but the adjacent rapids are sufficient to increase the total descent to 28 feet. PINE RIVEE HAPIDS. For 6 miles below the foot of Twin Falls the total descent of the river is but 20 feet, and the only rapids worthy of note are those extending for about five-eights of a mile on both sides of the mouth of Pine River. Here an island divides the river into two cihannels with rocky bed. The descent of the rapids at this point is said to be 6 feet, but as the banks are high a dam could develop more than this. Pine River increases the drainage area by 586 square miles. HOESE RACE EAPIDS. The most important rapids between Twin Falls and Big Quin- nesec Falls, called the Horse Race, are found in sec. 7, T. 38 !tT., R. 20 E., both above and below the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad bridge. These rapids consist of two pitches, the upper of about 20 and the lower of 8 feet descent, separated by about 2,000 feet of less swift water. As the banks are high and the river narrow, it seems likely that a dam could be economically constructed here to develop about 40 feet of head. This site is only 3 miles from Iron Mountain, Mich. A view of the lower end of these rapids is shown in Fig. 1, Plate VII. BIG QUINNESEC FALLS. A little over 7 miles below the mouth of Pine River, and 4 miles from Quinnesec, are the Big (Upper) Quinnesec Falls, These are located in sec. 6, T. 38 IST., R. 20 E. A view of these falls is shown in Fig. 2, Plate VII, At Upper Quinnesec Falls the river narrows to hardly more than 50 feet wide (map measurement) between rocky banks of igneous origin. Immediately at the foot of the falls the river widens out, and about 800 feet below is 700 feet across. On the Wisconsin side WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. a. Fig. 2. THE HORSE RACE. MENOMINEE RIVER. Fig. 2. UPPER QUINNESEC FALLS, NEAR IRON MT., MICH. Menominee River. 54 feet head improved. Warn ill) Hi'' ,:l^l i^ W 2 O S2 U a- z B a o h4 MENOMINEE RIVER. 71 the banks are 80 to 100 feet high and on the Michigan side 30 to 40 feet." Below the falls the river descends only 2 feet to the mile for a distance of about 3 miles. At present only 54 feet of the total head is improved, one-half of the power being used to compress air for the supply of the Chapin Iron Mines at Iron Mountain, BV2 miles distant. The remaining portion is to be harnessed in 1905 and used for operating mines at Norway, 9 miles away. On acount of the local conditions it is unlikely that much more than the present head can be economically developed. LOWER OE LITTLE QTJINNESEC FALLS. Four miles below in sec. 10, T. 38 IST^ K. 20 E., are the Little (low- er) Quinnesec Falls, which, together with the upper falls, described above, form the most important powers on the river. For the greater portion of the distance between the upper and lower Quinnesec Falls there is comparatively quiet water. The greater part of the descent of 24 feet in this distance occurs in the lower 2 miles. Above the upper and below the lower falls the banks are generally high near the the river, but between these falls the hills recede from the river an average distance of about one-haK mile and are separated from it by a flat and in some places swampy area. A view of the Falls is shown in Plate VIII. Maj. T. B. Brooks, who reported on the geology of this district, considered that the * shore deposits indicated the presence of a lake at a comparatively recent date. Above Little Quinnesec Falls the river runs southwest, but at the foot of the falls it suddenly turns at right angles and runs southeast, the water surging down an incline of about 45° and then plunging in- to the comparatively stiU water of the basin below. The total fall is 62 feet. A short distance above the falls the river is 250 feet wide, but narrows down at the pitch to about 50 feet. The falls are hemmed in by great masses of greenstone and schist rock. Along the Michi- gan side a steep cliff of greenstone at least 140 feet high forms the bank for a distance of a mile or more. A smaller, but similar, rib of rock forms the Wisconsin bank for about 700 feet Formerly Little Quinnesec Falls were partially developed under 25 feet head for woodpulp grinding; but in 1898 they were redeveloped 1 Tenth Census, vol. 17, 72 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. by the Kimberly & Clark Company for wood-pulp and paper manu- facturing. A ledge of rock, which is used for a bridge pier, divides the falls into two channels. The present development gives a net head of 62 feet, equivalent to 8,370 theoretical horsepower. An ac- tual installation of turbines, generating 5,800 horsepower, consumes all the available power. SAND PORTAGE EAPIDS. These rapids lie between Little Quinnesec Fails and the mouth of Sturgeon River. They receive this name because the Indians, in mak- ing their "carry" around part of them, passed over a large amount of sand. The rapids are scattered along a distance of 6 miles, in which space there is a descent of 60 feet. About 'half of this amount is con- centrated in the 1% miles between the falls and the old cable bridge or ferry below. As the topographic map shows very high banks, fairly close together, a head of 25 feet or more may some day be de- veloped here. The Chicago and ]S"orthwestem Railway is distant only 1.5 miles. Between the above-described dam site and a point 2.5 miles below, the river descends 21 feet. A point due south of ]N"orway, Mioh., and on the road leading from that city is probably the best location for the dam to develop this fall, but even here a dam not less than 700 feet long would probably be required. Menominee River descends but 6 feet between this point and the mouth of Sturgeon River. This may be considered a part of the Sturgeon Falls power. STTXEGEON FALLS. From below the mouth of Sturgeon River to a point just above Pemebonwon River, a distance of 10 miles, the drainage area in- creases from 2,934 square miles to 2,993 square miles. In this stretdi are Sturgeon Falls, one-half mile below the mouth of SturgeCu River, in sec. 22, T. 38 IST., R. 21 E., Wisconsin. These falls have high rock-ledge banks, with two pitches aggregating 13 feet. By backing the water a distance of about 3 miles this head could be increased to 15 feet. At the head of the falls the river narrows to about 200 feet,, but at the foot it spreads out into a broad baain. In order to use tflie power it will probably be necessary to blast out a race in the rocks or build a flume and locate the mill at or near the foot of the rapids. MEXOMINEE RIVER. 73. In the next 10 miles the river descends only 17 feet, ^vith a fairly even gradi'. except for two or three small rapid^. The largest of these, Xose Peak rapids, is about 1,000 feet long and descends about -1 feet. PEME^'A DAM AXD RAPIDS. A logging dam Avhioh, together with the adjacent rapids, gives a fall of 14 feet in a distance of a qnarter of a mile, is located in sec. 24, T. 37 X., E. 21 E. The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway crosses the river 21/2 miles above the dam and passes within a fraction of a mile from it. The operation of a dam at this point for lumbering purposes gTeatly lessens the amount of available power. At the present rate of progress, however, this dam will be needed for logging only a few more years. It has been found elsewhere in the State that river logging, except for pine, can not compete with rail- road transportation. Prom below Pemebomvon River to a point just below Pike River, a distance of 18 miles, the drainage area increases from 3,156 square miles to 3,566 square miles. Pemena, Chalk Hill, and White rapids occur in this distance. About a mile above the mouth of Pemebonwon River,, in sec. 8, T. 36 X, R. 21 E., the Pemena rapids begin. They extend for a distance of about 2 miles, with a total descent of 20.2 feet.^ The xiver bed here is a metamorphic slaty schist, and the location is said to be favor- able for a dam site. The Wisconsin and Michigan Railway runs par- allel to the river at this point and is only 2 miles distant, and the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway crosses the river a few miles above. CHALK HILL KAPIDS. In the 11 miles between the foot of Pemena rapids and the head of White rapids the river descends 38 feet, the grade being even ex- cept for three small rapids of from 3 to 6 feet each. Chalk Hill rapids, the most important of these three, are located in sec. 6, T. 35 ^., R. 21 E. They run over a slaty rock at a point sail to be suitable for a dam, and if developed in connection with other falls about half a mile above would give a total head of 8 feet or more. ^ This statement is based on an accurate profile of the river, prepared by Mr. T. W. Orbison, C E. from ^his actual surveys. Tbe statement made in the Tenth Census, vol. 17, p. 61, that the total fall is 70 feet, is evidently an error. WATER POWERS OF WISC0X8IK. "VTHITE EAPIDS. Four miles above the moutli of Pike Eirer, in sec. 19, T. 35 X., E. 21 E., are the White rapids. The bed of the river is said to be gravel and bowlders, and the banks are high enough to give a head of 30 feet, thus develoj^ing the fall for 3 miles. Even above this limit the river descends 10 feet in V/^ miles, as ^vill be seen from the pro- file (p. 51). A head of 30 feet at ordinary low water would develop 5,350 theoretical horsepower. Erom below Eike Eiver to a point just above Little Cedar Eiver, a distance of 25 miles, the drainage area increases from 3,566 to 3,792 square miles. All the rapids thus far described have been over the pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks. In the next 2S miles the river crosses the Cambrian sandstone and ^"Lower Magiaesian" limestone. Xo falls or rapids worthy of note occur until Grand rapids are reached, immediately above the mouth of Little Cedar Eiver, in sec. 5, T. 33 Is., E. 22 E. These rapids are caused by a descent over hard ^^Trenton" limestone, underlain by softer strata. They have a fall stated at 25 feet in a length of 3 miles, but of this fall only that in the lower 2 miles, ximoimting to IS feet, can be cheaply developed. Both the Wiscon- sin and Michigan and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul rail- ways pass within 2 or 3 miles of that site. Erom below the mouth of Little Cedar Eiver to the mouth of the Menominee, 23 miles, the drainage increases from 3,9-11 to 4,113 square miles. TWIX ISLAND EAPIDS. These rapids are situated about 7 miles below t'he Grand rapids and 16 miles from the mouth of the river. They extend for three- fourths of a mile and are said to descend 10 feet. The two islands lie one below the other, dividing the river into east and west chan- nels. The bed of the river is limestone, the banks are steep, and a dam could be built across each channel to the islands. TOie total length of such dams is estimated at about 700 feet. A sawmill with a 6-foot head once occupied the east channel. SCHAPPIES RAPIDS. Located about 5 miles from the mouth of Menominee Eiver, in T. 31 K". and between Es. 22 and 23 E., Schappies rapids extend for a MENOMINEE RIYER, 75 distance of about a mile. During the winter of 1897 a survey was made of these rapids by a competent engineer, Mr. C. B. Pride, at a time of extreme low water. He found a discharge of 2,370 second- feet and determined that a head of 18 feet could be economically ob- tained. This power belongs to the Menominjee Eiver Boom Com- pany. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailway is located about 3 miles distant. MABINETTE DAMS. The last series of rapids is found at Marinette, Wis., near the mouth of the Menominee. The natural channel probably had about 12 feet descent here, but the Menominee River Boom Com.pajiy built three dams, one above another, the upper one backing the water to the foot of Schappies rapids. The first of these dams, 850 feet long, lo- cated about 3 miles from the mouth of the river, in T. 30 IST. and near the line between Es. 23 and 24 E., develops a head of 7 feet.^ Power is applied to two paper and pulp mills owned by the Marinette and Menominee Paper Company and also to a flouring mill. !N"o state- ment of the turbine installation at the paper mills is made, but that at the flouring mill is 95 horsepower. The third dam from the mouth is located on the west line of sec. 1, T. 30 K, E. 2'3 E. This dam is 940 feet long and has a head of 18 feet. The middle or second dam is located about a quarter of a mile below the third dam and is 700 feet long, with a head of 7 feet. It is used for boom purposes only. The Marinette and Menominee Paper Company mill is located just below this dam, but it takes power through a canal from the third dam. Its turbines therefore work under a total head of about 24 feet. The owners of these three dams state that each could be raised from 5 to 10 feet higher than at present. Teibutaeies of Menominee Eivee. The notable Wisconsin tributaries of Menominee Eiver are Brule, Pine, Pemebonwon, and Pike rivers. ' Brule Eiver courses in a bed composed mostly of gravel and bowl- ders of the drift, and for this reason has few vertical falls, one of 10 feet being said to exist at its mouth. It is described as having a ser- ies of rapids or "strong water" for its entire length of 42 miles. Its ^ Data regarding tlie Marinette dams furnished by the owners. WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. total drainage area, including that of Paiut Eiverj is 1,044 square miles. The following table giv^^s a fairly complete profile of Brule Kiver: Profile of Brule River, Wisconsin, from its month to sec. 23, T. Jfl S., R. I't EA No. Station. Brule, Wis. (C. iS:. N. "W. bridge) % mile below section line 22-23, T. n N., R. 15 E Center of bend E. i/4 stake, sec. 31, T. 41 N., E. 15 E Yi mile west of east line, sec. 24, T, 41 N., R. 14 E^ 0.4 mile below dam. Noted below Above dam SOO feet east of x.^ post, sec. 22-23, T. 41 N.. R. 14 E % mile last of section line, 2*2- 23, T. 41 N., E. 14 E Distance. From Between moutn. points. 1 Miles. Mites. 7.0 24.0 :i7.o 29.5 5.4 31.6 2.1 33.1 1.5 33.5 .4 35.5 2.0 Distance between points. 1 Authority: No. 1, Chicago and Northwestern Railway; Nos. 2-7, V. S. Geol. Survey. Pine River, the largest tributary lying "wholly in Wisconsin, has a total length of 53 miles and drains an area of oS6 square miles. In the first half mile from its mouth the current is very rapid"; in the next 12 or 13 miles the fall is comparatively slight^ and in the next three miles there are two falls of 8 feet each 1,000 feet apart, half a mile of strong water, succeded by another fall of 13 feet, then, half a, mile above, a fall of 40 feet. Sixty feet above this is a log- ging dam belonging to the Menominee E-iver Improvement Company.^ The length of Pike Kiver is 48 miles. 2 Tenth Census. MENOMINEE RIVER. 77 Dams on Menominee Kivee and Teibutaeies. The location and height of dams on Menominee River and tribu- taries in Wisconsin are shown in the following table : Dams on Menominee River and tHbutaries in Wisconsin.^ Dam. Section. Township. 1 Range. Height of dam. JJenominee river: Menominee River: 1 6 1 33 24! B 10 2d 39 20 19 31 35 29 17 30 11 10 39 5 19 15 23 30 30 31 37 35 35 37 36 3d 35 36 36 36 36 39 39 39 40 40 41 43 41 24 23 23 21 21 20 13 20 20 20 19 18 IS 18 18 15 14 13 17 16 13 14 Feet. 7 2 7 3 14 Pemena dam 13 Pike River: 1 9 2 13 Nortli Brancli of North Branch Pike River 13 North Branch Pike River: 1 9 2 13 ■South Branch Pike River: 13 2 9 3 11 4 5 10 6 Pine River: 1 9 2 10 3 10 4 9 Brule River: 1 7 2 8 3 s Wheeler dam 10 ^Information furnished by the owners. 78 WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIN. PESHTIGO KIYBR. Drainage and Oeology.- — The drainage area of Peslitigo Eiver in- cludes 1,123 square miles, Avith an extreme length of SO miles and average width of only 14 miles. The upper two-thirds of its length is in the pre-Cambrian region while in the lower third it crosses suc- cessively the Potsdam sandstone and the lower magnesian and Tren- ton limestones. The most important falls and rapids are all in the pre-Cambrian region. Because of the narrow water shed the Peshtigo tributaries are of small extent. Fall of the River. — Peshtigo Kiver rises in the highest land of north- ern Wisconsin. At Crandon the river has an elevation of 1,620 feet above the sea. In a length of about 94: miles it descends 1,040 feet, emptying into Lake Michigan about 7 miles south of Marinette. This average gradient of 11 feet per mile gives rise to more and lerger rapids than any other river in Wisconsin. This fact together with the usual high and rocky banks insures numerous water powers. The relatively small drainage area is more than offset by the size of the rapids. PESHTIGO EIVER SURVEY. In order to point out the power possibilities along Peshtigo Kiver, a survey was made diiriuG: 100<3 from the citv of Peshti^'o to Sec. 10, T. 35, R. 17 E. From the data collected on this survey sheets have been prepared shelving a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river^ contour along the bank, and prominent natural or artificial features. The results of this survey have been published on separate sheets and may be had upon application to the Director of the Geological Survey. The following table gives the profile of the river with great detail W < W P3 > < « 5 5 S i (^ fc| r^ t^j b- o ^§o §0 o §« I— ( r, M < r . & CO < W M cc P p"^ fin .^ o o I- /- / ,/ / ^ ^y ^' / / I /^ // -^ / // ^ ./ /t<> (0^- y / / / / l*^( \ / V zy y PESHTIGO RIVER. 79 Profile of Peshtigo River. Station. Distance From moD th. Miles. Between points. Mouth of river 12- :i: 12.5 12.5 17.6 19 19.6 31 31.7 46. Z Peshtigo C. & N. W. Ry. cross- inar 12 .5 Peshtigo Dam, foot of...^ Peshtigo Dam, crest of S. Line, Sec. U, T. 31 N., R 22 E 5.1 1.4 .6 11.4 .7 14.5 Foot of Potato Rapids Head of Potato Rapids Hastings Rapids, foot of Hastings Rapids, head of Crivitz Dam foot of Crivitz Dam, head of Lower Sandstone Rapids, foot of 50.5 50.S 50.85 50.95 56.9 m.25 00.05 6^.75 6it.S5 64.55 67 67.3 72.3 72.8 72.96 77 77.05 80 82.8 83.5 4.3 .3 .05 .1 ry.95 .35 2.8 .7 3.1 .7 2.45 .3 5.0 .5 .16 4.04 .05 2.95 2.S .7 Lower Sandstone Rapids, head of Upper Sandstone Rapids, foot of Upper Sandstone Rapids, head of Seymour Rapids, foot of Seymour Rapids, head of Johnson Falls, foot of Johnson Falls, head of Hi£rh Falls, head of Twin Falls, foot of Twin Falls, head of Mouth of Little Eagle River ... Paldron Falls foot of Caldron Falls, head of Breakwater Rapids, foot of ... Breakwater Rapids, head of .. Roaring Rapids, foot of Roaring Rapids, head of Farm Dam. foot of Farm Dam. head of Wilson Rapids, foot of Wilson Rapids, head of Skinner Rapids, foot of Camp Seven Rapids, head of .. Taylor Rapids, foot of S6.4 86.45 89 90 93 93.7 140 It ^.9 .05 2.55 1 3 .7 46.3 Taylor Falls, head of North Crandon R. R. Crossing Miles. Elevation above eea. Feet. 581.2 590.4 593 601.5 609 619 631 636 661 679.5 700 706.5 745 763 770 800 815 850 365 S75 896 897 951.5 957.5 961.5 986 1135 1147 1163.5 1154 U€l 1165 1184.5 1190 1227 1620 Descent between points. Total. Per mile. Feet. 9.2 2.6 85.0 1.5 6 10 12 5 25 18 1.5 17.5 6.5 38.5 18 7 30 15 35 15 10 21 1 54.5 6 4 24.5 149 12 6.5 .5 T 4 19.5 5.5 sr Feet. 0.76 5.2 0.3 4.3 16.9 1 7 1.7 .3 58.3 5.7 65 6.4 51.5 2.5 42.9 5 50 6 33.3 4.2 2 340 1.5 80 8.2 53.2 17.1 .15 140 1.6 19.5 1.8 52.9 8.4 80 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. PESHTIGO EIVEE AT CEIVITZ, WIS. This station "was established April 20 and was discontinued De- cember 12j 1906- It was located on the railroad bridge about one- fourth mile south of Crivitz post-office (or Ellis Junction railroad station). The channel is straight for about 1^000 feet above and 300 feet be- low the station. Both banks are of medium height and do not over- flow; all the water passes the section, being confined bj the railroad embankments. The bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. There is but one channel at all stages. The current is medium. Log jams and sunken logs affect the discharge at times. Discharge measurements are made from the upstream side of the bridge, to which the gage is attached. A standard chain gage, attached to the upstream side of the bridge, was read during 1906 by Andrew Johnson; length of chain, 22.85 feet. The bench mark is the top of parapet wall of left abutment, extreme downstream end, near front face, marked with white paint; elevation, 21.52 feet. The reference point is the center of gage pul- ley; elevation, 22.66 feet. Elevations refer to the datum of the gage. Discharge measurements of Peshtigo River at Crivitz, Wis., in 190G. Bate. Hydrographer. Width. Area of section. Gaffe height. Discharge. April 20 . . HortOD and BrennaQ.. M. S. Brennan^ Feet. 136 135 127 Sq/t. 897 822 650 Feet, 9.88 9.70 8.26 Sea-ft. 2,520 2,030 June 8 tTane 29 do' 1,560 PESHTIGO RIVER. 81 Daily tiage hPiffht. in feet, of Pcshtiffo River at Criv'itz. Wis., for 1006. Day. Apr. May. June. .fuly. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 S.9 3.4 9.5 7.2 7.9 8.4 fl.G 7.3 S.2 6.4 7.1 0.9 6.7 6.5 7.7 0.5 G.5 CO 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.7 G.C^ 6.5 7.1 6.6 S.4 P. 7 7.4 7.7 7.9 7.9 6.8 C.7 6.4 6.7 7.9 S.5 S.4 9.7 9.8 7.4 6.9 7.7 7.3 3.4 S.3 6.2 6.1 6.3 7.5 7.5 S.5 S.4 8.5 8.5 "e.h" 7.0 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.0 S.5 7.1 6.S 6.0 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.S 6.4 6.5 6.1 6.6 6.5 5.S 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.S 5.6 5.3 4.3 5.6 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.8 5.S 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.5 6.4 5.0 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.4 6.2 5.2 6.1 6.0 6.8 6.1 6.0 5.7 6.1 5.5 6.6 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.6 5.6 4.0 5.5 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.5 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.9 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.7 5A 5.3 4.0 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.6 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.5 7.3 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.S 6.0 5.9 5.S 5.3 7.0 6.S 7.2 6.8 6.D 6.9 2 7.0 3 7.4 4 6.5 5 6.2 6 6.3 6.5 s 6.2 Q 6.0 10 6.1 11 5.8 12 6.2 13 14 15 17 19 20 2? 24 n.s 10.4 10.7 10.fi 10.5 9.9 S.5 8.6 S.5 S.l 25 27 29 31 PESHTIGO RIVEE AT HERMAN S FARM, ^'EAE CRIVITZ, WIS. This Station was established September 7, 1906, iiiidex- the direc- tion of D. "W, ilead. It is located on Herman's farm, -ii/o miles west of Crivitz,"\Yis., in the northwest quarter of sec. 26, T. 32 X., K. 19 E. The channel is straight for about 800 feet above the station and for 300 feet below. The banks- do not overflow. The bottom of the. river is gravel and permanent, with one channel at all stages. The current is swift. Discharge measurements are made from a boat which is held in position by means of a rope stretched across the river. The gage, which is read daily by Eose Herman, consists of two sections. The bench mark is a copper nail in top of a pine stump 50 feet from the water's edge and about 50 feet southeast of the gage; elevation, 731.70 feet above sea level and 19.82 feet above the datum of the gage. S'2 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN, Discharge measurements of Peshtigo River at Hermanns farm, near Crivitz, Wis., in 1006. Date. Hydrographer. September 7 October 27 V. H. Reinekine do November 16 do Width. Feel. 128 130 125 Dischhrge. Set.-ft. 657 1,020 562 Daily gage lieiglit, in feet, of PesJitigo River at Herman's farm near Cri/vitz, Wis., for 1906. Day. Sept. Oct. 4 Nov. Dec. Day. Sspt. Oct. Nov. Djc. ) 1 3.0 2.95 2.3 3.25 3.0 3.0 2.95 3.0 3.0 3.05 2.8 3.2 3.05 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.75 3.5 3,4 3.4 3.35 3.35 3.4 3.4 Z.S 3.5 3.45 3.4 3.3 3.35 3.2 4.3 1 4.0 3.9 ' 3.9 \ 3.5 ! 3.6 ! 3.6 3.5 3.G ' 3.55 3.5 1 3.3 ' 3.35 ' Z.:i ' 3.3 3.3 17 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.45 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.35 3.15 3.0 3.05 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.S 3.S 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.15 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.45 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.S 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.25 3.3 ■> IS 3.3 3 19 3.35 4 20 3 4 5 21 . ... 3.2 6 .. . . 22 3.2 7 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.15 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.S 33 3.25 s 2-4 3.15 9 25 3.1 10 ::::::::::::; 36 3.1 11 27 3.0i5 I'' 2S 3.15 13 29 3.1 14 30 3.05 1=> 31 3.1 ^■^ 16 Daily gage height of Peshtigo River at Herman's Farm, Orivitz, Wisconsin for 1907. 10. 11. 12., 13., 14., 15. 16., 17.. IS., 19.. 20., 21., 2S. 24. 25. 26. 27. 08.. 29., 30., 31., Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. .\pril. May. June. July Aug. Sept. Oct 3.20 3.10 3.10 371U 3.20 3.10 3.10 3.05 2.75 3.20 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.30 3.00 3.00 2.95 3.10 3.00 3.00 3.10 3.15 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.30 3.30 3.25 3.30 3.15 , 3.20 3.30 3.30 3.45 3.45 ; 3,25 ' 3.20 ; 3.05 ' 3.10 : 3.05 i 3.05 i 3.10 3.10 ■ 3.15 i I 2.90 2.90 2.95 3.00 2.95 3.a> 3.00 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.00 2.90 2. SO 3. SO 2.75 I 2.S5 I 4.60 4.65 4.50 4.55 4.50 4.35. 4.35 4.20 4.20 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.95 2.70 3. SO 3.50 3.10 i 2. SO 2.70 3.05 j 2.75 2. SO 3.05 1 3.00 2.S0 3.10 ; 2.35 2. SO 3.0O 3.00 2.S0 3.00 3.05 2.85 2.90 ' 3.30 2.90 2.90 i 3.50 3.00 2.90 ! 3.70 3.00 2.90 1 3.95 3.00 3.00 3.9D 3.00 2.90 C40 3.20 4.65 4.40 i 4.S0 4.70 1 4.65 4.70 4.tiU 4.60 4.i0 4. SO 4.90 5.00 5.10 5.15 4.10 5.20 4.40 ■ 4.30 4. 5.55 5.70 5.89 5.75 : 5.60 ' 5.30 , 4.90 5.10 5. CO j 4.65 I 4.S5 I 4.55 ! I 4.30 i 4.25 I 4.20 1 4.05 ' 4.00 i 3. SO 3.S5 3.70 3.95 3. SO 3.70 3.70 3. CO 2.70 3.25 3.00 3.75 3.20 3.00 3.50 3.65 3.35 2. SO 4.25 3.15 3.90 2.50 3.75 2.45 4.45 2.30 4.00 2.30 4.00 2.20 2.90 2.30 3.25 2.90 2.50 2. 85 2.90 2.S5 3.95 2. SO 4.00 2.75 3.50 2.70 3.(f5 2.70 3.00 2.70 2.75 2.70 2.75 2.S0 2.70 2.7(> 3.00 2.70 2.60 2.70 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.60 2.65 2. Go 2.65 2.65 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.70 3.00 2.65 3.10 2.60 3.05 2.55 3.00 2.55 2. 95 2.50 2.95 2.50 2.95 2.55 3.S5 2.60 3.85 2.65 4.00 3.70 3.95 2.70 3.80 2.70 3.65 2.70 3.55 2.&5 3.35 2.60 3.20 2.60 3.05 2.60 3.0O 2.55 ?.95 2.55 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.75 2..SJ 2.75 2.75 2.70 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.85 2.75 2.65 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 Nov. Dec. 2.60 2.55 2.60 2.55 2.60 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.55 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.55 2.45 2.50 2.60 2.45 2,25 2.40 2.25 2.50 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.55 2.50 2.50 2.56 2.60 2.45 2.65 2.55 2.. 65 2.50 2.60 2.45 2.60 2.45 2.60 2.45 2.60 2.46 2.60 3.50 2.55 2.56 PESHTIGO RIVER. 83 Rativfj table for Peshtigo River at Herman's farm, near Crivitz. Wis., for 190G. Gape height. Feet. 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 Discharge. Gage height. Bischargd. A't'C'.-/£. 1 Fett. Hec.-ft. 280 1 2.90 4r.5 305 ! 3.U0 490 330 1 3.10 r>25 360 1 3.20 565 390 : 3.30 605 420 1 i Gage height. Feet. 3.40 3.50 3.60 3 70 3.8* Discharge. Gage lieigbt. Sec. -ft. 1 Feet. 645 3.90 690 1 4.00 735 4.10 780 4.20 82.J 4.30 Discharge. Sec.-ft. 870 920 970 1.020: 1.070 Note.-— The above table is applicable oaly for opea-cbapnel coaditions. Itisbaned on three discharge measaremeat.H made duriug 1906, and is well defiued between gage heights 3.2 feet and 4.2 feet. Monthly discharge of Peshtigo River at Herman's farni.near Crivitz, Wis., IVOG. Months. September (7-30) ... October November December Note.— Values for 1906 are good Discharge in second-feet. Maximum. | Minimum. Mean. 780 1,020 1,070 1.020 490 280 565 503 601 646 710 653 "\Yatek Po^VEES. The following report is based on an accurate survey of the river ex- tending from the Peshtigo to the head of Taylor's Eapids in Section 10, Township 35, Eange 17 E., a distance of SI. 7 miles. Por this entire distance, accurate spirit levels were run, and the adjacent to- 130graphy was taken by the transit and stadia during the fall of 1906 The elevation of the center of the Chicago and Xorthwestem Rail- way bridge over Peshtigo River at Peshtigo, as given by the chief en- gineer of that road, was accepted and used as the datum of the entire survey,^ Below Peshtigo the river has a very meandering course, the last few miles being in a marsh. The entire fall in this stretch of 12 miles is only 9.2 feet. Peshtigo Dam. — The first opportunity for a dam is at Peshtigo just above the Wisconsin and Michigan railroad bridge, where the Peshtigo Lumber Company have installed a timber dam 200 feet long which has a head of 10 to 11 feet. The secretary of the company is H. J. Upham. This dam was first erected in 1839 and is in need of repair. ^ D. H. Dugan was the chief of the field party on this work. S4 WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIN. The company are now perfeotiug plans fur a new madonry dam to replace pvericiit rrtrnetiire ^vliieli -hall have a rivut the company plans to greatly increase this installation soon. This com- pany have o2o auxiliary steam power. The Peshtigo Flour -Mill Companyj uwned by A. Brietzkreuts, takes water power from this dam to the extent of 50 h. p. Potato Eapids. — The Peshtigo dam backs the water nearly to Pu- tato Kapids G miles above (by river). These rapids are located in Sees. '27 and 22, Township ol Xorth, Kange 22 East, and include a fall of 10 feet in limestone within a distance of a mile. The banks are sand and clay and high enough to develop e^'en a greater head than 10 feet. As the "Wisconsin and Michigan Kailroad parallels the left bank at this point, this power would have trans2)ortation facili- ties from the start while the proximity of the cities of Peshtigo and ^larinette would seem to insure a ready market for the power. Ilasting's Eapids. — In the 11. -t miles between the head of Potato Rapids and the foot of Hasting's Eapids the river has a nniftmu fall of only one foot ^ter mile. But in Seotii^n 30, TuAvnshi]) 01 Xorth, Range 21 East, are located Ilasting's Rapids cnmprising a fall of 5 feet in abont unehalf a mile. The l^anks are sufficiently high in the X. E. I/4 of Section ,31, Township 31 Xorth, Range 21 East, to build a dam of 10 or more feet. Such a dam Avould be about 300 feet long and wonld back the Avater To some small rapids known as Anderson^s abont 5l^ miles above this dam site. By building an embankment on the left bank this dam site could probably be made to develop a head of 1.") feet. In the 11. ."5 miles betwen Hastings Rapids and the Crivitz dam the river has a uniform fall of only 1.7 feet per mile. Crivitz Dam. — This dam is located at Crivitz near the railroad sta- tion of Ellis Junction. The Crivitz Pulp and Paper Company have constructed here a timber dam 200 feet long with a wing dam 000 feet long on the right bank. The dam develops a head which varies between 18 and 20 feet and is in a good state of repair. The instal- lation consists in 3 34-inch, 1 22-inch, 1 19-inch, and 1 pair of 27- inch tnrbines rated at abont 800 h. p. nnder an 18 foot head. The topography is such as to prevent increasing the pi'esent head of this dam. The officers of the company are S. Dnquaine, President; E. Wl^CONilN SUR\'F,V BULl.r-.TlN XX., PL. XIV. Fi?. 1. JOHNSON'S FALLS. PESHTIGO RIVER. (40 feet developable) Fig. 2. HIGH FALLS. PESHTIGO RIVER. (fiO feet developable) PESHTIGO RIVER. S5 A. Ebei'leiiij Vice Pivsidciit; H. S. Duqnaiiie. Treii^uivv ; F. E. LiK'ki', St'C'ivtarv and ^luiuii'vr. The mill lias a cajjaoity of ^5 toii^ of paper per day. It is reached by a side track from the Chicago, ilihvankee and St. Paul Ixaihvay, Upper and Lower Sandstone Rapids. — These abriipt rapids of 7 and 17 feet, respectively, are located in the south half of Section 24, ToAvnship -32 !Xorth, Rangv 10 East, the tAvo ra])ids being ab(uit one- half mile apart. The rapids are caused by the change een studiedj and it has been shown that dams at Johnson and High Falls can be made to develop heads of 40 and 60 feet, respectively at a reasonable price. As the drainage area above these rajrtids is approximately 576 square miles, an ordinary low water flow of about 600 cubic feet per second would be equivalent to 2',600 and 4,000 theoretical h. p., respectively. The survey also shows that it is entirely feasible to build a 20 foot dam near the south line of Section 36, Township 33 Xorth, Eange 18 East, above both rapids, and by means of a canal about 21/2 miles long, running eastward near the quarter line, of Sections 31 and 32 and south to a point opposite the foot of Johnson's Falls, de- liver the water at a total head of 110 feet. The route of the canal would include a natural deju'ession j^artly occupied by three lakes. On the basis of a low "\^■ater flow as given above, this fall should produce about 7,300 theoretical h. p. This pOM'er would probably be conducted electrically to the cities of ilenominee and Marinette. Caldron Falls: — These falls have a t<>tal fall of 55 feet in a dis- tance of about 800 feet, the largest single concentration of fall on the river. They are located in the XE. ^4 <^f Section 10, Township 33 Xorth, Eange IS East. A small logging dam has been erected at the head of these rapids by the owners, the Peshtigo Lumber Com- pany. The left bank is high but the right bank will allow the in- creasing of the present head only 20 feet. This would create a head of about 75 feet. The drainage area of the river above this dam site is approximately 440 square miles. The above improvement would cover up Breakwater Eapids in Section 6 and develop the fall *This survey was iindei' the chnrpe of D. W. Jlend. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX.. PI.. XV. Fig. 1. UPPER PART OF CALDROX FALLS, PESHTIGO RI\ER. Fig. 2. LOWER PART OF CALDRON FALLS, PESHTIGO RIVER. Combined head 75 feet. PESHTIGO RIVER. gj to a point near the foot of Eoaring Eapids. A view of Caldron Falls i^ shown in Plate XI. Ii oaring Bapids. — These rapids cxten regiun give< rise tc> a demand for pnwer. An approximate estimate of water powers on Peshtigo River. No. Location . Peshtigo Dam. Potato Rapids . 3 Hastings Rapids . Crivitz Dam Sandstone Rapids Spring and Seymonr Rapids. . Johnsons Falls HighFalls Caldron Falls Roaring Rapid . s Farm Dam Taylor Rapids . Total Appozimate e^timated horse power. Theoretical. 1,390 1.400 1,200 3,800 2,800 2,700 2.500 3,700 3 700 7,000 2.500 1.200 33,890 Remarks. Developable head. Turbines now installed. Sec. 27aud 22, T. 31 N., R. 22 E. Clay bank?. N. E V4. sec. 31, T. 31 N..R. 21 E. 800 h. p. of turbines installed. The rapids include 2A feet. These rapids are 15 and 18 feet. Likely to be developed soon. Likely to be developed soon. Likfcly to be devoloped soon. Locatfld in see. 36, T. 34 N., R.18E. Located in sec. 22 T. 34 N., R. 17 E. Located in sec. 10, T. 35 N., R. 17 E. 10.5 11 18 40 40 40 60 75 150 60 40 554.5 The above horse power has been computed on a low water run off of leu. ft. per second per sq. mile of drainage area. The importance of the Peshtig'o river as a power producer is empha- sized by the above table, for it will be seen that its estimated horse power slightly exceeds the total turbine installation on the Lower Fox between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay. DRAINAGE AREA OS" OCONTO EIYEE Scale in miles i i fo ^ ocoyro riter. SD OCOXTO EIYEE. Gknekal Coxditio^s. Oeoiito River rises in a number of small lakes and 5\vamps in the l^latean region^ at an elevation of about 1^530 feet above the sea. In its length of ST miles it deseends 045 feet. In the upper 35 miles of its course the river flows over the crystalline rocks, and here is found about t"\vo-thirds of its total fall. Upon leaving the crystalline rocks the river flo^vs nearly due south for 20 miles over the Cam- brian sandstones. At Underbill it turns abruptly and floAvs nearly due east, crossing the "Lo-\ver Magnesian" and "Trenton" limestones and joining Lake ^Michigan near Oconto. The profile of the river is shoAvn in the f ollo"wing table : Profile of Oconto Hiver, Wisconsin, from its mouth to Wahena.^ No. Station. Chicago & Northwestern Railway bridge, Oconto Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rail- way bridge, Oconto Stiles Underbill Surings One mile south of mountain Two miles north of mountain Wabena Distance. From mouth. Between points. I Descent between Eleva- I points. tion above sea level. Total. Milet. 7 ]3 33 U 60 63 37 Per mile. .vi;«f. Feet. \ 5S1 590 Feet. 5 9 6 614 24 *.» 770 156 11 791 21 16 916 125 3 941 25 24 1,536 5S5 Feet, l.S 4.0 7.S 1.9 7.8 S.3 24.3 1 Authority: Nos. 1 and 4-S. Chicago and Northwestern Railway; Nos. 2 and 3, Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. The most, important poAvers are fonnd in the last 33 miles of its course, in which distance the river descends 190 feet. 90 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Water Powers. STILES. The first clam above the mouth of the Oconto River is located at Stiles, in sec. 34, T. 2S X.. E. 20 E., where a dam 400 feet long, with 11-foot head, furnishes power for saw and pulp mills o"\vned bv the Anson Eldred Company. This companv has installed tur- bines of 500 horsepower. It is reported that by constructing a dike about 450 feet long the head could be increased to IS feet. OCO^'TO FAELS. The most important concentration of fall on the river, about 100 feet, occurs in tlie ^'Lower Magnesian" limestone at Oconto Falls, in Sec. 25, T. 2S X., E. 19 E. A darn oAmed by t)he Falls Manufac- turing Company has a head of 37 feet and supplies power for a large paper and pulp mill. The company has installed turbines rated at 1,370 horsepower, besides 400 steam horsepower. About a quarter ■of a mile farther up is located a dam of 19-foot head, which furnishes power for a large pulp mill, belonging to the Union ilanufacturing Company. Seven turbines rated at 940 horsepower are installed. These run twenty-four hours every day except Sunday. Only half a mile below the Falls Manufacturing Company's dam are some im- portant rapids, where an excellent power is available. It is esti- mated that a dam 250 feet long would develop a head of nearly 40 feet. This power is owned by E. A. Edmonds, who has a charter for a dam at this point with a head of 27.5 feet. The Ohicago and Northwestern railway furnishes excellent shipping facilities at all the Oconto Falls powers described above. PULCIFEE DAM. The last dam used for power purposes is located in Sec. 6, T. 27 X., E. IS E., and fui-nishes power for a gristmill. It is also used for logging purposes. MISCELLANEOUS POWERS. The following table gives the location and extent of the most im- portant developed and undeveloped water powers on the Oconto Eiver : OCOXTO RIVER. 91 Water poicers on Oconto River. No. Location. Estimated head. a H.P. installed. Use. 1 DEVELOPED TO WEES. Stiles, sec. 34, T. 38 N.. E. 20 E . . Oconto FalU, sec. 2.i, T. 28 N., E Oconto Falls, sec. :'6, T. 28 N., R Pulcifer. sec. 6.T. 27N..K. 18E Sec. 25, T. 31 N.. B. 16E Sec 4, T. 31 N.,R. 16E Feet, 11 37 19 12 12 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 6 12 40 15 20 500 1.370 940 45 Saw and pulp mill. 2 3 4 5 19 E , .19E ; Paper and pulp mill- Pulp Mill. Flouring mill and driving Drivinp onlv 6 Do, 7 Sec ''S. T, 33 N. R. 16 E Do. 8 9 Sec. 30. T. 33 N.. R. 17 E Sec. 5, T. 33N.,R.16E Sec. 1, T. 33N., E.15E Sec. 11 T 3'' N R 16 E. Do. Do. 10 Do. IX Do. 1? Sec. 34. T. 33N., E. 16E Do. 1^ Sec. 30, T. 33N., R.16E Sec. 27, T. 33 N., R. 15 E. Sec. 18, T. 31 N., S. 17 E Do. 14 15 Do. Do. 1R Sec. 33. T. 32 N., R. 17E Do. 17 Sec. 21. T 32N.,R. 17E Sec. "3. T 30N R. 16 E. Do. 18 Do. 1*» Sec. 16, T. 30N.,R. 16E UNDEVELOPED POWBBS. Oconto, sec. 23, T. 28 N., E. 21 E. Oconto Falls, tec. 31, T. 28 N., R Sec. 34, T. 28N., R. 18E . . . Do. ?0 21 20E ?3 Sec 23. T. 31 N.. R. 16E 1 n The fit St four heads are reported by owners; the remainder are estimated by Mr. AV. A. Holt, of the Holt Lumber Co.. Oconto. Xo discharge measurements ou this river were made until June, 190G, at the follo"\ving described stations : OCOXTO RIVER AT GILLETT^ WIS. This Station was established June 7, 1906. It is located at the highway bridge about 2% miles south of Gillett, ^Yis. The channel is straight for about 200 feet above and 300 feet below the station. Both banks are Ioav but do not overflow. The bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. The current is swift. Old pier foundations at both banks mav affect the flow somewhat. A standard chain gage, which was read during 1906 by Samuel Gilbertson and Hattie Gilbertson, is fastened to the lower side of the bridge; length of chain, 24.82 feet. The reference point is the top of downstream board guard rail 59 feet from the initial point ; eleva- tion, 1T.Y5 feet above gage datum. 9-2 WATER POWERSi OF WISCOSSIX. Discliarge measi()e}})e}tt.9 of Oconfn River at GWett. Wift.. in 1006 and 1907. Date. 1907. April 10 June 24 July 22 Aueust 26 August 26 October 11. .. November 8 . December 13. Hydrograplier. Width. 1906. I June 7 1 M. S. Brennan June 29 do A. H, Horton. G. A. Gray .. do . ... do .... do do .. .. do do ... . Feet. 81 72 61 58 Arei of Mean section. velocity. S',. ft. Ft. per sec. 359 2 58 339 2.14 354 2.66 327 2.01 283 1.43 246 1.28 246 1.28 254 1.29 2Qi 1.49 311 1.07 Ga^e Feet. 5.95 6.1^ 5.67 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.15 6.1 Discharge. Sec.-//. 926 1940 685 421 329 326 341 405 334 'These discbarges checked by a second measurement. December 13 mensuroment made under half frozen and half open conditions. Velocity obtained by floating ice. Discharge measurements under ice of Oconto River at GiUett, Wis., for 1007. Date. Hydrographer. I Width. 190S. January 17 G. February 10 February 10 March 9 A. Gray do .... do .... do .... Area | Mean of sec-j velo- tion. ! city. Fan Sq. ft. oS 233 70 ?43 70 243 70 246 Ft. per sec 1.33 1.3T 1.3S 1.65 Ga^e beif^ht. Water sur. 0.3 6.5 Dis- Av. th. charge of Ice. Sec. -ft 310 1.2 333 1.0 335 1.6 411 1.9 Depth of snow. .15 190S Dec. 17. Dec. 24. Dec. 31. Jan. 8. Jan. 14. Jan. 23. Feb. 1. Feb. 10. Feb. 29. M?ir. 0. Mar. 11. Mar. 21. Mar. 25. Record of tliickness of ice at GiUett. icinter 1007-8. Feet. Itiver olofjed. Average thickness of ice 6 Average thickness of ice 7 Average thickne&s^ ot ice 1.0 Average thickness of ice 1.0 Average thickness of ice 1.3 Average thickness of ice 1.3 Average thickness of ice 1.6 Average thickness of ice 1.8 Average thickness of ice 1.7 Average thickness of ice 1.3 Average thickness of ice 1.4 River opened. OCOyiO EITER. 93 .Doily (laoe l\ei(/ht. in feet, of Oconto liiver at Gillett. Wis., for V.nm. Day. Jiiue. July A up. irept. Oct. I 10.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16., 17.. IS.. Iff., 30.. 21., 22. 23. 24. 25., 29., tlO., 31., fi.O fi,15 0.1 o.il ().2 fi.l5 5.6 r).r»5 .5.6 j.U .1.0 o.i n.o 5.4 5.5 6.0 (v,0 5.6 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.S 5.0 4.115 5.0 5.U 5.5 5.0 4. it 4.S5 4.4 4.7 ■i.T ^ Frozen. 4.75 5.15 4.7 5.15 4.75 5.7 4.75 •>.7 4.2 .^.3 4.25 nS^ 4.S5 5.6 4.H 5.0 4.S 5.2 5.1 5.25 .'i.4 5.0 5.7 5.25 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.05 5.3 4.0 5.4 0.15 5.3 5.S 4.> 5.S 4.5 5.9 n.-Z 6.0 5.2 6.0 5.2 5.1 .'.!"» 5.3 5.6 D..) 5.S 5.5 6.0 5.5 6.3 .i.u> 6.3 ."1.4 6.1 5.05 ."i.!* 5.0 ') . 6 1 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.3 *-.15 4.3 5.35 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.S 6.0 0.1 6.0 6.2 6.15 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.4 l>.7 6.3 0.1 Not. 0.05 6.0 5.9 .5.S 5.9 5.S5 5.7 5,3 5.S 5.7 4.6 5.7 5. J 5.7 5.5 5.95 5.9 C.2 6.2 0.35 0.3 0.25 6.15 7.05 7.35 7.3 7.2 Dt»c. 6.7 0.7 6.0 0.15 5.0 0.1 7.25 7.5 7,35 S.3 9.1 7.S 7.4 7.35 6.S S.l !>.0 9.1 Mean daily gage heiglit. in feet, of Oconto River (\t Gillett. Wis., for 1901 Day. I Mch. April | May. June, i July. Aug. Sept. ; Oct. Nov Dec. 3 4 6:::::::::;:::: ::::::::;::: :...::: 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 n\ 23 G Q 24 Q C^ 25 26 27 7.5 28 7.75 29 7.35 30 7 25 31 7.1 7.1 Q.Z 7.3 6.05 7.2 7.1 4.45 D..1 6.1 6.5 4.1 0.6 6.5 6.7 O.D 5.7 6.75 6.5 j.V 0.-2 6.7 5.9 5.1 5.1 6.55 6.35 4.S 5.1 6.9 6.2 5.1 4.9 Q.S 7.3 4.5 5.3 6.1 5.S 7.1 4.3 G.Q 7.2 5.0 4.65 6.3 7.45 5.2 6.0 6.0 r>,~ 0.1 7.0 e^.G 6.1 6.2 4.5 6.1 7.4 6.4 5.9 5.0 6.2 5.9 5.0 j.^j i .0 5.7 5.0 6.5 G.-2 6.0 6.05 6.25 7.1 5.9 5.0 6.35 7.4 5.1 5.3 6.1 0.75 6.2 5.45 7.1 6.5 7.S5 5.2 0.1 7.0 6.25 5.2 6.5 7.4 5.65 5.1 5.45 5.9 5.5 5.0 6.0 S.O C.5 5.2 6.3 5.45 7.3 5.2 0.4 5.0 7.4 5.1 ( .0 4.8 4.6 5.0 6.1 4.7 (".y 5.1 6.3 4.8 5.1 5.05 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.25 4.S 3.0 4.7 4.9 4.5 5.G 4.9 5.5 4.S 5.0 4.S 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.1 4.6 5.5 4.6 5.4 4..'? 5.5 4.35 5.7 4.4 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.3 5.4 4.75 5.55 4.05 5.2 4.6 6.35 4.7 6.5 4.S5 6.S 4.3 6.S 4.9 7.0 4.6 6.15 4.7 6.1 4.S 5.9 4.8 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.05 6.1 5.0 0.^0 5.S 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.65 4.S 5.3 j.-2 5.0 5.05 5.5 5.3 5.15 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.25 4.95 5.05 5.15 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.15 6.0 5.0 5.2 .'.4 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 6.1 5.2 6.5 5.2 5.3 5.15 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.15 5.7 5.2 5.9 5.1 6.3 4.7 0.6 4.7 7.2 5.1 7.0 5.2 7.15 5.4 . (^) - 5.4 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.45 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 Diec. 6, river full of ice. ^ Frozen, 94 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. uco^•■^o ravER at r^xiLES, -wis. This station was established April 20, 1906, but Avas discontinued June 6, 1906, as the dam immediately above the station seriously modified the flow. Dicharge measurements of Oconto River at StUes W is., in 1900. Date. April 20. Jane 6 — Hydrographer. Horton and Brennan. M.S. Brennan , Width. I J Feet. 119 120 Area of section . Scj. n. 517 250 Gaee Dis- beight, I charge. Feet. Sec- ft. 4.74 3.71 2,510 988 Daily gage height, in feet, of Oconto River at Stiles, Wis., for 190G. Day. Apr. May. June. Day. Apr. May. June. 1 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.5 2.S 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.7 S ± 3.0 2.4 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.3 1 In 3.8 4.0 4.4 2.6 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.3 3.7 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.3 13 3 i 19 •^ 1 4 1 20 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.3 S.8 3.8 21 h ' 02 ° 1 1 23 & '' i ■ 04 •^r^ ^ 10 ' . . . -ic, n • 1 1 ■57 ■;a i 29 14 1 30 IK ± 1 'si 16 1 , 4.2 i 1 WOLF RIVER, 95 WOLF RIVEE SYSTEM. Gexeeal Coxditioxs. Wolf Eiver rises in a uuinber of lakes about 25 miles south of the Michigan boundary and flows in a general southerly direction, entering upper Fox River at a point about 10 miles west of Lake AVinnebago. ThoiTgh nominally a branch of Fox Eiver, it is in reality the master stream, having over three times the discharge. Wolf Eiver receives all its important tributaries from the west and at points relatively near its mouth. It has been elsewhere noted (p. 64) that there is much evidence that the river formerly ran west und joined Mississippi Eiver through the present Wisconsin Eiver Valley between Portage and Prairie du Chien. In the upper half of its course Wolf Eiver has formed its bed in the pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks, and in this distance the descent of the river is very rapid. At the Chicago and Xorthwestem rail- way crossino:, 2 miles west of Lenox, the river has an elevation of 1,562 feet above the sea. In the SO miles between this point and Shawano the river descends T74: feet, or 9.7 feet per mile. This steep gradient causes many rapids and falls. Plate XIII gives views of the dam and rapids at the Dells of the Wolf. Lumbering dams have been maintained in the upper river at the following points:^ Sec. 9, T. 33 ^., E. 12 E. ; Lilly dam, Sec. 34, T. 33 K, E. 13 E. ; Sec. 10, T. 31 K, E. 14 E. ; Sec. 25, T. 31 X., E. 14 E., and at several other places lower do'UTi. In the 40 miles above Shawano small imdeveloped powers of 10 to 15 feet head are of frequent oc- currence. Shawano, the head of navigation on the river, and coimty seat of Shawano Coxmty, has a population of 2,000. A dam is located at ♦ Wisconsin Gteological Survey maps. DG WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. this pointj with a head of 12 feet, and is used to grind wood pulp. Shiiwiuiu al>i) luark^ the point ui transition Iruin the pre-Canibrian to the Cambrian sandstone. It is at this point that the river crosses the old coast line of Lake Michigan and enters the region of red clay. BeloAV ShaAvano the stream is sliia'£'ish, its descent beinff onlv about 42 feet to Lake Winnebago, a distance of about SO miles. The banks are low, and in high water the surrounding flats are all covered, the river sometimes expanding at time of heavy freshets to several miles in width. For obvious reasons there can be no water powers in this lower region. The profile of Wolf River for 160 miles of Its course is shown in the f olloAvine: table : Profile of Wolf River, Wisconsin, from mouth to near Lenox, £*-»*-;»» 1 Distance Station. ffrommomli. 1 1 Elevation above sea level. Authority : Winneconne Miles, Feet. 746.4 749.5 788.0 1.562.5 United States Enpineers. New London 33 80 160 Lhicago and Northwestern Railway Shawano Do. Lenox Do. Er::s-OFr. The following tables showing gage-height observations and dis- charge measurements at Winneconne and near Xorthport, on Wolf Eiver, are from data published by the United States Geological Sur- vey: Discharge measurements of Wolf River Winneconne, Wis., in 1903. Date. Jannary 5* January 24^ February 20 March 24 April 15 Mayll Jane 20 ^ Biver frozen. Hydrographer. . B. Stockman do do do do do do Gaije beifrbth. Discharge. Feet. Second-feet^ 5.50 904 5.30 1,436 5.00 1,285 6.60 6.90 3,808 6.70 3,537 640 3.194 WOLF riter: n ]^€an daily gage height, in feet, of Wolf River at Winnecone, Wis., January 1 to July 25, 190S. Day. Jan. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ^. 25. 26. 27. 2». SO. 30. 31. 5,50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.30 5.30 5.30 5..W 5.30 Feb. Mar. Apr. May. 5.30 4.80 7.10 6.60 5.30 4.80 7.20 6.65 5.30- 4.80 7.20 6.70 5.30 4.80 7.10 6.65 5.20 4.80 7.10 6.60 5.20 4.90 7.10 6.65 5.20 4.90 7.05 6.70 5.30 4.90 6.90 6.70 5.20 4.90 6.30 0.70 5.10 5.00 6.95 6.70 5.i& 5.00 7.10 6.30 5.10 5.10 7.00 6.80 5.10 5.25 7.00 6.30 5.10 5.30 6.90 6.80 5.00 5.00 6.80 6.80 5.0C 5.710 6. 85 6.80 5.00 5.80 6.90 6.30 5.00 5.90 6.60 6.30 5.00 6.00 6.80 6.30 5.0O 6.20 6.75 6.80 4.90 6.30 6.70 6.30 4.90 6.40 6.80 6.80 4.90 6.50 6.30 6.80 4.90 6.60 6.30 6.85 4.90 6.70 6.80 6.90 4.80 6.80 6.80 6.90 4.80 6.90 6.70 7.05 4.80 6.90 6.70 6.90 6.90 7.0O 6.65 6.60 7.00 7.0O 7.10 7.00 June. July. 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.90 6.80 6.80 6.85 6.80 6.80 6.80 6.70 6.70 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.50 6.50 0.45 6.45 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.30 6.30 6.20 6.20 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.40 6.40 6.40 6.30 6.30 6.20 6.20 6.10 Discharge measureTnents of Wolf River near Xorthpoi-t, Wis., in 1005. Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of section. Mean velocity. Gage height. Discharge. April5 F. W.Hanaa £.E.Clapp M. S. Brennan do Feet. 182 171 151 176 176 172 Sq uare /eet, 2.642 2.198 2,553 2.300 2,053 1.978 Ffel per second. 2.64 1.8 1.97 1.69 1.26 1.41 Feet. 7.03 4.«5 6.42 5.06 3.01 3.6 Seconrt- f€«t. 6 965 May 22 JnDel7 3,964 5 0.12 July 15 3.885 *> 594 Aagust 16 do . . . September 22 F. W. Hanna 2,781 as WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Mean daily gage heiglity in feet of Wolf River near Xorthport^ Wis., to Decemher 30, 1905. April 6 Day. April. Mav. June. July, G 6.90 6.sa ft 6.70 y 6.60 10 6.50 11 6.40 a? 6.30 13 6.10 li 6.00 15 5. SO Ifi 5.60 17 5.50 1^ 5.20 iM .... 5.30 ■TO 4. SO ■")1 4.S0 >» 4.S0 23 04 4.30 4.10 05 4.00 "Hj .... 3. SO 07 3.60 2S 3.50 2y 3.50 30 3.40 31 3.40 3.60 3.S0 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.63 4. SO 4. SO 5.00 5.00 5.20 5. GO 5. SO 5.60 5.50 5.30 5.30 5.20 5.00 4.80 4. CO 4.00 4. SO 5.00 5.00 4.60 4.30 5.40 5. GO 5.30 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.90 4.60 5.60 5.40 5.30 5. SO 5. SO 5.S0 5.90 6.10 6.40 6.40 6.60 6.50 6.40 6.40 6.30 I 3.30 I 3.00 I 3.40 I 3.60 I 3.S0 I 3.30 4.S0 I 4.60 , 4.60 I 4.90 I 5.00 ' 5.20 ' 5.10 ' 5.10 ; 4.90 I 4.20 ! 4.60 , 4.30 4.S0 I 4.60 6.00 4.45 5.S0 4.20 5.60 4.10 5,30 4.00 5.10 3.30 4.70 3.60 4u40 2. SO 4.00 2.50 3. SO 2.30 3.50 2.20 2.00 Aup. 2.00 2.30 2.20 2.10 2.30 2.20 2.40 2.90 3.30 4.00 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.00 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.30 3.20 3.00 2. SO 2.40 2.50 2.30 2.00 1.60 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.00 Sept. Oct. 1.60 2.40 2.60 2.20 3.10 3.40 3.60 3.30 3.40 3.80 3.50 2.S,) 2.50 2.70 2. DO 2. SO 3.C0 3.40 2. SO 2.S0 3.70 3.00 3.40 3.25 3.10 2.90 2.75 2.35 1.55 1.40 1.35 1.30 1.15 1.10 .90 .S5 .70 .65 .60 .50 .35 .10 .25 .40 .75 .90 1.15 1.50 2.20 2.60 2.90 3.20 3.40 3.30 3.20 3.00 2.10 2.30 2.00 Nov. Dec. 1.60 1.50 1.70 1.60 1.95 1.75 2.10 1.80 2.30 1.90 2.50 2,10 2.70 2.00 2.60 1.90 2.40 1.95 2.30 l.SO 2.20 1.60 3.10 1.40 l.SO 1.20 1.50 1.20 1.40 1.10 1.30 1.00 1.30 1.00 1.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 .90 .90 .80 .90 .60 .75 .40 .60 .20 .50 .60 .50 .80 .40 1.90 .40 \VOLF KIVEE AT DAEKOAV'S BEIDGE^ IXEAK SHAAVAXO^ AVIS. A Station was established April 21, 1906, at DarroVs bridge, about 2 miles south of Sha^vano, and Avas discontinued June 6, 1906, as the dam above modified the flow. A measurement "was made April 21, 1906, by Horton and Bren- nan, -with the folloAving results: Width, ISS feet ; area, l,3o0 square feet ; gage height, 5.87 feet ; dl.scharge 3.S90 second- feet. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XIII. ■^•J^^i^ gpej' ' ^?^r^ Pv'Y'* I0i Bfr^ -^ ■-■ -i :. k^U^^S ^^HldFt/ ' ^ ^ ^<^mDvuK^IL ^nSflBt H ^w ^S ^^S^SBSSm gi^^^W^V ^^^^^B^M ^s ^^BiHBflll^^KL^'?^"-^^r mm Fig. 1. TWIN FALLS. PESHTIGO RIVER. Fig. 2. DAM AT SHAWANO, WOLF RIVER. WOLF RIVER. 99 Daily (/age heiyht, in feet, of Wolf River at Darrow's bridge, near Shawano, Wis., for Wf/G. Day. Apr. May. June. Day. Apr. Uay. 1 June- I I 1 i.7 4.7 4.5 4.0 4.S 4. a 4.3 17 4.S i.i ■) IS 3 19 4 . 1 k'.k" 20 5 .'. ' 21 6.1 4.2 3.6 3.9 3.S 4.2 4.2 6 22 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.6 3.5 i.2 23 5.4 5.3 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.6 5 .. 1 24 1 35 10 1 26 H '.. 27 12 . . . . 1 23 3.6 5.2 5,0 4.3 :s :;::::: 29 14 i.S 4.7 i 1 30 4.5 15 31 1(3 1 WOLF EIVER AT WHITE HOUSE BRIDGE^ XEAE SHAWAXO^ WIS. This station was established June 6, 1906. It is located at the "\Yhite House" highway bridge, abont 3^^ miles north of Shawano, AYis. The channel is straight for abont 200 feet above and 500 feet below the station. Both banks are of niedinm height and do not overflow. The bed of the stream is gravel and is permanent. There is one channel at all stages. The current is medium swift. This station may be affected by back water from the dam about 4 miles below. A standard chain gage, which is read daily by Albert TJtke, i3 fastened to the guard rail on the upstream side of the bridge ; length of chain, 16.25 feet. The reference point is the center of gage pul- ley; elevation, 16.07 feet above gage datum. Discharge measurements of Wolf River near ShatcanOt Wis., in 1906. Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of ; section. Gape height. Dis- charge . June 6 M.S. BreDDan I'ret. 136 132 Sq. ft. 767 i 629 1 Feet. 6.90 5.96 Sec.-n. 1,970 590 June 30 do The above station proved unsatisfactory so a new station was estab- lished at Keshena. 100 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Daily gage height, in feet, of Wolf River near Shawano, Wis., for li)06. Day. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 1 ' 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.? 6.5 5.S 5.8 5.9 6.0 G.l 6.0 6.S 6.7 6.6 7.7 2 s.s S.2 7.fi i.a 7.4 7.3 ... 0) .. 3 6.5 G.G 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 4 6 6.9 7.1 7.7 7.0 7.7 7.7 7.1 6.9 7.0 G.5 G.S 6.6 fi.fi fi.5 0.7 G.5 0.9 7.^ G.5 G.2 6.4 6.S 6.5 G.l 6.4 6 6.2 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.7' s . 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.4 C.4 6.0 9 10 11 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.4 G.3 0.9 G.O 6.4 6.4 6.2 G.l 6.8 6.3 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.6 13 . .... 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.5 G.3 14 15 6.1 G.l G.O 6.3 6.3 0.9 14 6.1 6.2 6.1 S.O 5.9 5.S 25 G.O G.7 6.G I *i.o 1 6.4 J.S 26 . . S.l S.l 7.4 7.G 7.1 6.7 6.4 7.2 0.2 5.3 28 6.7 6.5 6.6 30 5.3 6.0 1 * Frozen. Kr::sHE::sA^ avis. This station was established May 0, 1907. The station is sitnated 8 miles north of Shawano, ^Yis., at a small town called Kesheiia. It is located on a highway bi'idge 50 rods southwest of the Green Bay agency office on the Menominee reservation. The general direction of flie channel is straight for 2,000" feet aboA'e station and also 200 feet beloAV. The water moves slowly. The average width at ordinary stage is 120 feet broken by one small pier. (Looking down stream) the right bank is high and wooded and will not overflow. The left bank is low and during high stages of river is liable to overflow. The bed is composed of stone and gravel and does not shift. There is one channel at all stages. Discharge measurements are made from this bridge to which the gage is attached. The initial point of sounding is directly over left abutment of bridge on downstream side. It is marked by black paint. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL, XVII. The DeUs ol Wolf Riv. WOLF RIVER, 101 A stali' gage, ^vlJiell \vu? read by AJaiu !Neti' during 1007, is fasteued to left end of bridge ou do^\'nstreaiii side. The gage is made of a piue board S.5 feet long. Feet and tenths of feet are painted on the gage Avith black paint. The gage is referred to fol- loAving bench marks : (1) (Looking doAvn stream.) Cross on a post at end of fence at left end of bridge on doAvn stream side of road is 9.3S feet above zero of gage. (2) Cross on a stump at left end of bridge on do^vn stream side of road about 3 rods X. E. of bridge is G.51: feet above zero of the ffaa'e. (3) Cro.^s on a telephone pole ten rods X. E. of bridge at end of road crossing the bridge is 9.04: feet above zero of g^ge. Mean daily gage height in feet, of Wolf River at Keshena, Wis., for 1907. Day. May. June, i July, j Aug. bept. Oct. 1 2. ! 3 ; 4 6 8 9 . (M . 10 3 00 ;i.33 3.7 1.77 3.7.7 4.23 4 45 12 13.... 14 . 15 16 17 4 65 IS 4.35 4 75 19 20 3 7 21. 3.S5 3.S 3.55 3 5 22 23 24 25 3.45 3 4 26 27 3 05 28 3 45 29 3 3 30 3.15 31 2.9 Nov. 2.S5 1.95 3.35 2.23 1.4 1.S5 ■3.S5 2.05 2.4 1.5 5.55 2.6 2.05 1.95 2.3 2.5 2.55 2.75 1.0 1.1 2.0 2.55 2.25 1.15 l.U 1.25 1.6 1.4 1.9 3.05 l.S> 2.95 1.45 1.0 2.2 3.2 1.7 1.15 1.6 2.9 l.S 1.15 2.0 2.5 1.S5 2.35 1.7 1.15 1.9 2.55 2.2 1.4 1.53 2.7 1.7 1.15 1.55 2.55 1.65 1.0 . 2.S 1.4 1.0 1.15 3.S 2.1 1.6 1.75 1.45 1.5 1.5 1.55 1.9 l.S l.So 1.85 ].S5 1.75 1.95 1.S5 1.45 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.45 1.2 1.95 2.35 1.3 1.9 1.1 2.2 ].15 l.S 1.4 2.25 1.2 2.35 2.S5 1.3 3.2 3.25 2,e 2.4 2.15 1.9 1.7 l.S ].S l.S 2.3 4.25 i.3 3.65 3.25 3.05 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.15 2.1 1.75 Dec. 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 l.S 1.65 2.35 l.S 1.95 l.S 2.2 1.6 1.05 1.6 2.0 l.C 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.95 1.7 1.9 1.65 1.S.5 1.6.5 l.S 1.65 l.S 1.55 l.S 1.5 l.S 1.6 1.75 1.65 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 3.7 1.S5 1.65 1.9 l.SO 1.8 1.55 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.65 1.7 1.65 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.65 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.25 2.2 1.95 1.S5 2.25 2.5 2.56 2.55 2.7 3.0 2.95 2.96 3.35 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.45 3.4 3.45 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.65 ^ Station established. 102 WATER POWERS OF WISC0X8I]\\ TLe following Jisuliariie iiifasurLnuents at Jvesiiena were made in 1907: The drainage area a'bont Kesliena is 794 square miles. 1907. Hydrograi her. Width. Area of sectiou- Menu velocity. Gat?e heJKht. Dircharse June 22 G. A. Gray . d. do .... .... do .. . Feet. ion lu4 107 109 109 ion ,SVy. ft. 308 ■>-- 320 38:) 368 Ft. per 9€c. 2.10 3.14 1,99 2 2* 2 U 1.88 l.Sl 3.32 2.05 1.9U 2.0 2.5 Hl'C.-ft. 6613 July 20 i.4*.a Aug. 24 Oct. 12 .■ids 73: Nov. 8 Dec. 14 do .. .. do lOOi' 6H4 December 14 measiireuieut iu;iilc under half frozen and half open conditions. Velocity obtained by floatins ice. Discharge measiiremeuis under ke Wolf River at Kesheim. Wis. Date. 190S. January IS.. February S. March 7 Hydrographer. n-^.J •^''■'^ ^^^,^° hpieht Dis- Av. th. Width.jOf sec- vPlo- ,Water charge 'of ice I tion. city. . ^^^.^ I j Feet. G. A. Gray : 101 dn ■ 103 do 103 do 103 So. ft. ^^P^^ •2m 317 1.75 1.77 3.a5 5.04 Feet, i Sec -ft. I 3.25 3.0i •S.2 3.? 509 3S> 523 1.5 i.r 1.0 1.9' Depth of snow. .3 l.'i .5 Uecorrl of thickness of ice at Kesheim. Jan. IS. Jan. 21. Jan. 23. Feb. 4. Feb. 11. Feb. IS. Feb. 25. Mar. 3. Mar. 10. Mar. 17. Mar. 21. Note : River clo>;<'il. Feet Avera.^e thit-hne^-s nf ir-e 1.2 Averaire thk-kn<',^s of ice 1.2 Avera,ire thickness of ice ' 1.5 Average tliickness of ice 1.4 -Vvera.ire tliiokne'^s of ice 1.4 Average thickness of ice 1.4 Avera^'e thickness ot ice 1.4 Avera.ire tliiekncss of ice 1.7 Average thiekiie-^^of ice- i.;j Arera.ire thif^kness of ice !.:> Ice went out March 20. LITTLE WOLF EIVEE. Little "Wolf River is one of the largest branches of Wolf Eiver. It has a drainage area ci 47.') ^fjiiare miles. Like all the streams in this region the river has its greatest fall in the upper third of its length, but even in its lower third there is sufficient fall to insure important water powers. Recent surveys by Mr. D. "W. ]\Iead show WOLF RIVER. 103 that the river has a full of 0:^ feet iu the sixteen miles above its monthj distributed as shoAvn in the following profile : ! ni«t«n/'« Elevation Description of station. jfrom mSS?h . ' ^^%l ^^^ North of river Phillips' Bridge Ostander Bridge Royalton Bridge Mouth of South Branch.. Little Wolf Dam, below. Do above . , Lower Manawa Bridge Maoawa Bridge, below .. Do above.... Symco Dam, below Mihs. Fret. 74S.0 •7 751 .-. 3.3 762.0 6.0 773 :. 9.0 779 2 9.6 783.0 9.6 790.. J 793.0 11.3 796.0 11.3 806.8 16.3 820.8 Note. -Theae elevations are only approximately referred to sea level. WATER POW^EKS, Phillips, — Surveys have shown that a head of 20 feet can be ob- tained at Phillips which for a ten hour day should give about 850 horsepower. A measurement of the river 'here shows a low water flow of 215 cubic feet per second. This dam would use all the avail- able fall between Phillips and Royalton. Royalton, — The banl^s are sufficiently high at Royalton to allow of an 18-foot dam, although this would drown out the present power at Little Wolf. An eighteen foot head would develop on a 10 hour day basis about 750 horsepower, Manawa, — At present a dam at Manawa develops a head of about 11 feet. As there is a fall of about 14 feet in the five miles above Manawa it seems probable that this dam could be raised to at least 15 feet. A statement of other powers on this river will be found in the fol- lowing table : Teibutaeies of Wolf River. The lower part of the Wolf River drainage area is more tliickly settled than the upper, and as a result the tributaries which occupy this lower portion are rather fully developed. This is especially true of Embarrass, Little Wolf, and Waupaca rivers. 104 WATER POWERS OF WlSC0N8iy. AVatee Po^VEES. The following table sho^vs the Avater powers on Wolf Kiver and its tributaries: Water on Wolf River and its tributaries. Location and stream. Owner and use. Head. H.P. Feet. Manawa.sec 15, T.23N.,R. 13 E., Little Wolf River. Littlewolf. sec. 34, T. 23 N , R. 13 E., Lit- tle Wolf River. Scandinavia, south branch Little Wolf Little Wolf River Lumber grist, lumber electric light. Booth & Smltb, grist, lumber, trie light. Henry Peterson, feed mill Co.. elec- 10 9 8 9 14 12 12 13 20 8 9 13 16 13 10 8 18 15 10 8 10 9 11 390 60 23 River. Sec. 22, T. 23 N., R. 11 E., south branch of J. 1. Wralstatt, feed mill 50 Little Wolf Kiver. Phlox, sec. 26, T. 30 N.. R. 12 E . Red River. Mount Morris, sec. 16, T. 19 N , R. 11 E., J. Kaufman, saw and planing mill. Wm. Kemp, grist mill 75 44 Rattlesnake Creek. Wittenberg, Sec. 10, T. 27 N., R. 11 E., Embarrass River. North branch of Embarrass River Sec. 7, T. 26 N.. R. 13 E.. Embarrass River Embarra.K.«, sec. 5, T. 25 N., R. 15 E., Em- barrass River. Sec. 23, T. 26 N., R.13 E., middle branch of Embarrass River. Sec. 15, T. 27 N., R. 15 E., north branch of Embarrass River. Sec. 2-3. T. 28 N., R. 12 E., north branch of Embarrass River. Pilla, sec. 9, T. 26 N., R. U E , Embar- ras-s River. Sec. 9, T. 27 N., R. 12 E., middle branch Viking Lumber Co., sawmill N. M. Edwards, sawmill N . M . Edwards, undeveloped Decker &. Beedle, lumber and plan- ing mill. Theo. Boettner, flouring mill Seiber & Dumke, sawmill L. A. Weikel, saw, planing, and feed mill. Grosskopt, saw and planing mill. .. Buckstaff Lumber Co. , power house burned. Waupaca woolen mills 75 .50 "lis"'" 200 192 116 60 of Embarrass Kiver. Waupaca, sec. 32, T. 22 N., R. 12 E., 35 Crystal River. Waupaca, sec. 20, T, 22 N., R, 12 E., Waupaca River. City of Waupaca, Waupaca River A G Nelson, planing and mill. Electric Light Co grist 65 200 Do Undevolofied Sherman, sec 18, T. 22 N., R. 11 E.. Wau- paca River. Wevauwega. sec. 4, T. 21 N., R. 13 E., Wanpaca River. Waupaca, Waupaca River Amherst , Spring Creek Brooks tfc Root, flouring mill Weed Gunnard, flour, planing, and electric light. C. Gurmes, brick manufacture N. Howard, feem mill. 100 480 50 20 Rural, sec. 10, T. 21 N.. R. 11 E„ Arbor Creek. Gresham, sec. 3. T. 27 N., R. It E., Red J. .\shmun, flouring and saw mill.. A. G. Schmidt, sawmill 96 100 River. Sec. 6. T. 27 N., R. 15 E.. Red River Undeveloped Sec. 19. T. 27 N., R. 14 E., Red River ....do.... ..:::: Sec. 18, T. 28 N.. R. 14 E.. Red River. .. do Sec. 15. T. 26 N., R. 10 E.. Little Wolf River. Sec. 7, T. 25 N., R. 11 E., Little Wolf Little Wolf River Lumber Co. ging- ..do .log- 7 ■ 7 7 River. Sec. 5. T. 24 N., R. 13 E., Little Wolf ....do River. Sec. 9. T. 33 N.. R. 12 E., Wolf River Used for logging Sec. 34. T. 33 N., R. 13, E., Wolf River.... do , Sec. 10, T. 31N.,R. 14 E.. Wolf River.... do Sec. 25, T. 31 N., R. 14 E.. Wolf River.... do . WlSCOyiU xjuare inilt--, wiili an averaue "width of 50 niiles aiul a length of al")ont 'j-l'^ miles. The apporrion- Bient of this drainage area among the several tribiitaries of Wiscon- sin Eirer is sho'VATi in the follo'wing table: Distajices and drainage areas of Wisconsin River. River. Distance. Frorr. course. Drain affc area above stations. I statiou I Miles. Pelican, above moutli Pelican, moutli Tomaha-^-k Prairie Eib, abore montli Rib, moutli Eau Clfiire Eau Pleiue, above mouth Ei:iu Pleiue, moutli Little Eau Pleino Plover Tellow, above moutli Yellovr, moutli Lemonweir Earaboo Above moutli of Kickapoo river Mouth of Kickapoo river Mouth of "Wisconsin river CO 113 136 133 ist 34S 259 4(yr Mileft. 60 25 28 70 s 13 64 11 33 97 13 S'j . ■miles ruo l.-2'M 3,111 2,G97 3.192 3,r.cu 4,114 4,36S 4,'i45 5,0.; 5 5,300 6,44f 7,394 S,172 9,0Di 11,3-: i?,i5r' 12.2S0 ^Station is at mouth of river unless otherwise stated, from 10th census. Through a portion of the city of Portage and sonthAvard, the river can hardly be said to have an eastern divide. Fox Kiver approaches "within IV2 niiles of the "Wisconsin at this point, only a lo"\v marsh intervening. Even this marsh has a slope of about 3 feet to"\vard Fox River. At the present time levees at this and other points pre- vent the Wisconsin at times of high water from overflowing into Fox River. These levees for a distance of several miles compel the river to flow along the contour instead of in the direction of maxi- mum slope. The reasons for this and other peculiarities of its val- ley are interestingly discussed in Geology of "Wisconin. (vol. 3) : '*It is evident that such an uncertain divide as this can not have formed one of the original permanent features of the drainage of the region, but as the disposition of the sui'face soil is due to glacial action, modified by subsequent erosion and transportation, this may be fairly attributed to such a cause. The rampart of limestone which comi^els the lower Wisconsin to flow^ west does not stop south of Portage^ but continues east and noi'th, although less prominent, forpi- WISCOySiX RIVER SYSTEM. iQ- ing au eastern barrier to the liow of the Wolf iiiver. The course uf the upper Fox to Lake "Winnebago i> slniigish. consisting largely of marshes and lake-like expansions. On acconnt of the depression of the divide at Portage, the continuation of the southern barrier northeast, the small slope of the upper Fox, the large trough of the Wisc<.tnsin be- loTv Portage, which it is unable to occupr, -while above the river is more nearly in proportion to its channel of drainage, and Jinally the evidently modern outlet for the Wolf and the upper Fox through the loM-er Fox — the conclusion is reasonable, if not inevitable, that at one time the Lake Winnebago system drained south"\vest into the Missis- sippi and the Wolf -was the true contimiation of the Wisconsin above Portage, "while the present upper Wisconsin Avas merely a tributary of the main stream."' LAKE ELEVATOES AXD EESEKVOIK ^ITES. Attention has elsewhere been called (p. 11) to the opportunity of increasing the low-water flow of the northern rivers by the construc- tion of dams near the headwaters for use as reservoirs. The oppor- tunity for such a system on Wisconsin River is especially good, be- catTse the ownership of the lands to be flooded is in the hands of a comparatively few corporations and. a beginning has already been made. For example, a Avell-built dam at the foot of the Tomahawk chain of lakes, which impounds water covering many square miles of reseiwoir, has been used for several years to regidate tte stage of the river for the mills below the mouth of the Tomahawk. In scores of cases the dams are already constructed for logging pur- poses and need only to be kept in repair to be of service for power regulation when they are no longer needed for their original pur- pose, as will soon be the case. It has been proposed to build or maintain dams at the following points: Lake Vieux Desert, Sec. 17, T. 42 X., E. 11 E. : Twin Lakes, Sec. 19, T. -11 X., R. 11 E. : Eagle Lakes, Sec. 31, T. 40 K, R. 10 E.; Sugarcamp Lakes, Sec. 17, T. 39 X., E. 9 E. : Buck- ataban Lakes, Sec. 24, T. 41 X., R. 9 E., Little St. Germain Lake, Sec. 2, T. 39 X., E. S E. ; Big St. Germain Lake, Sec. IS, T. 39 X., R. 8 E. At many if not most of the larger lakes near the headwaters, log- ging companies hare long maintained dams, which some day will serve the double purpose of reservoirs and sources of power, A list lOS WATER POWERS OF WlSCOySIX. rd ?LHiK- oi* the:rt' lake?, toiivther with their eievatiou above the sea, as determined by United States engineers, is given in the following table : Lakes at headicaters tributanj to Wisconsin River. Name of lake At headwaters of- EflfTle I Engle Eiver Oarfisb (\o Cranberry tlo l^ons do Planting GrouDfl ilo Fish do Medicine ' do Stone '.... do Dog I.... do Big L... Uo Pelican j Pelican River ... Tomahawk Tumnhanrli Iliver Island I do Keawasogan do Mnd L... do Scinirrel I do Elevation above sea level. Feet. 1,5^3.0 1,553.0 1,563.5 1,592.3 1,592.2 1,593^ 1,592.2 1,592.2 1,592.2 1,592.2 1,590.0 1,562.2 1,560.4 1,560.4 1,553.4 1,542.9 The follcvviug* table gives dimensions and other data of eight resen-oir sites surveyed by United States engineers as an aid to navi- gation on ilississippi Kiver: Proposed United States Qovernment reservoirs on Wisconsin River. Location. Name. d. a u ■1 1o Pelican 6 36 N. Sogarcamp. . 17 39 N. Ottor Rapids 36 40 N. Tomahawk.. 7 39 N. Sqairrel 1 38 N. Rice .... 9 35 N. Yienz Desert 17 42 N. Twin Lakes. 19 41 N. HE. HE. o 5 ii > aJ *- Feet, 1.520.83 1,562.00 1,578.07 1,554.67 1,521.78 Maxinmm dimensions. Dam. ^ ^ a v CL> J X Feet. Feet. 80OI 23-> 1.300l 190j 315! i.iool Dike. Feet, Feet. 3.625 15 260; 4 700' Reservoir. Srjmi. 13.45 5.00 3J.74 13.46 5.30 6.00 7.00 6.50 87.45 Cubic ject. 5.153,180,527 1,356,284,160 7, 989,727,488 2,226,11:^1 1,338,163,200 1.043.516,1 400,000,000 650,000,000 Sq- mi. 301.0 60.0 447.0 101.5 56.0 396.0 19.0 30.0 19,559,985,291; 1,410.5 WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 109 Subsequent to this report two of these clams, at Rhinelander fPeli- can) aud Tomahawk^ have been constructed by private enterprise for power purposes; several others have been constructed with reduced heads. It M"ill be noted that the proposed Government reservoirs have a total area of 87.45 square miles and a drainage area of 1,41014 square miles. It was proposed to iill the reservoirs during the spring freshets and then allow the water to escape at times of low water. The United States engineers estimated that these reservoirs Avould maintain a flow of 3,000 second-feet for three months of the year. Such a flow would ueai'ly double the present low-water flow of the river and its resulting water power. Incidentally the use of such reservoirs would to a large extent serve to reduce the dangers of high floods, boila to dams and to overflowed lands. It would, in fact, tend to restore the regimen of the river to that which it possessed before deforestation and cultivation began to transform a great primeval forest region into cleared and Avell-cultivated fields. The first systematic effort to enlarge these reservoirs was made by interested parties in 1905 and a bill was drafted which it was claimed gave unusual rights and powers to a cei'tain few. This lull failed to become a la-\\'. At the time of the folio-wing legislature, 1906-7, ;i much more carefully prepared bill was enacted into law as Chapter 335 of the laws of 1907. This law authorizes the Wisconsin Valley Improvement comj)any to construct, acquire and maintain a system of water reservoirs located on the tributaries of the Wisconsin Kiver north of the south line of Township 34 for the purpose of produc- ing a uniform flow of water, etc. Section four of this act provides that v/hen this company shall have created reservoirs of a capacity of two billion cubic feet, it may collect and receive reasonable tolls from the owners of every improved and operated water power- located on the river below such reservoirs. The said tolls are to yield not to exceed 6 per cent on the actual investment. The law gives the company until January, 1909, to have in opera- tion reservoirs with a capacity of two billion cubic feet. This, how- ever, is but a small proportion of the 19 billion cubic feet planned by the U. S. Engineers but it is a beginning of an important im- provement. PBOriXE. According to the United States engineers, the elevation of Lake Vieux Desert is about 1,650 feet, while the elevation of the mouth 110 WATER POWERS OF WlSCOXSiy. oi Wisconsin Kiver ;ir. Prairie R. bridsre ■25e 263 5.3 7 1097.6 1105 S.6 S.4 1.^. Line between Rs. 6 & 7 E 1.3 -SO , Mosiuee Highwny bricljre 2fi5.? 3.3 j 1114 S 3.7 31 1 Mo>;inee Dnm, foot 2fi5.4 0.2 ' 1133.0 .«.o 40 .^3 0- Mosinee Dam, rrost 1137.7 n3f>.3 1133.5 1142 5.7 1.6 4.3 3.5 Blank Creek, month 36R.S 373.3 277. R 3.4 3.5 5.3 0.5 Cedar Creek, mouth 1.2 Kan Claire River, mouth 1.6 vJrt ' Bisr Rib River, mouth 27S.9 1.3 1145.5 3.S 3.0 «~ T\'an«an lower bridge 3?1 353 2.1 1 11.53.5 1174 US) 11S5.7 1301.3 1203.7 7,7 20.5 5.7 15.5 2.5 3.7 3> W'ansaii Dam, foot 30.5 ■^0 Wausau Dam, crest ■10 Brokaw, below 2Sr.3 5^'" 1.1 n Brokaw above .. . 4? Trap River, mouth of 393 4:7'- 0.5 4" Pine River, month of 3C13.4 301. S 4.4 5.4 121 (i. 3 123.J.O 13.6 16.7 3.0 44 Lindore Dam Merrill, below .. 3.1 45 ' Llntlore Diiiu Alerrill nliove 1244.4 11.4 40 1 Upper Dam Merrill, below ... 304.1 3.3 1345.5 1.1 0.5 47 1 Vpper Dam Merrill, above ... ■:250.S 5.3 4S i Copper River moitth 307.3 3.1 1256.7 5.9 1.9 49 ; Bi'l Cross Rapids, Sec. 15 & 50 14 T 33 R. 5 E 311.3 4.1 1374 17.3 4.2 Bill Cross Rapids, between 51 Range line 5 & 6 311.6 0,4 12 SO 0.0 15 Grandfather Falls, foot T. 33, T. 33 314.4 2.3 1293.5 13.5 4.S 5-2 Grautlfather Falls, between sec. 30 & 31 315.4 1.0 1340-5 47 47 53 Grandfather Falls, head of ... 316.3 O.S 1355 44.5 55.6 54 j Grandmother Falls, between i Sece. 3 & 10, T. 33, R. 6 E... 321.4 5.3 1401 16 3.1 ■:5 Little Pine Ciuiek, mouth a24-l 3.7 1410 9 3.3 56 ' Gilbert Station 336.4 2.3 1415.5 5.5 3.4 57 1 Tomahawk Dam, below 32S.4 3.0 1417.0 3.5 1.3 5S ' Tomahawk Dam, above 1431 14 59 Nigger Island 344.4 16.0 1454.7 33.7 1.5 CO i ^'hirlpool Rapids, head of 346.4 2 1470.1 15.4 7.7 01 ; Hat Rapids 351.4 5 14S3.r 13.6 3.5 02 , Rhinelander Dam, below 357.4 6 la2S.5 45.8 7.6 C<3 04 Rhinelander Dam, above 155S.5 1570.7 30 12.2 Otter Rapids, heead of 393.4 35 0.35 65 1 Sec. 30, T. 41 N., R. 10 E 403.4 10 1593,7 2e 2.2 66 ; Sec. 6, T. 41 X., R. 10 E" 416.4 14 1644 51.3 3.6 67 Lac Vieus Desert 43S.7 12.3 1650 6.0 0.5 Authority: Nos. 1-5 and 53-.55 and 64r-67 Inclusive U. S. Engx. ^53 Wis., Geological Co-operative Surveys in charge of L. S. Smith, 59-64, inclusive C. Survey . and U. S. B. Pride's 112 WATER POWERS OF WlSCOSSiy. "WISCOXSIX inVEE SC'EVEY. lu order to point out tlie po^ver possibilities along the Wisconsin Eiver, a survey Avas made during 1906 between Kilbourn Citv and Tonialiawk Dam. From tlie data collected sheets have been pre- pared, showing a prolile of the water surface, a plan of the river, contour along the bank, and prominent natural or artificial features, llic results of that survey have been published on separate sheets and may be had upon application to the Director of the Geological Sur- vey. GEOLOGY. All that part of the "Wisconsin River basin above Xekoosa, in- cluding over half tjhe entire drainage, is underlain by pre-Canibrian rocks. Xorth of Merrill this region has been coverd so deeply by drift that the rock rarely outcrops except in the river bed. These rocks, by presenting a barrier to further erosion, cause niunerous rapids ; in fact, all the water powers, with but a single exception," are found in the pre-Cambrian area. Below Xekoosa the pre-Cambrian rocks give way to the softer Cambrian sajidstone, the disintegration of which has made the bed of the river one succession of shifting sand- bars, almost without interruption, to its mouth. Is'orth of Xelroosa this sandy belt rapidly narrows and, at Merrill, 90 miles above, .'al- most entirely disapj^ears, being replaced by the clayey loams and loamy clays. K'orth of Tomahawk the clays are replaced again by sandy soils containing gravel and by bowlders and glacial drift. ^ In the 60 miles below the city of Tomohawk the tributaries of Wiscon- sin Eiver flow mainly through a clayey-loam soil, except for a nar- row strip adjacent to the main stream, where, as before stated, the sandy soil predominates. For a distance of about seven miles in the vicinity of Kilbourn, the river flows through a narrow gorge, known as the Dalles of the Wisconsin, carved out of the Potsdam sandstone. The river sud- denly narrows down from 1,400 feet to 200 feet and at one place to even 40 feet wide. At this place the river virtually runs on its edge. The profile shows a depth of 40 feet at low water at this place. The remarkable absence of a water shed at Portage between the 1 This survey was la charge of Leonard S. Smith. The field work was done by D. H. Dugan. 2 Kilbourn, in the Cambrian sandstone. 3Weldman, Samuel, Wis. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 11, pi. 1. WISCONSIN HITER SXSTEM. 113 Fox and "\Vi-=oon?in river? ha? been di?cu=-ed under the head of the Fox Kivcr. Beginning a few miles beloAv Portage, the river valley is characterized by bluffs which gradually increase in height as the mouth of the river at Prairie du Chien is approached. On the soiith side of the valley, the bluffs often rise to a height of 300 to 350 feet above tflie valley, nearly vertical. The bluffs are formed by the pro- jecting edge of the Lower ilagnesian limestone, which acting as a barrier, has forced the river to flow westward until the deep trough of the [Mississippi is finally found. The Baraboo ridges consist of two lines of ridges of quartzite ex- tending nearly east and west in the section of country west of Por- tage. They are four to six miles apart, about 25 miles long and unite in an abrupt headland in the bend of the "Wisconsin River op- posite Portage, where they end. Apparently, the bend of lihe river, to the east and then west, was caused by an effort to find a passage around this rock barrier. EAIZS'FALL Al^Tf EUX-QFF. A? the Wisconsin flows from the extreme northern to nearly the ex- treme southern part of the state, the rainfall on its basin, would be nearly the average of the state, viz., 32.5 inches. The distribution of the rainfall on drainage areas above Merrill, Itfecedah an.d Kil- boum is gi'aphically shown in Plate XIX in which it will be seen that the average rainfall between 1SS9 and 1905 on the above areas is respectively 32.3 inches, 31.3 inches and 30.9 inches.^ The distribution of this rainfall in the storage, growing and re- plenishing periods is here shoT\Ti both for the entire epoch as well as for each year of this period. On page 115 will be foimd a compilation^ of the rainfall in the val- ley of Wisconsin river above Merrill and above Grand Rapids, for the twelve years following 1895. This is based upon the recorded rain- fall at Antigo, Crandon, ITorth Crandon, Heafford Junction, Meitill, Koepenick, Tomahawk, Minocqua, Stevens Point, Grand Rapids and Wausan. * Taken from D. W. Mead's Water Power Engineering. 2 Compiled by A. A. Babcock. 114 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. TOTAL ANNUAL. storage: PERIOD GROWING PERIOD . |replenishih6 Ipcriod. Plate XIS — Distribution of Rainfall in the Drainage area of Wisconsin River. wiscoysiy fiver system. 115 Average preciiniatlon for years given, at headwaters of the Wifconsin rirer from observations taken at the f olio ir in ff stations: Ant/go, Cran- doriy Xorth Crandon, Hartford Junction, Merrill, Kopenick, Totna hawk, Mlnoequo, Year. !, Jan. Feb Mar.' April May June July i Aug. I Sep. I Oct. ! Nov. Dec, Total 1S90 isitr ISDS lOt.X) 1005 101) J 1004 IfH)') :ooo l!)07 Grand av. o.ar 1.54 i 0.71 i 1.07; 0.64 0.77 0.0:? 0.47 0.4C. l.Ol' l.OiJ, 1.0x1 1.01 1 0.40 1 1.90 0.0'4 i.ir 1.27 l.Ol I 0.S3 0.(i? 0.4i ft. 37 0.07 1.07 3.! :?.03 3.27 1.3.3 f ?.40 1.00 2.40 1..>(J 1.30 2.10 l.Ol 1.70 1.31, l.GS 3.70 2.07 l.ll 2.10 2.G.5 1.05 1.2(i l.JS; 2.20 2.14 4. so: 2.10 2.50 3.07 ] .0) 2.(J6 4.')4 5.07' con' 4. IS 4.17, l.G'>| 3.0")l 2.60 4.90| 3. .Jo 5.12 2.14 4.0'-' 3.53 I 1.4l! 4.'JS 5.c;^| I 3.30 4.04 2.64; 3.24, 3.01 I 2.50, i 0..35 5.0l' 3.23' 5.03; 3.221 2.64! 2.37 3.17 3. S3 -i..3G 2.0] 1.05 3.01 3.75 3.(il 2.07 6.20 3.43 5.47 4.251 3.10 3.62 2.20. 2.40 I 2.S5i S.20 4.54, 2. SO, i 2.7] 3.5.y I 3.00 S.J I ! 1.7S i.no 4.051 1.20 1.00 0.62 O.SS .2.27 3.S5 1.23 30. SO 0.16 23.91 |J.;:2 23.35 l.Gl 31.26 O.f.S 4O.:>0 0.S7 20.15 1.70 25.31 6.33 2.12 0.9S O.i^.S 35.96 O.SS 5.2s 0.20 1.94j 33.94 3.44 1.03 1.72 1.13! 32.29 1 2.95 2. 84 3.19 l.S6| 32.94 5.75 0.72 0.69 0.751 24.95 4.12 3.16 1.73 l.OSJ 31.17 Average precipitation for j/ears given, ai headwaters of the Wisconsin river fvut/i observations taken at thK foUowiag stations: Antigo, Cran- (lon, Xorth Crftndon, Henfford Janciion, MerrW, Kopenick, Toma- hawk, J/inocrjua, Stevens P->int, Grand Rapids, Waiisajf. Year. Jan. I Feb Mar. Apr. ;May.|june | July. Aug. Sept. Oct, ' Nov. Dec Total iSOi.; 1S07 iSoS 1500 1000 lOOX 1902 lOOS 1<^04 1905 1906 1907 Grand total 0.951 0.41! 1.03 3.061 4.72i l.Ss' 3.04 t.l3 1.40, 1.36' 2.21, 1.11 i * O.i?"); l.SO 1.60 1.70 n.So' O.S6 2.3S 3.33 2.07, 4.02 3.1s l.TO i '■ 1 2.40 4.01' 2.67 1 3.081 3.T9 2.20 1.33 O.Or 1.30 1.44 2.53' 1.42, I 1 I I O.SO: 0.77| 3.90 0.65i 1.77| O.SS O.Sr 0.S7 0.4S 0.54 2.43 I 0.40 2.4S, 2.74' 2.27J 5.40 1.21 1.S5 1.24 0.95 1.341 1.62, 2.0s 0.65 1.3S 1.15 O.54I 2.00 1.49 0.54; 1.45 0.92, 1.S6 2.26 2.01 5.S6 3. S3 4.76 1.23 3.36 2.65 S.40 4.06 4.2s 6.79 3.47 4.30 2.14, 1.51 1.63 5.47, 6.39 5.73 3.54 I 7. .32; 2.45 5.07 2.61 4.02 2.39 2.81 4.36 5.65 4.01 2.61 I I 1 I 2.17| 2.3S! 4.11! 1.20 29.53 2.50 2.05| 1.31 0.56 25.30 2.47' 2.S2 1.94 0.29 23.77 3.20 4.rS, 0.42 1.79 30. S7 S.23 7.5S| 4.59, 2.28 l.SO J M3 7.56! 2.3S I 7.05 3.36 2.47 6.65 4.39 5.43 2.02 2.45 0.73 i.20 1.03 O.SO 41.00 1.45 0.61 31.36 4.24 1.13 25.13 0.S6 0.59 36.13 0.29 2.45 40.20 1.75 1.03' 32.33 2.60' 1.10' 31. f3 0.52: 0.52 1.711 1.01 23.16 S0.87 Gagixg Station at MrscoDA, Wis. This station Avas established December 20, 1902. It is situated three-fourths of a mile north of Muscoda on the toll highway bridge. 110 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Ilie ^uage is a horizontal -wire with a scale board irradiiated to feet and tenths and fastened to the t(.)p of rlie bridge. The initial point for soundings is on the left bank, at the end uf the dra-\vbridge. The chan- nel is straight for 1,500 feet above and 1,000 feet belo^v the station, and has a width of about SOO feet, broken by 13 piers. The right bank is low and liable to overflow. The water is confined to the bridge opening. The left bank is high and rocky. The bed of the stream is rocky, with spots of gravel, and is liable to shift. The flow is mod- erately rapid. The gage was read twice a day by Charles IT. Lovell, the bridge tender, during 1903. Bench mark Xo. 1, elevation GS4 feet above sea level, bolt in sonth end of east guard rail at sonth end of bridge. Its elevation ha? been determined by United States Geological Survey levels. Bench mark Xo. 2, elevation 6S1.17 feet, nail in root on north side of 2'0-inch black oak tree standing about 40 pace? south by oast from the south end of the drawbridge. Bench mark Xo. 3, elevation 680.95 feet, a projecting point on a sandstone rock on the east end of sonth abut- ment, near the supporting wheel at end of drawbridge. On the ver- tical face of the stone is an arrow pointing upward to this point. The stone is also marked B. M. Bench mark Xo. 4, elevation 684.25 feet. a point marked X on foundation stone at the southeast corner of Lampi's brewery. The 15-foot mark has an elevation of 668.62 feet. There is a line cut on the girder opposite the 10-foot mark. This sta- tion was discontinued December 31, 1903. Discharge measurements of Wisconsin. River at Muscocla. Wis., in 1903. Date. Hydrograpber. Gape _. , lieiffht. Discharge. January 10., JaDnary 28. March 26 ... April 21 Jaiy 2 Ostobor 9... L. R. Stockmaa. ....do ... do ....do A. C. Lootz Xj. R. Scockmau. Feet. 14.85 14.65 19.70 36.25 15.20 18.33 Seconci-Jeet. M.812 U,649 38.182 14.163 5, 870 18,954 ^Partly frozen. Mean daily gage height, infeet^ of Wisconsin Biver^ at Muscoda^Wis.. for 2902. Day. Dec. Daj-. Dec. Day. Dec. Day. Dec. 20 15.00 15.05 15.00 1 23 / 15.05 15.05 14.85 26 14.80 14.70 14.55 29 30 31 14 55 21 2i 25 27 28 14 75 22 14 75 WlSCOXSiy RIVER SYSTE2I. 117 Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River at Mtisvoda Wis., for IV'iS. Day. Jan. I Ffb. I Mar. j Apr. May. Jiiue.l -luJy. I Aug. I Sept. Uct. | Nov Dec. 1... 3... 4,.. 5... 6... 7. . . ?. . . 9... 10... 11... 1?... 13... 14... 15... IR.. 17.. IS.. 19.. 20.. n.. 2?.. 23.. 24.. 25.. 5fi.. 27.. 2S.. 20.. 30.. 31.. IJ.V.i 14.90 15. S". 14. S') 14.1)0 15. SO 14.<)0 14.!ri 15.70 14.90 15. (X> 15.60 14.S)0 14.90 15.3'1 14. sn 14.90 15.4'1 14. SO 14. ?5 15.55 14.70 14. S5 15.90 14.fii 15.00 15.70 14.75 15.00 15.40 1-1. fvi 15.05 1'>.20 14.00 lT.fi r-.o^ 14.fi.'> 15.20 15.05 14.70 15. It 15. t5 14.0^ 15.05 15.75 14.7=i 15. Of) 16.. SO 14 .71 14. 8> 16.. 50 14.7'> 14.70 I'^.fi- 14.75 14.70 16.95 U.Sf) 14.65 17.4.5 14.70 14.70 17. S5 14.75 14.65 17. 0.-? 14.70 14.70 1?.05 14. SO 14.7- IS..*?^ 14.70 14.75 IS.OO 14.75 14.75 10. 72 14. St 14.9.5 20. .=K) 14. S5 15.90 20.. -^7 14.95 19. SO 14.50 19.27 J4.P0 IS. 65 IS. 05 17. .50 17.25 17.02 16.75 16.70 Hi .69 16.50 16.32 16.22 16.20 16.?-? 16.30 16.22 16.12 16.00 16.00 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.35 16.. 30 16.1? 16.00 15.90 15.7? 15.70 1=1. 6? 15.67 15. S7 15.97 16.07 15.93 16.35 17.15 17.70 ]7.ir> IS. 07 1^.2? 1S.40 1.5.40 1^.20 17. SO 17.^0 17.45 17. .VI 17.90 15. '- 1.S.25 IS. 40 IS. 20 IS. 00 17. 4t 17.. 30 17.45 n.6'> 17.75 17.95 IP. 20 IS. 25 15.40 IS.GS 15.23 15.40 15.95 15. IS 15.43 19. -2$ 15.25 15.30 I'.i.o!) 15. IS 15.3S 10.7S 15.20 15.53 19.52 17.90 15.65 IS . rX) 17. IK) 15.55 17.75 1^.40 15.55 17.42 IS. 60 16.05 17. i^" IS. 90 10.75 ll^S5 19.10 17.3.3 16.65 19. OS 17.43 16.47 lS.3i 17.25 16.2.' 17.63 17.15 16.15 17.30 17.23 16.05 1G.95 17.47 13. S7 16. S7 17.47 15.S2 17.45 17.37 15.65 16.92 17.13 15.65 16.65 17.05 15.73 16.45 16.95 15.63 16.25 16.70 15.. 5.3 16.n 16.53 15.45 16.05 16.30 15.40 15.S5 16.23 15.43 15.6t 16.23 15.30 15. 5S 16.43 15.13 15.60 16.65 15.10 ]5.5v= 17. OS 15.23 15.4S 17. OS 15.45 16. 9S 16. 7S 10. OS 16.65 16. S3 16. S5 16.73 16.5'. 16.50 16.63 16. S5 16. 9S 17.12 17.45 17. S3 17.75 17. S3 15.35 IS. 90 19.30 19. SO 20. SO 22.33 2-2.70 22.43 22.50 21. 3S 20.70 19.95 19.10 15.35 IS. 05 17. S5 17.75 17.32 17.30 17.32 17.47 17.87 IS. n't 18.60 IS. 00 IS. 65 1>.S5 IS. 90 1!>.0:> IS. 7? IS. 35 18.05 17.90 17.75 17.47 17.37 17.27 17.17 17.00 16. S7 16.72 w.6r 16.60 16.55 16.55 16.52 16.42 16.40 16.32 16.32 16.30 16.25 10.20 16.35 16.17 i 16.35 16.10 16.10 16.20 16.30 16.20 i 16.32 16.12 16.32 16.10 16.10 16.05 16.10 16.15 16.10 16.32 17.00 17.05 17.25 17.30 17.27 17.12 16,47 16.40 16.33 16.30 Daily gage height of Wisconsin River at Kilbourn for 1906. Day. Jan. Feb. Miir. Apr. May. Juue July. Auff. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 2.5 2.5 3.1 3.5 S.5 7.6 S.5 9.7 10.7 11.2 11. S 12.4 12. S 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.7 13.6 13.2 13.2 13..-] 13.3 12.6 11.6 10.6 9.6 9.4 9.0 S.3 7. I 6.9 6.3 5.7 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.7 4.7 4.7 4.S 4.5 4.4 "'■i^o' 3.S 4 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.S 0.2 . 1.9 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 li 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.5 2.7 5.9 2 2.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 O.S 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 l.S l.S l.S l.S 5.3 3 4.4 4 4.3 5 'A 4.3 G 4.3 7 4.S 5.1 5.5 5.9 4.3 g 3.S 9 3.3 10 3.8 11 6.4 6.4 6.0 3.7 12 3.7 13 3.2 14 2.S 15 2.2 2.1 2.6 2 7 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.S 2.8 2.S 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 5.4 2.S 16 5.0 4.0 2.S 17 5.1 4.9 4.5 3.3 3.'i 3.5 3.2 2.S 3. CO 3.1 n.9 4.3 5 ^ 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.3 IS 1.6 19 . 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.7 U.6 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.7 3 3 4.0 4.0 3.5 1.8 20... 2.0 1 2.0 21 22 2.4 2.6 S.'d 4.0 4.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 T -3 1.7 2.0 23 2.2 24 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 l.S 1.7 3.1 3.5 4.0 5.2 2.5 25 1.9 26 3.5 4.S 5.7 7.6 7.S 8.2 2.1 27 2.0 23 29 1.7 1.5 1.9 30 31 lis WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIN. Ktlhourn. M'isroiisin, — Thi^ .4 0.3 0.3 —0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 —0.1 0.3 O.G 0.5 O.S 1.0 3.4 5.S 7.0 7.2 G.O 4.6 4.1 3.4 3.3 2.S 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.4 O.S 0.9 O.S O.S 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 —0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 —0.2 0.0 0.0 —0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 3 n 0.1 3 4 1.9 1.9 O.G 5 c 0.1 0.1 7 1.5 l.j 2.G 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 1.0 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.S 4.3 4.0 i.G 4.1 06 q 0.6 ii 0.7 10 0.4 11 Q.3 13 0.3 13 0.4 14 5 15 0.4 16 0.3 17 IS 19 ' - 0.5 I' 5 20 1 21 4 2-^ 0.3 4 23 24 6 25 4 2n 4 27 —0 3 23 29 30 31 * Note— All Companj-, rago hoi^'hts jit Kilboiirn arc furni.-^lieil l>y the Smitliern Wisconsin r^twer WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 110 The folldwiiiii' di^cliaviie niensurenicnts liuve been made by Mr. \ . II. lieiiu'kiii:!' uiuler llio diLVctiuu ui Mr. 1), \V. .Ml^uiI. Tiie iiagiug section was abont 500 feet above the Citv Water "Works in Kilbouni. (rage height. Cu ft. per Sec 7 4.2'Vi O.V . 4.:l"<> G S') li->.7tM 6.!i H.I'M) l"..;(i'i g --)o . ■Ji -'.tv) S l. '' S€C07ld. I.IS 1.26 1.09 3.94 2.42 1.S4 1.79 4.43 2.46 2.05 3,23 1.33 3.65 2.67 1.66 2. OS 5.71 5.07 3.23 4.99 2.4 Feet. 4.90 5.40 5.65 5.80 5. 80 11.05 7.55 6.50 6.00 10.50 6.20 5.30 9.43 4.60 9.60 7.05 5.80 4.92 13.35 12,33 7.65 13.9 6.35 Dis- cbarge. Second- feet. 3.534 2,840 2,585 2,422 21,280 10,190 7,123 5,8SS 20,860 6,96t> 5,047 12,500 3,000 17,110 9,931 5,845 3,S00 234,420 29,290 13,350 30,050 9,268 Note. — Width is the actual width of water surface, not including piers. Area of sec- tion is the total area of the measured section, inchiding both moTins^«fi# stilt-water. 1 Frozen . 2 Add to this discharge 3,000 second-feet oxerflow. Discharge measurcTnents under ice of Wisconsin River near NecedaJi, Wis. Date. 190S. January 29... February 19. Hydrographer. G. A. Gray do Width. Feet. 276 273 Area of sec- tion. Sq. ft. 1.550 1,399 Mean vlo- j city. Gape heicht Water sur. Dis- charge Av. th. of ije. Ft. per 1 sec. 1.27 1.64 Feet. 5.15 5.7 Sec.-ft 1.963 2,281 Feet. 1.0 1.1 Depth of snow. Feet. None, .2 WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 121 Record of ice thickness, I907-S. 1908. Feet. Dec. 32 Eiver closed. Dec. 24 Averajje thickness of ice 0.5 Dec. 31 do do 0.6 Jau . 7 do do 0.7 Jan. 14 do do 0.7 Jan. 21 do do 0.3 Jan. 28 do do l.l Feb. i do do 1.0 Feb. 11 do do 1.2 Feb. 18 do do , 0.0 Feb. 25 do do 1.1 Mch. 3 do do 0.9 Mcli. 10 do do 03 Mcli. 10 Ice went out. Mean daily gage height in feet, of Wisconsin River near NecedaTi, Wis., cernber 2, 1902, to December 31, 1907. De- Day- I 1902. Dec. 2 1 4.90 3 i 4.95 4 [ 5.10 5 1 4.85 7.. 8., 9.. 10.. 11. 12. 13.. 14., 15.. 16., 17., 18., 19. 23., 24. 25. 27., 28. 39. 30. 31. 4.75 4.70 4.30 4.85 5.25 i 5.20 5.40 5.25 5.30 6.35 .i 5.65 -i 5.S5 ■ i 6.30 . ! 5.50 .! 5.46 ., 5.30 .! 5.30 i 5.40 . 5.60 •! 6.40 .1 6.30 .1 6.60 . 6.15 . 6.05 . 6.20 .; 6.0O 1903. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jane. Jaly, 5.90 5.90 5.80 5.75 5.60 5.70 5.65 5.45 5.60 5.50 5.45 5.50 5.65 5.75 5.45 5.80 5.65 5.56 5.45 5.75 5.65 5.5^ 5. 85 5. SO 5.80 5.65 5.a5 5.80 5.70 5.80 5.80 5.75 5.70 5.90 5.80 5.75 5.90 5.80 5.70 5.60 5.80 5.75 5.65 5.90 5.80 5.75 5.65 5.65 5.55 5.75 5.70 5.70 5.65 5.55 5.70 5.65 5.65 5.70 5.85 5.75 5.60 5.85 5.80 5.75 5.80 5.90 5.50 5.50 6.25 6.40 7.05 7.65 6.75 7.30 7.75 8.35 8.70 8.85 lO.OO 11.40 12.70 13.55 12.85 11.80 10.90 10.05 9.35 8.95 8.-50 s.oo 7.70 7.55 7.35 ,7.50 7.40 7.25 7.15 7.20 7.10 7.25 7.05 6.90 6.80 6.75 6.80 &.95 7.10 7.25 7.10 6.90 6.50 6.55 6.30 6.20 6.05 6.10 6.35 6.50 6.S5 6.60 6.65 8.3D 9.35 9.75 9.95 10.15 10.05 9.70 9.30 8.80 8.25 8.15 8.*5 9.05 9.80 10.10 9.90 9.35 8.70 8.30 7.95 7.90 7.75 7.45 7.35 7.W S.OO 8.70 9.55 10.55 11.00 10.55 9.85 8.85 8.15 7.60 7.40 7.15 6.85 6.65 6.55 6.20 6.00 6.15 5.85 5.70 5.45 5.35 5.60 5.45 5.25 5.15 4.90 5.20 4.95 4.70 4.80 4.75 4. SO 4.70 4.85 4.70 4.60 7.70 8.90 10.10 10.00 10.60 10.60 9.70 8.40 7.80 7.50 7.10 6.70 6.55 6.25 6.00 6.10 5.90 6.00 5.90 5.60 5.40 5.20 5.30 5.30 5.00 5.10 5.00 4.90 4.80 Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. 4.80 5.20 7.10 5.70 5.60 4.95 5.50 6.60 5.56 G.20 4.75 5.40 6.80 5.70 6.90 4.80 5.30 6.80 5.75 7.10 4.85 5.30 7.05 5.55 6.80 5.65 5.40 8.30 5.45 6.80 6.65 5.60 9.05 5.30 6.60 7.75 6.10 8.95 5.50 6.70 8.00 6.10 9.15 5.35 6.50 7.70 6.80 9.80 5.30 G.40 7.50 7.30 9.80 5.25 6.30 7.20 7.30 9.35 5.30 6.00 6.90 T.20 8.90 6.30 14. lu 6.70 8.60 8.30 5.30 4.40 6.70 10.90 7.90 5.35 4.50 6.40 12.50 7.65 5.25 4.40 6.20 13.40 7.55 5.35 4.00 6.40 14.60 7.25 4.90 4.40 6.10 14.60 6.95 4.90 4.30 5.70 14.60 7.00 5.00 5.00 5.90 13.80 6.95 5.10 4. SO 5.40 12.70 6.55 5.05 4.90 5.10 11.40 6.40 4.95 4.90 5.10 10.60 6.40 5.20 4. SO 5.40 9.90 6.30 5.20 4.70 5.20 8.70 6.10 5.05 4.70 5.30 8.15 6.05 5.00 4.90 5. .30 7.95 5.95 5.15 4.80 5.20 7.6.5 6.00 5.00 4.90 .^.OO 7.55 5.80 5.40 4.90 5.00 5.70 4.90 1 River frozen December 13 to 31. 12-2 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIS. Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River near yecelah. Wis.. De- cember 2, Vji)2. to December 31, WHI — Continued. Bay Jan. IIHM 1 2. . 4. .. C n 10 n 12 l;5 14 1,') 16 IT IS lit 30 21 2^ 23. .'...! . 24 2t 2€ 07 O^v 2;i 30 31 Feb I Mar Apr. 1 May. -June,! July. Auff. Sept. 1 Oct. Nov. Dec. .0(1 -T.lll t.:jo "0.00 n.50 U.-20 0.311 .70 5.20 J.oU ii.;i0 0.2tl 10.00 ^.y^ .i!0 .-..10 3.^0 0,3u i.OO y.io (;.50 .6<-k .■i.O'i J.o'O '..L-0 >.-IO S.fW tj..^i .00 :).20 3.^:0 n . ( <> ^.CO S.40 h.2 (i.lw 3. SO .10 ,-,.10 3.20 7.;^ >.50 G.70 3.50 .30 .1.10 3.10 7 . v. 1 >.oti (i..-)0 3 . >(| .(^"11 .>.oo 3.00 7..->0 7.70 0.20 3 . .50 .iC -KlO 4.00 7.70 7.40 3. SO 5.60 .30 .5.10 3.1.10 7.70 7.20 5. SO 5.30 .20 .">.10i 3.00 7.-11 7.10 0.30 5.1:0 .10 .-..10 4.S'> 7.60 7.00 5.70 4. SO .0^ .i.30 -..iXl s.i;o 7..-1O 0.00 4..5i> .10 >.30 3.CrO '1.30 -MO 3.70 4. SO .m .-..40 -1.20 10.30 11.40 CIO 4.P0 .10 1.20 3.30 lO.lK) 10.00 3.,^-) 4. SO .30 .5.10 3.-20 10.70 11. M G.IO 4.70 .30 3.. 311 10.30 12. CO 0.00 4.,=0 .10 --.^0 13.30 4.70 4.30 ! 4.70 4.00 ' 4. SO I 1.70 j 4.70 I 4.311' 4.40 4.N» 4.110 3.30 3.30 3.40 3.30 3.30 3.70 3.00 3.10 3.(X) 3.00 3.M 4.70 3.10 4. SO I.!U 4.00 3.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 4.70 4. SO 4.S0 I 4. SO i l.SO i 4.30 ' 3. SO I 6.60 , 6.13 ' 0.20 I 6.10 7.00 : ii.dO ■ 3.70 '..42 , 3.70 0.70 ' 5.30 S.4^1 1 3.70 10.10 3.30 12. OJ 3.30 13.30 3.60 13.0<] 4.90 11.90 5.20 ]0.30 3.30 0.40 3.90 0.00 5.70 3.40 4. SO 7.90 4.90 s.oo 4. SO S.50 4.7X> ^^,=0 4. S3 s.30 4, SO s.30 6.70 7.90 7.40 7.00 7.40 7.50 7.00 7.40 7.00 7.10 O.'At 0.' •;. . 30 0.41 1 ';.io 0.]il 0.(^1 I.. 10 4.50 4. SO 4. SO 3.10 3 . 20 3.-«t 3.30 3.60 3 . s.i 3 . '0 5.30 I 4.50 5.0) ! 5.0) , 3.30 I 3.40 ; .3..30 ; 4.90 Ty.bO i 3.1i> , 4, SO ' 3.00 I 5.00 ^ River frozen January 1 to Morcli 31. Ice, ~ lee conditions April 1 lo 12. " Rivor frozen DerL'iulK-r 4 In 31. let 1 foot ti average thickness. 10 inches. 3 fuL^t ihifk. Day. 10O5. Jan. I Feb. j Mar. i Apr. May. June. July. Aus Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 1 ^ i ^?^.'Z\\ 1 2 3 13.,^0 ! 12. SO 4 5 O.t.0 3.70 12.40 11.00 11. Oj 11. -0 ll.OJ 11.40 10.60 ti.OO It.JO !> OLl' -.00 S.40 -.()■,! 7.-0 7.50 7.10 6.70 . 0' > 6.(16 6.50 6.40 6.30 6.60 0.15 6.00 5.93 5.90 n o.'.O t; 9 ...... ....... 10 11 6.15 12 13 6.00 14 (S.OO 15 IG 17 13 19 2>) . ... 6.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 5.30 3.60 6. SO 7.1(; S.30 9.30 10.70 21..., 6.10 23 24 25 6.0O 26 27 i 2S 2i» G.OO 5o j::.:.. 31 3.93 6.30 (i.lO 6.40 6.10 6.40 6. Oil 6.30 u.OJ r.7o 6 . 30 s.30 6.60 11. CO 6.70 12.30 o.^O 13.0*} 7. CO 17.00 7.W 16.00 7.30 13.00 ^.30 11.90 S.30 11.. -0) >.30 11.20 S.OO 10.40 9.30 9.70 9. SO 9.30 9. SO 9.60 9.70 11.20 9.30 12.40 S.SO 13.30 S.30 11. oo ^.00 9. so 7.70 S.S-) 7.20 8.30 7.10 S-OO 7.0O 7. SO 6.70 7.40 6.8fJ 7.00 6.60 7.30 3.30 7.30 5.30 7.30 5.20 7.:o 3.20 7.511 3.IW S.IO 3.30 S.60 3.40 11.10 6.(30 S.70 6.00 S.30 7.10 7.60 6.70 7.40 6.50 7.00 6.70 6.60 6.40 0.70 6.20 6.50 5.90 6.30 6.0^ 6.50 5.90 6.30 5. SO 6.30 5.60 6.30 5.50 0.10 3.70 5.00 5.70 5.70 5. .30 5.75 5.70 6.W 5.90 5.50 5.30 5.10 5.00 3.30 5. SO 5.10 3.70 3.30 5.70 3.90 6.00 6.20 6,00 fi.lO 6.10 iy.oo 6.20 3.70 5.60 3.50 5.30 3.40 5.50 3.50 5.30 5.40 5.50 6.90 7.40 S.20 3.40 S.40 7. SO 7.20 6. SO 0.50 6.00 5.90 6.00 I 6.00 5.70 5.60 5.30 3.40 5.40 3.40 3.40 5.20 5.03 4.00 4.70 4.70 5.10 3.10 5.30 5.30 5.60 5.00 5. SO G.30 6.70 7.00 G.SO 6.70 0.60 6.40 6.30 0.30 G.OO 5. SO ; 5.50 5.30 5.40 ' 5.30 i ,'S.46 5.40 ! 5.40 j 5.50 ! 5.50 1 3.60 i 5.50 3.50 5.50 5.30 5.30 5.10 5.20 5.30 3.30 5.20 4.90 4.90 4.90 4.80 5.10 5.10 5.50 5.30 5.40 1 Kiver frozen over -lannary 1 to March 20. Gaffe heights are to R'ater surface bole in the ice. Thickness of ice, 2 to 3.5 feet. - Xo ice i-ecord for Deceniiter. WISCOXSIX BITER SYSTEIil. 123 Daihf aaoc ^fcifiht. in feet, of Wifieonsin Rii-er near Xecedah. ^Vis.. for W06. Apr. I May. Day. Mar. Junp. July. Auff. Sept. ' Oct. I Nov. j Dec. S.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 1;?.. 13.. 14., l.>. . in.. 17.. IS., 10., 20.. 21., 2'?. 2a'' 24., 1906. 3<>., 31., ^.r^ 7.0 5.0 i 7.S 1 !l..^> i..,-. 7.05 7.5 ! il.S 1 ..} 7.4 10. :2 7.0 Y_o 10.4 7.7 n.4 n.G T.T 0.0 IN.O 7.S5 7.4 i;i.o 7.5 S.4.5 !■>.!> 7.35 S.7'> 1^.0 7.1 S.6 W.2 7.0 S.4 13.0 (i.O 7.S 1-2.S5 G.T5 7.4 13.0 7.5 0.0 13.3 S.l o.s 13.3 T.So 0.7 12. fl 7.3 0.3 12.1 7.35 (3.0 S.l 10.1 fi.3 Q Ij !'.'> 0.4 * . i n.io 0.4 7.3 ^.7."i 0.4 7.7 S.4 7.3 S.3 ■* -^ S.75 -.4 7.9 S.7 S.5 S.G 1 (-.4 0.3i 0.3 li.lt fi.O r>.s 5.0 5,-1 5.1 5.3 .5.3 5.3 5.35 5.35 5.1 5.ni 5.0 5.-> 4.5 .^.1 4.0 4.? 4.5 4.S 4.0 4.0 4.7 5.3 4.9 5.05 4.? 4.95 "'.0 5.0 5.3 5.0 4.05 5.0 5.05 4.^ 4.7 5.1 4.S 4.9 5.9i 0.7 0.9 0.7 7.3 7.1 O.S 5.9 0.0 0.2 0.-15 0.1 5.0 5.3 4.? 5.3 4.S 4.0 4.5 4.:i 4 <"> 4.4 4. -.5 4.9 : 4.75 ! ■» ■■■^ 9 4.0 9 5.1 05 4.75 .'5.15 15 5.0 7 4.S (> 4.05 9 4.S 5.1 35 5 . .55 3 0.0 -1 5,7t 5.75 45 0.0 3 7.0 15 7.1 ■■J 0.0 15 7.0 0.0 0.R5 0.4 0.2 r^.l h.O 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 0.4 0.35 0.35 5.7 5.4 5,0 5.6 0.") 7.1 ?.0 7.0 7.1 7.1 r>.o 0.5 0.1 0.0 6.2 5.9 5.S5 fi.O 0.4 7.6 ■7.6 Note.— Ice conditions Jfinuary 1 to April 3. npproxinnitely. tbick. Ico ooiiilition? from ;il)Out Pocunilu'r 17 t<' .11. During Marcli ice l.C feet Mean daily gage liqiglit in feetj of "Wiscoiisiii River at XeeedaU, 'Wiscon- sin, for 190'!. Day. 1907 ! Mar Apr. May. June. July. I Aug 3 5 (J j; g 10 11 !•> 13., 0.40 14., 0.55 15. , 0.40 16 0.35 17 0.40 IS tl . (<'-! 19 0.S5 20 0.40 21 22 23 0.30 0.30 o.yo 24 7.20 25 7. IK) 26 9.05 27 10.00 2S 11.70 29 13.20 30 13.50 31 13.30 13.30 &.05 13. 3U 7.75 13.70 7.75 11.75 7.70 10. yj 7.70 10.50 7.b: 1U.70 7.7U 10.45 7.30 10.00 7.30 9.00 7.30 'J. -2'} 7.10 S.75 7.40 s.yo 7.10 t.liO 7.05 9. CO 7.10 J. to u.yo ^.35 7.10 :-.30 7.70 S.tKJ s.m 7. SO S.40 7.;0 S.30 7.60 S.IO 7.50 7. SO 7.55 7.50 7.50 7.25 s.oo 7.40 s.oo 7.45 -^.20 7.20 5.20 6.90 S.05 7.20 7.(10 6.6J [ 0.00 0.40 o.;o 0.40 i D.IKJ I 0.30 Li. 05 5.95 j.ao 0.10 5.00 O.OJ 'j.OO 0.00 0.05 5.IJ5 0.05 5.'y3 5,05 5.50 5.90 5.00 5.70 6.00 6.15 O.OJ 5.73 5.50 5.70 bept. Oct. 5.2 4.50 J. . 5.1 j.y 4. a 6.4 4.75 0.6 4.& 7.1 4.9 7.4 4.7 7.5 4.0 7.0 4.5 0.7 4.3 ii.DO 4.i 0.3 4.3 0.13 4.36 5.9 4.b 3.3 4.3 3.i 4.7 5.2 4.7 5.4 4.75 5.4 4.3 5.S 4. S3 5.6 4.4 5.IS 4.6 6.0 4.S 5.8 4.S O.S 4.S 5.1 4.6 5.4 5.0 5.35 4.9 4.5) 4.1) 5.5 1.95 5.1 4.5 4.0 4.15 5.03 I 4.(j I 4.4 I 4.6 4.55 4.4 4,0 4.S 4.43 4.45 4.4 4.6 4.53 4.4 4.7 4.0 4.7 4.75 5.4 S.O 9.7 O.S S.S S.O 7.45 7.1 6.75 0.5 Nov. Dec. 6.3 4.7 4.7 0.3 4.7 4.0 ij.\i 4.S 4.3 5.75 4.5 4.55 5.7 J.J 4.43 o. , 4.9 4.0 3.45 4.5 4.7 5.4 4.5 4.35 5.35 4.S 4.3 D.'i 4.S 4.5 5.0 4.4 4.7 3.35 5.1 4.5 3.2 4.3 4.7 4.73 4.6 4.4 3.4 4.4 4.4 5.3 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.0 4.S5 4.6 4.0 5.5 4.35 5.3 4.05 4.4 5.7 5.3 4.5 .. t^) . 4. 85 4.6 4. 55 4.S 4.6 4.6 4.S 4.75 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.05 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.6 ^ River frozen. 12i WATER POWERS OF WlSCOySlX. Rating taltJe for Wisconsin River near yececlah, Wis., from March 10 to July ■J, .WnSA - - — — G-ire Dis- ii'Ase Dis- (iape Dis- Gape Discharge. beiRlic. charge. height. charjie. heighc. charge. height, J-Wt. Sec 'feet. Fo'f. 1 Sec.-/ect. 1 Feet . Sec.-n. 1 Feet SeiOnd'/eet. 4.G 3.400 1 5.0 5,0SO 1.2 9,16'} S.S 14,160 4.V 3,540 6.0 5,900 7.3 9,460 1 9.0 14,500 4.S 3,690 6.1 6.130 7.4 9,760 i 9.3 15.440 4.9 3,S40 1 6.? 6,370 7.5 • 10,060 : 9.4 16,0S0 5.0 4,000 1 6.3 6.620 7.6 10,36rt 9.6 10,?2O 5.1 4,11% 1 6.4 6,SS0 7.7 10,670 9.S 17,360 5.2 4,350 1 6.5 7,150 7.S 10,9-SO 10.0 15,000 5.3 4,490 ! 6.6 7.430 7.9 11,390 10.5 19,600 0.4 4,670 6.7 7,710 S.O 11,600 11.0 21,200 .7.3 4,S60 6.S S,(KO S.2 12,240 11.5 23,930 5.6 5.060 6.9 S,290 S.4 13,SS0 12.0 24,670 ■t. 1 5,3fiO ! 7.0 S,5S0 S.O 13.5-20 13.0 3S,360 5.S 5,471) 1 7.1 S.570 ^ Flood in July ch:inged chimuel. Rating tahle for Wisconsin River near ^ecedali. Wis., from July 6 to Decem- her 12, 1903. Gage Dis- Gage Dis- Gage Dis- ; Gage height. charge. height. charge. height. charge. height. Discharge. Feet. Sec -feet Feet. Sec. feet. Feet. Sec. -feet. 1 Feet. Second- feet. 4.3 4.200 6.1 6,730 7.4 10.440 9.2 16,4S0 4.9 4,350 6.2 6,970 7.5 10,7(iO 9.4 17,160 5.0 4.510 6.3 7,220 7.0 11.060 9.6 17,S40 5.1 4,6SO 6.4 7,4SO 7.7 11,410 9.S IS.. 520 5.2 4.S0O 6.5 r,750 7.S 11.740 10.0 19,300 5.3 5, WO 6.6 S.OGO 7.9 12.070 10.5 30,900 5.4 5,230 6.7 S,320 S.O 12,400 11.0 32,600 5.5 5,433 6.S S.fr^O S.-2 23,0SO 11.5 24,300 5.6 5,630 6.9 ^,yio S.4 13,760 12.0 26,000 5.7 5,S40 7.0 9.230 S.6 14,440 12.5 27.700 5.S 6.a50 7.1 9,520 S.S 15,130 13.0 39,400 5.9 6.270 7.2 9.S20 9.0 15,S0O 14.0 32,S00 6.0 6,500 7.3 10.130 1 Rating table for Wisconsin near Xecedah. Wis., from January 1 to December 31, im. Gaee Dis- ' Gage Dis- 1 Gage Dis- Gage height. charge. ' height. charge, i height. charge. height. 1 Discharge. Feet. Ser.-feet i 1 b^CPt . 1 Sec. -feet. Feel. Sec .-feet. Feet. Second-feet. 4.0 l.SOO 5.4 4,SS0 6.7 S.500 9.0 15,400 4.1 2;000 5.5 5,130 6.S S.80O 9.2 16.000 4.2 2,300 5.6 5.3SO 6.9 .D.lOO 9.4 16,600 4.3 2,400 5.7 5.640 7.0 9,400 9.6 17.200 4.4 2,600 S.S 5,900 7.3 lO.OOO 9.S 17,300 4.5 2.S10 5.9 6.170 7.4 10,600 10.0 1S,400 4.6 3,020 6.0 6,440 7.6 11,200 10.5 19,900 4.7 3,240 6.1 6,730 7.3 11, SCO 11.0 21,400 4.S 3.460 6.2 7,010 S.O 12,400 11.5 23,610 4.9 3,690 6.Z 7,300 S.2 13,003 12.0 25.S60 5.0 3,930 6.4 7,600 S.4 13,600 12.5 28.230 5.1 4,150 6.5 7,900 S.G 14,200 13.0 30,7.50 5.3 4,390 6.6 3,200 8.8 14-. SCO 13.5 38,450 5.3 4,630 WISCONSIN niYEB SYSTEM. 125 Rating table for Wisconsin River near yevedah Wis., from January 1, 1905^ to Decemher 31, 190G. Gane Dis- Gaffe Dis- GHpe Dis- Gape height. cbarpe. height. charge. heipht. cliarpe. heipht. Discharpe. Feet . Sec- feet. 1 reft. tieo.-fcet. ■ Feet. Sec. 'feet. Feel. Second-feet 4.00 1,800 5.50 5,130 7.00 9,400 9-80 17,300 4.10 2,000 5.60 5,380 7.20 10,000 10.00 13,400 4.30 2,200 1 5.70 5.640 7.40 10,600 10.50 19,900 4.30 2,400 5. SO 5.900 7.60 11,200 11.00 21,400 4.40 2.600 1 5.90 6,170 7.90 11,800 11.50 23,610 4.50 2,810 6.00 G,440 s.oo 12,400 12.00 25,860 4.60 3,020 6.10 6,720 S.20 13,000 12.50 23,230 4.70 3,240 i 0.20 7,010 8.40 13,600 13.00 30,750 4.80 3,460 6.30 7,300 8.60 14,200 13.50 3S,454) 4.90 3,090 6.40 7,0UO 8. SO 14,S0O 14.00 46,200 5.00 3,920 , 6.50 7,900 9.00 15,400 15.00 61,800 5.10 4,150 ; 6.60 8,200 9.20 16,000 16.00 77,500 5.20 4,390 ! 6.70 8,500 9.40 16,600 17.00 93,300 5.30 4.6.30 o.se S.SOO 9.60 17.200 IS.OO 109.200 5.40 4.S.Sf) 1 6.90 IT.lrtT The ins.t table js nppiioable only for opeD-oliniiuel (onditions. It is based on 23 dis- ■charg-e measurements made during 1902-1905. It is well defined between g^age heig'hts 4.5 feet and 10.5 feet. The table has been extended beyond these limits. From gag^e height , 6.;j feet to 11 feet the rating curve i.s a taupent, the difference heinff 30J per tenth. Abo\'^ ' ]l feet the bank overllow.s, which causey the di^charg-e to increase at a grrenter rate per foot. Estimated monthly discharge of Wisconsin River near Xecedah. Wis., '1903 to 1906. [Drainape area, 5,800 f-quare miles ] Hainfall." Discharpe. Run -off. Date. 1 Maximum. | Mioiraum. i Mean. Per square mile. Depth. 1903. Januai'y Sec. -feet. Hec.-feet. Sen .-f' el. 22,600 =2,550 ll,S5t> 8,322 14,493 6,897 9,02;^ 6,048 15,832 10,586 5,007 ^^7,798 See. -feet. 0.45 .44 2.04 1.43 2.50 1.19 1.56 1.15 2.73 1.83 .86 ^1.34 I/iehes. ' 0.52 .46 2.35 1.60 2.83 1.33 1.80 1.33 3.05 2.11 .96 E.60 February ... . March^ 30,450 10,070 21,200 19,760 21.240 12.400 34,840 18,520 5,945 9,520 April 6,015 7.570 3,540 3.400 4,125 4,860 5,840 4,350 =5,630 MaT June Julv August September ■October November December 1-12*. 1904. January February March April 21,100 28,720 22,280 9.700 6,170 10,000 33,850 9,700 7,300 9.400 5,640 2, BIO 9,400 2,400 6,170 3,400 12,830 15,250 11,350 5,926 3,846 5,227 13,590 5,698 2.21 2.03 1.96 1.02 .663 .901 2.34 .982 2.47 3.03 2.19 1.18 .764 1.01 2.70 1.10 Mav June JnlT August September October November December Inches. 0.36 .91 2.33 4.0-> 6.23 1.26 G.ll 6.26 5.S0 2.11 1.09 .33 1.20 1.49 2.01 6.20 4.81 3.23 3.21 4.53 5.70 .25 1.S6 1 Rainfall for 1906 is the average of the recorded precipitation at the following stations- Antiffo, Koepenick, Stevens Point, Wausau. Amherst, Grand Rapids, and Medford That for 1904 includes the same stations, except Medford and adding Minocqua and Prentice. 2 Estimated. 3 March 1 to 9. Inclusive, estimated. * River frozen December 13 to 31. ' Twelve-day period. 12ij WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Estimated monthly disvliarge of Wisconsin River near Xeceflal). Wis., for 1903 t<.> I'J'iii Continued. Date. Discharjire. Mean, Runoff. Per square T^ .1 mile. Bepth. RainfaU. 10(15.- Mnn-h 2l-;l0 .. Ain-il M:\y .Tnno July Au^nisT Sri)ri'nilHn* . . . OcroluT Xovriulu'i" . . . Deoi^'UilMH' aec.'/cct. 17,800 93,;]00 It, TOO !i.70il ■J. 401) 5.1100 14,500 The yo;ir. April M:iy June July Anjaist SopriMiil'cr Oetnlicr Nnveniltpr Der-i'UilnT 1-1'Ji. li'u:. Jiinuni-y Foiini:iry :\[;iroli. cil ... April May June July Ancust SepteuilHT OctdbiT Novenilier — Decern I >cr, {h) .SeC.'j' et. r;.n:30 6,]70 (1,30 5 7.300 4,150 3,! 150 4,030 ;^:.M0 3.400 4,1.50 Sv.-jeci. 0,037 15,^00 n,0(i0 ;?3,320 S.711 (i,0!)0 7,410 5,74^ 4.0ii7 S.S>S iSec.'fccC. 1 . 50 2.72 1.01 4.02 1.50 1.05 1.2s .1101 .?05 1.53 35,400 1-1 I \,'.) 14,{>I10 13.(1110 12,1110 S.SOil 0,7110 15,100 ]3,!)00 12,100 7,010 6,170 2,S10 3,240 3,000 2,000 4,150 6,040 2e.r-io ] 0,50; I 10,^i>,"i 5,240 5,140 4,S40 (>,7f'!> S.loO 3.&} 1 51 1 vi 1 13 'X13 SSii S34 1 17 1 41 35.4 1(1 35.370 13,000 S , 500 10.000 4,150 17, SOU 7.:;oo 5,130 5.000 The year. 7.300 10,000 0,100 5,130 3,575 2,200 1,5W 3,i"HH1 2,400 1,S00 13,000 10,075 10,000 r.,440 0,200 3,240 4.270 4,300 3,025 3,025 2.24 2.77 l.SS 1.11 1.07 0.55 0.73 0.75 0.52 0.52 fncht's. l.SO 3.03 2.20 4.4S 1.73 1.21 1.42 1.14 0.00 1.7(> 4.35 2.00 2.0s 1.30 1.04 .09 .96 1.30 1.00 3.9S 2.10 1.24 1.23 0.63 O.Sl O.Sfi 0.5S 0.00 iDi-scUnrtre values Deeember IT to 19 cori'e'?ted for ice couditions. = No estimate for ice period. (nl 13-31 only. (b) 1-20 only. Xote. — A'alues lor 1000 good. I ni-hi'i l.Ji' i.:o 4.15 7.54 2.1.4 5.47 3.44 1.":; 1.72 1.13 32.29 1.53 4.17 5.63 2.37 ■i.25 2.95 2.3:^ 3.10 1.36 1.61 0.37 l.iil 2.26 1.65 3.?0 3.17 3.10 5.75 0.72 0.69 0.75 24. 9S WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 127 Discharge measurements of Wisconsin River at Merrill, Wis., 100 Jf, 1905, 1901) and 1907. in li)0'^, 1903, Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of sectiou. Mean velocity. Gage lieiRlit. Di:;- chai'ge. 1902. NnveiiibC'r IT L. Fet't. Htjuare ft ft. Feet per btcund. ' Feet. 7.6 3.8 4.05 3.70 8.90 6.S5 4:7^^ 5.70 5.00 6.&y 6.C8 7.85 8.25 5.30 5.01 8.25 4.97 7.S 6.25 8.17 6.43 5.93 3.26 S.47 5.63 5.33 4.62 5.00 Second feet. 9,015 1 394 DtMi*eiuber li) do . 19U3. .Tnnnni-y 20^ Ff-lirnai'v 1C>^ . .1.1 310 310 344 332 SOS 305 2&3 343 334 334 334 331 312 327 306 334 324 334 333 331 334 323 324 316 292 293 71S Q^ 2,(Ki9 2,232 1,209 1,424 1.115 1,759 1,594 2.2*0 2,2SU l,3(i6 1,210 2,333 1,237 2,139 1,079 2,3.94 1,596 1,090 2, .300 2,417 1.343 1,175 924 1,021 1.01 l.SO 3.75 3. .54 1.7S 2.10 2.36 3.19 2.61 3.71 4.19 1.9S 1.91 4.42 1-S.5 3. 34 2.69 4.0G 2.73 l.SO 4.34 4.93 2.26 2^07 LPS 1.S2 1,376 1 2.50 du Mnroh 20.. (U, 9,995 7,?J3 Miiv 17= do JllTlf 17-. . . . ilip 2,253 .Jxilv IS -In ...:..:::::::::::: 2,993 -Viifaist 2'i-. . . du 2,63S Sfprcmbfr 11 Ootober 24 I&04. Mny 12= June ,5. . E. L. E. ('. Mnrphy K. Stocliinan Johusou, Jr do do 5,614 4,159 8,242 9.5Sr 3,107 Jnlv 15- Sepremher 21 OcTObei- 14 Xovemher 30^ 1905. April 10 May 20 June 10 July 10 190C. Jfimiarv 24^.. "f. E. .... A G do ^12 ■\V. Haiina Johnsou, Jr K. Cliipp 10,323 2,204 8,306 do S. Brennan do 4,519 9,473 4.357 do ... 1,980 April 23= 1907. April 4 do 10,000 H. Hopton A. Gray .. do 11,215 June 13 3,084 J\\\v 1? 2.461 Anprust 14 flo 1,573 September 17 ..do 1,876 ^ Partly frozen. 2 Affected by log jam. 3 Partly frozen; discharge abotit * Logs running. 50 per cent of open channel. 128 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Vilsconsin River at Merrill. Wis.. Novemher 1''. /.'"'?. /" D<' I iiih<-r .11, I'.i'n. 1902. 1903 Day. Nov. Dec Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1 May. . Tune. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 6.50 5.90 6.90 7.S5 S.OO 7.50 S.S5 S.55 S.35 S.20 7.70 7.25 7.35 7.10 7.10 6.75 6.60 6.60 6.60 6.35 6.35 6.35 6.40 6.15 6.05 6.00 5.S5 5.75 5.85 5.95 5.60 Nov. Dec. 1 3.65 3.70 3.SJ 3. SO 3.75 3.70 3 75 3.50 3. SO 3.S> 3. SO 3.S-) 3.S5 3.90 3. SO 3.90 3.S5 ;;.55 3. S3 3.75 3.70 3.75 3. SO 3.90 3.75 3.55 3.70 3.65 3.S5 3.45 3.G.5 3.70 3.70 3.60 3.65 3.70 3.70 3. Ml 3.75 3. SO 3.70 3. SO 3.75 3.75 3.90 4.05 4.30 4.75 5.00 5.0.5 5.05 5.50 5.55 7.90 S.35 S.30 S.OO S.25 7.50 7.35 7.o;i 6.G5 6.05 6. SI 0.45 6.70 6.75 1 G.Gd 7.05 7.65 7.ti5 S.70 :?.S0 S.70 S.30 S.IO 7.70 7.60 7 . -'U 7.30 6.30 5.50 6.00 5.40 5.50 5.40 5.15 5.55 4.65 4.90 5.40 5.10 4.65 5.10 4.10 4.50 o.eo 4.50 4.30 4.30 4.30 j 5.50 4.1:0 ; 5.70 j.GO ! J. SO tj.rK-> 6.00 5. S3 5.00 5.30 5.30 5.30 5.75 5.30 5.10 5.20 5.10 5.30 J. 25 5.25 5.35 5.05 5.. 50 5.35 4.6.5 4.75 4.S5 4.75 4.55 4.60 4.70 4.90 5.35 5.25 4.S5 4.S5 5.05 5 10 ■> U.70 1 S (1.55 ' . , 30 5.10 5 25 •y O.UJ j 6. 75 1 6.70 6. SO 1 0.00 6.75 (i.70 6.7.5 ' 6.55 6.05 6.71) 6.75 6. SO 6.S5 6.7-^ 7.10 7.2^'^ 7.10 6. SO 6.75 6.S'1 7.05 6.10 6.35- 6.50 6.>5 6.00 5 10 5.25 7.45 7.35 7.25 6.10 6.10 0.50 6.60 6. SO 6.00 9.10 9.44) 5.15 5.20 1 3.70 3.65 3.05 3.70 3.70 3. SO 3.75 3.C.5 3.5t> 3.70 3.70 4.30 4. CD 3.S5 4. IX) 4.00 4.00 4.10 4.05 4.00 3.? 5 3.95 3.94) 3.S5 5.20 <> 5.15 4.0-^ 3.95 4.00 4.00 3.S) 3. 05 3.S^ 3.S"> 3.90 3.S5 4.05 3. SO 3. SO 3.75 4.05 3.95 3.1X1 3. SO 3.70 3.70 5.05 11 4.95 13 . . . ■ 4.70 4.90 13 14 ilO.OO lu.io 111. 50 'lO.SO Iio.io 4. SO 15 5.30 IG 17 13 3.60 3. SO 2.50 '2.05 1.<,M) 1.90 l.OJ .90 1.0.5 .^^ .35 .Oi .10 5.15' 5.20 5.55 5.60 6.00 6.45 G.40 5.S5 5.35 5.35 6.30 G.75 5.00 5.10 1Q 9.40 5.90 S.50 S.IO 7.90 7.70 7.10 7.30 7.20 7.05 5.40 6.05 5.10 30 5.20 5 20 32 4. SO 03 4.S0 ■'i 5.10 ■■>T 5.00 26 5.20 07 5.50 oc 5.60 ■■x> 5,-50 "'> 5.30 ^1 3.70 5.60 ' Day. Jan. ' Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Tune Juiy. Aug. Sept. , Oct. , Nov 1904. 1 5.90 6.00 6.05 6.10 G.IO 6.00 5.75 5.S0 5.50 5.S5 0.55 5.70 5.75 5,70 5.55 5.60 5.60 5. '5 5.G6 5.60 5.70 5.65 5.60 5.50 5.S5 5.S5 5.-55 5.55 5.55 5.5.7 5.50 .5.05 5.65 5.G\) 5.55 5.70 5.70 5.60 5.S0 5. SO 5.75 5.i:5 5.75 6.10 5.55 5.60 5.65 5.95 5.90 5.90 6.15 5.S5 5.95 5.90 5.90 .5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.95 5.90 5.95 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.S5 5.95 5.S5 5.90 5.90 5.90 5.90 5. SO 5. SO 5.90 5.S5 5.90 5.75 5.05 5.70 5.75 5. SO 5.35 5.75 6.00 5.S5 5.55 5.70 5. SO 5.70 5.80 5.90 •> 5.S5 3 5.90 4 5.S5 5 5.90 6 6.40 6.35 6.65 7.30 7.15 s 9 10 11 7.15 12 6.75 13 6. SO 6.03 6.35 5.S5 6.45 0.30 6.35 6.15 6.05 6.05 6.10 7.00 S.IO S.35 8.45 S.50 S.20 7.75 14 15 16 17 IS 19 30 21 22 23 24 25 26 2r 2S 29 30 31 I .00 7.10 6. SO 7.05 7.30 6.75 6.75 1 .00 7.25 7.30 7.70 S.05 ft. 30 7.30 7.05 S.40 ! 7.55 S.30 ■ 7.35 7.90 , 7.00 7.95 7.70 7.95 7.70 7.90 7.40 6.55 6.75 G.75 G.S5 7.05 7.05 7.05 8.10 10.10 10.60 9.S9 9.05 8. GO 7.95 i ' '( .o-:> 17.25 I 6.50 I 6.20 I G.IO I i).05 G.IO 0.50 6.30 G.05 G.IO G.05 7.25 5.60 G.OO 6.25 7.25 6.80 0.30 6.75 6. SO 6.60 6.20 6.35 6.20 6.20 6.35 6.70 6.r:5 7.30 6.55 5.45 6.00 5.75 5.60 5. SO 6.05 4.50 4.60 5.10 5.20 5.30 4.90 4.50 4.<50 5.40 5.10 5.50 5.70 5.50 5.15 5.05 5.30 4.90 5.10 5.95 5.00 7. SO 5.05 6.90 5.25 6.25 5.20 7 05 G.G5 7.00 5.10 6.75 5.30 5.90 5.30 G.13 6.30 6.60 7.15 6.15 5.50 5.95 5.30 5.95 5.70 5.90 6.G5 5.90 5.90 5.95 5.75 5.90 6.40 5.20 6.10 5.35 G.20 5.05 G.15 5.50 5.S5 6.S0 5.80 7.10 5.70 7.75 G.OO 7.15 5.50 7.20 5.90 6.4^ 6.35 0.10 5.05 6.15 6.70 6.25 6.60 6.70 6.25 5.S5 5.90 6.40 0.(0 5.90 5.70 5.60 5.55 6.70 5.15 7.75 4.70 10.10 4.55 10.40 4.40 10.15 4.75 9.05 5.90 S.30 6.00 7.55 4.60 7.15 4.50 0.90 4.55 6.90 4.55 6.95 4.75 6.25 5.05 6.. ^5 5.10 6.90 5.25 6.65 5.10 G.55 4.95 7.10 4.75 7.20 4.95 6.90 5.45 6.75 5.16 6.85 5.15 G.65 4.85 6.25 ^ Chain gage stolen. WlsCOySlX RIVER SYSTEM. 129 ^frau 'laihj riacie liciglit. in fot't. of Wiscoitsiii River at Meirlll Wis., Xocemher in, I'.iii:. lit JJctiiiilni .11, lii'io — Conunufil. Day. Jan. Fob, | Mar. i Apr. , May. Juue July. An^,'. Sept. Cct. Nov. Dec. li)OJ 1 5.20 3/23 5.00 5.15 5., 50 5.;j3 5.15 5.oJ D.o3 5.20 5.4(1 5.25 5.35 5 . 55 5.15 ?.^o S.=li 6 . 2< 1 5.17 5.;i) i;.-jo 6.1(; (1.25 O.40 (..47 .j.M) ■1 i 4.yj 5.70 3 5.20 5.110 4 '■■ 5.70 5,rn> 5.35 7.(iO I 5. 40 10 -1!; ; j.-2iy HI. do *; ' 5.45 9.00 9 j 5.15 5.10 5.20 ^ . (.>! 1 |j.;il !i.ul lu i 5.05 5.40 5.U") 7 .^i: I..4') ^.40 11 1 5.;^5 S.20 5.45 7.40 l'r.!'5 S.50 1:; 1 5 . 50 4.95 5.11- 7.20 7.20 i.4U 13 5.50 5.20 'i . 4 "i 7. 40 I'.lM 7.>0 U 5.U0 5.2-> 4.7o 7.0 . 7.40 7.. SI' 15 1 (i.W 5.1.J 4.70 (i.;.o 7.'') l.iy.y lU 1 5.05 5..:^o ■l.lr'j 7.20 7.i:'.) 5 . 10 17 0. 1 > 5.70 5.05 7.40 ;.^) 10.40 IS 5.U5 5.55 5.25 5.25 7.00 G.45 7.M 7.5;' 10 !■{) 19 1 5.1V1 )0.i:) ■2\> : 5.15 5.35 5 ,i "i ti.4-1 7.30 9.60 i?l ! 5.]5 4. JO 5."'1 tj.4'. 7,i;.i 9.2(» ■).» ' 5.(>(> 5.2 ' 4 . ! I'l 0.07 1 1 . 7 5 ^.1.0 ■23 j 5. SO 5.75 4.95 5.95 6. SO S.5;) 24 I (•.05 5. SO D..i3 5.01,) 0.40 s m 25 ! (l.l'j O.fiO 4755 5.75 (i.45 7. (HI 26 1 -^.So 5.15 5.75 6.20 0.30 o.oa 27 ' 5.53 5.65 G.05 5.90 6.35 7.(H> 2S I 5.25 5.35 7.40 0.^3 (>.35 7 . ■'■x^ 2<3 5.10 s.oo 5. £15 t>.25 6.75 30 >.(15 ,<.(10 5.41 0.25 7. (i'l 31 ......1 5.15 S.50 6.(30 7.40 : 7. 50 7.0(.) t.OO I ^.■2v I 7.70 7.H> ^.^^ 7.20 0-:'5 7.05 (i.50 6.:50 ' (i..55 ! 5.lf5 ' 5.(i5 ' 0.4". li.(H) 1..70 5.40 5.20 5.10 5.65 5. SO 5.60 5.05 5.45 6 :^3 00 2 > (j 4(1 il 05 J ,0 t.i (H^ L> 15 6 05 ,1 l_-U 40 6 20 5 9;> 6 .-0 50 4 JO .1 ,1,1 (f 3"; 6 40 6 25 5 73 (1.00 6.S0 G.IO ■ 6.20 0.15 1 0.7U 0.70 ■ 0.23 : 6.W} I 0.25 O.jO I lj.30 0,15 6.39 0.05 . (...40 I 6.05 I 0.40 i 6.R> j 6.45 6.90 ! 7.35 ! 0.70 ! 7.30 ; (.ro C.SO 6.50 I 0.25 I 6,55 I 6.15 I 5.95 ! 0.45 0.20 (!.00 6.20 0.00 (..05 0.(XJ' 5.30 4.30 4.90 6.15 O.iO 0.4'i 0.55 5.90 6.15 5.S7 6.21 6.65 6.S> 6.70 6.70 6.S0 0.15 0.30 6.70 6.55 6.90 6.50 5.70 5. SO 6.20 6.30 i 5.0J ; 5.25 I 5. HI j 5.35 I 5.10 ! 5.55 5.4o 5.90 5.15 3.S0 5.(K1 5.20 5.65 5.7(1 o.tt'J 5.70 5.2l> 4. SO 5.15 5.65 5.50 5.20 5.70 5,60 5. SO 5.4(k 5.25 5.55 5,55 3.3b 5 , 75 5.70 5.55 5.60 5.60 5.35 5.70 6.15 5.50 5.60- 5.65 5.45 5 . 55 5.90 6.25 5.90 5.60 5.S5 5,70 5.40 Note.— No ice rcoord at this stntioii. Daily gage height, in feet, of Wisconsin River, at McrriJJ. Wis., for lOoO. Day. Jau. Feb. Mar. I Apr. May. 'June JuJy. Aug. I £ept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 9.. 10.. 11.. 13., 13.. 14., 15., 16., 17.. IS., 19.. 20. 21. 2?. 23. 24. 25. 30.. 31.. isXHi. 5.6 5.3 5.75 5.(io 7.35 lj.55 0.65 5.75 o.\) 5.7 p. 7 7.o5 O.HI 0.45 (i.45 5.5 5.4.' 6.15 7. J 0.4 > 7.0 6.3 5.9 5.2 6.7 7.0 J . >- ) 7 2 6. So 5.6 5.75 7.65 7.75 7.33 O.So 5.95 5.65 (..0 7.45 7.73 >.15 6.55 o.> o.o 5.(io 7.6 1 .o J, 2.1 6.95 0. 1 O.J 5.9 7.5 O.S 7.:r3 7.5 o..-> 5.6 o.» S.O 6.45 S.l 0.7 0,00 5.9 0.4 9.75 6.75 7.75 5.75 6.05 o.> 4.95 9.S 6.95 1 .0 5.7 5.95 5.65 0.0 9.75 7.0 7.5 D.& 5.75 5.65 o.G lO.O (i.d 6.7 0.65 o.S 5.55 6.15 10.05 6.63 0.4 5,> 5.6.5 5.7 5.S 9.95 6.(>5 6.1 o.o 5.95 5.25 5.9 9.45 (i.7 6.1 4.55 6.35 5.05 6". 05 9.2 (l.!)5 5.7 5.6 6.15 5.1 5.75 9.25 6.4 5 . 55 5.25 5.65 5.2 5 . 6 9.5 tj.33 5.S5 5.23 5.65 5.3 5.0 9.55 6.S fi.4 5.15 5.9 5.75 5.9 9.4 7.2 6.6.5 5.05 0-(0 5.?5 ■ >. iO 9.15 6.95 5.? 4.15 6.0 5.S 5.S S.S5 e.i'i 5.75 3.5 5.6 5.65 5..V5 S.25 6.55 6.15 5.5 b.2 5.95 5.6 S.25 6.95 6.7 5.55 5.5 O.I 5.95 S.O 7.05 (i.-2 5.15 o.S> o,.-> 6.15 7. .55 6.4 6.1 4.35 5.6 5.95 5.7 7.3 6.S 6.03 4.95 6.7 5.35 6.95 6.53 5.9 5.13 O.O-T 5.S 7.4 7.2 6.43 3.« 5.S5 5.65 6.&5 5.0 4.45 4.6 ' O.JO 0.45 ■ 6.4 i 6.35 5.45 0.15 5.05 o.Q 5.05 5.6 5.1 3.3 5.15 5.0 5.6 5.0 o.o 4.S 5.9 4.7 4.S . 0.7 0.2 5.6 5.05 5.05 3.6 5.7 5.15 3.75 5.2 5.05 5.05 5.45 3.3 5.4 5.6 0.4 6. 55 5.75 ( .DO 0.0 •J. 15 4.45 6.S 5.55 S.45 5.1 7.75 5.35 7.35 5.0 7.1 5.15 5.95 4.7 5.45 3.5 6.05 4.5 5.7 4.S 6.0 5.0 5.95 4.75 5.0 5.05 5.75 4.55 5.45 4.45 5.S5 4.75 5.1>5 4.15 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.25 4.9 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.35 5.65 4.S5 5.3 5.15 5.45 5.3 5.15 5.95 5.45 5.1 5.55 5.9 0.75 5.6 5.7 5.G 5.25 O.S5 5.1 6.95 5.45 6.65 5.4 6.5 5.5 6.15 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.1 5.9 3.S 5.6 5,5 5.7 3.6 5.45 5.3 5.3 4.S 0.5 5.4 5.7 5.0 5.45 5.45 5.4 5.55 5.5 5.1 5.4 4.95 5.0 4.85 5.35 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.65 4.8 Note.— No ice reeoi-d by observer. Probably ice conaitious during January to March and December. 9 130 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Mean daily gage height, in feet of Wisconsin River at Merrill for W07. Day. Jan. Feb. 1G07 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 23 29 30 31 4.9 5.15 5.0 4.85 4.8 4.95 4.95 5.0 5.15 5.25 4.9 5.25 5.15 5.05 5.0 5.G 5.1 5.15 5.25 5.1 5.05 5.0 5.5 5.25 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.35 5.05 5.2 5.25 Mar. I Apr. ; May. 5.15 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.15 5.05 5.05 5.2 4.95 5.0 5.1 5.25 6.2 4.95 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.C5 5.35 5.35 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.35 5:05 June. July. 5.2 6.2 5.3 5.45 4.75 5.25 5.2 5.1 4.9 5.4 5.25 5.05 5.25 5.1 4.75 4.7 4.9 4.75 5.25 5.15 5.4 5.15 5.15 8.60 S.50 8.55 S.IO 7.90 7.20 7.10 5.95 G.20 0.45 G.20 G.90 7.10 G.90' 7.25 6.75 G.20 &.55 6.70 G.7o 6.95 5.80 G.S5 5.40 7.30 7.15 7.05 5.20 7.35 5.80 7. GO 5.90 7.25 5.75 s.ai) 5.70 G.90 O.DD 6.50 5.20 6. SO 5.50 G.yo 5.40 6.55 5.95 7. Go e.:20 8.05 5.30 8.30 5.85 S.a5 6.10 8.05 4.70 7.95 4.90 7.50 5.40 7.05 5.40 7.00 5.35 7.00 5.35 7.25 5.15 7.15 4.90 7.20 5.25 7.05 5.20 G.!>i 5.60 G.55 5.15 fi.GS 4.90 S.55 5.35 5.95 5.55 5.6 5.9 5,2 5.6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.35 5.S 5.3 5.4 5.45 5.^ 5.5 5.S 5.5 5.1 5.5 5.4 5.35 5.20 4.9-5 3.55 4.7 4.5 Aug. Sept.] Oct. 4.8 4.1 4.95 3.5 4.75 3.8 4.? 4.05 4.65 4.5 4.6 4.15 4.75 4.65 4.3 4.4 3.8 4.25 4.45 3.3 5.55 4.25 4.55 4.45 4.85 4.85 4.3 4.6 4.25 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.95 4.1 5.1 3.S 8.55 3.95 9.2 4.4 9.1 4. 65 8.9 5.0 7.6 5.05 7.35 5.3 6.95 5.15 6. 3 4.55 6.35 4-. 3 6.0 4.4 G.O 4.7 5.6 4.55 Nov. 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.75 5.45 5.15 4.55 5.15 5.5 5.45 5.2 5.3 5.35 4.3 4.75 5.3 5.1 4.95 5.15 4.95 5.25 5.1 5.05 4.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.S5 5.15 a. 55 3.85 4.75 3.05 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.55 4.7 4.35 4.9 4.45 5.05 4.55 4.35 4.9 4.35 4.85 4.65 4.9 4.7 4.35 4.3 3.85 5.0 4.05 4.G 5.15 4.45 5.0 4.5 5.1 Dec. 4.4 4.35 3.9 4.4 4.35 5.05 4.6 4.75 4.4 4.3 4.35 4.35 4.7 4.7 4.55 4.25 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.45 4.35 4.45 3.95 3.75 4.1 3.95 4.85 4.55 4.0 Note. Note. -Rensons nre not on record for the interrau^sion of readiuijs in March and April. -River open all winter, 1907-8. Rating table for Wisconsin River at highway bridge near Merrill^ Wis., from June 17, 1903, to December 31, 1904. Gage height. Discharge. (rage height. Discharge. Gaee height. 1 Feel. Discharge.' Gage height. Discharge. Second- Secnnd- Second- , Second- reel. feet. Feet. Jeet. ' jeet Feet. jeet. 4.5 1,485 5.5 3,225 6.5 5,485 8.0 9,565 4.6 1,645 5.6 3,425 6.6 5,725 8.2 10,225 4.7 1,805 5.7 3,635 6.7 5,975 8.4 10,885 4.8 1,970 5.8 3,855 6.8 6,22S 8.6 11,545 4,9 2,140 5.9 4,flf75 6.9 6,475 8.8 12.205 5.0 2,310 6.0 4,305 7.0 6,725 9.0 12.865 5.1 2,485 6.1 4,. 535 7.2 7,245 9.5 14,515 5.3 2,665 6.2 4,765 7.4 7,785 10.0 16,165 5.3 2,815 6.3 5,005 7.6 3.345 10.5 17,815 5.4 3,035 6.4 5,245 7.8 8,93o 11.0 19,465 WISCON&IN RIVER SYSTEM. 131 leafing table for Wisconsin I'/rer at Jfej-rill, Wis., /or ion:,- Gage height. Discharge. Gage height, Discharge. tiage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. SecoHib Seooiul- Second- Second. Feet. jevL ' Feet. jeel. Feet. feet. Feet. Jeel. 3.50 7^0 j 4. SO 1,950 6.10 4,210 7.90 S,4^o iiillos 'jeluw^ the Wisconsin river flows through a' relatively narrow and deep gorge in the Cambrian sandstone, kno^^'n as the "Dalles." In this distance the river varies in width from 500 to 40 feet in the narrowest part. At this latter point the water has a depth of 4:0 feet. Plate XX gives a view near the Narrows during high and low water. A timber dam with a crest of 3 feet Avas for many years used at Kilbourn for running a flour mill. The dam was blown out by lum- bermen 30 years ago and no use has been made of the power since. In 1905 the Southern Wisconsin Power Company was organized to utilize this valuable power. A former legislature had granted a char- ter for a dam with a 15 foot crest with the privilege of 2 feet of flash- boards, giving a total head of 17 feet. The above company have acquired this franchise and all needed riparian rights and plans have been prepared for a dam to be located a short distance below the present dam. The contract has been let for a turbine installation of 8,000 h. p. A cross-section of the dam is shown in Plate XXI.^ The river continues to flow in the Cambrian sandstone for the entire 68 miles between IN'ekoosa and Kilbourn, in which distance the river has a fall of 105 feet. This fall, however, is too evenly distributed to furnish good dam sites. Moreover the banks are low and sandy. The river has a sinuous course, the outer banks as a rule being steep and sandy while the inner ones are low and flat. There are two sites where a head of nearly ten feet could be developed, both of which would have large ponds and much overflowed land. Xecedah Dam Site in Section 36, Township 18 North, Kange 5 East. — This dam site is located just below the mouth of Big Roche a Cris river. At this point the river is only 500 feet wide. The left bank is formed by perpendicular rocks of Cambrian sand stone SO feet high. The right bank, however, is sandy and only 10 feet above low water, making necessary a dyke 1,000 feet long or moire. This site is 6 miles from Jfecedah, a point reached by both Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul and Chicago and K"orth-westem railroads. Dam Site in S, E. l/l Section 21, Township 20 North, Range 5 East, — K'ear the south line of the above quarter section, at what is still called ''Old Bamum," there was, many years ago a low dam devel- 1 Designed by D. W. Men<^. 136 WATER POWERS OF WlSCONSiy. Oping a head a few feet and prubaldy used for Imjoiu purposes. There is a small riffle here over a gravel bottom with l)anks of sand and clay. While not a good dam site, a head of nearly 10 feet could be secured by a dam 1,000 feet long'. In both of t:he above powers unusual at- tention will need to be directed to constructing the dam so as virtual];;7 to give a free river in time of floods. Nel'OOSCL — At Xekoosa, 20<) miles above the mouth of the river we find the river flowing for the first time in the pre-Cambrian crys- talline rock. As a result the river has an increased gradient while conditions for dam construction are much more favorable. In a dis- tance of 8% miles between the crest of the Grand Kapids dam and the tail race of the Xekoosa dam the river falls 82 feet, 68 feet of Mihich is already developed by four dams. At Xekoosa a rock crib dam 17 feet high and 700 feet long develops a head of 17 feet. The dam extends from an island near the west shore to the east or left bank of the river. A view of this dam is shown in Plate XXI. The power house and head gates are located across the narrow western channel. Turbines to the number of 37, rated at 4,560 actual h. p. (24: hour day), are installed. The ]^ower is used to operate a mod- ern paper and sulphite mill, one of the largest on the river. A view of this mill is shoAvn in Piatt XXII. The drainage area above Xe- koosa is about 5,700 square miles. The head at this dam could be increased about 2 feet by blasting out a deeper and larger tail race. Three railroads compete for the Xekoosa freight, the Chicago, Mil- waukee and St. Paul, Chicago and Xorth-westeru, and Wisconsin Central. Port Edwards. — The -John EdAvards ilanufacturing company, lo- cated at Port Edwards, ovms a fully developed power used to operate a paper and pulp mill. A rock crib dam, 10 feet high and 900 feet long, at the head of a long island produces a head of 18 feet. The Comp^iy have installed 28 turbines rated at 3,860 actual h. p. This power enjoys the same railroad facilities as at Xekoosa. South CeiHraJia. — This dam, a view of which is shown in Plate XXII. is located two miles above Port Edwards. Its (-otal length is 1,000 feet including 100 feet occupied by a simall island. The dam is of the rock crib type and 9 feet high. Turbines rated at 1,460 h. p. are installed under a 12' foot head and used in the manufacture of pulp and paper by the owners, the Centralia Pulp and Water Power Company. The mill is located on the right bank. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXII. Fig. 1. NEKOOSA PAPER CO.'S DAM, NEKOOSA, WIS. Wisconsin River. Head 17 feet. Fig. 2. SOUTH CENTRALIA PULP CO. DAM AT SOUTH CENTRALIA, WIS. Head, 9 feet. o u c o z z < o u H < o o WISCOXSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 237 The bed and banks are both in the crystalline rock. The latter rise to a height of 25 feet above the crest of the dam. From the tail-race of the Grand Kapids Paper !Mill, 2^/^ miles above, to the ci'est of South Centralia dam, there is a fall of about S feet, nearly five feet of which could probably be added to the crest af the Cen- tralia dam. This dam and mill are said to be the oldest extant development on the river. It enjoys the same railroad facilities as the two powers be- low. Grand Eainds.^One of the largest and most complete paper and pulp mills in tJhe entire State, o^^'ned by the Consolidated Paper and Power ComjDany, is located on the Avest side of the river, within the eity limits of Grand Rapids. This mill was erected in 1902 and its installation of paper-making machinery has all the recent important improvements. Before this mill was constructed there was a total descent of 30.8 feet between the foot of Biron dam, 4 miles above, and the Grand Rapids bridge. Of this amount the ucav masonry and concrete dam of the Consolidated Paper and Power Company develops a head of about 25 feet. Sixteen 40 inch turbines of 6,500 h. p. are already installed, flume space being also provided for the development of an additional 1,000 h. p. for future expansion. Prior rights of 500 h. p. developed by this dam are owned by the Grand Rapids Milling Company, which uses it in the manufacture of flour. The Pioneer Wood and Pulp Company has certain rights to about (100 to 800 h. p. "when the stage of the river will permit," which has meant about ten months each year. This power is used by the company for gTinding wood pulp. The Grand Rapids foundry also has rights to about 40 h. p. from the same dam. The milling com- pany and the foundry both receive their power from the Consolidated Company in consideration for power previously owned by them and displaced by the present dam. The above described paper mill has the advantage of competition in freight rates, incident to being served by each of the following rail- ways: — The Chica!i:o and !N"orth-western ; Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; Green Bay and Western, and Wisconsin Central. A view of the dam and paper mill is shown in Fig. 1 of Plate XXIV. ^ Biron Dam, — ^About 3 miles above Grand Rapids is located the Grand Rapids Pulp and Paper Company mill. A head of about 12 feet is developed at the plant 500 feet below the dam whie^h is 10 13S WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. feet high and 2,200 feet long. This clanij a vieAv of which is shown in Plate XXIV, is mostly of rock crib construction but is partly of concrete. It is built in three sections, there being two islands inter- vening. The waste gates are placed on the west (right) side. The power plant and mill are located at the lower end of a small island and span the narrow channel between the island and the east (left) bank. The company have IS turbines installed and rated at about 3,000 actual h. p. The Company is served l)y the Green Bay and West- ern Railroad. In the 13 miles between the crest of the Biron dam and the foot of the next one above, near Stevens Point,* Wisconsin River descends 16 feet. The only rapids in this distance is one of 3% feet called ''Crooked Rift," about 4 miles above the Biron dam. The greater part of this fall properly belongs to the Biron power and is largely developed by the splash boards of that dam. Stevens Point Power, — Owing to the peculiar topography of the river valley between ^^Tekoosa and Stevens Point, whereby the adja- cent tributaries flow for long distances parallel to the main river, and to the decided narrowing of the river valley between these points, the discharge of Wisconsin River at Stevens Point does not differ greatly from that at Kekoosa. The drainage area at Stevens Point is about 5,600 square miles. From the crest of the upper dam in the city of Stevens Point to the foot of the dam, near the mouth of the Big Plover River 3% miles below, the river has a fall of 42 feet formerly kno-UTi as Conant's Rapids, 32^2 of which has been developed at three dams as described below. The Plover Paper Company Dam. — The lowest of the three dams is located on the east (left) bank of the river 1,000 feet below the mouth of Big Plover River at a point where the river is nearly 1,500 feet wide. Advantage, however, is taken of a large high island at this point which reduces the length of the dam to less than 1,000 feet. This dam was built in 1892-3. It devlo])s a head of fe?t. The com- pany have installed 8, 72-inch wheels, rated at 1,370 h. p., lised in the manufacture of the better grades of paper. The officers of this company are George Whiting, President; 0. A. Babcock, Secretary, and C. E. Edwards, Treasurer. The Green Bay and Western Railway has a spur to this mill. The Wisconsin Biver Paper and Pulp Company. — This company own and operate the next dam above and located only a half mile above the Plover dam. The dam is built obliquely to the stream with WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXIV. Fig. \. THE CONSOLIDATED PAPER AND POWER CO.'S DAM AND MILL, GRAND RAPIDS, WISCONSIN. Head. 25 feet. Fig. 2. GRAND RAPIDS PULP AND PAPER CO.'S PLANT AT BIRON, WIS. Head, 12 feet. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXV. Fig. 1. UPPER PAPER MILL DAM, CONANTS RAPID.S, NEAR STE\'EXS POINT. Head, 17 feet. Fig. 2. BROKAW PAPER CO.'S DAM AT BROKAW, WIS. WISCONSIN RIVER. Head, 15 feet. WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 139 a decided angle near its center pointing up stream. The average head developed is 17 feet, and the turbines installed number 16, rated at 4,660 h. p. The crest of this dam could be raised to 20 feet. The officers of this company are the same as of the Plover dam. A spur "from the Wisconsin Central Railway extends to this plant. A view of this dam is shown in Fig. 1 of Plate XXV. Jackson Milling Company Dam. — This dam is an old rock crib dam 7 feet high and 800 feet long built in 1845 and located in the city of Stevens Point about 1,500 feet below the wagon bridge. The owners have installed only 3 turbines rated at 140 h. p. used to oper- ate a flour and feed mill. Surveys have been made and plans drawn for a new dam replacing the old one, to be located 1,000 feet below the present structure. Such a dam would develop a head of about 12 feet and it is estimated would develop 1,800 h. p. The above' company own the undevel- oped fall included in this project. On account of its location in a growing city of 10,000 people it would seem that this power would easily find takers at remunerative rates. 'Ihxi officers of the company are J. P. Witter, President; Guy Nash, Secretary. The Green Bay and Western Railway has a side track to this mill. Battle Island Dam Site. — In the 21 miles between the Jackson Milling Company's dam and the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad bridge near Knowlton the river has a fall of only one foot to the mile. In this stretch there is only one opportunity for the de- velopment of water power, viz.^ either about 1,000 feet above or 1,000 feet below Battle Island in Sections 28 and 33, Township 26 North, Range 7 East, respectively. A 700 foot dam would here develop a head of about 14 feet before backing water on the next rapids above. Rock and timber are very abundant and near at hand, in fact the bed and banks of the river are in roek, while the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad is only a mile distant from the dam site. A char- ter for a dam at this point has been secured by Gunther and Wintin. Mosinee Dam. — One of the best and most easily developed powers on the river, formerly known as Little Bull Palls, is located at Mosi- nee in tte hard crystalline rocks. The power which is owned by Joseph Dessert is partly developed but only 30 h. p. is at present used for electric lighting. In 1860 the first dam was built at the head of the islands which crowd the 140 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIK. channel at this point. Later, the dam ^vas reconstructed so as to de- velop a head of 12 feet at the saw mill. The saw mill is equipped with two wheels rated at 0S5 h. p. but only steam power is used. If the present dam which is only (5 feet high, were raised two feet, a head of 20 feet could be developed near the present saw mill, though some blasting would probably be required at the tail-race. The Chi- cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailway depot is on the immediate east bank. This power has been recently sold to Wausan capitalists. A view is shoMm in Fi£>'ure 9. Fi?r. 8.— Map of water power at ilosinee, Wis. Bothcliilds Dam Site. — Between the town line between Townships ^8 and 20 in the city of "Wausau and the crest of the ]\Iosinee dam, a distance of 15 miles, Wisconsin Eiver descends 23 feet. In this dis- tance there are two sites where a dam could be constructed at a rea- sonable expense which would develop a head of about 18 feet. In the S. E. 1/4 of Section 34, Tow»ehip 28 North, Eange 7 East, the gravel banks though not steep, are high enough with a dam about 1,000 feet long. About 2% miles above this point in Section 24, Township 28, Eange 7 East, at a place called Eothchilds, a head of about 18 feet could be developed. The right bank is high and steep but a long dam would be required to meet the high ground on the left side. Eib and Eau Claire rivers, ^vi1^h drainage areas of 500 and 423 square miles, respectively, enter Wisconsin Eiver from opposite sides but a short distance above Eothchilds. This place is 7 miles from WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 141 Wausau, a growing city of about 15,000 inhabitants, and on the Chicago, MihvaiikcG and St. Paul Kailroad. Timber is ^^^^^i^ii'^^l ^^i*^ ^^^ hard crystalline rocks outcrop at the Kothchilds site. Waitsaa Dam. — A rock crib dam G feet high and 200 feet long occui^ies the west channel of the river at the head of Big Bull Falls. In the middle of the river is a high granitr island nearly 2,000 feet long; Directly oj^jjosite the dam and occupying t'he eas-t channel under the Scott Street High bridge is the guard lock which regu- lates the flow to the three installations near the lower end of the island. At the head of this island and on the we&t side of it, is situated the H. E. McEachron Grain and ^[illing Company's plant AMhich ^mder a head of S feet develops from 100 to 125 horsepower. They have 3 wheels installed 60, 40, and 38 inches in diameter, respectively. A thousand feet below the guard lock, the Wausau Electric Company recently (1905) built a concrete dam about 150 feet long and varying from 10 to 25 feet high. By blasting a tail race out of the solid rock they have secured a head of 22 feet. Two pairs of turbines are installed rated at 732 horsepower per pair; and according to their estimate they will develop 1,200 actual horse- power. This company acquired rights to two-ninths of the total flow of the river. The officers are R. E- Parcher, President; H. C. Stewart, Yice President ; F. P. Stone, Treasurer, and W. F. Collins, Secretary. Across the channel from the plant of the Electric " Company is a good power plant owned by D. L. Plummer, who has rights to four ninths of the total flow of the river. He has a rock crib dam devel- oping a head of about 14 feet. The head could be increased to equal that of the Electric Company by blasting out of the-rock a new tail- race about 400 feet long. Five hundred feet below the two foregoing developments and occu- pying another channel to the eastward, is the saw mill of the Alex- ander Stewart Lumber Company, where about 500 horsepower is developed under an average head of 16 feet. By blasting out a new tail race for 1,500 feet below the mill, the present head could be in- creased to, 23 feet. Surveys for such an improvement have been made, the intention being to nse power to operate a large paper mill to be erected on this site. This company owns three-ninths of the total flow of the river. 142 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. The crest of the main darn at Wausau could be raised 3 feet without endangering valuable property. Wausau has the advantage of competitive freight rates, being served by the Marshfield Branch of the Chicago and Xorth- Western Railroad and the Wisconsin Val- ley Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. Brohaw Dam^ — In the 20 miles (by river) between the foot of the lower dam at Merrill and the head of the Wausau dam, Wiscon- sin River descends about 55 feet, 35 of this being between Wausau and ti:e mouth of Pine River. The only poi*tion of this fall at pres- ent developed is at BrokaAv. The tail Avater of the Brokaw dam is 5.6 feet above the crest of the Wausau dam, the distance (by river) being 5.3 miles. The Brokaw dam, a view of which is shown in Plate XXV, is 350 feet long and 15 feet high, the length being greatly reduced by the island which occupies fully % the width of the stream. The dam develops about 4,000 actual horsepower under an average head of 15 feet. The i^ower is used to operate a large paper and pulp mill owned by the Wausau Paper Mills Company who have installed the following 13 turbines: Number. Size. Horse power. Each. Total H. P. 8 60 in. 54 in. 37 in. 375 300 600 3,000 3 900 9 1.*'00 5,100 Walter Alexander is president of the company, Alexander Stewart, Vice President. W. L. Edmonds, Secretary and Manager, and E. A. Edmonds, Treasurer. Brokaw is reaehed by the Wisconsin Valley Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. By in- creasing the length and height of this dam at Brokaw a head of 20. feet or more could be maintained, but not without considerable flood- Trapy Rapids. — In the 14.5 miles from the foot of the lower dam at Merrill to the Brokaw dam, the river has a descent of 32 feet. From 15 to 20 feet of this could be developed by a dam 1,000 feet long in S. E. %, Sec. 2, T. 30 K, R. 8 E. ; or a dam 1,200 feet long in S. E. %, Sec. 14, T. 30 K, R. 8 E., at Trapp Rapids just above the mouth of Trapp River would develop a head of from 20 to 25 feet. The rights of this latter site are owned by G. D. Jones, P5 2 o -£ . L. I'li.imiier. fc^nrvey*.!'. Eau Claire River. The Eau Claire Eiver enters "Wisconsin Eiver from the eastern side, at a point only three miles below "Wausau. While its drainage area, 423 square miles is much smaller than most of the tributaries its fall is concentrated so largely in its lower portion a^ to make it an important water power stream. For this reason, it was carefully sun-eyed during the winter 1S95-G for a distance of 24 miles above its mou^h. The valley has a sandy soil with some graved for the lower 20 miles, and at one time ?up]U")rted valuable forests of pine. Even at tlie present time, the lumbering industry is a controlling factor on the river, all the existing dams being used, at present, for logging purposes only. At Scolield and Kelly, where saw-mills are located, water power was formerly u^cd luit has now been entirely replaced by steam. There are a number of lakes at the headwaters of this river which could be use d as resen'es to increase the low water flow of the river. "No flow measurements of this river have been made, but, by compar- ison with similar adjacent regions, an ordinary low water flow of .50 second foot per square mile of drainage area could be expected. Fall in the River,"^ — An accurate profile of the river is given in the following table: * Taken from the recent cooperative survey in cbarge of L. S. Smith, WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 151 Profile of the Eati Claire River. \V/ia. River trihutary.l No. StatioQ. Distance. 10. u. 12. 13. li. I Alontli of river Scofield » below dam above dam Kellj', below dam above dam Callon, below dam above dam Backwater of dam E. line sec. IS, T. 3S, X. E., 8E Bridge, bet. T. 2S and T. 29.. Bridge, center S. 27, T. 29, E.. 9 El Barnards Eapids, foot Barnards Eapids, bead The Dalles, foot of W. line Sec. 7, T. 29, X, E., lOE The Dalles, bead of SW. 14 Sec. S, T. 29, K., 10 foot dam SW. V4. Sec. S, T. 29, E., 10 bead of dam Jc. E. & AV. Forks,* From moutb. miea. 0.5 0.5 6.7 G.7 9.S 9.3 11.3 U.O 16.3 1S.3 19.3 20.6 21,2 2^.2 22.7 23.6 23.6 36,0 Miles. 0.5 0.0 6.2 0.0 3.1 0.0 1.5 2.7 3.0 1.5 0.8 .6 1.0 .0 12.4 tetween points. DesceDt between Eleva- points. tioD above 1 sea. Ppr Total. nfife' Feet. Fat. Feet 1143 1153 10 2t> 1161 1173 8 17 2.7 1190 12 1203.6 13.6 4.4 ms U.4 1216 1.0 O.fl 1227.5 11.5 4.3 1237.3 9.3 4.3 1247. » 10.0 5.0 1260.0 12.7 S.5 1280 20 25.0 12S5 5 S.3 1320 35 35 1345 25 50 1355.6 10.6 11.3 1362.3 1442.5 6 7 80.2 6.5 * Authority is the C. & NW. Ey. Cbf. Engr. The average slope of the river in the first '2-k miles is 0.3 feet per mile. The total fall in this distance is 220 feet, of "u-^hieh 37 feet is at present developed at three dams, at Scofield, Kelly and Callon. Forty feet could be added to this by improvement of the dam, while at least an additional 100 feet could be develoiDed by constructing three or more dams as described in the folloAving. Scdfield Dam. — The first dam site is located one-half mile above the mouth of the river at the town of Scofield, a place of 600 pop- iiLttion. A timber dam, 350 feet long, at this place maintains a head of eight feet. Both beds and banks ai-e in thle pre-Cambrian rock. By blasting out the rock below for a distance of 1,500 feet, this head could be increased to 14. The crest of dam could also be raised about two feet without flooding. A 16 foot dam at this point would be able to develop, at ordinary low water, 300 h. p., and for nine months in the year, at least 600 h. p. The power could be sold in Wausau, a city of 13,000 people only three miles distant. The charter rights of this dam are owned by the Brooks and Eoss Lum- 152 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN, ber (^'onipnuy. Sooiield is on the "Wisconsin Valley r)ivi>iou of the t'hieago, ^Milwaukee lic St. Paul EailT\'ayj and is also served by a spnv of the Chicago & Xorth "Western Railway from Kelly. BetAveen the crest of the Scofield dain and the foot of the next dam above, the river has a fall of 17 feet, 10 feet of -vvhicli conld be cheaply developed near the line between Sections eight and nine, Townsihip twenty-eight Xorth, Range eight East. Snch a dam wonld develop 150 theoretical h. p. Kelly Dam. — The next dam is located about six miles by river, or thi'ee miles by railroad, from Scofield. About 500 feet above the high- way bridge at Kelly, an old timber dam, 275 feet long, is located between rock banks, maintaining a head of 12 feet. By blasting a distance of about 300 feet, an increase in head of tliree feet could be secured. As the banks are high, the crest of the dam could be raised at least five feet more, giving a total head of 20 feet, which, at ordinary low water, would develop 400 theoretical h. p. The saw- mill which is located immediately west of the highway bridge is served by spurs from both the Chicago & Xorth Western and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads. John Manser, of Wausau, o^^tis both dam and mill. Callon Dam. — The next dam is located three miles above Kelly at Callon. This is a timber dam, in poor repair, about 200 feet long and maintaining a head of 12 feet. The bed and banks are in pre- Cambrian rock. By raising the crest of this dam ten feet and build- ing a canal about 1,000 feet long, the head could be increased to 27 feet; equivalent, at ordinary low water, to about 500 theoretical h. p. This water power is near the Chicago & ITorth Western Rail- way. Both the present dam site and the proposed canal site are owned by John Manser, of Wausau. The next dam site is found at a point two miles above Callon, where a dam 10 feet high and a canal 2,500 feet long on the right bank would develop a head of 14 feet. A head of ten feet could' be cheaply developed just above the highway bridge on the town line, between towns twenty-eight and twenty-nine. Southwest Quarter Section Twenty-Seven, Township Twenty-Nine NoM, Range Nine East. Dam Site, — ^A dam 300 feet long could de- velop a head of 20 feet. The river narrows at this point to 2'00 feet and flows between Ihigh rocky banks. Such a dam would back the water to Barnard's Rapids, two miles up stream. Fig. 1. U. S. LEATHER COMrAXV'S DAM, TOMAHAWK RIVER. Fig. 2. THE DEI.LS OF THE EAU CLAIRE RIVER. 05 feet full in 1.5 miles. WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM, I53 Jj'fni'tnl luti^l^Js. — Thc-ri' iiii>iil- an- l-M-nrcil in tho iiortbL-n-it quarter of section twenty-three^ towuship tAveiity-nine noitli, range nine east. The daju site wonld be located near the east line of the above section. A dam 400 feet long and IS feet high "wonld de- velop a head of nearly 35 feet, 1,800 feet below such dam site. The canal would be constructed on tJhe right bank. The rapids are 2,000 feet long in the pre-Cambrian rock, in which distance the river falls 15 feet. The drainage area above this point is 310 square miles, so that a 35 foot head would develop, at ordinary low water, 'about 300 theoretical horsepower. The Chicago & Xorth-Westem Railway is distant six miles from this site. The Dells of the Eau Claire. — By far the greatest rapids on the river occurs at the dells, which are found in the northeast quarter of section twenty-three, the southeast of the southeast quarter of Section twelve, Townshii3 twenty-nine north, Range nine east, and in the south west quarter of Section seven, Township twenty-nine, Range 10 east. In a distance of one and one half miles, the river descends 65 feet in a series of leaps and rapids between steep walls of pre-Cambrian rock. Most of this descent could be made available by two dams, one 22 feet high and 500 feet long in the northeast quarter of Section thirteen, TowTiship twenty-nine north, Rang 3 nine east, at the foot of an island, producing a head of 30 feet, 1,000 feet below the dam site, and the other just above the highway bridge in the southwest quarter of Section seven, Township twenty-nine north, Range ten east. A good view of this dam site is shown in Plate XXXI. The latter dam would be 15 feet high and 400 feet long, with a canal on the right bank about 600 feet long. This would develop a head of 30 feet, equiva- lent to 500 theoretical horsepower at ordinary low water. This last' power is owned by G. D. Jones, of Wausau, and L. L. Parks, of Watertown. In the 13.3 miles between the junction of the east and west forks of the Eau Claire and the Ihead of the Dalles, the river has a total fall of 97.5 feet, or an average of 7.3 feet per mile. The banks are high at frequent intervals, so that the greater part of the head could be developed when the surrounding country is sufficiently settled to make a market for the power. 154 WATER POWERS OF WISCOSSIX. ElB RiVEE. Geology and Drainage. — Tlii? drainage area of Rib Eiver is 49S sqxiare miles. The river rises in tvrelve small lakes, the largest of -which, Eib Lake, has an elevation of 1,556 feet. The river reaches the "Wisconsin beloAv AYaiisan at an elevation of 1,145.8 feet, after a conrse of aboiit 50 miles, giving it an average fall of abont S.2 feet per mile. Below Rib Falls the river occupies a filled or alluviol valley, -while above that point the river channel as a rnle is in the crvstalline rock, Avith banks of clay or alluvial deposit. The river is subject to great freshets which have made it very difficult and expensive to maintain dams except on the rock. Floods of 11 feet above low -Avatcr are reported at the railroad crossing be- Icv Marat^hon. Fall in the Elver. — The following table gives, with considerable de- tail, the fall of the river. From this it will be seen that in the Liwer or alluvial region the average slope of the river is about 3.3 foet per mile, while in the 11 miles above Rib Falls, the river has a natural fall of 15 feet per mile. Profile of Rib River. No. Station. ilouth of River X. E. 14. Sec. 2, T. 25, R. o E., C. & N. W. Ry S. E. Corner, Sec. 0, X. 2S, N R. 6 E Fib Palls, below dam Rib Falls, aboie dam S. line, Sec. SO, T. 30 X, R. E S. line. Sec. 13, T. 30 X', R. 4 E S. line. Sec. 3, T. 30 X, R. i E S. line, Sec. 3, T, 31 X, R. 3 E Rib Lake Distance. From niuuili. itHes. 0.0 S 12.5 IS IS 24 ■26 39 37 4S Between points. Mile-. 4.5 5.5 6 2 3 S 11 Elevation above sua. Feet . 1145.5 1170.0 13S7 1214 V22S 1250 1300 1330 1420 1556 Descent between points. Total. Feeh Ptr mile, Feet. 'U.i 3 17 27 14 23 3.8 5 3.7 50 25 30 26.7 40 136 5 12.4 *Antliority; No. 1, State Co-opevative Survey: 2-9, United States Geological Survey Topographic Map: 10, \A'isconsin Central Railway. WI8COXS2X RIVER 8YSTEM. 155 Watee Powees. Section Four, Toioiship Twenfy-ei(jht Xovtii, Range Six East. — The United States Geological Survey map sho^vs that in this section the river valley is very narrow so that it seems very pr(»])able that a head of 20 feet conld be developed by a comparatively short dam. This site is about two miles east of Marathon. Bib Falls. — Although the river falls five feet per mile between Rib Falls and the above dam site, the river in this stretch has too low banks for a dam. At Eib Falls, however, the valley is narrow, and here is located the dam of the Baesemann Manufacturing Com- pany, with a head of 14 feet. One GO inch and one 2S inch tur- bines, rated at 135 horsepower, are used in the summer months only to run a saw, shingle and planing mill. Besides these turbines, two 2S indh and one 22 inch turbines, rated at SO horsepower, are used to run a flour and feed mill, working 12 hours per day during the summer and 24 hours per day during the "winter time. This is the only dam now maintained on the river. The drain- age area above Rib Falls is about 2*90 square miles. Black Creek joins the main river just above this dam site. Northwest Quarter of Section Eight, Township Twenty-nine North, Range Five East. — At this point the valley narrows again giving op- portunity of developing a head of about 15 feet at reasonable expense. Northwest Quarter of Section Thirty-one, Township Thirty North, Range Five East. — About 2,000 feet below the north line of this sec- tion, the banks are very steep and high enough to develop a head of about 30 to 40 feet. Section Thirteen, Township Thirty North, Range Four East. — A similar dam site to that just described above is found near the south line of Section thirteen, and at least 20 foot head could be easily de- veloped. Indeed, there are numerous dam sites in the river above this point, but the river is, of course, small. The principal tributaries of the Rib River are the Little Rib, with a drainage area of 75 square miles and which joins the river about three miles from the Wisconsin River, Black Creek, with a drainage area of about 85 square miles, and Scott Ci'eek, with an area of 50 square miles. Though all have a steep gradient, the amount of water in each is small, especially in the late summer and the mid winter. 15G WATEB POWERS OF wiscoysiy. Big Eal' Pleixe Kiveu. tieologi/ and Drainage^ — This river, the Indian name of which means "full river,'' has a total drainage area of 377 square miles. The geology and drainage features are very similar to those of its larger neighbor, Kib River, except that a larger proportion of its channel is in an alluvial valley of even a flatter gradient than that of Eib Eiver. Fall in the River. — Like Rib River, the important rapids are too far from the month of the river to be of muoh value as power pro- ducers. In the first 2-J: miles above its mouth its average fall is only 2.2 feet per mile. At March and Cherokee Rapids, however, the gradient is S and 16 feet per mile, respectively. The following table gives all the available information regarding the fall. Profile of Eau Pleine River. No. Station. Distances. Elevation above the sea. Descent Between Points. Distance fx-ora mouth. Between puinta. Total. Per mile. 1 Mouth of river 00.0 24.5 30.0 34.0 37.7 Mile&: Feet. 1,100 1,155 1,200 1,220 1,2S0 Feet. Feet. •?. Stratford 2i.5 5.5 4.0 3.7 55 46 20 60 2.2 8 March Rapids 8.0 i 5 Cherokee Rapids, foot of Cherotee Rapids, head N. line Sec. 14, T. 2S N., R. 3 5.0 16.2 Authority: 1, Co- nerative Survev: 2, Chicago & Northwestern Railway; 3 to 5, United States Geological Survey Topographic Map. WATER POWKR SITES. Center of Section 21, Township 27 Xorth, Range Jf East. — Two miles east of the Stratford, the bed of the river is in pre-Cambrian rock and the river flows between high and narrow banlvs. A dam here would easily develop a head of between 15 and 20 feet. The drain- age area above this point is 250 sqnare miles. 2. Center of Section 13, Township 21 North, Range 3 East — Con- ditions are here favorable for a dam with a head of at least 10 feet^ 3. March Rapids, — The river is here flowing in the hard crystal- line rocks. ]Srear the center of Section 3^ Towmship 27, north, Range- WISCOySiX RIVER SYSTEM. ][57 3 east, the oonditions, ns ?liown by the T'liited State? Geological Sur- vey Topographic ^lap, are very favorable for a dam 15 to -0 feet high. 4. Chevol'ee Sapids, — These rapids extend in the hard rock for a distance of abont thr^N? miles in which distance there is a fall of GO feet. It Avonld take carefnl survey to determine the best place for a dam but an inspection of the topographic map would indicate that two dams would develop the greater part of this fall. The drainage area above this point, however, is only ISO square miles. Plover Eivee. Gcolufjij and Drainage. — Plover Elver is the last tributary of Wis- consin River, of even secondary importance, to join the parent stream from the left bank. For the last mile of its coTirse, that is, from the dam at !^IcDill to the mouth of the river, the river channel is in the pre-Cambrian rocks, and also six miles above at Jordan (Hull post- office), the pre-Cambrian rocks again outcrop, but between these two points, and except for a few short intervals above Jordan, the river occupies a drift filled or alluvial filled valley. The soil is chiefly a sandy loam. The drainage area of the river, about 195 square miles, has a length of over 40 miles and an average Avidth of less than 5 miles. The fact tihat a large share of its fall is concentrated in its lower reaches gives the river its only merit as a water power stream. Fall in the Biver. — Between the Chicago and Xorth-Western bridge and Hatley, and the mouth of the river (a distance of about ?*^ miles) the river has a fall of 212 feet or an average of nearly 6 feet per mile. Originally there was a fall of about Gl feet in the last iS miles of its length but the building of the Plover Paper Company dam on the Wisconsin River, just beloAV the mouth of Plover River reduced the fall, by about 9 feet. The following profile gives detail information of the fall of the river. loS WATER po^yERs OF wiscoysiy. Profile of Plover Hivn-A Na. StatiLU. Distaoce. Elevation above aea. Dcsrent between points. From mouth. Between points. Total. J--'-rt. Per mile. 1 Mouih of river 1 1 7-Vef . 1,044 1,047.2 1,055.0 1,063.0 1,054.6 1,106.6 1,166.0 l.lSS 1,200 1,256 >. Cent. Bridge, S. 34, T. 24, X. i E 2.5 S.O 1.5 5.5 5 Jortian'"^ diiiu foot of 4.0 ,i Jordan's daiu, crest of 7 t>. K. cor. Sec. 5, T. 26, N. R. y • E 22.5 24.7 2S.2 35.7 14.5 2.2 3.5 7.5 3. 3 Bt'vent, Sec. 34, T. 20, N. E. r, E 3.7 9 X. E. S. W. Sec. 23, T. 30, X. K. -J E 5 10 Harley, C & X. W. Ey. Bridge 7.4 'Autbority; 1 to 6, Levels run in lyOiJ by (ieo. (iro^is undei" tlie direction of L. S. Smith. 7 to Uiuclusive U. S. (i. S 10, C. l\i N. \V . Ry ^VATEE POAVEE. McDill Dam. — Thc^ ^Vi^e(-!ll^iu Graphite Company of Pittsburg, Pa., maintains a timber dam abont one mile from the month. The (lam is capable of developing a head of 16 feet but the average head is only 10 feet. Tlie mill pond is abont 1.5 miles long. The com- pany have iiistalle(.l 2. -lO-inch "Trmnp'" tnrbines rated at 290 horse- power. The grindinu' mill runs from 12 to 21 honrs per day and uses no steam power. F. E. Sellers of Stevens Point is the west- <^rn manager of this company. Jordan Dam. — Formerly the o^niers of this dam maintained 8 old tnrbines under a 14 foot head rated at 455 horsepower and used the power for a grist mill. In 1904 the mill was sold to William and Sinclair Mainland of Oshkosh who caused the upper dam to be raised ft^:'t and a canal SOO feet long dug which then developed a head of 2C feet. One pair of 35-inch Left'el Sampson horizontal tur- Ifines are installed and develop 5S0 horsepower. This power is con- ducted electrically to Stevens Point and there used for lighting and power. The dam is 50 feet long and is built on the pre-Cambrian rock. wiscroysix river system. 159 Sct\ion 1, Township ^^ yorilt, Range S East. — One mile above riunlaiL tile pre-L'auibi'ian ruck uiUcrup^ ai;aiu iu tlic X. E. ^^4 *^^' S* E. I4J Section 1, giving rise to rapids. During the summer of lUOG a masonry dam was constructed at this point "with a head of twelve feet. The developed power is 100 horsepower. The power is OAvned by Arthur Van Orden, Stevens Point, "Wisconsin, E. D. Xo. 2. Section 7, Township :2o Xovth, Range 9 East. — A torminal moraine in t)he S. E. ^/l of section 7 gives rise to rapids which have been de- veloped by a dam owned by S. Y. ]>entley, Stevens Point, with a head of about 12 feet. The power is used to run a saw mill. rndcvclopecl Power. — Of the 212 feet fall iu the river, between its mouth and Hatley, only about one-quarter is as yet developed. Be- tween the foot of Jordan dam and the backwater of the McDill dam is a fall of 29 feet. It seems likely that a careful survey of this part of the river would discover a dam site which would allow of a dam with a head of 10 to 15 feet. When a demand for power justifies the expense, dams with moder- ate heads will probably be built at Bevent as well as •two or three miles above and below it. Yellow Kivee. (Wisconsin River Tributary.) Drainage and Geology. — In point of size of drainage area, 916 square miles, Yellow Eiver is the most important tributary of the "Wisconsin River, but unfortunately, its fall is not commensurate with its size. Only in the ..upper, third of its course, where it runs in the crystalline rocks, are its falls and rapids considerable. In the 14 miles below DextervillCj its fall averages 2.5 feet per mile. In its middle portion, the river and tribtttaries traverse a marshy soil while its lower third occupies a sandy valley with low banks. The following table gives some details of its fall: 100 WATER POWERS OF Wl^COyi^IX. Profile of Yelloir River. No. Station. Distance. Eleva- tion above sea. Pali £.n ween Stations. From moutli. Between point:!. Total. Feet. Per mile. 1 Month of rivor 0.0 13 -U 71 ^ files. t\el. SJS S95 957 1,146 Feet. 4 .Npc-0(i:ili, Poc. T. 11 One mile Mvst of linbcock West of Dextorfield 13 7 27 37 02 IG 173 2.S 2.C 2 3 5 West of MMi-shtiHd. S.T. !•. T. :.'5, ^^, K. 2 E 6.4 'Authority, 2-5. Kailruad elevations, W.VXEii POWEKS OX THE YELLOW lilVEli. Tiie water powers of this river have not received the attention which their importance deserves. An average fall of 2.5 feet per mile in the lower third of itt^ length should insure a considerable number of horsepower, although on account of the low sandy bauk.^, the height of the dams must be limited to about 10 feet. Germantciun Dam, — At the mouth of the Yellow Kiver, Ijhe banks are high enough to develop a head uf nearly 20 feet, although in time of high Avater this head would be greatly reduced. High water in the Wisconsin River is about 10 feet above the ordinary stage. A dam has been maintained near the moufjh at a little villa^'e called GermantoAvn. The ordinarv low water floAv of the river mav be fio- €.' I, O ured at about 400 second feet, so that a 10 foot head would equal 440 theoretical horsepower. jS ecedah. — The only dam used for power on this I'iver is located at Xecedah. The owner, F. M. Eeed, has installed turbines rated at 210 horsepoAver, imder a 10 foot head, all used to run a flour mill. The head of this dam could be increased to 12 feet, equal to about 450 horsepower. Bahcock Poiver. — Chapter 142, Laws of 1891, granted a charter to Henry C. Paine for a dam located at Babcock in Township twenty- one north, Eange three east. It seems probable that a good power could be develo])ed at this point at a reasonable expense, but as yet no construction has been attempted. Pittsville Power,— A charter was granted in 1879 to Carl B. and A. E. Long for a dam to be located in Section thirty-four. Township WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 161 twenty-three north, Kniiire three east, bnt no con-^trnetion ha? as yet been attempted. Tlie \^ed of the river is here in the hard crystalline rock, causing important rapids. Eapidsin Section Twenty-two, Township Twenty-three north ^ Range Three East, — About two miles north of Pittsville, the crystalline rock again crops out in both bed and banks of the river. It is estimated that there is a total fall of at least 30 feet in the two miles of rapids.^ Big Bull Falls. — This includes rapids of over 30 feet fall located in Section twenty-eight, twenty and twenty-one, Township twenty north, Eange three east. In fact the entire upper reach of the river is characterized by numerous rapids, but the drainage area is here small. Lemonweie Eiver. Geology and Drainage. — The drainage basin of this river includes 590 square miles, none of which is within the pre-Cambrian region As a result the river has a lower gradient than that of its neighbor, the Yellow River, and more like that of the Wisconsin Kiver oppo- site. The extreme upper branches of the river traverse a swampy region while the remainder of the river is in the Potsdam region, both con- ditions being favorable to a uniform flow. Fall of the River. — The fall of the river is devoid of any concen- trations. Between the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul crossing, north of Valley Junction, and its mouth, the average fall is only 1.75 feet per mile. The following table gives all known data re- gardina: the fall in the river. Profile of the Lemonweir J?' 'ver.'^ No. Station. Distances . Elevation above the sea. Fall Between Sections. From mouth. Between points. Total. Per Mile. 1 Month of river ■Miles. 0. 11. 11. 15.5 15.5 25. 42.5 42.5 47.0 Miles. 0. 11. 0. 4.5 0. 9.5 Feet. 831 852 858 859 866 866 Feet. Feet. T ■ J ( Below 18. 1 6 2 Lemonwierdam]^«^^; ■-;;;;; 3 Maustoudam...jBelow.... .. 1.0 0.2 i Near New Lisbon 11. 1.0 5 Necedah Junction, below dam.... Necedah Junction, above dam ... One mile aorth of Valley Junction 6 17.5 4.5 """ 915 7 ^ Authority State Geologist. S. Weidman. ■ Authority 1-3. L. S. Smith, 4-7, C. M. & St. P, R. R. 11' 1Q2 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. "WATEE PO^VEES. Lemonweir. — The first dam is located at LemonAveir about 11 miles above the mouth of the river, A feed mill OAVued by R. Davis, is located at this point "with a turbine under an average head o£ 6 feet. JIausion Dam. — The second dam is located at Mauston 15 miles from the mouth of the river. The drainage area of the river above this point is 560 square miles. The river banks are only sufficiently high to develop a head of 8^^4 feet. The dam was recently recon- structed having been washed out by a severe freshet. The Mauston Electric Service Company recently purchased this power and have in- stalled 3 new 49-inch turbines rated at 210 horsepower. This power is used to run a flour and gi'ist mill during the day and an electric light plant at night. The company have installed also 150 horsepower of auxiliary steam power. New Lisbon Darn. — Two turbines are here installed under a head of 10 feet and rated at 100 horsepower. The owners report the. wheels old and that they intend to replace them by new wheels soon. At times of high water the head is reduced to 4 feet. The drain- age area above Xew Lisbon is about 500 square miles. Baeaboo Riveb. Geology and Drainage. — Few, if any, of the tributaries of the Wis- consin Eiver are more fully developed than the Baraboo, and only three tributaries have a larger drainage area (655 square miles'). The river has a total fall of 154.5 feet in a distance of 75 miles, and, as the riv6¥ flows through a ridi agricultural region, its many powers are generally utilized. The river occupies an old river valley which is deeply filled with alluvium. At Ablemans, this filling is reported at 70 feet, while at other places the filling is several times this. At Eeedsburg and above in the valley of the upper Baraboo, Ihe immediate valley is narrow and sandstone is frequently exposed in both bed and bank of the river. This sandstone, while usually soft and friable, sometimes occurs in firm quarry layers. The ground on both sides of the valley rises to 200 or 300 feet. WISCONSIN RIYEB SYSTEM, 263 A li'lnoiiil inovnine i:^ ovo?>;o', r.. 5 E AVest line Sec. 2S, T. i-> X, R. 5 E At Reedsburg, below dam At Reedsburg:, above dam E. of La Valle, Sec. 3::, T. 13 N. R. 3 E E. of La Valle. Sec. 2o, T. 13 X, r: 3 h La Valle dam, tailraoe La Valle dam, crest vr. of La Valle, Sec. 20, T. 13 N, R. 3 W W. of La Vnlle, Sec. 17, T. 13 N, R. 3 W W. of La Valle, Sec. C. T. 13 N, 3 W Wonewoc dam, tailrace Wonewoc dam. crest of East of Klroy, Sec. 4, T. 14 N R. 2 E From mouth. ^files. 0.0 21.0 Betw^'en points. 23.0 26.2 33.7 3G.4 3S.4 42.1 47.7 59. J GO. 5 fvl.O &4.5 Mil 8 0.0 24.0 1.0 .5 7.0 2.7 2 3.7 5.G 7.2 4.S 2.'» Elevation above sea. 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 10.5 Descent between points. Total. Fe€t. 7S3 793.7 SOI. 7 803.7 S16.3 si7.r> 523. S S26.3 .S42.9 S4').0 S45.9 84G.4 S52.4L. W. S71.2 n. w Feet. Per mile . S75.0 S90.0 SOl.O S94.0 001.0 90S.0 937.5 13.7 5.0 2.0 12.6 1.3 6.2 2.5 IG.G 2.1 .9 CO 11.6 3.3 3 14 29.5 Feet. 0.6 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 ].6 2.0 O.S 1.2 KO 1.2 9.9 2.8 •Authority 3-10. Levels bv Wm. Kachftl under direction of L. S. Smith. 11-2.5. Chief Engineer C. M, & St. P. Ry.,ruQ in November, 1898. WISCOySiN RIVER SYSTEM. 1(35 niR' liciir tlu' ciiy limits of Uarabofj iit tiiu head of a Joiig bend ol ilie river. The water is conducted in by a canal 2,000 feet long to the power plant oAmed, like the dam, by the city of Baraboo. The power estimated at 130 horsepower is developed by one 45 and one 4S-inch turbine under a 12. G foot head. The ^ilanchester Koller ilill, owned by James Hull, has first right, by contract with the city, to the low water flow, and uses SO horse- power for which they pay a rent of $600 per year to the city. The city has also installed steam power to the amount of 100 horse- power. Iloi/t Mill Com pan u Dam. — This dam is located near the center of the city of Baraboo, about 1:,000 feet above the dam just described. This is a rock filled dam, seven feet high and 200 feet long, built in very recent yeai's. Formerly this dam developed a head of 10 feet and Avas used to run a flour mill on the left bank and a max^hine shop on the right bank, but both have been burned down. The power, "which is estimated at 120 horsepower, is now for sale. Idand ^\oolen Company Dam. — This is the fourth and last of the dams in or near the city of Baraboo. It is o^ATied by E. P. and W. H. McFetrid£>e, who have installed one 1:5 and one IG-inch tur- bine mider an average head of ITV2 feet rated at 215 horsepower. The smaller turbine is used for electric lighting the mill while the larg-er Avheel is used in the manufacture of Cassimeres. This com- pany have als(^ purchased a dam Avith a head of about six feet, located a short distance above this dam. Xo use of it is made, however. Eeedshurfj Dam. — In the 21 miles of river between Reedsburg and Baraboo, the river has a total fall of only 30 feet. In the entire distance, the river has a very sinuous course, and, w^ith the exception of a short distance at Ablemans, the banks are low and devoid of rock. At Eeedsburg, however, the sandstone outcrops in both bed a-'.d bank of river, causing rapids. At this point a timber dam has been constructed with a head which varies between 10 and 4 feet, with an average of seven feet, and furnishes power to both a woolen and flour mill. The drainage area above Eeedsburg is 380 square miles. The woolen mill, called the '"^Reedsburg Mill," is owned by the Applet on Woolen !ilill Company and manufactiires fancy woolen goods. The company have installed one 60-inch and one 56-inch 16G WATER POWERS OF WISCO^SIK. tiii'l>inc r;il('d al iilmiu 70 lutivcp.iwi-i-. Tlit-'V ljii\L* iii:jlalk iior^epower. The company are eiuitled. bv deed, to enough water to run a "four set wooleu mill." The Eeedsburo' o-yist mill has two turbines of about the same size as the Avoolen mill, but an older type. They are entitled to the re- mainder of the power. This mill is OAvned by T. lleaton. win. has also installed auxiliary steam power. La Yalle Don, — Tliis dam develops a head of eight feei and is used to run the La Valle Eoller Mill. The owner, H. E. Padd-tek, reports that plenty of power is available for eleven months in the year. The drainage area above La Valle is 230 square miles. Vo7ieivoc Dam. — This is a timber dam and develops an average head of seven feet. One 4S-inch and one 36-inch turbine are in- stalled and furnish i)ower for a tlour and feed mill owned by "W. H. Funk. The head varies between six and nine feet. Xo steam power is used. Drainage area above AVonewoc is ISO square miles. Eiroy Dam. — This is the last dam on lihe Baraboo. Two 35-inch and two 30-ineh turbines are installed under an average head of eight feet and used to run a fiour and feed mill owned by R. ^[. De- Long and Company. The mill also has a 25 horsepower steam en- i^ine for use in time of low water. Name of tributary. Water poivers on Trihutaries of Baraboo River. Little Bamboo . .. Location of dam. Leanabro Creek Lorrendal Creek Cazenovia i IrontoQ ' S-c. 5, T. i:.R.3E Hillsbnrn | TTaion C^iiT^M- . ] I tJHc. 36. T. 12. R.! 7 E ! At mouth of rivpr; Sec. 26, T. 11, N.I R. 7, E I Head Rated of dam. H. P. 16 (K) 11 ^2 <).-) 8 1 !.'> -0 1 10-15 lis 32 Purpose. Owner Fionraadfeed .. Wm.Wall. (Ti-i-it mill F. Byrue, Not devoloned .. , Flour and feed... HilUboro MilliQ« Undeveloppd ... Flour and lumber Undeveloped Flour Co, H. L. Konkle Jr. C. Falkenstenn. KiCKAPoo River. Geology and Drainage, — This river enjoys the distinction of hav- ing the largest drainage area (SCO square miles) of all the "Wiscon- sin Eiver tributaries. It is also the last large tributary to join the parent stream, the jDoint of junction being only 18 miles from the mouth of the Wisconsin. The entire basin is situated in the driftless area of Wisconsin. The rivers have deeply eroded their valleys. WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM. 167 The bides of the valleys are steep, the side hills frequently showing the sandstone structure \vith the usual limestone capping. The river is subject to high floods. Fall in the Fiver. — The great age of this river has resulted in ■wearing its channel down to a very low gradient. The average gradient in the 70 miles between La Farge and the mouth of the river is 2 feet to the mile, while, in the lower half of this distance, its gradient is only 1.5 feet per mile, the same as that of the lower reaches of the Wisconsin River. The following profile is compiled from the railroad elevations and gives a good idea of the water power possibilities. Profile of Kickapoo River. Moutli of river Sec. 7, T. 7 N., R. 4 W... Bridge at Steuben Bridge at Bamum South of Gay's MUls S. line Sec. 25, T. U N, R 4 W N. E. S. W. Sec. 19, T. 11, R. 3 W Readstown S. E. Yi Sec. 33, T. 12 N R. 3 W N. line Sec. 25, T. 1? N R. 3 W Viola La Favge Distance. From mouth . Between points. 0.0 6.0 6 19.0 13 23.S 4.8 34. S 11 4C.G 11. S 50.1 3.5 52.2 3.1 55.7 2.5 60.0 5.3 62.5 2.5 70.0 7.5 Elevation above the sea. Descent Between Sta.tions . Total. Per mile. 633.0 640 65S.6 672 710 716 720 723,0 735 745 7 13.6 13.4 16 22. 6 4 7 10 33 1.1 1.4 2.S 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 3.2 1.3 4.0 4.3 Authority : Ciaicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. "WATER POWER. Gays Mills. — The first dam on the river is located at Gajs Mills 35 miles (by river) from its mouth. The fall in this distance is 55 feet. This dam owned by Atwood and Haggerty is built on the solid rock. The owners have installed two 40-inch turbines under a head of 6l^ feet and rated at 80 horsepower. They claim that they use only one-third of the water in the river. This use includes the grinding of flour and feed, and furnishing power to an electric light plant. The drainage area above this point is 500 square miles. 16S WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIN. Snh]/,T.< (iva-c Datti. — Aik-v Pt'Lcrsuiij tlie uwner of this dam, has iustalled t-Avo turbines under a head of 7 feet and rated at 120 horsepower. This power is used to manufacture hardwood lumber, and to run a municipal electric light and w^ater-works plant. The owner has also installed 55 horsepower steam power. They report having had trouble to maintain their dam, owing to the absence of rock for a foundation. Eeadstoivn Dam, — A dam is here maintained by Henika and Fol- well with a head of 4 feet. The owners report that they have in- stalled one 46-inch turbine rated at 30 horsepower. The power is used to run a feed mill and a saw mill. Viola Dam. — A dam oAvned by E. E. Cushman develops a head of 6 feet. Five 4S-incli turbines rated at 100 horsepower are used to run a saw and flour mill. La Farge Dam. — The La Farge Milling Company maintains an 8 foot dam built on natural rock foundation. Three turbines 56, 40, and 35 inches in diameter rated at 160 horsepower are used in the day time to run a flour mill, and during the night to rim the local electric light plant. The owners report that they can count on only 125 horsepower. Bockton Dam. — This dam is owned by Bennett and Widmer. They have installed -3 turbines under a head of 7 feet and rated at 100 horsepower, all used in the manufacture of flour. Mr. V. S. Bennett reports that he owns two imdeveloped powers. One is located in Section 2G. To^-nship 14 north, Range 2 west, on the Kickapoo, which would develop a head of 10 feet wilih a 9 foot dam, and one power site, located in Section 35, Township 14, Range 2 west, on Warner Creek, where a 20 foot head could be developed by a 16 foot dam. Small poicers on Kickapoo River Trihutaries. River, Location. Owner. Head Turbine, H. P. Use. West Fork Kickapoo. Bloomiij^rdale Avalanch Ontario One mi. N. of Ontario .... Towerville . . Towerville .. Dam washed out . Formerly was West Fork Kickapoo. Avalanch Wouien Mill .. E. W. Sanded Hir^ra Zimmeriuan . .. 8" 15 60 50 12 17 used as saw and gristmills Woolen mills. Saw and grist mills. Kickapoo Bridge factory. Tainters Creek G. W. Davis 10 13 Mauuf. varn. Taintars Creek C. H. Stemkard Flour mill. WISCONSIN SURVEY. /f/ PT-. xxxn / !f \ ^^;, MEDF0RP / _-*^ MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA OF BLACK EIVER (0 IS 20 2& MILES WISCONSIN A J f/ \ r,\ r /L K^ (BLACK RlVERVm / v / / / /" •^ / / BLACK BIVEB. i^cy BLACK KIVER. In order to point out the power possibilities along Black Kiver a survey was made during 1906 from Black Kiver Falls to Wisconsin Central Eaihvay crossing near Withee. From the data collected on this sui'vey sheets have been prepared showing a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, contour along the bank, and prominent natural or artificial features. The results of this survey have been published on separate sheets and may be had upon application to the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. Geology. — All that portion of the river from Black Biver Falls northward, is in the hard pre-Cambrian rock. For a large share of this stretch the river has worn deeply into the rock and banks that rise abruptly -1:0 to 60 feet, often with nearly vertical walls. In places, how^ever, the rock is covered by the glacial deposits. In the 55 miles between Black Kiver Falls and its mouth, the river flows in the Potsdam sandstone region, but even here the aver- age slope is 2.2 feet per mile. The valleys, however, are wide and the banks usually low, making the development of water power ex- pensive, and more difficult of maintenance. Rainfall, — A study of rainfall records given in the following fig- ure will show that average annual rainfall on the drainage area of this river betw^een the years of 1893 and 1905 was 31.84 inches. This was distributed among the three important periods as follows: Storage period 12.15 inches, growing period 9.57 inches and re- plenishing period 8.41 inches.^ 1 Tlie storage period inchules tlie 6 months from December to Mav inclnsiTe, the growing periorl, June, July oncl AuJ?nst, and the replenishing period, September, October and November. 170 WATKn POWJ'JRts OF \VlS(U>X!,'e, Wisconsin Cenlni! Kwy., Dnlntb lir Mild iirr.s lOD-.J llo.;i ]i;5.:. iij.u 110-0 125.1 131.7 1.5 1.0 .1 ti.rt 5.5 Kleratiou itbovH foa. Heyrent lietweou Poiuts. i-'ert . Tninl / 2.0 25 .■^.0 1!J 10 2.7 20 3.0 11 1.7 Anthority: No. 1 (lipw-water elevation), Mississippi Iliver Connnission; 2 to 22, Joint Sni-vey uf Wis. Oeul. and Nat. Jlist. Survey and United Stales (ieoJ<>yieal Snrvey. Tlio United !Stat('s Gooloi^ical Survey luaiiitaiutid a gaging station on Elack liivcr at ]\Jclrosc for iiiiio months in 190)1, but as the sta- tion proved nnsatisl'aetory it was abandoned Angust 1, 1003. Such niea.surenients and obseryations as were taken are given below: Discharffc ^neasurements of Black River near Melrose, Wis., in VJ03. Date. HyilroKrapber. Gace hei^'bt. January 15 L. R. Stockman Febrnary 7 April 4 1 May 1 " •• - June 13 1 • ■ ■ . ' Frozen. J'Wt. 4.:w 4.30 5.yo 11.00 3. 'to Di!^charRe. \ coufl-(eet . '5ii8 '508 2.1182 10.931 842 BLACK ItlTER. 173 Mean daily gage height in feet, of Black Fiver near Melrose. Wis.. December VJii}, to AiK/iist 7. lii'/.i 1902 Day. Dec. 1903. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June July. Aug. 8.. 9.. 10.. II., 12.. 13.. 14., 15.. 3.75 3.95 4.00 3.S0 4.35 4.35 4.. 30 4.35 4.20 4.30 4.10 4.15 16 4.10 4.00 4.00 4.05 4.?T 4.00 4.95 5. SO G.05 5.S5 5.S0 o.es 5.50 5.35 5.20 17 IS 19 30 31,. 22 23 24 25 26 27......... 3S 29 30 31 5.05 4.10 5.00 4.10 4.90 4.10 4.75 4.10 4.130 4.10 4.60 4.30 4.51) 4.20 4.50 4.20 (M 4.20 4.40 4.20 4.40 4.30 4.40 4.25 4.40 4.30 4.40 4.20 - (M 4.30 4.30 4.10 4.30 4.15 4.3t) 4.00 4.30 3.95 4.20 3.90 4.30 3.90 4.30 4.00 4.2a 4.00 4.20 4.00 4.30 4.05 4.30 4.10 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.35 4.30 4.30 4.10 4.30 5.10 11.00 7.60 4.35 4.S5 10.00 4.40 5.30 10.25 4 45 5.65 5.90 10.50 9.65 4.60 6.00 4.75 0.50 9.05 4.70 (M 6.65 S.15 4.40 l}.25 6.50 7.00 4.30 S.30 0.30 6.95 4.35 9.30 5.50 6.55 4.00 9.70 5.60 6.10 4.(K) 10.75 I}.(j5 10.60 3.95 12.05 5.45 3.95 12.55 5.60 12.00 3. SO 11.55 5.95 10.90 3. SO 9.S5 5.S5 9.15 3. SO 9.40 (i.05 7. SO 3.70 10.33 5.60 6.55 3. TO 11.95 5.00 6.50 3.70 13.40 5.15 6.40 3.70 13. EO 4.50 6.30 3.70 11.40 4.6.5 5.90 3.70 9.65 4.30 6.50 3.70 S.05 4.30 5.70 3.60 7.65 4.35 5.S0 3.60 6.65 4.65 5.95 3.50 O.OS" 4.S5 S.40 3.50 6.55 5.00 11. S5 3.50 5.70 5.55 12.60 3.50 6.55 6. SO 10.95 3.50 .5.-30 'JkSO 3.00 6.70 11.20 10.90 13.00 12.30 10.30 7.00 G.90 7.40 S.70 7.30 6.70 6.20 5. SO 5.30 4.50 4.20 4.10 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.75 3.90 4.20 4.00 3. SO 1 Observer absent. A gaging station was established by the United States Geological Survey at Xeillsville April 7, 1905, and the following data have been collected : Discharge measurements of Black River at ^^eillsiulle. Wis., in Uto.'). 190G and 1901. Date. Hydrographer. 190.). I. April 7 : IHaDQA and Clapp . M^y24 S. K. Clapp June 13 M. S. Brennau July 11 Ho Aufrust 11 do September 25.. F, W. Hanna 1906. January 25 — M, S. Breunan , April 24 do June 3 do 1907. April 3 June U July 13 Au^st 15 . September 18.. A. H. HortoQ , G. A. Gray .... .... do ... do .... do Width. Feet. 192 165 192 161 151 163 147 165 160 184 147 142 116 121 Area of section. Squa^-e feet. l.O.'l 471 945 392 242 419 198 484 436 772 255 226 108 140 velocity. Feet ppr ieeond. 3.5 2.18 3.15 1.56 .93 1.86 0.77 1.70 1,72 3.03 1.31 1.13 .61 .76 Ga^e height. Feet. 4.95 7.26 4.25 3.3 4.35 Discharge. Second .feet. 3.279 1.024 2.978 612 225 780 4.30 olo2 4.75 819 4.46 752 6.52 2,343 3.39 334 3.52 255 2.7 66 3.0 106 "HOT^.— WidtJi is the actual width of water surface, not includiuff piers. Area of section is the total area of the measured section, including both moving and atill waters. a Entirely frozen over; gage height given to water surface ; ice 1.3 feet thick. The discharge was 22 per cent of the open-channel rating for gage height 4.30 feet. 174 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. Mean daily gage height in feet, of Black River at y* ^nis-rilh' . "ir/.s-.. for WOn Bay. Apr. May Jnne. July, j Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec, 1 3 4 ■> 3 4 3 4 1 ■1 5 3 5 :: :::: 5.2 6 S 3 4-. 9 7.7 5 S fi 4.6 1> R.o, 4.6 10 31 12 13 14 15 6.0 .. 5.7 ..■ 5.5 ..; 5.1 4.S 4.6 5.9 6.6 6.7 6.2 10.7 10 1 10 17 IS 10 20 31 22. . 4.3 -.1 3.S> ..\ 3.S ..1 4.2 ..! 3.9 3.2 3 1 9.2 S.7 8.2 6.6 6.0 5.3 5 1 23 24 25 20 37 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.4 3 4 4.9 4.7 4.3 2S 29 30 31 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.2 7.7 14.3 19.3 16.5 11.5 S.S 7.6 S.6 S.O 7.1 8.3 5.5 5.3 11.2 10.7 8.6 7.0 6.0 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 4.4 2.7 4.4 3.6 4.9 2.6 6.0 2.6 8.4 2.9 S.O 2.7 6.S 4.2 5.9 4.0 5.3 4.0 4.7 3.5 4.3 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.3 4.8 3.2 4.5 3.0 4.0 2.9 3.8 3..0 4.2 3.0 4.3 3.0 '4.0 3.2 3.S 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.4 2.S 3.5 7.7 3.S 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.S 2.7 2.S 2.7 2.7 4.3 6.0 6.0 6.1 S.6 S.S 7.5 6.3 5.S 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.6 S.S 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 4.1 3.5 2.7 4.1 3.4 2.4 3.9 3.3 3.1 S.S 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.4 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.4 4.0 3.4 3.5 4.9 3.4 3.4 5.4 3.4 3.3 O.D 3.4 3.0 5.6 3.4 3.0 6.6 3.3 3.2 6.9 3.3 3.1 6.5 3.2 3.1 5.9 3.2 3.3 5.5 3.5 3.5 5.0 4.2 3.5 4.6 4.6 3.5 4.4 4.5 3.4 4.1 4.3 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.5 Note.— Xo ice record at this station. Daily gage height, in feet, of Black River at Neillsville, Wis., for 1906. Day. Jan. Feb Mar. 9. 10. 11., 13. 13. 14. 15. 16., 17., IS., 19., 20. 21., 22., 23., 24. 25., 26., TT.. 28. 29.. 30.. 31., 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.S 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.S 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.S 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.S 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 *.3 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.0 6.6 7.2 ill. 5 8.5 Apr. May. June 9.4 11.8 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.0 10.6 11.4 10.7 10.0 S.9 8.7 5.5 8.8 S.5 7.6 6.7 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.S 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.1 3.9 6.9 7.3 6.6 5.9 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 6.0 5.9 9.3 8.3 7.2 6.5 5.8 5.1 4.S 4.3 4.0 4.2 6.3 6.9 6.6 5.9 5.4 4.6 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.2 3.9 July. I Auff. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.S 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.7 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 4.0 3.7 3.3 3.2 2.7 ■j.o 4.5 2.9 3.S 4.5 2.7 2.6 4.7 2.7 2.8 4.5 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.4 2.5 2.4 2.9 2.5 3.4 S.O 3.5 3.4 3.0 2.7 3.5 3.0 2.4 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.4 3.9 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.3 3.3 2.5 2.4 3.3 2.5 2.4 3.4 2.7 2.3 3.3 2.7 2.3 3.31 3.0 2.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.4 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.7 4.1 3.2 4.3 4.4 3.1 5.2 4.3 3.0 5.2 4.1 3.0 4.9 3.9 2.9 4.7 3.7 2.8 4.5 1 3.4 4.S 4.)S 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 4.1 5.1 4.8 4.6 3.8 3.6 3.8 5.5 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.5 5.3 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5 1 Tee jam. Note.— Ice conditions January 1 to March 30 and December 20 to 21. BLACK RIVER. 175 Mfdu 'Uitly ijayc hfif/ht. itt ftct of Bhuk liittr at nfur yeiilafillc. Wi^rinhsin. for 1007. Day. Mar. Apr. 1 7. TO 6.iX) 2 3 e.cio 6.00 6.70 4 5 Cy G.40 6.50 5.r^ 5.70 5.S0 S 10 .... n 12 13 5. GO 5.(i0 5.40 5.00 4. SO 14 15 4.70 4.60 4.40 4.40 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.90 17 19 22 23 f>.20 24 10.10 11.30 4.00 4.10 26 12.40 4.30 27 12.40 4.20 11 .00 4.20 29 11. SO 4.60 10. 7X) 9.10 4.70 31 May. June. July. Aup. Sept. . Oct. 4.60 3.70 3.3 2.5 2.0 3.2 4.50 3.40 3.5 2.4 2.4 3.1 4.30 3.20 3.4 2.3 2.4 3.1 4.10 3.20 3.6 2.3 2.4 3.1 4.00 3.10 6.9 2.4 3.2 3.1 3. SO 3.00 4.6 2.4 2.6 3.3 3. SO 3.00 4.1 2.4 2.5 3.3 3.60 2.90 5.1 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.60 2.90 4.5 2.4 2.3 3.1 3.50 2.80 4.0 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.50 3. GO 3.6 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.40 3.10 3.3 2.5 2.2 3.1 3.40 3.40 3.1 2.4 2.2 3.0 3.60 3.50 3.3 2.4 2.4 3.0 5.20 3.20 3.2 2.4 2.3 2.9 5.90 3.00 3.2 2.5 2.6 3.4 5.70 3.00 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.9 5.30 3.00 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.9 4.70 3.00 3.0 4.3 6.5 2.S 4.30 3.10 3.0 3.Q 7.0 2.S 4.00 4.00 3.0 3.2 6.4r 2.7 5.60 3.90 3.3 3.2 5.S 2.5 5.20 3.90 3.0 3.3 5.3 2.5 4. SO 3.90 2.S 2.9 4.S 2.5 4.50 3.50 2.7 2.7 4.5 2.5 5.00 3.20 2.7 2.7 4.0 2.5 4.50 3-.00 2.6 2.7 3.3 2.6 4.40 2.90 2.5 2.0 3.6 2.6 4.20 3.10 2.9 2.5 3.4 2.5 3. SO 3.00 2.5 2.5 3.3 2.6 3.60 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 ■2.S 2.7 : 2.S 2.7 2.7 .J.O 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.7 2^9 2.9 2.S 2.S 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.S 2.7 2^9 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.i> 2,S 2.'7 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.7 . t^) ^ Frozen. Estimated moiitlily discharge of Black River at yeiUsviUe. Wis., for 1903-6. Month. Discharge in second-feet. April (6 30) May Jmre June Angrnst September Ootober November December 1906. April May June July August September October November December (1-19) Maximum. Blinimum. Mean. 3,900 177 1,036 6,910 267 1,76S 23,090 205 3,840 23,060 205 3,S40 635 60 229 4,340 SO 918 2,570 20 750 870 205 392 635 150 2^2 8,700 635 3,S60 5, ISO 473 1,450 2,570 126 730 635 20 1S4 750 26 1S8 930 105 274 1,250 44 298 2,400 205 733 1.400 424 874 Note.— Values for 1906 are good, except July and August, which are fair. During the frozen period the discharge probably seldom exceeded 500 second-feet and attained a minimum of at least 150, and probably much less. 176 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Ratiny tahlc fur Bktck River at yeiUsviJIe. Wis., for 1905 and 1V06. Gage height. Discharge . Sec. -feet. height. Discharge . Gage height. Discharge . Gage heighth . Discharge. reel. Feet. JSec -feet. I'eet. Sec. -feet. Feet. Sec. 'feet. 2.10 20 3.60 338 5.10 1,185 7.20 2,8:)0 2. -JO 26 3.70 379 5.20 1,250 7.40 3,0.50 2.30 34 3.80 424 5,30 1.315 7.60 3.250 2.40 44 3.90 473 5.40 1.385 7.80 3.460 2.50 56 4. 00 .-V25 5.. 50 l.i)5 8.00 3.680 2.60 70 4.1C 579 5.eo 1.525 8.20 3,900 2.70 86 4.20 6:S5 5.70 1.600 8.40 4.120 li.SO 10.-) 4 30 692 5.80 1.675 8.60 4,340 2.90 126 4.40 750 5.90 1,750 8.80 4.580 3.00 150 4.50 810 6.00 1.825 9.00 4.820 3.10 177 4.60 870 6.20 1.985 10.00 6,020 3.20 205 4.70 930 6.40 2, U5 11.00 7.300 3.30 23S 4.80 990 6.60 2,310 12.00 8.700 3.40 267 4.90 1,055 6.80 2.480 3.50 301 5.00 1,120 7.00 2,660 Note.— The above table is applicable only for open-channel coaditions. It is based upon 8 discharge measarements made during 1905 and 1906. It is well defined between gage heights 3.3 feet and 7.7 feet. Beyond these limits the discharge lb only approximate. WATEE POAVEES. It is many years since Black Eiver Avas used for lumbering, and as the surromidiug country is -well settled, it seems likely that the near future Avill see a demand for the available Avater poAvers. These poAA'ers, Avhile not of the largest, are so situated as to be cheaply deA'eloped. The river has no large tributaries, but many of its nu- merous small feeders are noAV develoj^ed and used to run grist and saAV mills. At the jDresent time several projects are being exploited Avliich look to the employment of these poAA-ers by interurban electric railroads and other enterprises in near-by cities. Dam Site In Sections 1 and 2, Township IS North, Bange 8 East, — Chapter 206, LaAA's of 1903. granted a charter to the La Crosse and Kortheni Kaihvay Company to build a dam not exceeding 24 feet above Ioav Avater mark, either on lot 5 of section one or on lot 7 of section 2, both in ToAvnship IS north, Eange 8 AA-est. The drainage area above this point is about 2,200 miles, so an ordinary Ioav Avater floAv of at least 500 second feet Avould be expected equivalent to 1.320 theoretical horsepoA\'er. The construction of this dam has not as yet begun. The utiliza- tion of this poAver Avould be of special importance to the proposed in- terurban between La Crosse and Black Eiver Falls. Blach River Falls Dam. — The first dam in the river is at Black River Falls and is of timber construction. The poAver developed WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXXIJI. Fig. ]. DAM AT BLACK RIVER FALLS. PARTLY CARRIED AWAY BY HIGH WATER. Fig. 2. ROSS EDDY IN HIGH WATER. BLACK RIVER. BZJ^K RIVER. ' 177 is OAvned by the city of Black Eiver Falls, with turbines working under a head of 13 feet, and by J. J. McGillivray, with turbines un- der a head of 16 feet. The present tailrace could be lowered 3 or 4 feet, and the crest of the darn could be raised the sianae amount without Hooding. This improvement would give a total head of 20 feet. The turbines now installed develop about 345 horsepower, which is used to run an electric light plant, a &ash and door mill, a wagon shop, and a grist mill. Chapter 491, Laws of 1905, granted to the present owner the right of increasing the head of the dam 4 feet. The drainage area above this point is about 1,570 square miles. A view of this dam, at time of high water is shown in Plate XXXII. Blach River Falls to Neillsville. — ^Because of the high, rocky banks and high gradient of this river, dams of 15 to 20 feet head could be installed nearly every 2 or 3 miles between Black Elver Falls and Xeillsville, but only a few of the largest undeveloped powers will be described. The first dam site above Black Eiver Falls is located near the south line of Section 1,, Township 21 north, Eange 4 west, just below the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Eailway bridge. At this point the rocky banks form a narrow gorge and are high enough to furnish a head of 30 feet or more. This site belongs to the Black Eiver Improvement Company, of La Crosse, Wisconsin. Twenty feet would develop all the fall to center of section 17, town- ship 22, range 3 west. Northeast Quarter Section 17, Township 22 North, Range S West, Dam Site. — At this point the banks of the river are high and steep. Between this point and the railroad crossing at Hatfield the river has a total fall of nearly 50 feet, all of which could be developed at this point by a dam not to exceed 500 feet in length. This dam site is less than three miles from the main line of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Eailway. Hatfield Dam Site, — The legislature of 1903 granted a charter to build a dam at Hatfield, in section 3, township 22 north, range 3 west, to E. G-. Boyton and Orlando Holway, but said charter was to be void unless the dam' were constructed before the end of 6 years. This charter provided for a head of 35 feet. It is reported on good authority that active steps are now being taken to improve this power. 12 178 WATER POWERS OF WI8C0K8IN, Surveys tave been made and preliminary plans drawn for a dam at Hatfield with a head of 50 feet and this includes a canal from the head of this proposed dam extending downstream about 2 miles. Such a canal would develop a total head of 86 feet by one power plant. But the 50 foot dam w^ould cover up the next important dam site above, viz. : The ''Dells'' Dam. — This old logging dam is located in Section IS, Township 23 north, Eange 2 west, at the head of a rapids which com- prise a fall of 25 feet in a distance of less than a mile. A 30-foot dam in the sit^^ of the present "Dells'' dam would back the water to the foot of Boss Eddy and this head, in connection with a short canal below the present dam, would develop a total head of 40 feet. ' jBo55 Eddy Rapids, — Koss Eddy, a view of which is shown in Plate XXXIII comprises a fall of 26 feet in a distance of a mile. The total fall in the river between the mouth of O'Niell Creek and dunningham Creek, a distance of 3% miles, is 45 feet. Mr. L. B. Hing of Xeillsville has a charter for a 20-foot dam in either Section 22 or 26, Towmship 24 north, Range 2 west, granted in 1901. Xear the southeast corner of Section 22, Township 24 north, Range 2 west, the river is flowing due east but in the next 2,000 feet it turns abruptly and flows south for a distance of 2,000 feet when it turns abruptly again to the w^est. Mr. King has proposed to build a 20- foot dam in the S. E. ^4 <^f section 22 and then by a short canal 95 rods long (in earth) cut off this long bend and deliver the water to the turbines below the bend under a head of 42 feet. The outlet of such a canal would be in a favorable place for the power hoiTse be- cause of its protection from ice and floods. Weston Rapids. — These rapids, including a fall of 2'0 feet are located in Section 2, Township 24 north, Range 2 west, about 2 miles from XeiUsville, a city, of 2^200 inhabitants. N'ineteen feet- of fall- are concentrated in a distance of 4,000 feet. Both banks are high -enough at the head of the rapids to enable a dam to be built with a head of about 18 feet. This would back the water up to a point 4% miles above. The right or west bank is high enough to allow of a canal at this level to a point nearly opposite the foot of Weston Rapids. While expensive, this canal would develop a head of about 35 feet. Even with a head of 25 feet the pondage is estimated at 225 acres. BLACK RIVER. l79 At the present time the owners, the Neillsville Light and Power Companyj are trying to sell their rights to the city. The occasionally remarkably low water flow of this river makes necessary the installa- tion of an auxiliary steam plant whiah greatly reduces the value of the stream as a power producer. This extreme low flow may be due to the regulation of the flow by the dams at Greenwood and Hem- lock, Bapids in Section 16, Township 25 North, Range 2 West — These rapids nclude a fall of 14 feet in a distance of about 3,000 feet and all in the l*f. E. % of above section 16. The banks would here allow a dam with a head of approximately 20 feet. Rapids in Section If, Township 25 North, Range 2 West, — About 1,000 feet north of the south line of section 4 a 15-foot dam cx)uld be secured at reasonable cost. Rapids in Section 21, Township 26 North, Range 2 West — About SL quarter of a mile from the south line of section 21 the banks are suitable for a dam with a head of 20 feet. This would develop all the fall up to Greenwood. Greenwood Dam, — Under a charter granted by Chapter 470, Laws of 1895, the city of Greenwood has constructed a concrete dam near the north line of Section 34, Township 27 ITorth, Range 2 West. This dam develops a head of 12 feet and the power is used to light the city. Between the back water of this dam and the foot of the next dam above is a fall of about 10 feet. Heviloch Dam. — This dam is located in Section 16, Township 27 North, Eange 2 West. It was originally built for logging purposes and has been repaired and modified several times. At the present time the dam develops a head of 18.5 feet. Four turbines rated at 175 h. p. are installed and used to run a grist and saw m.ill. The power is owned by Theodore Withee. This dam backs the water for a distance of 2^4 niiles and is the last dam on the river, used for power. In the 10 miles between the back water of Hemlock dam and the Wisconsin Central bridge near Withee the river has a total fall of only 38 feet. The banks for the greater part are low and in many places swampy, giving no opportunities for the development of power. Because of the unusually steep gradient in the branches of Black River, a water power of from 10 to 20 feet can be located at frequent ISO WATER POWERS OF WISCONSUJ. intervals on these streams. Several of the many mills in such loca- tions report an available head of from 35 to 40 foot. Tn nearly every case timber and rock are found at or near the dam sites. Bailroads. — That portion of Black Eiver containing the important poM-ers is fairly Tvell served by railroads. The river is crossed by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha Kaihvay four times^ and once each by the Wisconsin Central Eailvray and the Green Bay and Western Eailroad. Dams on Trihiitaries of Black River. River. Location Owner. Head Turbine. H. P. Use of power. Bobinson's Creek. See.2J,T.20N. R.iE. G. W. Brenner 16 .->o Flour and feed. do Sec. 10. T. 20 N. R,5E. 20 Undeveloped. do Sec. 20, T. 20 N. R.2E. H. B.MUls Est 12 40 Saw and plan- ing. Beaver Creek Sec. 30, T. 20 N. B. 7E Ettrick oo' len Mills 10 20 Manufacture of do Galesville .... Galesville MiU'g Co. U 150 woolens. \ Flour and elec- do Sec. 30, T. 20 N .R 7E. Beaver Valley Roller tric light. 1 , Sec. 29, T. 19 N. ,R>E. Co. . 10 37 00 100 1 Flour and feed. MiU Creek N. Bend Milling Co.. 1 Flour and feed. Dougrlas Creek — ' Melrose Melrose Mill 34 90 Flour and feed. Hall Creek ■ Merrillan Andrews and Co 12 2.-) : Flour and feed. Squaw Creek Sec. 21, T. 21 N .R.4E. Squaw Creek Woolen Mills 13 33 ' Manufacture of ! woolens. do Robinson's Creek Sailor Creek ' do do .. 10 Undeveloped. 1 ■ ■ *^^ J Sec '*2 T 20 N R. 4E 10 ' Undeveloped. i Perkinstown F. L. Diederich 12 25 , Saw mill. BULLETIN X.X , PL. IX WIBC0N9IH §URVBY. MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA OF CHIPPEWA RIVER 7 s 10 la 10 ^^^"SsissirBi ^^ CHIPPEWA RIVER. i^i CHIPPEWA EIVER SYSTEM. Topography and Drainage. — The Chippewa drainage system has its source in over a hundred lakes^ large and small^ with many con- necting swampSj near the Michigan boundary and only 20 miles from Lake Superior. The drainage area has a length of 180 miles, a ma:^- imum width of 90 miles, and an average width of nearly 60 miles. The general direction of the drainage, except in the extreme "West- ern part, is toward the southwest. Chippewa River unites with the Mississippi at the foot of Lake Pepin, after a course of 267 miles. The total area drained by the river is 9,573 square miles, of which about 6,000 include the most unsettled region of northern Wisconsin. This area includes the richest forests of the State, of both soft and hard timber. Although lumbering operations have been very active here for many years, considerable pine timber still remains, chiefly at the upper headwaters, but it is fast disappearing. Most of the large tracts of pine lands are owned by large corporations, and many of them are reached by long lines of logging railroads, which in many cases have been purchased by the trunk-line railroads and made a part of their systems. The extensive use of such railroads has greatly relieved the rivers of the burden of transporting logs,- and correspond- ingly added to the value of the rivers for water-power purposes. The m.ain line of drainage runs very nearly along the central line of the basin, but the name of Chippewa Kiver is not given to this con- tinuation of the principal stream. The river divides 112 miles from the mouth ; one branch, the prolongation of the line of drainage, called the Flambeau, rises in the lakes near the Michigan line, at an eleva- tion of a little over 1,600 feet above the sea; the other branch, rising farther west and flowing more directly south, receives the name Chip- pewa. The Flambeau drains 1,983 square miles, while Chippewa Eiver, above their junction, drains only 1,777 square miles. About 1S2 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. 56 miles above this junction the ChippeM^a again divides into East and We:?t branches^ the one riowing from the northeast, the other from the north, draining^ respectively, 278 and 480 sqnare miles. The lakes of this region are situated in two widely separated groups^ one in the extreme northeastern part, at the headwaters of Flambeau Eiver, and the other in the northwestern pail;, at the headwaters of what is known as the main stream and of Ked Cedar River. The remainder of the area is almost devoid of lakes. The w^ooded regions, however, inchide very large areas of cedar and tamarack swamps. Geology. The pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks form the underlying strata in the area above Chippewa Falls, while below that point they are re- placed by the Cambrian sandstone. The entire area above Chippewa Falls is covered with glacial drift, so that the rock appears only in the river bed. The coimtry is level or rolling. In the southern part of the area the rivers have eroded deeply into the drift and rock, but in the northern portion they have not cut much below the surface. With only a few exceptions (the most notable one at Eau Claire) all the many and important water powers on Chippewa River are found in the region of the pre-Cambrian ci-ystalline rocks, but be- cause of the deep drift the powers on the upper streams occur as bowl- der rapids. PEOPOSED EESEEVOIK SITES. According to detailed surveys made by United States engineers, this drainage area is favored with an unusual number of excellent sites for reservoirs. A list of these sites, with valuable data con- cerning them, is given in the following table: CHIPPEWA RIVER. 183 Proposed Ignited States Government dams on Chippewa River.^ Length . Maximum lieight. Drainage Location and name. Dam. Dike. Dam above low water. Dike. area above reservoir. East Branch Chippewa River: Bear Like Little Chifif Lake Feet. 1.015 710 1,235 900 260 320 Feet, 200 160 100 Feet. 19.5 24.0 25.7 2:.. 5 0.5 23.0 Feet. 8.5 S(/. miles. 2U.5 57.5 West, branch Chippewa River : Moose Lake Pakwawang Lake Court Oreilles 1 5 5.0 214.3 257.2 114.0 Chippewa River, PaintCreek. .. 3,943.1 Total 4,740 336 250 2,500 170 250 297 460 4.830.7 Butternut Creek, Bntt«rnut Lake. 10.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 5».0 15.0 2'.5' 10.5 10.0 40.0 Manif^nish River, Rest Lake North Fork FJambeau, Bear Creek. Dore Flambeau: Round Lake SquHw Lake 75 2,000 250 211.6 154.5 63.0 49.0 Turtlt! River. Park Lake 174.0 Grand total. 8,543 1 2,785 5,512.8 iRept. Chief Eng. U. S. Army, 1880, p. 1648. Proposed United States Government dams on CJiippewa River — Continued. Location and name- East Branch Cliippewa River: Bear Lake Little Chief Ldke West Brancli Chippewa River: Moose Lake Pakwawang Lake Court Oreilles Chippewa River, Paint Creek.., Total Butteiuuc Creek, Butternut Lake ManitoLis): River, Rest Lake. JN'^rtii Fork Flambeau, Bear Creek • Dur.1 Fjambeau : Rocmtl Ljtte Hquaw Lake , Turtle River Park Lake Grand total. Supply (one- th rd of 30 inches rain- fall). Capacity of reservoir. Cubic feet, i 5,677,951,910- | 1,337,6^7,935 j 4.976.626.153 5.972,880,292 2,617,388,621 91,569,456,760 112,181,931,671 9:8,908.288 4,897,100,264 3,107.280,000 1,3^,304,000- 864,:i.-0,400 4,026,198.428 127,387,953,051 Cubic feet. I.ir3,148.856 771,332,009 2,-01,783,402 7,692,997,229 2,647.388,621 505,336,720 l4,751,986,8;-!7 585, -"46, 400 1.840,OOJ,000 5,406,567,152 1.303.,0 6,416 731,808.000 t20,782.720 25.239,627,525 Surplus over reservoir ca- pacity. Cubic feet. 4,564,803.0.54 -566,295,926 [-1,234,725.814 91.064,120,040 97,429,944,834 343,461,838 V 757,813,112 79,262^81- 132,422,400 3 405,415,708 102,148,325.526 Supply from res- ervoir fo*" 90da\s Sec-feet 143.1 260.0 989.3 340.4 65.0 1,897.0 75. a I 236.6 I 695.3 167.6 94.1 79.8 3,245.7 Cost of dam and dike. $25,925 40,702 45.090 ^.449 2,492 60,000 240,658 5,216 7,665 47,500 11,550 4,000 9,941 325,530 It Avill be seen from the above table tliat the systematic operation of these proposed reservoirs for this purpose would increase the or- dinary low-water flow of the river by 3,245 second-feet for ninety days a year, thus about doubling the present available water power of the river. Estimated upon a run-off of one-fourth of the annual rain-fall, assumed at 30 inches, this increase would be 2,800 second- feet for ninety days. 154 WATER POWERS OF ir/.SCOA'S/X. Experiment- now l>oina' f^nrrir-«l on l>y rlie GiiveriiiTiciit ii, ^Fiime- sora on tive ^^iiiiilarlv (*i)n>rructeJ dam- will doubtlf^^ (loTcnuine ■whether the reservoir system at the headwaters of the Mississippi will be extended to include any of the above proposed dams. Probably the main obstacle to building such reservoirs at the present time by the Government is the fact th.ft, owing to the settling up of this region, the land has now become very valuable. The total cost would seem to be prohibitive. That the owners of water po\vere are in favor of such Governmental control is certain. Besides adding to the amount of power, such a system Avci-uld prevent, in large measure, the danger to dams by floods. The building of even a part of these dams would have marked economic value. Already private enterprise has devel- oped some of the smaller of these reservoirs. EAlLTiOAPS. The logging interests of the river are controlled by the Chippewa Palls Lumber and Boom Company, -with headquarters at Chippewa Palls, a thriving city of about 10,000 population. The largest city of this region is Pan Claire, population 17,517. situated at the junc- tion of Pan Claire and Chippewa rivers. This city has numerous manufactories and sawmills, and is quite a railroad center. Prom its month to Chippewa Palls, Chippewa River is paralleled by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Pailway, and between Pan Claire and Chippewa Palls by the Chicr.go, St, Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha and the Wisconsin Central railways, besides an electric line. Chip- pewa Eiver, above Chippewa Palls, is reached by the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Eaihvay for a distance of about 25 miles. In addition, the drainage area is crossed east and west by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. ilarie Railway and north and south by the Wisconsin Central Railway. Several railroad lines are projected or being built in this section, and the agricultural and manufacturing interests are fast supplant- ing that of lumber. Where the timber has been cut the land is being taken up by settlers, so that there is but little second-growth timber. The people seem prosperous, and numerous companies are on the point of investing large sums in the manufacturing interests of the neigh- borhood, thereby utilizing the undeveloped water powers. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 185 J;AKNl-ALi. AM> iiLN-Uil-. The extensive forests of this area combine "with the numerous lakes and sAvamps to give a naturally uniform flo^v by preventing the rapid escape of the rainfall into the streams. Since 1903 the United States Geological Survev has maintained a'aaina: stations near Eau Claire, on Chippewa Eiver, and at Ladysmith. on the Flambeau. As a resTilt of the operation of logging dams, the minimum discharge is found to be only 1.6 per cent of its maximum discharge for the year. The foUoAving tables give discharge data of Chippewa Eiver at Eau Claire, covering the ]ieriod from Xovenil>er 14. 1902, to December, 1907, and also a monthlv summarv of the same. Discharge measurements of Chippewa River at highway Dridge. Shawtown near Eau Claire, Wis., 1902 to 1907. Date. 1902. Norember 13. ■Deoeraber r>.. December 2S.. 1903. Hydroprapher. r. Stockmnn flo do Width . R. Stockman do do do do do do do do January IT.., February 17. March 9 April G May 5 June 15 July 10 August 20 September 5 •October 13 '.... do November 2i.. ' do 1904. i January 11^ ' E. Johnson, Jr May U : do May 24 I Johnson and Hanna. June 7 E. Johnson, Jr July 13 do Angiist 2S do "September 19 do October 1? F. AV. Hanna ■October 13 do November 29. .. E. Johnson, Jr 1905. May >3 June 14 July 12 August 12 1906. January 21 April 25 June 2 S. K. Clapp ... M. S. Brenrau ... do M. S. Brennan ... do ... do Fecf. Area of section. 310 3S5 3ro 426 354 353 329 4Q5 457 324 200 427 355 335 332 425 355 8(/i"yrv J n't. 3,or>r> 2.S09 2,793 2,509 2,315 2,S77 Mean velocity 5,72G 3.10t 4. 701 2,372 3,G>6 4.637 2,2S1 2,429 4,272 4.074 5,315 3,770 2,766 3,12: 7, lis 6,137 2,S47 4,004 5,131 3,5S5 3.062 4,903 3.046 ypet per si'vorni . 3.SS 1.03 1.09 1.32 4.02 1.64 3.61 1.S3 2.21 3.25 1.54 3.42 3.10 4.52 2.10 .32 1.47 5.43 4.76 .SO 3.66 3.S3 1.29 1.00 3.51 2.19 Rase height. Feet. 8.70 4.45 4.60 4.15 3. SO 4.S5 7.40 11. &5 4.70 9.25 5.13 6.20 S.77 4.90 S.40 7.60 11.25 6.55 4.20 5.25 14.30 13.10 4.44 S.SO 10.72 6.55 5.00 4.32 9.45 6.52 DiEcharge Second- feet. 11,134 2,sn 3,063 n,979 n.TTS =3,313 10,6S8 26,459 4,107 17,167 4,336 8,033 15,087 3,5U 2,454 14,610 15,630 26,270 7,91S 2,274 4,581 33,630 29,200 2,281 16,110 19,665 7,489 3,948 32,761 17,071 7,985 ^ Frozen. 2 Partly frozen. 3 Ice measurement: river partly open. Gagre heig-ht to bottom of ice, 3.^3 feet: ice 1 to 1.2 feet thick. Discharge was about 75 per cent of the apen-cbaunel rating for gage height, 4.83 feet. Note.— Width is the actual width of water surface, not including piers. Area of sec- tion is the total area of the measured section, including both moving and still water. ISG WATER POWERS OF WISCOySlK. l/OJUlGiJ JO SdL/OUj CHIPPEWA RIVER. 187 Disvliarye incasurcnivnts uf Chippewa Rh-er near Eaii Claire. Wis., in 1907. Date. Hydrographer. 1907. April 2 A. H. Horton. JuDe 15 July 15 August 16.. .. September 22. September 19. September 27. October 21 November 16. December 19 . A. Gray. Width. Feet. 450 351 334 167 466 875 371 197 992 207 Area of seciioD . Sf/. ft, 5.666 3.427 2,974 1,900 6,374 4.051 4.208 2,291 2,231 2.179 Meaa velocity. F/. per aec.\ 4.72 2.02 1.56 , 1.27 4.53 2.98 ' 2.77 1.54 ; 1.50 I 1.13 , Gaise height. Feet. 11.78 6.06 5.37 4,21 12.92 8.0G 7.95 4.87 4.60 Discharge. 8ec.-n. 26,722 6,910 4.637 2.417 28.846 12,110 11.657 3.520 3.343 2,469 On December 19 the river w.is half frozen over. Ice unsafe. Velocity under ice estimated by velocity at the edge of ice. Discharge measurements under ice of Chippeiva River near Eau Claire, TVifi-, in lOffS. Date. 190S. February 15. Hydrographer. Width. G. A. Gray Feet. 330 Area of sec- tion. Mean velo- city. sq. ft. ^tl" 2,665 1.04 Gape height Water Dis- charge Av. th. of ice. sur. Feet. Sec-ft. 4.7 2,7S6 .8 Depth of snow. No. Record ice thickness^ winter^ 1V07-S. Date. Jan. 14 River closed. Jan. 15 Thickness of ice Jan. 21 Jan. 25 Feb. 3 Feb. 6 Feb. 14 Feb. 25 River opened up Feet. . 0.5 . -0.5 . 0.6 . 0.8 . 0.9 . O.S ISS WATER POWERS OF iv/.scoy.siy. Mean daily gage height in feet, of Chippewa Rirer near Eaii Claire, Wis.. reviher l). 190?, to Deeemher Sir ^OOr. Ko- Day. 1902, itio;^. Nov. Dec.;Jau. Feb. Mar.. Apr. May. Jnue. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 4 30 ■> 4.35 4.15 4.20 J. x^^ 3 ■i ' 5 .. . 4 501 6 4 45| 3 00 4.00| 4.15 S 4.o:v 4.4l> 9.. 4.05. 4 -20 10 4.10' 4.40 11 4 25 4 SO 13 4.20 4.65 13 4 45 4 75 14 13.70 10.30 12.40 13.05 11.35 9.60 S.50 7. ,v- 7.40 7.1.-; 7.0f^ GAr. rt.2ft 0.0,". 5, 7''^ 5.55 4 '5' i 1'^ 15 16 17 IS 19 20 ■21 00 4.5'> i.-23 4.30 4.10 4.30 ■1.35 4.30 4.35 4.50 4.70 4.30 4. .00 5.10 4.50 4.=- 4.50 4.S.J 4.30 4.20 4.30 4.li5 4.40 4..W 4 35 2S 24 25 2G 27 1-5 4.3-> 4.45 4. -30 4.10 4 10 2^> 3 => 30 31 4.15 4.25 3.70 4.35 4.10 4.05 4.10 4.05 4.15 4.15 4.00 J.SJ 3.tO 3.S5 3.iX) 3.90 3.90 4.50 4.10 4.15 4.30 4.25 4.20 li.C't 3.Si> 4.15 4.a5 3.90 3.95 3.S^ .3.20 6.s: 12.?0 IM 3.75 7.1: 13.10 C) 3.Sj 7.45 12.15 t^) 3.90 7.9.^ 11. S5 tM 3.75 7.S5 11.55 tM 3.75 7.40 10.90 (M 3.S5 7.iH; 10.39 6.S5 4.10 7.90 9.30 5.45 4. GO S.55 9.15 6.45 5.05 S.90 7.6.5 5.9: 5. SO 7. GO S.95 G.50 G.OO S.15 12.00 5.9t) 7.05 7.7C 13.25 9.25 S.30 7.6.^ 13,40 O. iC S.05 7.S0 13.25 4.G5 :.oo 7. SO 11. S5 4.9". 7.0O 7., 50 10.45 4.9.- 7.55 6.7.- 9.90 4.90 11. SO 6.G5 9.15 4.3C 13.95 G.S^ 9.15 5.15 13. G5 G.SO 9.30 4.70 12. G5 6. 65 9.50 4.30 11.70 G.40 9.05 4.30 10.45 6.40 9. 10 4.I.- 9.40 s.eo 9.Sr 4.2: S.75 G.55 10.20 4.15 SAO 7.15 12.50 6.7: 7.7.' 7.or 15.1^ 4.20 7. GO 7.30 16.70 4.60 r r 11.70 16.10 4.9.= 6.Sf 7.6" 5.05 S.Oc 5.20 10. m o.Sc 13.50 6.S5 15.30 7.50 15.20 9.10 13.7: 9.00 11.30 11.05 10.30 0.70 0.40 7.55 10.10 7.25 9.9c G.75 S.90 6.S5 S.IO 6.90 7. so 9.65 7.30 5.10 6.50 6. SO s.ai 6.6.3 5.95 6.0C 6.70 5.10 6.1 = 5.1.^ 5.70 7.50 n.GT 5.00 0.00 5.10 0.3O 5.15 5 . 35 5.25 5.0c 4.70 5.20 5.4-' 5.15 5. GO 5.r h 2i 5.10 5.60 5.90 6.45 O.iiO 5. So 5.75 6.45 5. Sol 6.30' s.oo; S.05 9.15 12. S5 14.00 1G.75 17.85 IS. 50 17.45 15.50 13.45 11.30 10.50 9.9; 9.15 7.30 7.60 7.00 7.G5 7.05 7.0 7.05 6.90 5,53 7.00 o.oS 7.35 5 Ad 9.90 5.50 11.25 5.35! 11. g: 5.20 11.60 5.15 11.15 5.10 11.3: 5.05 10.9: 5.00 9.95 5.00 9.45 5.00 9.00 5.05 s.so 5.30 S.45 5.40 7.75 4.95 7.70 4.95 7.40 4.25 7.S5 4.40 7.05 4.15 7.05 4.30 6.75 4.35 6.70 4.&5 6.0C 4.95 6.30 4.95 6.15 4.0G 5.95 4.,S5 c.lO 4.60 0.10 G.ir 5.90 (^' tM 4.30 4.65 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.55 4.50 4.70 4. So 4.75 4.70 4.00 4.65 4.65 4.60 4.60 4. SO 4.70 4.30 4.00 4.40 3.40 3.70 3.60 3.00 3.40 ^ Observer absent. Day. Jan. Feb j Mar. Apr.' May. |JuQe.i July Aug. I Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1904.1- 1 =4.90 =5.15 6.35 0.1-2 6.. 50 6.. 52 6.60 7.17 7.60 9.10 9. 07 9.72 9.70 9.32' 9.05 S.S3 S.50 7.. 55 7.35 7.50 S.38 S.20 S.13 7.45 S.05 S.50 9.05 10.63 10.45 9.13 9.-55 9.03 9.00 S.Oi) S.Ki S.2S S.IO S.03 10.13 8.50 S.S3 9.35 9.25 S.S5 S.7S 10.20 S.OO 3.20 7.55 7.22 7.55 G.93 10.30 6.30 6.S3 7.33 9.20 13.00 13.48 13. <^ 12.03 10. G7 9.20 S.15 2 7.65 7 05 4 =5.00 S.S5 "4. SO 9.00 6 ■14. SO 10.95 1 ILi-O S -- -- 10.55 Q =4. SO 9.S5 10 1 3.92 n 7.95 1> •'4.95 7. SO 13 35.00 7.S0 14 7.45 15 7. SO 16 "5.0O S.35 17 C>.25 IS 5.50 19 "Jo.lO 4.45 4.07 4.45 4.37 4.32 o.Cy2 5.95 G.45 G.IO 5.72 5.05 5.10 5.32! 5.10 20 6.20 21 6.50 2o _ . 5.90 23 24 "•5.00 5. SO 5.50 25 1 3.9^5- 2G 5.55 27 ' 05.30 7.75 26 7.60 29 30 31 04.70 1 7.75 7.00 S.IO i S.53 I S.3S ; S.02 10.32 10.12 9.63 S.93 7.23 7.10 7.20 0.72 6.60 -i.SS 5.07 5.55 5.35 5.m 5.50 5.10 5.47 5.05 4.75 3.93 4.07 4.90 4. SO 5.00 4.SS 6.45 5.00 4.42 4. SO 4.3S 4.7S 4.. 32 4.13 3.45 4.62 5.10 5.43 5.35 4.3S 4.12 3.50 S.SO 4.55 4. S3 4.65 4. 73 7.30 5.25 4.75 4.6S 4.00 5.00 5.40 3.15 3.53 5.55 4.92 4.52 4.53 5.05 S.IS 7.. 52 3.30 7.30 7.52 7.12 6.72 7.95 5.03 5.2s 5.42 ■5.35 5.^ 5.43 7.10 4. SO 4.S9 4.27 4.30 4.35 5.10 4.24 5.70 S.13 7.61 0.93 9.31 6.05 6.31 5.34 S.27 5.65 5.30 5.27 4.32 9.12 7.SG 13.35 15.07 14.93 13.15 11.33 10.30 9.17 S.IO 9.00 7.03 G.35 S.35 9.25 9.42 9.00 3.73 7.31 S.O0 7.22 7.55 7.30 0.S5 6.79 3.93 6.34 3.9-? 6.30 3.93 6.61 3.45 5.91 4.42 6.41 4.23 6.03 4.26 5.35 4.23 5.35 4.37 5.60 4.36 5.36 4.20 5.0s 4.34 6.27 4.39 4.S> 4.28- 6.26 4.34 5.42 4.32 5.30 4.15 5.47 4.19 5.20 4.53 4.93 4.29 5.23 4.34 5.23 4.37 5.74 4.55 4.77 4.39 4.94 3.31 5.10 4.19 4.35 4.55 4.55 . (^) . 4.54 4.46 1 River frozen over Jannnry 1 to March 13, 1904, but open about 200 to 300 feet above and one-fourth mile below bridge. 2 li., Xorft/ihc/' / ;, ;.■'".•, to Drcez/il/rr .,/, hh,:. -Continued. Day Jau. Feb. , Mat- Apr. May. I June July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec 19t!5. 1 (ij . 2 4. ;J0 3 4 5 6 4. so 4.20 > 9 4.40 10 4.50 11 1 VI ... 4.;50 13 ... 14 . C.30 4.30 1 4.'2'.5 I 15 4.SO 16 4-. 10 1 4.50 4.50 4 . 05 4.40 4.43 4.55 5.50 6.50 7.10 7.50 S.90 10.40 11. SO 13.30 13.60 12.90 IT IS .. li) . b.BQ 20 21 22 d fi7 24 30 4.95 2S SO 12.00 6. SO 10.2il 5. SO 11.20 5.90 10.50 6.50 10.40 7.50 10. SO G.GO 10.20 7.30 'J. SO 7.00 9.20 7.30 £.90 s.so S.70 7.8) T.40 7.90 5.75 7.50 5.65 9.50 6.10 10.70 5.75 12.20 0.20 13.90 7.00 12.00 5.60 10.60 5.45 10.20 5.40 9.20 5.40 S.60 5.03 S.60 5.30 s.0;i 5.30 S.IO (1.30 7.50 5.50 7.70 4. SO 7.00 5.05 7.10 4.S5 7.20 6.90 6.30 6. SO 6.50 8.20 12.10 19.20 19.60 17.30 14.50 13.00 12.60 11.50 10.00 9.40 S.SO S.70 10.20 12.20 11.. ■^o 10.50 9.10 9.00 S.SO S.20 T.30 7.50 S.70 7.80 5.75 6. SO I 7.40 ! 0.30 i 6.20 I O.ttO I 10.40 ; 10.00 I 11.30 10.10 7.0c S.IO 6.90 ! 6.90 I 7.20 I 7.10 I 7.00 I G.SO i 6.50 i 0.60 ; 6.70 1 6.00 I 6.40 . 5.70 : tl.lO ., 5.7j ! 5.55 4.90 I 4.i5 j 5.30 I 4.4i I 4.35 i 0.50 I 5.75 I 4.35 I 4.35 I 4.75 5.10 5.25 ' 5.05 ] 5.30 5.90 4.r 5.10 4. SO 6.10 4.90 5.50 6.50 5.33 7.90 5.50 6.90 6.20 5.70 5.S5 5.90 5.80 5.40 5.25 5.20 0.0 J 6.40 6.20 7.70 7.35 6.50 10.70 7.80 6.00 7.00 7.90 5.50 10.10 8.95 5.45 10. SO 8.50 5.40 10.30 8.65 4.60 9.20 8.35 5.20 S.40 7.90 5.00 0.50 7.55 5.20 5.50 7.20 5.70 6.00 7.10 6.05 G.OO 7.00 5.70 7.90 6.60 5.70 6.20 6.50 6.40 5.0»' 4.75 5.15 4.S5 5.65 4.40 5.40 5.40 5.90 5.S5 5.35 5.30 5.30 .^.30 5.35 5.00 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.70 4.70 4.65 4.S5 4.55 4.60 4.10 4. SO 4.60 4.65 4.55 4.70 4.70 BaUy gage lieigliU in feet of Chippewa River near Eaii Claire, Wis., for 1V06. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 4.62 1 4.91 5.73 S.3S y.57 10.90 12.27 13. 4S 12.46 12.25 12.35 12.90 13.55 13.50 12.99 12.85 13. r3 14. &6 14.71 13.55 12.63 12.0s 11.60 11.36 11.20 10.41 10.02 9.62 9.28 8.76 8.45 8.07 7.36 3 4 5 4.95 5.45 6 s 5.15 9 5.05 10 11 13 13 5.19 5.21 14 4.25 15 5.00 4.96 16 ' 17 i IS i 19 , 5.24 4.95 SO i 4.21 21 23 5.09 23 24 5.13 25 5.42 4.83 5.33 5.40 5.28 5.50 7.47 26 27 5.23 28 29 4.65 30.. * 31 1 7.66 10.30 7.58 6.2i ' 7.79 9.00 1 8.30 ^.13 S.76 6.20 8.52 7.1s 9.00 6.S0 9.00 9.65 6.7S 9.S? 7.16 9.24 7.44 s.oo 6. 86 8.92 6.60 7. 53 10.06 7.50 10.29 5.84- 8.77 6.74 7.39 6.42 7.95 7.30 8.26 5.22 6.60 4.90 7.66 5.02 6.0s 5.60 6.82 8.51 10.06 5.26 6.75 5.04 8.16 6.11 9.82 6.41 10.94 6.86 11. (» 8.87 9.82 5.54 9.45 j.SS 5.72 S.44 5.06 6.64 4.30 6.12 4.34 5.42 3.52 5.76 4.29 7.52 7.92 4.35 5.51 5.20 5.27 5.22 7. 87 6.1s 5.52 5.32 3.6S 4.9S 6.62 5.13 5.05 5.25 4.02 6.5S 4.51 6.29 4.52 5.2s 6.S1 5.60 5.08 5.7^2 4.03 5.73 4.56 4.30 4.77 4.33 S.73 5.04 5.38 6.69 10.20 5.3? 5.32 4.77 8.33 4.83 5.54 3.56 9.33 4.72 6.50 i.9a 5.50 S.95 4,76 5.33 4.S3 5.36 4.9S 4.4S 6.25 5.35 4.79 4.82 5.04 6.12- 6.50 7. 78 6.S4 6.59 6.33 5.66 6.25 6.45 7.68 6.70 6.34 5.95 5.62 6.2? 5.3iJ 5.32 7.29 5.23 7.04 6.60 7.19 5,40 6.99 5.18 6.74 4.S5 6.57 4.26 6.55 4.24 6.76 4.53 6.73 4.36 7.20 6.40 6.80 5.34 6.92 5.04 6.65 3.55 6.54 4.82 5.95 4.90 6.55 4.64 6.20 5.12 6.40 4.45 6.76 5.39 6.54 4.84 6. 68 5.50 5.76 5. 38 6.10 7.03 5.93 6.28 5.2s 8.51 6.15 9.10 6.37 S.54 7.18 S.32 7.43 7.84 7.34 7.60 6.91 6.36 .•S.Sl 6.02 6.04 5.56 5.25 5.0s 5.07 4.S6 5.2s 5.34 D.56 5.46 5.75- 5.12 5.65 5.42 5.48 5.06 5.04 5.14 4.76 5.41 4,56 4.56 4.89 4.81 4.82 4.38 4.83 Note.— River frozen January 1 to March 30. From January 1 to about February 20- and March 25 to 30 there was an open channel west of the gage which varied in width during this period from 50 to 180 feet. The river was open about 150 feet below the^ gage January 1 to February 15 and about 50 feet above the gage throughout the ice- period. The following comparative readings were taken: 190 WATER POWERS OF WI8C0KSIK. Mean daily, gage height, in feet^ of Ghippeica River near Eau Claire, Wiscon' sin. for 1007. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Judo. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. S.. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17.. IS.. 19.. 20., 21., 23., 23.. 24., 25., 26., 27.. 2S.. 29.. 30., 51., 5.00 S.S6 4.74 4. SI 4.73 4.5S 4.7S 4. SI 4.96 5.03 4.97 4.71 4.69 5.01 5.20 5.10 5.39 4.30 15.17 14.30 4.79 5.0s 4.S6 4.9S 5.5S 5.75 6.45 6.43 7. 93 3. 33 10.10 1?.C7 13.41 14.5S 14.34 15.00 15.04 13.47 12.2-5 11.05 11.03 11.65 11.43 11.19 10.33 9.93 9.51 9.52 S.73 8.21 7.06 7.24 7.38 7.19 6.33 6.43 6.36 6.27 7.10 7.17 7.31 7.32 7.11 7.11 7.55 7.50 7.42 7.65 7.51 7.23 7.07 7.30 7.26 7.25 7.20 6.57 6.93- 7.57 9.18 9.53 9.98 9.46 9.25 8.76 3.50 3.25 7.51 3.66 8.50 8.91 8.17 9.05 7.7^: 7.3^ 7.66 7.59 7.34 7.06 6.86 6.73 6.18 6.S2 6.53 6.04 6.15 6.29 5.S3 5.94 6.13 6.13 6.40 6.39 5.93 6.10 5. S3 5.73 5.53 5.64 6.67 6.54 6.46 6.25 5.97 5.96 5.67 5.72 0.77 5.79 5.6 6.47 8.34 7.89 6.76 6.33 6.04 5.4 5.13 5.13 4.37 r.is 5.S8 5.7 4.61 5.05 5.33 4.?7 5.48 5.45 4.93 5.13 4. SI 4.64 4.63 5.04 5.36 4.13 4.1 4.25 4.19 3.30 4.53 4.4 4.37 4.45 4.59 4.43 4.38 4.97 5.1 4.31 4.19 4.21 4.3 3.3 5.08 5.97 5.24 4.94 4.66 -1.69 4.65 4.43 4.64 4.49 4.41 4.5^ 4.3 3.79 4.03 4.34 4.34 4.31 4.3 4.16 3.74 4.01 4.17 4.4: 4.34 4.53 4.04 3.93 4.13 4.49 4.55 8.13 12.23 13.35 13.93 11.62 10.55 9.22 8.33 S.09 3.09 7.19 r.75 6.34 6.39 0.13 5.61 5.73 5.56 6.46 5.60 5.2s 5.37 5.45 4.79 4.59 5.46 5.45 7.04 5.46 4.71 4.60 4.70 5.96 4.S4 4.66 5.43 5.35 5.17 4.40 3.9fl 4.65 4.65 5.01 4.31 5.65 3.51 5.13 3.66 5.13 3.6 4.45 3.57 5.15 4.-23 5.9<) 4.3.5 5.67 3.5-? 4.30 4.25 4.S5 4.42 4.16 4.31 4.33 4.34 5.0e 4.30 4.40 4.16 4.44 3.35 4.57 3. 35 4.46 4.20 5.20 4.4 4.67 4.55 4.74 3.37 i.87 4.60 4.83 3.36 4.67 3.6 4. 43 4.23 4.75 3.29 4.63 4.00 4.66 3. S3 4.41 3.K 4.42 3.14 4.36 3.96 Comparative water and ice gage readings of Chippewa River near Eau Claine^ Wis. Date. Water surface. Top of ice. Thickness of ice. 1906. January 20 4.3 4.8 1 Januarv 34 1 1 January 29 4.65 4.9 4.95 5.05 5.2 5.0 5.25 5.1 5.25 5.75 5.45 5.15 4.95 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.4 5.06 5.35 5.3 5.45 5.S 5.5 5.25 1.1 FebruaiT 1 1 1 February 5 1 ' February 9 1 4 February 13 1 6 February 15 1 7 February 19 1 9 February 23 1 5 February 26 -. 1 3 March 1 9 March 5 1 March 8 .8 March 13 1 5 March 15 4.95 4.95 5.m 5.05 9 March 19 9 Fluctuations of ds'ly gagre heights during the open period are due almost wholly to ^'flooding for logs" by lumbermen. 1 Frozen. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 191 Rating tal)le for Cliippeica River near Eau Claire. VMU, to March 1>, lOOS.^ Wis., from Kovemher ^^, Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gaee height. Discharge. Second- 1 Second- Second- Sscood- Feet. ieet. I Feet. feet. Feet. feet. Feet. feet. 3.2 S40 4.0 1,985 ' 4.7 3,370 5.4 5,l-i0 3.3 940 4.1 2,165 ; 4.3 3,610 &.5 5.410 3.4 1,055 4.3 2,345 4.9 3,850 5.(^ 5.070 3.5 1,190 4.3 2.535 5.0 .4,310 5.7 5.930 3.7 1,490 4.5 2,940 5.1 4,370 5.8 6,190 3.3 1,(555 4.G 3,150 i 5.2 4,630 5.9 6,4.50 3.9 1,8?5 5.3 4,390 6.0 6,710 ^ To be used only when river is frozen. Rating table for Chippeioa River near Eau Claire, Wis., from March 12, 1903, to December 1, 1903. Gage height. Discharge Gage height. Discharge Gage height. Discharge. i Gage height. 1 Discharge. Second- Second- Second- I Second- Feel. feet. Feet, feel. Feel. feet. ' Feet. feet. 3.S 2,160 5.7 6,290 7.6 11,310 11.0 23.310 3.9 2,340 5.3 6,530 i 7.7 11,610 11.2 24,070 4.0 2,530 5.9 6,770 7.3 11,910 11.4 34.830 4.1 2,730 6.0 7,010 7.9 12.210 11.6 25,500 4.2 2,930 6.1 7,270 3.0 12,510 11.8 26,350 4.3 3,130 6.2 7,530 S.2 13,150 12.0 27,110 4.4 3,330 6.3 7,790 8.4 13,790 12.5 29,010 4.5 3,540 6.4 8,050 8.6 14,450 13.0 30,910 4.6 3.760 6.5 3,310 8.8 15,130 13.5 32,310 4.7 3,980 G.6 3,570 ! 9.0 15.810 14.0 34,710 4.S 4,200 6.7 3,330 9.2 16.530 14.5 36,610 4.9 4,420 6.S 9,090 1 9.4 17,250 15.0 33,510 5.0 4,640 6.9 9,350 9.6 17.990 15.5 40,410 5.1 4,860 7.0 9,610 ; 9.8 18,750 16.0 42,310 5.2 5,090 7.1 9.S90 1 10.0 19.510 16.5 44,210 S.3 5,330 7.2 10,170 ! 10.2 20,270 17.0 46,110 6.4 5,570 7.3 10,450 10.4 21,030 17.5 48,010 5.5 5.S10 7.4 10.730 1 10.6 21,7<» 18.0 49,910 5.6 6,050 7.5 11,010 ; 10.3 22.550 Rating tatJe for Chippewa River near Eau Claire. Wis., from January 1 to December 31, 190^. Gage height. Discharge. height. 1 Discharge Gage height. Discharge. Gago heigbt. Discharge. Feet. Second-ft. Feet. Secon d-ft. Feet. Second-ft. Feet. Second-feet. 4.0 1,780 5.1 4,390 6.4 8.100 9.0 16.630 4.1 1,980 5.2 4,660 Q.Q 8,720 9.5 13,330 4.2 2,180 5.3 4.930 6.3 9,350 10.0 20,030 4.3 2,390 5.4 5.200 7.0 9.990 10.5 21,780 4.4 2.610 5.5 5,480 7.2 10,650 11.0 23.430 4.5 2,340 5.8 5,760 7.4 11,310 11.5 25,210 4.6 3,080 5.7 6.040 7.6 11,970 13.0 26,960 4.7 3.330 5.a 6.320 7.8 12.630 13.0 30,500 4.8 3,590 5.9 6,610 8.0 13,290 14.0 34,480 4.9 3,850 6.0 6,900 8.5 14,960 15.0 40,000 5.0 4,120 6.2 ~ 7,490 192 WATER POWERS OF WISCOSSIX. Raiinu tahJe for Chippewa River near Eau Claire, Wis., for 1905. Gape height. .Discharge. Feet. Seionil-ft. 3.50 750 3.60 960 3.70 1.170 3.S0 1,380 ! 3.90 1,590 I 4.00 1,800 4.10 2,010 4.20 2,21'0 4.30 2,430 4.40 2,&40 4.50 2,S50 4.60 3,070 ! 4.70 3,290 4. SO 3,510 4.90 3.730 5.00 3,950 5.10 4,170 5.20 4,390 5.30 4,610 base height. Feet. 5.40 5.50 5.60 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.20 6.30 6.40 6.50 6.60 6.70 e.so 6.90 7.0O 7.20 7.40 Discharge. Second-fi. 4,830 5,050 5,280 5,530 5,740 5,970 6,200 6,430 6,660 6,900 7,140 7,380 7,630 7,S30 S,130 8,3D0 8,650 9,180 9.720 CT;ige height. Feet 7.60 7. SO S.OO 8.20 8.40 S.60 S.SO 9.00 9.20 9.40 9.60 9. SO 10. GO 10.20 10.40 10,60 10. SO 11.00 11.20 Disjciiarge, Secoml-ft. 10,290 10,870 11,450 12,030 12,610 13,200 13,809 34,400 15,000 15,620 16, 2W 16,920 17,600 lS,2iS0 IS, 960 19.640 20,320 21,000 21.690 (■rage height. Discharge. Feet. Second-feet n.40 22,410 11.60 23,160 , 11. SO 23,950 ! 12.00 24,7.i0 12.20 25,550 1 12.40 26,350 12.60 27,150 12.80 27,950 1 13.00 23,750 i 13.20 29,560 13.40 30,390 13,60 31,240 13.80 32,110 14.00 33,000 14.20 33,900 14.40 34,800 14.60 35,700 14.80 1 36,600 Rating tahJe for Chippeira River near Eau Claire. Wis., for 1906. 3.50 1,040 4.90 3,820 6.30 7,360 , S.40 13.600 3.60 1,210 5.00 4,050 6.40 7,640 S.60 14,240 3.70 1,390 5.10 4,280 6.50 7,920 1 [ S.SO 14,890 3.80 1,570 5.20 4,520 6.60 S.200 ]| 9.00 15,550 3.90 1,760 5.30 4,760 6.70 8,480 ' 9.20 16,210 4.00 1,950 5.40 5.000 1 6.80 3,770 ! 9.40 16,890 4.10 2.140 5.50 5, 250 ; 6.90 9,060 ; 1 9.60 J7,570 4.20 2,340 5.60 5,500 i 7.00 9,350 : ; 9.80 18,250 4.30 2,540 5.70 3,760 1 7.20 9,030 i ; 10.00 18,950 4.40 2,740 5.80 6,020 1 7.40 10,530 ( i 11.00 22,550 4.50 2,950 5.90 6,280 ! 7.60 11,130 ! 1 12.00 26,350 4.60 3,160 6.00 6,550 7. SO 11,730 1 13.00 30,350 4.70 3,380 6.10 6,820 8.00 12,350 , 14.00 34,500 4.80 3.600 6.20 7,090 3.20 12,970 : 1 15.00 38.750 Note.— The above table is applicable onlj- for open-channel conditions. It is basecl on discharge measurements made during 1902-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 4 feet and 15 feet. Estimated monthly discharge of Chippewa River at Eau Claire, IF/s., 1902 to 1906. [Drainage area, 6,740 square miles.] Discharge. Run-off. Date. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Per square mile. Depth. Rainfall.! 1902. November 14—29 Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. Sec.-ft. 14,835 2,7S& Sec.-ft. 2.20 .41 Inches. 1.39 .41 Inches. 5 S! December 5-31.. 1.92 ^ Rainfall for 190e and lOOo is the averag-e of the recorded precipitation at the following stations: Butternut, Hajward, Medford, Barron, Eaju Claire; that for 1«)4 includes the same stations with vhe addition of Stanley and Prentice. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 193 Estimated nwnthly discharge of Chippewa River at Eaic Claire, Wis., 1V02 Iftmi — Coutiiiuetl. to Discharge, Run -Otf. Date. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Per square mile. Depth. Rainfall. 1903. January February March Sec.-fpci. 3.730 2,940 34,5:^0 25,970 44,970 36,990 39,050 23,iV)0 51,&ll> 25,7b0 5,930 3,930 Set^ -feet. 1,190 995 ^40 S,OoO 11,460 2,070 4,750 3,9S0 6,170 6,770 2,S30 1,055 Bee. 'feel. 2,593 2,023 11.573 11,240 24,761 8,720 14,695 S.602 19,584 13,524 4,562 2,835 Sec-fed. .33 .30 1.72 1.67 3.07 i.2y 2.18 1.28 2.90 2.01 0.68 .42 Inches. .44 .31 1.98 1.86 4.23 1.44 2.51 1.48 S.U 2.32 0.76 .48 Inches. .45 .86 2.28 3.07 6.45 1.95 7.70 5.35 7.58 3.57 0..6 .84 April Mayi Juue- July August !September Oeiuber November December The year Jauuary 51,S10 MO 10.395 1.54 21.05 41.77 51 February 1.05 1.56 2.01 4.33 6.14 3.13 4.27 4.86 o.m .17 1.79 March 19-31 April ... i>.255 22,220 32,900 24,510 21,170 13,790 19,430 40,400 9,4TS 2,960 1,920 7,640 7, 7 JO 4,390 1,647 t>50 2,2ti4 3,642 2,74S 3S0 4,6*2 14,550 16,960 12,000 8,525 3,778 "7. SOI 15,170 5,576 2,2d^ .686 2.16 2.bi 1.S7 1,26 .561 1.16 2.25 .S27 .331 .3S3 2.41 2.90 2.09 1.45 .647 1.29 2.59 .923 .S3:: May June Julv August 'September October November December 1-27 - The year . 35 41 1905. ilaroh lS-31 31,240 24,750 2S,360 60,520 2^2,050 14,100 20,320 14,250 7,3S0 5,970 10.400 6,770 3,S20 1,140 1,330 2,910 1,120 4,570 2,700 3,000 2,640 3,510 5,740 ■ 5,625 2,535 2,535 3,730 3,510 3,070 2,010 24,900 13,500 10,000 5,350 ^,220 6,970 6,27t> 8,310- 4,S10 , 4,025 13,510 10,184 12,666 20,36S 8,626 5,867 S,970 8,041 5,437 3,a>i 3.69 2.00 1.48 .794 .923 1.03 .930 1.24 .714 0.597 2.O0 1.51 1.^ 3.02 1.23 .S70 1.33 1.19 .507 .567 4.12 2.31 1.65 .92 1.06 1.15 1.07 1.38 .S2 0.6SS 1.04 1.68 2.17 3.26 1.48 1.00 1.43 1.37 .900 .654 April May June July August September October November December . 1906. April 38,100 22,700 20-000 13,700 19,600 17,400 15,900 10,600 9,090 aS,900 b C39,000 31,100 13,700 11,190 12,150 6,400 32,000 8,200 0.250 3,200 May Juue July Auffust September October November December 1907. January February March 3.750 7,200 8,075 5,300 2,050 1,400 1.275 1,750 2,150 400 15.150 14,675 12,600 7,225 5,300 2.800 7,700 4,550 3,600 1,675 3.28 2.17 1.S7 1.07 .786 .415 I.IS .676 .539 .248 2.63 2.42 2.16 1.19 .907 .478 1.32 .78 .597 .286 April May June Julv August September October November 1 December 1 ' May 31 estimated. ^ 1 to 6, Inclusive, estimated. Note.— Values for 1906 are excellent. During January, February, and March the flow probably seldom exceeded 3,000 second-feet and may have attained a minimum of 1,500 second-feet, or less. a For first 19 days. b Frozeu. c For last 18 days only. 1o O 194 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Rating tahle for Chippewa River near Eaii Claire. Wis., for 1906. Gape Dis- (.Tsee Dis- i Gipe Dis- Gaee height. charge. beicht. charge. ; height. charge. 1 height. Feet. Discharge. Feet. Sec -feet. ■ Sec,-/€et. Kfet. Sec.-feri. See. -feet. S.50 1,040 4.90 3,SM 6.30 7.360 S.40 13,000 3.60 1,210 5.00 4,050 6.40 7,640 8.60 14,240 S.7X) 1,390 5.10 4,2S0 6.50 7,9.'0 s.so 14,S90 3. SO 1,570 5.20 4,520 6.60 S.200 9.00 1:1.550 3.90 1,760 5.30 4,760 0.70 S,4S0 9.20 Hi, 210 4.00 1,950 5.40 5,000 6. SO S,770 9.40 li),5!U 4.10 2,140 5.50 3,250 6.90 9,0(50 ii.m iT.rai 4.20 2,340 5.60 5.50O 7.00 9,350 9. so If. 2*0 4.30 3,540 5.70 5,760 7.20 9.930 10.00 l-,r>-(l 4.40 2,740 5. SO 0,020 7.40 10,539 11.00 23,5.'0 4.50 2,950 5.90 6,2S0 7.60 11,130 12.00 3(i.:i5-i 4.60 3.160 6. GO 6,550 7. SO 11,730 13.00 .W.350 4.70 3,3S0 6.10 6.S20 S.OO 12,350 14,00 34..=«>) 4. SO 3,600 0.2O 7,090 S.30 13.970 15.00 3i., 75^.1 Note.— The above table is applicable only for open-channel oonditions. It is based on discharg'e mensnrements made during 1902-1900. It i&; n'ell defined between gage heig*hts 4 feet and 13 feet. CHIPPEWA RIVZK AT CHIPPEWA FALLS^ WIS. The United States Weather Bureau lias uiaintaiued a station at this point since II'OO. June 1, IHOO, the U. S. Geological Survey began making discharge measurements at the highway bridge, 2,500 feet below the dam at Chippewa Falls. The channel is straight for .")(I0 feet above the station and for a considerable distance bel^w. The left bank is low and liable to over- flow : the right bank is foruicd by a railroad enibaukment, which is under water in high floods. The l)ed of the stream is gravel and sand and is probably permanent. The current is swift. Discharge measurments are made from the lower side of tlie steel highway bridge. The initial point for soundings is the inner face of the riaiit abutenient at the do-\mstreain side. The caa'e is an iron staff attached to the downstream face of the Hrst ]ner from the right bank. The gage readings for lOOG were furnished by X. O. Swift, the Ignited States "Weather Bureau ol")server at Chippewa Falls. The river stage during the "sawing season'' fluctuates very rapidly at times, due to the storage of water at Holcombe by the lumber com- pany. This reservoir is opened two or three times a week to flood logs to the sawmill. A measurement was made at this station on Tnne 1. 1906, by M. S. Brennan, giving the following results: "Width, 721 feet; area, 4,700 square feet; gage height, 6.70 feet: discharge, 18,000 second-feet. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 195 Daily gage height, in feet, of Vhippeira Birer at Chix)pewa Falfft, Wis., for ]90.'). Day. Mar. Apr. May. Juue July. Aur. ; Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 10.. 11.. 1-2.. 13.. 14.. i:.. 16.. 17.. IS.. 19.. 50.. ■n.. ??., 23., 2-1., 23. 26. 27. 2S. 5.0 4.3 5.5 6.3 S.O 7.9 7.S S.O ii.O 9.S 'J. 9 9.5 9.6 10.0 11.5 11.4 10.5 11.3 S.S 7.S 7.4 7.0 7.3 6.3 5.G 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.0 S.2 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.5 4.0 2.3 l.S 1.5 1.4 l.S 4.2 5.0 2.4 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.4 4.0 2.3 1.4 4.6 l.S 5.0 3.1 2.0 1.3 l.S 1.5 5.1 3.6 2.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 5.4 3.1 2.3 3.0 l.S 1.2 4.5 5.1 1.0 ]-9 1.5 1.0 2.0 6.0 1.5 k.S 1.4 1.2 2.3 5.6 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.2 2.0 5.1 2.3 1.5 1.5 3.3 l.S 5.0 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 2.3 4.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.3 2.9 3.9 1.5 1.2 l.S 1.4 5.S 3.5 2.0 1.7 3.0 1.5 5.0 3.3 2.4 1.4 3.2 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.7 1.3 6.5 1.8 4.3 3.5 l.S 1.4 3.6 l.S 4.4 l.S 2.0 1.3 2.6 1.5 2.9 1.5 1.9 1.2 2.8 1.5 3.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.7 l.S 2.0 1.1 1.8 2.3 2.0 4.0 2.4 1.3 4.0 3,0 2.3 5.7 1.0 1.0 l.S 6.8 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.3 4.5 3.8 3.0 3.S 2.5 1.5 2.3 3.5 5.1 5.5 2.7 l.fi 4.2 2.5 5.0 6.6 2.S 1.5 l.S 2.3 5.0 6.S 3.3 1.2 2.7 2.5 4.9 5.9 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.4 4.6 5.7 1.5 1.3 3.S 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 o.S 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.Z 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 l.L> l.S l.S l.S l.S l.S 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2,0 Note.— There were ice conditions January 1 to March 31; also December 13 to 31. Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Chippewa River at Wis., for 1907. Chippeica FaUs, Day. Mar. Apr. May. Jun July. Aug. , Sept. Oct. Nov, Dec. 1 2 9.5 S.O 7.5 7.3 S.O 7.9 7.5 6.9 6.6 5.5 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.S 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.8 3.6 4.0 3.3 3.9 3.3 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.7 5.5 5.9 6.6 6.5 0.0 5.3 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.7 3.5 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 2,5 3.0 3.3 2.7 2^5 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.4 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 ■2.3 3.2 3.5 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 l.S 1.7 1.3 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1,1 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.? 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 ,9 1.0 .9 .8 ,9 .8 .9 .8 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7 .6 .7 .8 .9 .8 .7 .8 ,9 1.0 1.1 4.0 8.3 10.0 9.5 3.4 7.3 4.3 e.9 4.2 4.7 2.7 4.4 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.S 2.8 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 1^ 1.3 1.7 1.7 l.S 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1,5 1,5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 .1 .1 .9 .9 .9 3 .9 4 .9 5 .9 1.0 1.0 s 1.0 9 1.0 10 1.0 11 1.0 12 1.0 13 .... 1.0 14.. . ... 1.0 15 1.0 16 1.0 17 1.0 13 19 20 21 23 l.S 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 6.5 7.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 10.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 23 .9 24 .9 25 .9 26 .9 ^7 .9 28 .9 29 1.0 30 1.0 31 1.0 Note.— River frozen to March 18. 100 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. Disvhar4, ^ Authority: Nos. 1, Mississippi River Commission: Ey. 30-47 U. S. engineers. = High watei. ^Low water. Feet. I 5 2680.0 I ' \ 3664.0 f 45.5 770.0 3.3 770.0 .6 772.0 10.0 798.0 14.5 S06.0 50.0 S39.0 5.5 852.0 2.5 854.0 1.2 ssr.o 1.5 871.0 2.3 8S1.0 2.7 901.0 .9 936.0 1.3 012.0 1.3 945.0 3.7 954.0 2.S 961.0 1.2 906.0 .1 967.0 1.0 993.0 1.5 995.0 3.3 l.OW.O .5 1,020.0 .0 l,0S6.O 6.5 1,036.0 3.6 1,050.0 16.5 1,064.0 Feet. 106.0 .0 2.0 21.0 14.0 33.0 13.0 2.0 13.0 4.0 10.0 20.0 35.0 6.0 3.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 1.0 26.0 2.0 9.0 16.0 16.0 .0 14.0 14.0 Feel. 2.3 .0 3.3 1.0 .8 10.3 2.7 4.3 7,4 39.0 4.6 2.3 2.4 2.5 4.2 10.0 2«.0 1.3 2.7 32.0 .0 4.0 0.85 2^-27, U. S. Geol. Survey: 23, 29 IDS WATEB POWER.^ OF WlSCOySlX. ProriJe of Chippeica River from its mouth to sources of Ejst and West brum lies — Cominiieil. N. E. U. N. E. 14, S. 53, T. 30 N., E. 7 W., Wis. Cent. Ey East niul West brauclies jimction EAST BRANCH. Goose Eye nipiiis 'head (foot Little Cbiof LaUf) Snaptail rapids (Hunter?* Lake): Foot Heail Blaisdells Laki^ Cedar rapids: Foot Head Bear Lalie Kiver, water level Pelican Lake River," water level, sec. 19, T. i2 N., E. 2 W Glidden Station Source of river WEST BRANCH. Proposed U. S. dam Pakaawanff Lake Moose Lake: Proposed U. S. Dam Water level Partridge Crop Lake Source of river Distance. From mouth. Miles. 135.:: 102.7 164.7 1GG.7 16S.,? 17D.7 173.2 175.7 ITS. 2: 1S1.7 1S6.7 190.3 201.7 233.7 1C4.5 16S.7 17S.7 17S.7 155.7 205.7 Betwoeu points. Milflf. 11 27.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.5 5.0 3.5 11.5 22.0it: l.S 6.0 10.0 .0 7.0 20.0it: Eleva- (i>)u above ^ea- level. Feet. Descent between points. Total. Permilo. Feet. Feet. 1,112.0 .s.„ 4.4 1,260.0 Ki^.O '!.l 1,323.1 43.4 21.7 1,325.2: l.d .9 1,3(}S.S 43.6 29.0 1,374.5 5.T 2.3 1,404.0 29.5 11. S 1,420.0 16.0 6.4 1,432.9 12.9 5.1 1,442.0 9.1 2.6 1,4^.0 20.0 4.0 1,463.3 l.S .5 1,500.3 45.5 4.0 1,2S6.0 6.0 3.3 l,2Sr.2 1.3 .2 1,358.8 71.6 7.3 1,361.9 1,3S4.4 3.1 22.5 S.3 Distances and drainage areas of Chippetoa River. River. ' Distance from the junction of East and West branches, map meas- ure East and West branclies (junction) Court Oreilles Tbornapple (above moutb) Flambeau; Above moutli Mouth Yellow: Above moutb Moutb Eau Claire: Above uaouth Moutb •■' Red Cedar: Above moutb Moutb Cbippewa ^ Station is at mout'b of river, unless otherwise stated. Miles. U 36 .53 53 90 90 113 113 142 142 165 Drainage area anove statioiw Sq miles. 757 9SS 1,383 1,777 3,761 4,920 5,3Si 5,760 6,650 7,004 8,961 9,573 Wir:CONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXXVI. Fig. 1. THE DELLS PAPER AND PULP CO.'S DAM AND MILL, EAU CLAIRE, WIS. FiK- 2. BRUNETTE FALLS. CHIPPEWA RIVER. CHIPPEWA RIVER. ^99 ^VATER POWERS. Eaa Claire. — The lirst Jam site is located about 2i/o miles below the month of Eau Claire Kiver. AccordiBg to a recent survey by the city engineer, a head of T feet conld be obtained here. On account of its proximity to the city of Eau Claire, this power would have especial value. Before improvement there Avere two rapids in the river between Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, one 1.25 miles above the Eau Claire, called the Lower Dalles, with a descent of 10.5 feet in a little over 2 miles ; the other about 4 miles below Chippewa Falls, called the Upper Dalles, with a descent of 9 feet in about 2 miles. The dam 2 miles, above Eau Claire, owned by the Dells Paper and Pulp Company, is of the square-timber, crib type on a sandstone foundation. It is about (JOG feet lonp'^ 19 feet high, 3 feet wide at the top, and with a base of about S feet. Eight splash boards are used on the crest when necessary, giving a head of 2'6 feet. It would be possible to increase the height of the dam so as to develop 32 feet, and a bill authorizing this increase is now (March, 1907) pending before the State legislature. Such a dam would back the water ne^^rly to Chippewa Falls, 15 miles above, greatly adding to an already very large pondage. This is the most important manufacturing plant on the river. The turbine installation is reported as follows: Dells Paper and Pitlp Company's turhine installation, 2 miles ahove Eau Claire. Purpose. Horsepower. Paper mill 1 ,396 Pulp rail! 4,913 Eleotrio light and power 1,632 Waterworks 300 S,240 A view of this plant is shoAvn in Plate XXXVI. Chippewa Falls. — In the 1-1.5 miles between the Dells dam and Chippewa Falls no power sites are found, the river having a nearly uniform slope of 1 foot, to the mile. At the latter place, however, is a wooden dam SOO feet long, with a head of 30 feet, owned by the Chippewa Falls Lumber and Boom Company. This dam. supplies power for a large sawmill and also a plant furnishing the city of Chippewa Falls with water and electric light. The dam could be made several feet higher, as the local conditions are favorable, but this 200 WATER POWERIS OF WIil i'*';ilii. lo wliifli |>itiut ilu- Wiilcl* imw h;ick>. 'i^lic u\\'llL'i'> luive ile- vc'ldix'd only about -0 feet of head, but tlii> oonld he inoveasocl to the full head of rJO feet l\v l^lnsting' and elennine' out the riven* to the Avagon bridge below. The i^ower and light conqiauy leases 1,000 lun-se- power, using a head of :^0 feet. A view of this .]am is shown in PbUe XXxVlI. Fijr. n.— riiiiUHMVM U'wvv ;it Cluitpcwji F:ills Paint Creel'. — The next rapids, known by this nauie, are 2.5 miles above the Chippewa Falls dam. A flooding dam r>2r> feet long, with a crest 10.5 feet abt>ve k>w water, was fi.trmerly maintained here. A dam about SOO feet long, with a head of l-t feet, eould be constructed at the foot of the rapids at this point. The banks and bed ai)i)ear tn be sand, intermiugled with large bowlders. Stone for construction is abundant and near at hand, and it is likely that a rock fouudatitiu could be easily oi)tained. Ear/Ie Bapids, 4.5 miles farther upstream, in lot o, sec. 10, T. 20 y.. E. S., is a good site for a dam, <^wned l)y F. G. i: C. A. Stanley, of Chippewa Falls. A dam r>0 feet long and 20 feet high avouUI back the water three-fourths of a mile above the city of Chippewa, where O'Xeil's Creek enters from the west. One mile above the mouth of O'Xeils Creek, in Sec. Id, T. 20 X^., E. S W., is a gorge 700 feet wide, where a 25-foot dam would have solid sand- stone for fomidations and abutments and would liack the water al- most to the foot of Jim Falls, 5 miles above. Such a dam would be- velop 5,000 theoretical horsepower. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 201 pipO\va Rivei' at °' "' Davis Falls. Wis. •20-2 WATER POWERS OF WISCOSSIW. Dari.); Falls. — Xear the ^sinall station of Jim Falls, on tlie ^^liieaa'o ami -Nortliwo^teni Jriailway, occurs the best opportunity for Avater- power development on Chippewa Eiver. It is owned by W. L. Davis, of Eau Claire. Formerly an old flooding dam was located here. The river iiows over a series of granite ledges 1 to -i feet high, while the banks seem to be of the same rock, covered by a few feet of sandy soil. This power is now under development, a company having pur- chased all the land needed. The proposed dam, 2S feet high, will hj located at the head of the rapids. It is designed to furnish power for a pulp mill near the foot. The total head obtained by this plant will be 55 feet. Fig. 12 shows the plan of the proposed deveopuient. Water is to be conducted from the dam by a canal extending -on the left bank for a distance of aljoiit 5,000 feet to high bluffs 100 feet from the river bank. The power house will be on the river bank im- mediately below. The dam will back the water nearly to Brunett Falls, 9.5 miles above, and will cover the Colton and Chevalley rapids. Burnett Falls. — One of the best powers on Chippew^a River, and one most cheaply developed, is found at Burnett Falls (PI. XXXVI),. located in Sec. IS, T. 31 X., E. G W. It belongs to Corrnell University, which also owns the adjacent land as well as the w^ater rights. The best location for the dam would be about 650 fe-et above the foot of the rapids, where a 35-foot dam would back the water up to the rapids at Holcombe, 5i/o miles above. The river at the dam site is narrow (70 or SO feet), while the banks axe high, granite ledges. A dam here would create a large reservoir. It is stated that the plans con- template a dam 200 feet long. A steel wagon bridge has recently been built across the river immediately below the dam site. Holcomhe Dam, — The next power is at Holcombe, about 3 miles be- low the mouth of Jump Eiver, where the Chippewa Falls Lumber and Boom Company mantains a timber dam, w^ith a head of about 17 feet. This is the third dam that has been built here, the others having been washed out by freshets. As the lumber interests are fast declining, the present dam is being allowed to decay. For power purposes it should be replaced by a more substantial structure. The river here has a rock bottom, with rather low clay sides, but an 18-foot dam coiild be constructed on the site of the present structure, which, to- gether with a 15-foot dam at the foot of the rapids just below (some- times called Little Falls), would develop about all the head at this CHIPPEWA RIVER. 20S point lUid ■would not lloud iinv nmre valuable lands above. This "wonld lli (*.iu>i W., the river descencU 216 tVel, aii it\"ui'iiij:<.- "1 '-'.(' t'rL*r pur mile. Tlii? -teep gradient is cerraiu to pri'ilueo many gx^od powers. This reaeli is, however, devoid of railvt;ads except a few logging roads. One of these undeveloped pow- er.., called Jkdills Falls, is located in See. 21^ T. 3S X., E. 7 W. Its owner, the John Arpin Lumber Company, reports that this power is capable of producing a head of about 30 feet. It is near Eadison, on the Ohicago, St. Paul, iliiineapolis and Omaha Eailway. East Branch of Chi-ppewa. — Three important rapids occur in East Branch of Chippewa Eiver Between Little Chief Lake and the con- fluence of East and West branches, a distance of 2.7 miles, there is a descent of 43 feet. Between these points there is a series of rapids, ''the bed of the vivev being literally paved with bowlders. The banks are from 10 to 20 feet high and the drift a reddish clay.'' These are known as the Goose Eye rapids. Two or three dams could develop a head of aboTit 40 feet. Above Hunters Lak^, in Sees. 22 and 23. T. 40 X. E. 5 E., occur the Snaptail Eapids with an aggregate descent of 43.6 feet. Cedar l\a]")ids, the last of importance on this branch. Avith a de- scent of l(.t feet, are located in Sec. \K T. 40 X., E. 4 W., and in the 2 miles above. The total descent between Blaisdell and Bear Lakes is about r)S feet, all in a distance of 7.5 miles. Between Bear and Lit- tle Chief Lakes the banks vary from 4 to .'^0 feet in height. A log- ging (laui has been maintained at the head of tho ra]")ids, in Sec. 26, T. 41 X., E. 4 W., Avhich had a height of 10 feet. Measurements made here bv I'^nited States engineers on June 20 and J\\\r 12, 1S79, with the river respectively 0.6 and 2.1 feet above low-water mark, showed a discharge of 3S1 and 472 second-feet. The river at this point is ir>3 feet Avide. West Branch of Chippciva. — "West Branch of the Chippewa Eiver has a drainage area of 480 square miles, or 200 square miles more than East Branch, l>ut its descent is considerably less rapid. The river has its source in several large lal^es at about 1,380 feet above sea level. The first undeveloped power is located about 1.5 miles above the confluence of the two branches, in Sec. 34, T. 40 X., E. 6 "W.. where the hills approach within 900 feet. The river at this point has a width of 121 feet, and here United States engineers made sur- veys for a dam with a head of 25.5 feet, w^hich gave a very large re- servoir area. A 15-foot head could probably be obtained at reason- -able expense. Eour measurements made by United States engineers CHIPPEWA RIVER. OQo- oil Aiiiiii:sr <>. 177!>, at a ^tagc only O.ii fuot above lo"\v Avater gave a jin'iiii ili.-rluti'iic uf :j!;ii -i-L-iiinl-toui. "t' n.7") -iriPiul-lV'L'i j'L'I* ^(jiuu't- luil;- of (Irniiiage ai't-a. This larg'e low-Avarer run-otf i> iluubio that csti- iiiaiCfl ±ov this (Ivaiiiage area. The excess may be exphiiued by the sremlyiiig aeti(tn of tlie hirge hikes near the headwaters of this river. In the 10 miles between [Moose and Palavawang Lakes West Branch descends 71. feet, inchuling a series of rapids "vvith slnggish Avater between. The bnnks are generally from 20 to ;)0 feet high, with clay soil.^ Coiirl Orci]Ief< Eivcr, — Court Oreilles River ha^s its source at an elevation of 1.2S7 feet in a lake of the same name. The group of lakes forming its lieadAvaters have a total area of abont 16 square miles. A dam at this ontlet would need to have a length of 260 feet to secure a head of 5 feet, and would store a sui>jjly sufficient to deliver 255 second-feet for ninety days at times of low water. The river is from 50 to 60 feet wide, and in the iirst 3 miles of its course is sluggish. Thence to its mouth it furnishes a series of rapids, Avith still reaches between. The most important rapids kno-\\ni as the Court Oreilles, are situated within 3 miles from the mouth of the river, which at this point HoAvs over ledges of the pre-Cambrian rocks. The river is crossed at its middle point by the Chicago, St. Paul, ^Minneapolis and Omaha Eailway, where the Avater siirface has an elevation of 1,240 feet. This shoAvs a descent of 47 feet in 10 miles betAveen this point and the lake. The loAver half of the riA'er is reached by the above raihvay. Unlike either East Branch, West Branch, or any other neighboring branches of the ChippeAva, Court Oreilles EiA'er drains a region AA'itli a very open sandy soil. A measurement made by United States engineers, October 25, 1879, at a stage 0.3 foot above loAv Avater, shoAved a discharge at the mouth of Lalve Court Oreilles of only 28 second-feet from a drainage area of 114 square nriles. It seems likely that, becauae of the character of the soil, part of the run-off escapes undergroimd to the west into Xamekagon Eiver. Upper Powers. — Because of their present isolation from railroads, the chief use of dams which have been maintained on the upper head- AA-aters of Chippewa Kiver would lie in their operation as reservoirs to improve the powers below. Their location is shoAvn in the follow- ing table: iR^pt. Chief Eng-. "U. S. Army, 1S80. p. 15^1?. 2or. WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIN. Dams on upper uaters of Chippewa RiverA No. Locatiou. Dime: .-ious -' Reservoir Height. Length. capacity. 1 Chippewa River: Chippowji Riwr: XW. ^i sec. --;. T. J-' X. R. G W Feet. 21 17 S *2Q 7 S G 10 ns *1S no *15 *20 Feet. o.'3 Cubic feet 13 ;.:■-. '3. OOt. ■? Sfu. i'}, T. u,i X., U. t \V li:;.:i31.U 6 7 XE. U SE. U s'eo. 14. T 41 X., P.. 6 W. Outlet tu Pokegama Liike, XW. U. NW. U sec. '32 T. 40 X., il (j W 4;^i.0;i0.oi)0 5 Little Chief River, XE. Vi XE. U sec. 20, T . 40 X . , R . r AV 9 East Bniach, XW. U ^I^^- U sec. 3G. T. 41 X . , R . 4 \^' 30{.»,000,000 10 Thorn;ipple River: Sec. 10 T. 33 X., R M \V 11 Sec. 4, T. 3i- X., R. 3 W Sec. M, T. 3i X.. R. 4 AV v> 13 Sec 4 T 3^ \ R 4 AV 14 Brunnett River, sec. 17, T. 3S X., K. 5 W — Torch River, sec. lb, T. i2 X., R. 4 W 15 ^Authority: Xo^. 1-4 and O-O, United States eugiueers; 5 aud 10-15, Chippewa Lumber and Bourn Compauy. , -Dimensions marked with an asterisk (."> were estimated by the owner, The Chip- pewa Lumber and Boom Comi>any. ^ From report of Chief Engineer, U. S. Army. TEIBUTAEJES OF CHIPPEWA EIVEE. FLA:MEEAr KlVER. PEATXAGE AXD "WATER POWERS. Ill size of drainage area, Flambeau Eiver raiiks first among the Iribiitrrries of the Clrippewa. Indeed,' because of its central loca- tion in the drainage basin, it might pro^Derly be regarded as the pro- longation of the main stream itself. Eegardless of its size, how- ever, its water power must, in large part, continue for some time unused, because of its forested location and its lack of railroad facili- ties. The settling of this area Avill soon justify the extension of present railroads and the building of new ones. Flambeau Eirer is crossed at Ladjsmith by the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Eailway, near its center (at Park Falls) by the Wisconsin Central Eailway, and at its upper headwaters by the Chicago and l^orthwestern Eailway. CHIPPEWA river: 207 y/oju/oy JO sat/ouf 20S WATER POWERS OF WISCOySlN. Duriug the past year^ the Wisconsin Central Railroad has com- pleted it- Sii]~terior branch fmni a ]^i.mt near the Black River cross- ing on its main line, and already the portion betAveeu this terminus and Ladysmith is in operation. The Chicago, St. Paul, Mimieapolis and Omaha Eaihvay has also extended its branch eastward from Coudary, crossing the Chippewa River and paralleling the Flam- beau for twenty miles west of Park Falls. Between Park Falls and Ladysmith is a reach of 50 miles un- served by railroad, and yet with no point at a greater distance than 15 miles from the present railroads. It is signiiicant that the two points with transportation facilities, Ladysmith and Park Falls,, have established large paper and pulp mills and other manufactories.. The unusually steady llow, the soft water and the proximity of almost unlimited quantities of pulp wood should make this river a center of the paper and pulp industry. Transportation alone is lacking. Flambeau River has its source in the largest number of lal^es and connecting SAvamps with the greatest aggregate storage capacity of any river in the state. This storage capacity has been increased in many cases by lumbering dams built at the lake outlets, but as yet many opportunities for the storing of surplus water remain unim- proved. These lakes lie in the highest portion of the state, at eleva- tions varying from 1,560 to 1,650 feet or more above the sea. In order to point out the power possibilities along the Flambeau river a siirvey was made during 1006 from its mouth to a point 120 miles above. From the data collected, sheets have been prepared showing a profile of the water surface, a plan of the river, contours along the bank, and prominent natural or artificial features. The results of this survey have been published on separate sheets and may be had on application to the Director of the Geological Sur- vey. The levels taken show that the total fall in the 95 miles below Park Falls is 419 feet, or 4.4 feet per mile. In the 63 miles be- tween Boulder Lake and Park Falls, the river has a fall of 156 feet, or only 2.5 feet per mile. Fallowing is a profile of the river together with a detailed descrip- tion of the falls and rapids along the 114 miles covered by the co- operative state and federal survey. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 209 Profile of Fiamheait River from, mouth to Boulder Lake. Statiou. Mout'li of river S\V. 14 sec. 34, X. ;i4 N., K. 7 W Ducomon rapids, N\V. Vi sec. 33, T. 3i N., R. 7 W Xew dam, foot uf rapids tsW. 14 sec. y, T. 34 X., R. W Ladysmilli, below dam Lad.vsmitli, above dam Backwater Ladysmitli dam Yellow Bauks Rapids fooc of Little Falls Rapids West liue of Sec. 9 T, b5 X, R., 5 W SK. corner Sec. 10, X. 35, N. R., 5 W Nortli line Sec. 11, T. 35, N. R., 5 W Foot Big Falls, S. liue Sec. 35, T. 30, N. R., 5 W Head of Big Falls X. line S. ~>5, T. 30, N. R., 5 "VV X. line S. 19, T. 36, N. E., 4 W. Rock Isl. Rapids Head of Little Cedar Rapids 4tli Pitch Cedar Rapids; foot of 3rd Pitch Cedar Rapids; foot of ?nd Pitch Cedar Rapids; foot of 1st Pitch Cedar Rapids; head of Vorks of Flambeau Flambeau Falls— head of Porcupine Rapids foot of lown liue, towns 37 and 3S N N. line Sec. 16, T. 3S, R. 3 W N line Sec. 3, T. 3S, R. 3 W N line Sec. 27, T. 3S, R. 3 W SE. y^, SE. Vi, Sec. 1, T. 38, R. 3 W Tiarnabee Rapids, foot, S. line S. 17, T. 39, R. 2, W S. line Sec. 15, T. 9, R. 2 W S. line Sec. 7, T. 39, R. 1 W Town iine— bet T. 39 and 40 Lower dam— Park Falls, foot of Lower Dam Park Falls, crest Wisconsin Central Ry. Bridge, Park Falls Below tail-race upper dam Park Falls Upper Dam, Park Falls, crest of Rapids, foot of. Sec. NW. ^, S. 38, T. 41, B. 1 E Rapids, head of, N line S. 38, R. 1 E East line Sec. e, T. 41, N. R., 2 E.. Rnpids, head of, town line, towns 41-43 , Manitowish River, junction of Bear Creek 14 Distance. Elevation above sea level. Descent po between QtS. From muuth. Between ijO.UtS. Total. PermUe. Miles. Miles. Feet. Feet. Feet. 0.0 7.0 1,050.0 1,064.0 7.0 14.0 2.0 9.S5 2.25 1,070.0 6.0 2.7 13.5 4.25 1,081.0 11.0 2.6 16.9 3.4 1,038.4 7.4 2.2 20.4 3.5 1,099.0 10.6 3.0 20.4 25.4 0.0 5.0 1,115.3 1,117.0 16.3 1.7 0.3 27.1 1.7 l,12S.O 11.0 6.4 28.6 1.5 1,137.0 9.0 6.0 30.4 1.8 1.152.0 15.0 8.3 32.7 2.3 1,163.0 11.0 4.S 33.9 1.2 1,173.0 10.0 8.3 35.0 1.1 I.ITT.S 4.3 4.4 . 36.1 1.1 1,209.0 32.3 2.9 37.4 1.3 1,217.0 8.0 6.0 39.6 2.3 1,233.0 16.0 7.3 41.4 1.8 1,247.0 14.0 7.7 42.7 1.3 1.254.0 7.0 5.4 43.7 1.0 1,263.0 9.0 9.0 44.45 .75 1,363.0 5.0 7.0 45.70 1.25 1,279.0 11.0 9.0 4S.9 3.2 1,284.0 5.0 1.6 50.4 1.5 1,298.0 14.0 9.3 54.0 3.6 1,311.0 13.0 3.5 56.5 2.5 1,326.0 15.0 6.0 62.0 5.5 1,336.0 10.0 1.9 65.75 3.75 1,355.0 19.0 5.0 08.3 2.55 1,399.0 14.0 5.6 72.3 4.0 1,377.0 S.O 2.0 78.05 5.75 1,3S3^ 6.0,. 1.0 a.3 3.28 1,400.0 17.0 5.3 S6.6 5.3 1,419.0 19.0 3.6 &1.1 4.5 1,436.5 17.5 4.9 95.6 4.5 1,448.5 12.0 2.7 96.6 97.0 1,469.0 1,469.9 20.5 0.9 1.40 0.7 97.2 0.2 1.471.8 1.9 9.5 97.4 0.2 1,436.0 14.3 28.0 103.1 5.7 l,4ffi.0 3.0 0.3 105.4 2.3 1,506.5 13.5 8.0 111.9 6.5 1,520.0 13.5 2.0 114.5 2.8 1,646.0 36.0 10.0 129.5 15.0 1,568.0 22.0 1.5 210 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Profylt' of Flambeau Elver from mouth to Boulder Z/a^e— Continued. No. Station. Distance . Elevation above sea level. Descent between POiUtS. From mouth. Between points. lotdi. ^ j;^e'. 45 Rest Lake, moufh of, sec. S, T. 42, N. R., 5 E 141.5 14D.5 15S.5 12.0 7.30 9.5 1,537.0 1,592.0 1,025.0 19.0 5.0 33.0 1.8 46 Island Lake, inlet of .& 47 Boulder Lake 3.5 Authority: Numbers 1-43 inclusive, V. S. G. S. and State Cooperative Survey. Numbers 44-^7 inclusive, U. S. Engineer, U. S. Army, datum uncertain. DAM SITES ON THE ELAilBEAU RIVER. In the stretch of 20 miles between Ladysmith dam and the month ot the Flambeau, the river has a fall of only 49 feet, and, as vill be seen from the prolile, with only a single concentration of fall. During' the past year, a concrete dam, 225 feet long, has been erected in Section eighteen, Township thirty-four north, Kange six west, which develops a head of IS feet. This dam was constructed by the Menasha Paper Co. This company has installed seven tur- bines, rated at ;j,000 horsepower, all used in the manufacture of ground wood pulp, ^o steam poAver is used. About three-quarters of a mile above the mouth of Flambeau Kiver, the banks are high enough to allow of a 15 foot dam. From the foot of Big Falls to the foot of the Ladysmith dam, a distance of 15 miles, the river has a total fall of 79 feet, only 16 feet of Avhich have been developed. For nearly the entire distance, the river flows betAveen high banks which will allow of two 25 foot dams. In this stretch, the river has a width of about 400 feet, the bed of the river, and the banks in part, being in the pre-Cambrian rocks. Lachjsmith Dam, — This is a timber structure, about 350 feet long, which develops a head of IG feet. The OA\^iers of this dam, the Me- nasha Wooden Ware Company, have installed six 45-inch and one 35-inch turbines. The power is used to nm a paper and pulp mill and also for the manufacture of wooden ware. A view of the dam and paper mill is shown in Plate XXXVIII. Ladysmith is a toAvn of about 300 inhabitants. Until recently, the town had only one railroad, the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie, but during 1906 the Wisconsin Central Railroad built WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XXXIV. Fig. 1. BLACK RIVER AT LOW WATER. NETLLSVILLE. (in PreCambrian rocks) Fig. 2. LOWER PITCH OF BIG FALLS, FLAMBEAU RI\'ER. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 211 it^ Aslilaud l)raiu'li tln'oiii;li tIio town from n point on tlio ninin St. Paul division near its Black Eiver crossing. This insures good transportation facilities. Little Falls Power. — A dam could be located in the northeast quarter of section thirty, township thirty-five, range five west:, a few feet above the back water of the Ladysniith daui, which would er mile. The total fall in the lower half of this stretch is the same as in the upper half, but the lower half has more concentrations. Porcupine Jlapids. — Between the north line of Section thirteen, Township thirty-seven, Range four west, a distance of nine miles, the river falls only 24 feet, but nearly 20 feet of this could be develo]ied by a dam located near the north line of section thirteen. Porcu]nne Eapids include a fall of iive feet in a distance of 1,000 feet and are located in the southwest quarter of Section seven, ToT\mship thirty- eight north, Eange three west. This power would have a relatively large pondage. Sec. 9, T. 38 N., E. 3 W, — In the southwest quarter of tbi+v-seetion, a head of between 15 and 20 feet could be developed. Fifteen feet head would develop all the remaining fall in township thirty-eight. In the next 12.5 miles above the to^vn line between to^viis thirty-eight and thirty-nine, the river makes a big bend of 360 degrees, the entire distance being devoid of quick water. Barnahee Rapids. — These are located in Sections sixteen and ■seventeen. Township thirty-nine, Eange three west, but quick water extends up the river for two miles or more. A head of 15 to 20 feet could be easily developed by a dam near the foot of Bamabee Eapids. CHIPPEWA lUYER. 213 The remaining 40 feet of fall below the lower dam at Park Falls could be developed in one or two dams at several points, as the banks are frequently high on both sides. Parle Falls Powers, — The drainage area of Flambeau Eiver above Park Falls is 700 square miles, but this includes the lake region with its nimierous stoi-age reserv()irs. The latter give an unusually steady floAv to the river, an eifect which could be greatly incivased by the building of more and higher dams at the outlet of the lakes. In a state of natvire, the river has a fall of about 34 feet, between a point one-half mile above the Wisconsin Central bridge and a point 1.5 miles below it. This fall has been improved by two dams at the extreme ends of the above stretch of river, both belonging to the Flambeau Paper Company. Tfie lower dam is a rock filled timber dam which develops a head of 16 feet. The company have installed turbines rated at 1,100 horsepower. This dam could increase its head to 25 feet by relocat- ing the dam about a mile below its present site, thereby improving what are known as Potato Kapids. The present dam backg the water to the railroad bridge. A view of this dam is sihown in Plate XXXIX. The upper dam is an old timber daan, at present in a very poor state of repair. This dam has at present an average head of 16 feet. The Flambeau Paper Company have a modem plant and have in- stalled 13 turbines rated at 1,300 horsepower. This dam site is an excellent one, and as the banks are high on both sides, could have its present head increased from 25 to 30 feet without much flooding. At the present time, this dam backs the water to the northwest quarter of Section thirty-three, To-wnship forty-one north, Range one east, a distance of 5.5 miles. Between the mouth of Turtle Kiver and the back water of the upper dam, a distance of 11.5 miles, the river has a fall of 60 feet, laro'ely concentrated in two places, viz. : Schidfz Rapids. — These rapids are located in Sections thirty-three and twenty-eight, Towmship forty-one north, Range one east. They consist of two pitches separated by about a quarter of a mile of slow water. The upper pitch of seven feet is located in section twenty- eight, while the lower pitch of 10 feet is located in section thirty- three. In the northwest quarter of section thirty-three^ the banks 2U WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. are hig'li enough to (level*']) a head of at least .'10 feet. Such a dam "Would hack the water to the east line of Section six, To\vnsliip fortv- one north, Eange two ea^t. Ishnu-l Bapids. — These rapids include a fall of about 22 feet, mostly located in vSectini> four. Township fnrty-one north, Eanac two east. \ ^(hkI site for a dam is near the ea^t and we^t cpiartiu* line in Section tive, T<.wnshi]> fnrty-one north, lunige two ('ii>r. A i\") foot dam wouhl develo]) all the fall to the mouth of the Turtle River. This is as far as the tn-esent survey of Flambeau Eiver ex- tended. From levels taken by the United States Engineers, iM years aao. the fall in the '^~> miles al»ove the mouth of the Turtle Eiver is seen to be only ,31 feet, or l.-t feet ]»er mile. BniiifaJI /nicl Bun-off. — Like all the northern rivors of the state the minimum floAV of Flambeau Eiver occurs in severe midwinter weatdier or during very dry sunnners in the months of July and August. At the present there are not sufficient discharge da^a cov- ering pericfds when the river is frozen to construct an accurate rating curve for such periods. Because of the extensive forests and the nu- merous lakes and swamps, an (trdinary flow of O.S second-foot per square mile of drainage area AvoiUd seem conservative. By the proper regulatir»n of ]n'esent dams at the headwaters it is likely that this discharge could be considerably increased. In February, 190-"J, the United States Geological Survey estab- lished an observing station at the Ladysmith dam, and has taken daily gage readings -ince. Discharge measurements are taken by current meters and are being continued so that in time an accurate estimate of the ri^'er's discharge will be available. The following tables give such daily ol-jservations ; discharge measurements and coni- l~>utations as have become available since the establishment of the station, and also a record of rainfall for the corresponding period : In 1006 a dam was built a few miles below Ladysmith which backs water at certain times on the gage. The Ladysmith station has ac- cordinalv been abandoned. CHIPPEWA niVER. 215 Discharge measurements of Flambeau River near Ladysmith, Wis., for 1903, 100.',. 1005 and 1906. Date. 1903. Febmnry I3i., March 19= April 3 May 6 June 16 July 11 August 21 September 10. , October 23 1904. May 16 June 3 August 2d September 30. October 12 1905. April S May 23 June 14 July 12 August 12 September 23. 1906. January 2'> Hjdrocrapber. E. L. R. Stockman .. do ,. do ,. do ,. do .. do ,. do C. R. Width. Murphy.. Stockman. Jfdinson, J .. do . . do . . do ■\V. Ha una. Feet. 325 J6C 361 312 342 34? 364 34S 350 350 349 X43 364 Area of Mean ' Gatre Dis- tectioQ, \-elociiy. height, charge- S. K. Clapp do M. S. Brenuau do do F. W. Hanna... 120 357 354 353 345 353 'SI. Brenuau April 16 Horton and Brenuau. Square leet. 472 i.sn. 1,330 1,927 703 1,430 995 1.579 1.271 1,333 1,44S 733 702 1.653 1.537 1.292. 1 ,232 1.015 623 1.104 344 3S0 Feet per second . 1.64 1.77 2. SO 3.70 1.91 2.95 2.69 3.36 3.07 T.15 2.99 2.07 2.21 3.37 3.49 2.69 2.67 2.54 1.S4 3.02 501 3.630 Feet. ]G.20 IS. 95 ]7.46.06 16.01 IS. 53 IS. 27 17.60 17.35 16. SO 15.66 37.75 16*13 20.74 Second- feet. 3,312 3,727 7,113 1,345 4 222 2! 631 5,:J03 3,39'J 4,203 4.321 1..517 L554 5,5SS 5,367 3,474 3.2SS 2,576 1.144 4.236 1633 10.300 ^ Frozen. - Log- jam below. 1 Entirely frozen over. Ga^re height to bottom of ice. 15.33 feet; thickness of ice varied from O.S to 0.5 foot below ice surface. The discharge was about 40 per cent of the open-channel rating: at gage height 16.13 feet. Mean daily gage height, in feet of Flamheau River near Ladysmith, Wis., February 15, 1903, to Decemher 31, 1906. Day. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Not. Dec. 1P03. 1 16.15 16.60 16.50 16.10 16.30 16.50 16. 6D 16.10 1G.50 16.50 16.05 16.45 16.35 16.35 16.60 16.15 16.20 16.30 IS. 25 20.35 19.30 18.50 1S.45 17.30 17.60 17.25 17.00 17.10 17.00 16.75 16.60 17.00 16.&f> 16.90 16.90 17.05 16.40 16.90 17.45 17.35 17.25 17.25 17.30 17.25 17.50 17.40 17.20 16.95 17.00 16.90 16.85 16.90 16. 6-5 16.65 17.30 17.30 17.25 17.15 17.20 17.40 13.45 IS. 30 1S.40 IS. 60 19.05 19.10 19.10 19.10 13.80 IS. 70 17.95 IS. 25 IS. SO 19.55 19.80 19.65 19.55 19.40 19.45 19.05 19.20 19.25 IS. 8.5 19.15 18.90 19.00 19.55 20.60 21,45 SI. 45 21.20 21.45 19. SO 19.65 18.95 IS. 60 IS. 10 17.55 17.55 17.30 16.95 16.61 16.75 16.80 16.30 16.15 16.35 16.50 16.05 16.07 15. S5 15.80 15.85 15.95 15.65 15.90 15.60 15.85 15.60 15.70 15.95 15.80 15.65 16.15 17.25 18.10 IS. 90 19.05 19.20 13.85 18.70 IS.OO IS. 75 IS. 55 13.30 17. a5 17.70 17.65 17.60 17.35 17.35 17.20 17.15 16.70 16.70 16.70 10. SO 0) fit (^) (^) (M (0 '"is!26' IS.OO 17.90 17. SO 17.70 17.50 17.30 17.30 17.20 17.00 17.C0 17.10 16.90 16.70 16. SO 17.10 16.80 17.00 16.90 16.80 10.70 16. SO 17.00 16.70 16. SO 16.30 16.S0 16.90 16.90 17.30 IS. 20 18.20 18.00 18.40 19.00 19.80 ■20.40 20.50 20.50 20.30 20.00 19.70 19.30 18.90 18.50 18.20 18.00 17.70 17.85 17.50 17.30 17.20 17.20 17.30 17.60 19.65 19.70 19.35 19.25 19.25 19.30 19.35 15.95 18.65 18.45 IS. 25 17.90 17.85 17.80 17.50 17.35 17.25 17.25 17.15 17.05 17.00 16. SO 17.00 16.80 16.55 16.65 16.05 16.20 16.00 16.25 15. S5 15.85 15.85 15.90 15.0.-7 15.70 15.S5 16.C-0 15.85 15. S5 15. SO 15. SO 15.75 15.80 15.00 15.50 15.50 15.45 15.25 15.40 15.65 15.45 15.55 15.85 15.80 15.80 15.85 ir.90 ■^ 15.75 •^ 15.95 4 15.60 5 15. SO 6 15. SO 16.95 8 15. SC 9 14.70 10 11 ](i..'.0 16.35 12 16.30 13 16.50 li 16.45 15 10 17 16.00 16.10 10.05 16.00 15.90 16.00 15.90 16.05 16.00 16.25 IG.OO 15.95 16.40 16.25 16.55 16.35 16.40 IS 19 16.70 16.60 20 21 16.67 16.67 22- 23 24 25 26 2T 28 29 16.67 16.66 17.00 16.69 16.66 16.50 16.10 16.80 30 16.80 31 16.70 1 Chain gage stolen. 2H3 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Flambeau River near Ladysmith, Wis., February 15, 1903, to December 31, 1906 — Continued. Day. Jan.- Feb.^ Mar.-i Apr, May. June. July. Aug. Sept \ Oct Nov. Dec, 1901. 1 16.75 16.75 17.00 16.90 18.70 17.50 •2 16.95 16.75 17.05 17.20 18.53 17.40 3 16.75 16.10 17.00 16. go 16.60 17.42 4 16.65 16. aO 17.05 16.90 18.35 17.43 5 17.00 16.50 16.50 16.70 16.S0 17.15 16.95 16.90 16.S5 16.80 17.10 18.45 18.60 18.60 18.00 6. 18.02 7 18.25 S 16.65 16.75 17.15 17.25 IS. 85 18.27 9.. . 16.65 16.70 16.60 16.55 16.50 16.75 16.65 16.70 16.95 17.00 16.90 17.50 17.40 17.05 17.30 17.05 17.00 17.19 17.10 17.15 19.20 19.15 18.90 18. SO 13.35 17.90 10 17.22 11 17.10 12 17.25 13 17.15 14 16.70 16.70 17.20 17.05 18.15 17.12 15 16.70 16.75 16.60 16.60 16.90 16.95 16.55 17.10 17.20 17.00 17.15 17.20 17.25 17.20 17.10 17.05 18.01 17.95 18.01 13.01 16.60 16 16.55 17 16.35 IS 16.25 19 16.65 16.95 17.15 17.00 18.03 16.32 20 26.30 16.75 16.95 17.55 17.05 17.05 16. 8d 16. S5 17.05 17.03 15.95 21 15. SS 22.. 16.75 16.75 16.65 16.70 16.70 16.90 17.00 16.60 17.00 16.90 17.15 16.85 17.15 16.95 16.96 16.65 17.20 17.20 18.00 18.40 17.01 17.04 17.06 18.40 19.00 16.15 23 15. y^ 2i 16.35 25 16.55 26 16.70 27 16.45 17.00 16.95 18.45 19.40 16 95 28 16.65 16.95 17.15 18.50 19.30 17.05 29 16.60 16.95 17.0^5 18.50 18. SO 17.05 30 16.75 16.45 18.90 18.40 17.20 31 16.65 17.20 17.80 17.58 15.15 16.25 (=) 17.25 15.65 17. rr 15.40 16.30 C^) 17.30 15.05 17.70 iV l6.:te e) 17.20 15.95 19.90 C^) 17.78 (') 16.90 14.50 18.82 15.60 17.65 16.05 16.70 15.15 IS. 58 15.72 17.20 16.05 16.tf0 15. ;« 18.75 15.13 17.28 16.10 16.30 14. ST 18.75 15.40 17.30 16.10 16.20 15.78 18.05 15.75 17.03 17.05 16.17 15.57 17.95 15.92 16.00 18.70 16.15 15.55 17.70 15.83 16.40 13.65 16.05 15.25 17.25 16.00 16.32 18.60 15.55 15. rr 16.40 15.90 16.45 18.50 15.60 15.55 16.30 15.90 16.30 18.43 15.45 15.30 16.12 15.85 16.15 18.30 15.83 15.35 16.15 16.02 16.05 17.85 15.28 15.45 16.03 15.90 16.05 17.20 15.55 15.35 16.00 15.85 16.13 16.95 15.72 15.30 15.60 15.95 16.15 17.15 15.70 15.00 15.80 15.75 16.00 17.25 15.60 15.57 15.95 16.00 16.00 17.60 15.45 15.70 15.85 16.20 15.90 17.80 15.82 15.73 15.80 lb.3i 15.95 17.75 15.27 15.63 15.70 16.45 15.95 17.75 15.55 15.00 15.85 16.65 16.40 17.85 15.72 15.65 16.15 16.45 16.40 17.75 15.70 15.70 16.76 16.45 16.40 17.65 15.55 16.10 16.75 16.20 16.45 17.55 15.40 15.75 15.70 16.10 16.40 17.65 14.95 15.80 15.25 16.27 16.45 17.70 15.55 16.30 15.55 16.15 17.22 16.40 2 Frozen from January 1 to March 30, when ice begins to break. Ice varie 16.20 16.55 16.55 16.35 1(1. i^ 16.20 16.15 15.80 15.95 15.80 15.95 15.55 16.20 16.15 16.10 16.40 16.75 16.75 17.00 17.65 17.20 17.65 17.35 17.45 17.30 17.10 16.8.T 16.85 16.80 16.70 16.55 16.30 16.40 16.25 16.15 16.20 16.15 16.20 16,15 16.05 15.10 16.05 16.30 16.30 16.20 16.10 16.25 16.05 15.90 15.90 15.85 15.90 15.70 15.75 15.63 16.00 16.60 16.10 16.60 16.15 15.99 16.15 15.90 15.85 15 95 16.10 16.45 16.15 16.25 15.90 15. S J 15.90 15.70 15.70 16.20 16.40 15.70 15.95 15.45 15.65 15.60 15.65 15.70 16.75 16.10 15.60 16.00 15.90 16.15 16.10 1 River frozen entirely across January 1 to March 23. March 11-28 there was water on the ice. Gage heigths are to water surface in a hole in the ice. The following com- parative readings were also made: CHIPPEWA RIVER. 117 Daily gage height^ m feet, of Fambeau River near LadyHmith. Wi%., for moo. 8 10 11 12 IS 14 15 le 17 18 10 20 21 sa 28 24 25 26 27 28 Day. 1906. Jan. I Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. I Aug. 8ept. 16.72 16.90 16.&& 17.35 16.65 17.10 16.70 16.30 16.TO 16.S0 17.10 17.00 17.4 17.10 15.60 17.10 16.60 16. 9e 16.93 17.00 17. S7 IS. 15 IS. 20 IS. 05 17.45 18.15 18.38 IS .SO 19.05 10.65 20.50 20.7* 20.65 20.48 20.35 •20.40 20.40 20.40 20.10 19.75 19.45 Ifi.OO 18.70 18.46 18.05 18.05 17.90 17. S2 17.35 18.05 17.30 17.05 17.15 IS. 30 10. UO 18.60 16.S2 18. 5S 17.15 18.20 17.7S 17. 7S IS. 25 17.5? 17.90 17.40 18.20 17. IS 17.7^ 17.10 17.45 17.10 17.40 17.02 16.85 17.25 16. SO 17.00 16.65 17.50 16.55 16.68 16.80 16.6& 16.10 IS.ffi 16.10 16.6-5 16.3? 16.90 16.60 1G.95 16.50 17.32 16.75 17.32 16.58 17.50 16.60 17.80 16.60 17.70 16.50 17.38 16.^ 17.80 17.40 17.50 16. £0 16. 9> 17.10 16. s« 16. S^ 16.20 16.35 16.10 16.35 16.38 16.40 16.52 16.6i> 16.35 16.20 16.40 16.30 16.20 16.10 15.95 16.60 15. S8 15.75 15.68 16.00 15.55 15.70 15.65 15.75 15.55 15.00 15.20 15.75 10.20 15.-^5 15.70 17.15 17.30 16. yo 16.30 16,20 16.S5 16.20 16.15 16.C0 16.03 15.S0 15.90 15.70 15.3.5 15.60 16.45 16.75 16.80 17.00 16.65 17.05 16.55 16.45 16.35 16.20 16.50 Oct. Nuv. 16.15 16.25 16.12 1(7.10 16.05 16.10 16.35 15.. 50 15.55 15.70 15.60 15.65 16.65 17.1? 17.15 17.08 17.10 17.12 17.10 16. 7S 16.26 17.02! 17.08 16.15 16.65 16.58 16.25 16.40 10.20 16.55 16.15 15.70 15.80 15.40 16.00 15.20 15.SI> 14.90 15.75 15.85 15.72 15.70 15.70 15.65 15.60 15.75 15.65 17.05 118.50 19.75 19.66 19.70 19.5 19.75 30.20 24.40 20.50 20.45 20.20 20.50 20.40 20.25 iO.25 20.30 20.50 20.10 20.55 20.05 19.55 19.40 19.90 19.55 17.05 1(>.45 16.35 16.50 16.70 16.75 16.70 17.00 16.60 16.30 16.55 18.05 19.30 19.35 19.30 19.46 19.45 19.50 19.55 Dec, 19.55 19.00 ^October 18 a dam below the station was clos^ed, raising- t^he water at the section. Note.— Rim frozen January 6 to April 4, approximately; also December 3 to 31. Dur- ing" January the average ice thickness was about 1 foot, while rluring February and March it was 1.6 feet. Daily gage height, in feet, of Flamheait River near Ladysmith, Wis., for 1906. Date. Water surface. January 7. . . January 14. . January 21. . January 28. . February 4. February 11. February 11. February 25 March 4 Thicknesa. 218 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Rating table for Flaviheait River near Ladysmith Wis., from March 19, 1903, to December 1, 1903.'^ Gage height. Discharge. Gage heigtit. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Seeond-Ji ' Fe-t. Secona-/t,\ Feet. lS€C07ld'ft. Feet. Seco'id-feef. 15.0 530 16.3 1,765 17.6 4,2S0 1>.S 6, ',^20 15.1 ooa 16.4 l,tf>5 17.7 4,5C0 IS. 11 7,14(J 15.2 600 16.5 3,0&.5 17. S 4,720 ly.O 7,3'iO 15.3 GS5 16.6 2,245 17.9 4,t'40 l!i.2 7,S^J 1,330 17.2. 3,-tOJ 1 IS. 5 6,260 20.4 10,440 ]r>.o 1,340 ; 17.3 3,fi20 ! is.r: 0,4S0 20.6 10, SS) Ki.l 1,465 17.4 3.S40 j IS. 7 6,700 21.0 11.760 1G.2 1,010 1 17.5 4,C<» ! 1 Made from meafjnreinents Itetweeii i^i\ise heights in fiiul IS.! 5 feet, below those poiuts is fipproxiiufite. To be used only for open river. Curve above aud Rating table for Flambeau River near Ladysmith. Wis., from January 1. to December 31, 190.'f. 1904, Gage height . Feet. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15. S 15.9 Discharge. Second-ft. 567 .506 637 6U0 755 S33 oei 1,022 1 , 135 1,260 Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Second~ft.\ 16.0 1,399 16.1 1,542 16.2 1,666 16.3 1,S30 16.4 1,974 16.5 2,116 16. S 2,262 16.7 2,400 16. S 2.5=0 16.9 2,6S5 Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Se( ond-ft. 17.0 2.S41 17.1 3,990 17.2 3,143 17.3 3,300 17.4 3,461 17.5 3,636 17.6 3,795 17. S 4.145 IS.O 4,511 IS. 2 4,S93 Gage heiRht. Discharge. Feet. Second-feet. ; IS. 4 5,291 Id. 6 5,704 1 13.3 6,120 19.0 6,539 19.2 6,959 19.4 7,379 19.6 7,799 19. S 8,219 20.0 1 S.639 Rating table for Flambeau River near Ladysmith. December 31, 1905. Wis., from January 1 to Gagft height. Discharge.' Gage h»^igbt. Discharge. 1- Gace height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Feet. Secon'"l-ft Feet. Second-ft Fe^t. Second-ft. Feet. Second-ft. 15.00 600 16.20 1,735 17.40 3,510 IS. 50 5,770 15.10 670 16.30 1,S.55 17.. 50 3,700 IS. 60 5,9SO 15.20 745 16.40 1,980 17.60 3,S00 18.70 6,190 15.30 S25 16.50 3,110 17.70 4,090 18.80 6,400 15.40 910 10.60 2,245 17. SO 4,300 18.00 6,610 15.50 l.OOO 16.70 2,380 17.90 4,510 19.00 6,820 1^.60 l.CflO 16. SO 2,530 IS. 00 4,720 19.20 7,240 15.70 1.1S.5 16.90 2,680 18.10 4,930 19.40 7.630 15. SO 1,2S5 17.60 2,f!^5 18.20 5.140 19.60 8.120 15.90 1,390 17.10 2,^5 18.30 5,350 19.80 8,560 16.00 l.'OO 17.20 3.160 IS. 40 5,500 20.00 9.0C0 16.10 1.615 1 17.30 3,330 The above table is applitTible only for open-ohannel conditions. It is based on dis- charge measurements made during- 1RC3'-Iff35. It Is not very well defined. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 219 Rating table for Flambeau River near Ladystnith, Wis., from January 1, 1006, to October 17, 1906. Gage height. 1 Discharge. 1 : Gage 1 height. Discharge. B- Gage heignt. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge . Feet. Second-ft. 1 Feet. Second-ft. Feet. Second-ft. Feet. Second-ft. 14.90 535 16.20 1,735 17.50 3,700 1 10.40 7,710 15.C0 600 16.30 1,S55 17.60 3,S90 Ui.U> S,170 15.10 670 16.40 1,9S0 1T.70 4,090 IS. 50 6,(m Id. 20 745 16.50 2,110 17. SO 4,300 20.00 9.00) 15.30 S25 16.60 2,245 17.90 4,510 20.20 9,551) 15.40 910 16.70 2,3S5 IS. 00 4,T20 20.40 10.03) 15.50 1.000 16.S0 2,530 1^.20 5.140 20. (10 10,510 15.60 1,090 16.90 2,680 IS. 40 5,5(50 20.80 11,000 15.70 1,1S5 17.00 2,S35 IS. 60 5,9S0 21.00 11,500 15. «) 1,2S5 17.10 ■?,996 IS. SO 6,400 2-2.00 14,10) 15.90 l,3ft0 17.20 3,160 19.00 6,S20 23.00 16,S00 16. CO 1.500 17.30 3,330 19.20 7,260 24.00 19,600 10.10 1.615 17.40 3,510 Note.— The above table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during' lf;03-inoc. It is well detined between ga^e heights 15.5 feet and 21 feet. Owing to the closure of a dam below the section the table is not applicable after October 17, 1906. Estimated montltly discharge of Flambeau River near Ladysmith. MHs. for 1003, 1004, and 1005. [Drainage aiea. 6.740 square miles.] Dischargei. Run -off. Date. Maxi- mum. Mini- mum. Mean . Per square mile. Depth. 1902. January Sec. -feet. Sec.-ftci. Sec.-fett. Inches. Inches, February" S60 2.730 3,260 s.isr 2,749 4,598 3,431 b,rn 4,307 1,054 0.41 1.29 1.54 3.S6 1.30 2.17 1.62 2.72 2.2T .50 0.21 Mar(>h 10.330 6,150 12,750 9,120 S33 1,925 5,050 915 1.49 April 1.72 Mav . . 4.45 June 1.45 Julv" 2.02 August* 1.33 September October November IJecember . . . 10,660 S,90O 1,6S5 1,765 1,400 530 3.03 2.62 .56 The vear 1904. Januarv Februarv March April-' Mav 6,339 7,379 5,034 . 5,429 ■2.334 4,1 5,912 3,300 1,974 2,334 2,850 l,2Si 662 607 1,260 1,470 555 390 3,^^-9 5,1S3 2,S90 2,SW 1,336 2,050 3,517 1,416 951 i.6;> 2Ai 1.3G 1.S4 .630 .970 1.66 .668 .449 1.7S 2. SI June 1.53 July 1.S4 August" September Octobero November December^ The year.. .726 1.08 1.91 .74.5 .513 Rainfall. 1 Inches. 0.46 .90 2.57 3.69 0.04 1.64 8.70 5.66 S.53 3.23 .94 .S7 43.23 .43 1.11 1.76 1.77 4.64 5.64 2.14 5.01 4. TO 5.61 .19 2.39 35.43 ^Rainfall for 1903 is the average of the recorded rainfall at Butternut, Medford and Eau Claire; that for 1G04 omits Eau Claire and adds Prentice and Minocqua. 2 Febniary 15 to 28, inclusive. ^July 1 to 25, inclusive. * August 10 to 31, inclusive. ^Estimates April and December made as if open channel. ° Discharge estimated for August 3 and 4 and October 1 to 4. 220 WATER POWERS OF wiscoysiy. Eatimaied monthly discharge of Flaraheau River near Ladysmiih, Wia.^ tor 1903, 1904 and I'JOo— Continued. [Drainage area, 6,740 square miles.] Date. Discharge. Maxi- mum. Sec. -feel. I 1905." Mavcli 34-31. April Alay June July August September .. October — November .. Decei-'.ber .. 1906. » April (5-30) .. May June July August September — October (1-17) 1 Mini- Mean mum. Sec. -feet. nee.- feet. o.aso 1,795 7,240 l,5oS 5,980 2,530 S,430 1,795 7,240 l.OOO 3,160 S25 5,560 1,735 3.900 1,045 2,245 1,090 2,04.5 955 10,SOO 3,600 5,9S0 2,320 5,»40 1,620 3,000 600 3,330 745 3,0SO 1,000 1,340 910 Run -oil. Pfir Hamfall. square Depth mile Inches . Inches. Inche* . 3,3*4 1.60 .4:6 s.ser 1.S2 2.03 4,090 1.93 •Z.ii 5,?23 2.46 2.74 2.^^50 i.3y 1.6J 1,0^ .787 .907 2.*J9 1.34 1..50 '2.?0b 1.09 1.26- 1,616 .762 .850 1,449 .683 .7S7 7,310 3.45 3.34 3,6S0 1.74 2.01 2,900 1.37 1.53 1,770 .535 .96 1,S60 .577 1.01 3,730 1.29 1.44 1,170 .553 .;35 'No estimates for ice period. ^ ^ ■ i +i,„ ,i;^«i,o,.o^ « Values for 1903 are probably excellent. During the frozen period the discharge probably seldom exceeded 1,500 second-feet and may have declined to a minimum of oOO or less. (See ice measurement.) ^ , .^, . i -* The back water of adam recently conbtructed below Ladysmith has made it neces- sary to abandon the station. TEIBUTAKIES OF FLAMBEAU KIVEE. Dove Flambeau River, the south branch of the Flambeau, rises at an elevation of 1,582* feet above the sea, in a group of a dozen lakes, the largest being Long Lake. Its total drainage area is 742 square miles. The river flows in the crystalline rocks much of its length, and in general, it resembles the Flambeau Kiver. Elk Eiver, its largest tributary, joins it 12 miles above the Fork of the Flam- beau. The cooperative survey extended only for a distance of four miles above the mouth of the river, but this included the largest i^ingle rapids on the river. Owing to its lakes and swamps, the river has a far more uniform flow than any of the Chippewa tributaries farther south. * Authority U. S. Army Engineers. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 221 South Fork Falls, — This includes the rapids noted above which are located chiefly in ^^ection thirty-four, To^Miship thirtj'-seven northj Range three Avest. The river has rock bed and banks for its entire length in this section. A 15 foot dam located at the head of these rapids near the north line of above section thirty-four would develop ? head of 50 feet, or more if conducted by a canal to the foot of the lapids, or a head of 40 feet could be developed by simply a dam at the foot of the rapids. A small water power might be obtained at (^arjDenter Eaj)ids. the upper pitch of which is on the northeast quar- ter, and the lower pitch on the southwest quarter of Section IT, Township 37 north. Range 2 west. Rocky Carry Rapids, on Section 9, Township 3S north, Range 1 west, would produce a small power. Xear Fifield there is a small water power and on Section 24. To"\\ti- ship 40 north, Range 1 east, there is also one. The lakes at the head of this fork provide fair reservoirs which could be enlarged without great cost. The following table gives the Profile of Dore Flam'beau River. No. StatioD. Distance. Eleva- tion above sea level. Distance between points. From moutb. Between points. Feet. Per mile. 1 Mouth of river Miles. Miles. Feet. 1,2S4 1,298 l,3ii5 1,436 1,582 Feet. Feet. 2 3 4 5 Center of Sec. 4, T, 36. N. R 3, W. N.lineof Sec. 34,T 37, N. R.3. W. Mtield, Wii'.. Tor. Ry. crossing... Source, Long Lake 2.5 4.0 29 56 2.5.... 1.5 25 27 14 37 101 146 5.6 24.7 4 5.4 Authority. 1 3 inclnsiv©, co-operative survey U. S. G S. and Wis., 4-5 U. S, Engineers' levels datnm uncertain. Dams are maintained by the Chippewa River Improvement Com- pany at the outlet of Long Lake, at Fifield. The same companv maintains logging dams at Elk River in Section 11, ToAvnship 37 north. Range 2 west, and also in Secion 14, Township 37 north, Range 1 west, with flowage of IV2 and 21/0 square miles, respectively. These and other logging dams within this drainage area are listed in the .following table : o -:» o WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Logging dams maintained on tributaries of Flamheaii RiverA No. Location. Uore Flambeau River: Sec. 7, T. Z9 X., R. 1 E.; sec Sec. 16, T. 3S X., R. 1 W Sees. 23-2(>, T. 40 X.,_R. 3 E Flambeau Lake, sec Manito^visll River: See. 9, Sec. a. Sec. 15. Elk River: Sec. 11, Sec. 14, ^Authority: Nos. 1 and 3, Wm. Irving, manager, Chippewa Lumber and Boom Co.; 4-S, Flambeau Lumber Co.; 9, .T. R. Davis Lumber Co.; 10 and 11, E. S. Sliepard. Owner*:: Nos. 1. 3, aud 5-7, Chippewa Lumber and Bnom Co.; 3, Lugar Lumber Co.; 8 and 'J, Ctiippewa River Improvement Co. RED CEDAR RIVER. Drainage. — An area of 1,957 square miles in the extreme ^vestern part ot ChippeAva Valley is drained by Ked Cedar Eiver (sometimes called the Menomonie), which, nnlike the other large tributaries of Chippewa Eiver, does not reach the main stream until within a few ]niles from its mouth. Except at its headwaters, Ked Cedar Eiver drains a region underlain by the pre-Cambrian sandstone. As a re- ^ult, the greater part of the area has a sandy soil. A narrow belt of clayey loam, increasing in width southward, extends along the west- ern limit of this area. The drainage area occupies the U-shaped region included between two terminal moraines, one near the eastern and one near the Avestern border, which unite at the upper head- vraters, giving rise to numerous lakes. Eive of the largest of these, including Chetac, Long, Eed Cedar and Eice have an area of over !'•) square miles. Geology." — In its lower course, from a few miles north of Cedar Falls to within a mile of its mouth, the river flows in a rock gorge. Ir. some parts of this stretch, vertical bluffs of sandstone line the river on both sides, giving a minimum width to the valley with fre- quent small falls and rapids. In this portion the river is still erod* ing a deeper channel in the soft sandstone. ♦Condensed fron a paper by Mr. E, B. Hall. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 22a The upper course of the river is in striking contrast to the lower. Here the valley is from one to several miles wide, the river being devoid of rapids. Eock outcrops are also rare and occur on only one side of the stream. The upper river comprises two branches; the eastern and larger one has its source in the Wisconsin drift cov- ered area of Pre-Cambrian rocks of southeastern Washburn and southwestern Sa^vyer Counties. The western branch heads in the Pre-Cambrian quartzite area of Xorthern Barron and Western Kusk Counties. At the present time the upper river is not eroding and at some points is dejDOsiting. Tli^re is abundant evidence to show that the lower river is flowing at present in a relatively new channel, the old, filled channel being located a few miles north of Cedar Falls. Profile. — A study of the profile of Red Cedar Eiver shows that its total descent in the 90 miles above its mouth is 470 feet, or 5.2 feet per mile. This gives opportunity for a large number of water powers. There are about 25 old logging dams on the river, besides about an equal number of sa"\A^nills and flouring mills. The follow- ing table has been compiled from actual surveys by competent engi- neers and from checked railroad level? : Profile of Red Cedar River from its moutli to Red Cedar Lake .1 No, StatioD. Diste From mouth. Dce. Between points. Elevation above sea level. Descent between points. Total. Per mile. 1 Mouth of river Miles. 3.0 7.S 7.S 13.0 16.6 16.6 IS.O 23.4 23.4 30.2 35.0 70.0 74.0 90.0 96.0 Miles. Feot. 705.0 723.4 739.0 75 S. 2 766.4 7&S.3 S03.9 806.7 SS3.3 S42.0 So9.3 S©5.0 1,068.0 1.116.0 1,191.0 Feet. Feet. 2 DunnviUe 2.0 5.S .0 6.2 3.6 .0 2.3 4.5 .0 6.9 4.S 35.0 4.0 16.0 6.0 IS. 4 15.6 19.2 S.2 21.9 15.6 2.8 16.6 IS. 7 17.3 ^.7 173.0 48.0 75.0 9.2 3 Downsville dam: Foot 2.7 4 Crest 5 Irving .■ > 3.1 P ilenomonie dam; Foot Crest S "Omaha bridge" S.O Cedar Rapids dam: Foot 3.7 10 Crest ^ 5.3 n Hav River, mouth 19 Colfax '. 7.4 13 u Cameron (2 miles west) Railroad crossing 5.0 12.0 15 Cedar Lake dam, sec. 22, T. S7 N., R. 10 W.. 4.7 le Dam in sec. 25, T. 37 N., R. 10 w ^Anthoritv: No, 1, Chicaa-o, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway :2-ll, 0'Kp«f nud Orbi«nn, Anple- ton Wis., 12, Wisconsin Central Railway ; 13, Minnpapolis. St, Paul, and Sault Sto. Marie Rail- way; 14 and 14, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway. 224: WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. A study of this table shoM's that Red Cedar River has a high gradientj averaging o.d feet per mile in the last 74 niileS; with fre- quent concentrations of descent. Tributaries entering the river from the west How through a clayey-loam soil, but the upper and eastern portions of the drainage area have a sandy-loam soil. It is therefore likely that this river has a fairly uniform flow. The de- cline of the lumbering" interests greatly increases the value of the Red Cedar River as a power producer. A gaging station was established near Menominee. Wis., June 17, 19()7. This station is located on a road bridge west of ilenoniinee, Wis., and 200 rods from the Chicago k Xorth-Western railroad dei)Ot. The general direction of the channel is straight- for 500 feet above the station and also for SOO feet below. The water is not swift. The average width is about 200 feet broken by one pier. (Looking down stream.) The right bank is high and wooded and is not liable to overflow but the left bank is not high and during high stages of river the banks will overflow. The bed is composed of sand and gravel but it does not shift. Discharge measurements are made from this bridge to which the gage is attached. The initial point of sounding is directly over the in- side edge of east abutment on the upstream side. A standard chain gage, which was read by J. H. !N^oyes during 1907, is fastened to the down stream side of bridge. The length of the chain from the end of the weight to center of marker is 23.65 feet. The gage is referred to the following bench marks : (1) S. E. corner of east end standard of side walk rail just above abutment. It is 3.36 feet below the zero on gage box and 20.29 feet above datum of gage. This B. M. is indicated by a cross. (2) A cross made in telephone pole on upstream side of bridge at east end. It is 1.93 feet below zero on gage box and* 21.72 feet above datum of gage. (3) A cross on top of standard of side walk railing at left end of gage box. It is .35 feet above zero of gage box and 24,0 feet above datum of gage. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 955 The following discharge measurements of Red Cedar River have "been made at Menomonie, Wis., in 1907. Date. 1907. June IS July 16 Auffust 20 September 20.. October 22 October 22 November 18.. December 21.. Hydrographer. i Width. G. A. Gray ... do do do do do do do ! Feet. j •I ISO . I 196 .[ S02 .| 205 .j 185 .; 1S5 .| ISO .; ISO Area of section . Mean velocity. Gage height. Sq. ft. Ft. per sec. Feet. 860 1.52 2.85 942 2.5© 3.94 991 2.47 4.35 1,210 3.74 5.6 710 1.03 2.43 656 .97 2.1 7S4 1.50 3.0 658 1.03 2.4 Discharge. Sec. -ft. 1,329 2,489 2.439 4.54a 7© 9ff 1,273 686 Mean daily gage height ^ in feet of Red Cedar River at near Menomonie, Wis., for 1907. Day. Jane. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1 3.42 4.32 4.6S 3.67 3.27 4.06 3.51 3.17 3.31 3.29 3.13 2.96 3. 89 2.88 3.05 4.1 5.96 5.3 4.1 3.8 3.57 3.5 4.13 3.63 3.15 3,0f* 2.98 2.9* 2.87 2.82 2.S7 2. S3 2.77 2.81 2.71 2.78 3.01 2.91 2.79 2.75 2.77 2.76 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.67 2.72 2.71 2.67 2.7^. 4.42 4.27 3.87 3.45 3.07 3.08 2.99 2.88 2.90 2.86 2.99 3.06 3.0S 2.98 2.97 2.S7 2.79 2.':9 2.83 2.77 2.S1 2.86 2.78 2.76 2.75 2.77 2.72 2.97 2.99 2.72 5.23 5.76 6.75 5.82 4.79 4.26 4.22 4.23 3.73 3.32 3.67 3.40 3.82 3.54 3.40 3.47 3.33 3.2e 3.17 3.18 3.34 3.07 3.27 3.17 3.30 3.35 2.85 3.35 3.61 2.80 2,95 2.70 3.30 3.10 2.67 2.72 2.7 2.75 2.72 2.90 2.421 2.10 3.03 2.95 3.35 3.1 3.15 2.85 3.S 3.1 ,5 1.4 2.7 2.77 2.72 2.72 2.35 2.52 2.5 2.95 2.95 3.0 2.85 2.76 2.S2 2.95 2.82 2.85 2.9 2.75 2.® 2.77 3.50 2.7 2 2.47 3 3.9 4 2.52^^ 5 2.47 6 2.42: 7 2.7 8 2.K- l> . 3.03 10 2.95 , 11 2.55 12 2.62 13.. 2.47 14 2.3 15 2.35 16 ... 0) ... 2.55 17 2.5 2.74 2.74 2.7S 2.68 2.8 3.0 3.02 3.0 2.89 2.SS 2.74 2.74 2.87 2.55 IS 2.5 19 2.65 20 1.1 PI 3.1 22 2.6 23 2.75 24 2.55 25 2.7 2fi 2.35 27 2P 29 2.57 2.8 2.7 30... . 2.5 ■ff 2.6 1 station established. Water Powers and Dams, — In the 30 miles below Hay Eiver the Ked Cedar descends 154.3 feet, and as this region borders the prairie region and is thickly settled, the six powers here included will prob- ably be developed to the full extent in the near future. This de- velopment includes: (1) The construction of a dam at DunnvillCj 15 220 WATER POWERS OF WISC0XS1]!\. 2 miles above the month of the river, giving a head of 15.6 feet and an estimated 1,685 horsepower; (2') the raising of the present dam at DoAvnsville -1 feet, giving a total head of 23.2 feet and an esti- mated 2,480 horsepower; (3) the constrnetioii of a dam at Irving, with a total head of 21.9 feet, giving au estimated 2,260 horsepower; (4) the raising of the present dam at Menomonie 2.8 feet, thus ob- taining a total head of 18.4 feet and an estimated 1,800 horsepower; (5) the building of a new dam near the *'Omaha" bridge, 2.8 miles above Menomonie, with a head of 16.6 feet and an estimated 1,700 horsepower; (6) the raising of the present dam at Cedar rapids 21.3 feet, giving a total head of 40 feet and an estimated 3,800 horse- power.^ Recently all the powers OAvned by Knapp, Stout & Co., in- cluding many of the most valuable on the river, have been acquired by the AYisconsin Power Company, of Chicago, 111. The location of 10 dams owned by this company is shown in the following table: Dams on Red Cedar River owned hy the Wisconsin Power Company. Location. Head. Amount of fluwa^e. Authority. Sec ''o T 37. N R 10 W Feet. 14,0 7.0 12 ]0.0 lu.O 12.0 10.0 19.0 1.T.5 18.7 Cubic feet. 1,674,000,000 400,000,000 ( 135,000,000 40,500.000 810,000,000 U. S. engineers. Sec 2, 36N. , R. lu \V Do. Sec. 25, T. T. :^6, N..10W Sec 30 T. 36N , R. 9 W, Do. Sec.29, T. 36N.,R,9 W Sec. 13, T. 34,N..R. 10 W Sec 3U, T. 33, R 10 W Do. Do. DownsviJle J. W. Orbison. Do. Cedar FalJs Do. Under date of April 9. 1907, E. P. Burch, consulting engineer, writes that the power at Menomonie, Wisconsin, is noAV being de- veloped at a cost of $200,000. The old dam has l)een greatly strengthened and its crest raised 3.5 feet, giving a maximum head of 20.5 feet. There is a valuable storage of one square mile above the dam site. The power house will be made of concrete and the ma- chinery now being installed consists of two, 600 K. W. generators driven by horizontal tAvin turbines. This power will be trans- mitted by the company at Menomonie and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Railroads. — Between the mouth of Eed Cedar River and Menom- onie the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway closely parallels the river. In this sttretch of 17 miles are situated the most import- 1 This statement is based on fi cnrefnl survey for the owners mnde br O'Keef & Orbi- son, hydraulic engineers, of Appleton, Wis., and an estimated nin-ofE of 0.4611 second- feet per square mile. CHIPPEWA RIVER. 227 ant powers. Above Menomonie the drainage is crossed by the Chi- cago, ilihvaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, the ^Yisconsin Central, and the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie raihvays. EAU CLAIEE EIVEE. Eanked in order of its drainage area (900 square miles), Eau Claire River is third among the tributaries of the Chippewa. The greater part of this area is underlain by the Cambrian sandstone, and all except the upper headwaters drain a sandy-loam soil, as will be seen from Plate II. Like most of the neighboring rivers, the Eau Claire has been an important lumbering stream, with many flooding dams. Very few water powers have been utilized. The first de- veloped water power is about 500 feet from the mouth of the river, where a dam 300 feet long develops a head of 11 feet to run a linen mill, which uses only part of the power thus furnisihed. About 3,000 feet farther upstream is a second dam, with an average head of 13.5 feet, owned by the !N^orthwestem Lumber Company. An installation of turbines of 420 horsepower is reported. This is used in running a saw mill, a machine shop, and dynamos. The same company re- ports the three following lumbering dams on this river, but none of the resulting water power is utilized at the present time. In the 'K^Y. 1/4 XE. 14 Sec. 14, T. 2.7 IS^., E. 9 W., is a dam with a 7-foot head, capable at ordinary low water of furnishing 210 theoretical horsepower. In the SW. 1/4 IS^E. 1/4 Sec. 13, T. 27 IS^., E. 8 W., is a timber dam with a head of 8 feet, which could easily and cheaply be increased to 20 feet, thus producing at ordinary low water 540 theoretical horsepower. The third dam, with a present head of 20 feet, is reported in the SW. 14 SW. 14 Sec. 5, T. 26 IST., E. 6 W. This dam has not been used for many years and is much in need of repairs. There are many other opportunities for developing water powers on the Eau Claire Eiver, as well as on its tributaries. JUMP EIVER. As its name would imply, Jump Eiver is a very rapid stream, with numerous falls and rapids, making a descent of nearly 500 feet in its entire length of 65 miles. Its drainage area of 720 square miles is a long and narrow one, and with only a few unimportant exceptions is devoid of lakes and swamps. As a result the river has 228 WATER P0W±JKiS~O.t' WliSUUJS iii.y . a very uneven flow as compared with the Flambeau, which stream it resembles in flowing through a valley whose soil is a clayey loam. The main portion of the Jump River valley has no railroads and is sparsely settled, A branch of the Wisconsin Central is now being built across this drainage. The most important falls on the river, 35 feet in height, are in Sec. 20, T. 34 2T., E. 2 W., about 1 mile east of the junction of north and south forks, but there are numerous other dam sites of 15 to 20 foot head, which will doubtless be utilized when this section is settled. YELLOW EIVEE. The drainage area of Yellow River is 460 square miles, distributed in a long, narrow valley. The lower half of che valley has a sandy soil, the upper part a clayey loam. While the gradient of Yellow River is not so great as that of its neighbor. Jump River, it has a rapid current. As in the case of other rivers in this region the only dams built were for logging purposes. The ^Miller dam is said to be the only one remaining. Three other dams, one at Colbum, one in Sec. 7, T. 29 ]^., R. 5 W., and one at Cadott, have all been car- ried away by floods. The river is crossed by three railroads. SMALLER TEIBUTAKIES. Chippewa River has a host of smaller tributaries, nearly all of which, because of their rapid currents and high, rocky banks, can be cheaply developed. Duncan Creek is a good example of what can be done with this class of tributaries. Although only 25 miles long,. it has five dams with an aggregate head of 68 feef. Four gristmills, with a total turbine capacity of over 500 horsepower, take their power from this creek. Below the ^'Star mills," in the city of Chippewa Falls, is an unimproved poyer of 14-foot head ; and imme- diately below this site is a dam with a 9-foot head, belonging to the Gatzian Shoe Manufacturing Company. The significant point re- garding powers of this class is that they are cheaply improved and very widely distributed. The locations of some of them are shown in the following table: Plate XL gives a view of the Glen milT dam. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XL. S. .^^ r ~ '■■( i ^^^^^^fli -!i.ii f^^^^M 'iwlwVwt^i ' •mij^^K^^^^^^K A / ^^gHni Kyfiy^ ^ll^im^.M^^k^ A... .. - ?*i^H^^B|[pt^JH|^^^^^^^^B til ! 1 ■ ^ _... ■■:;T---- , --^^^P^r^:^^!™ "^^^^^ib^'^^kI^h^^^^^^e "^^■^^JliMilfcfe:-..;;^ '^^^ ■■-■■■'" ' l"^ i-fp|pi^^'" **^v' ^^K-'^..' ' -C^^^in^^^HHii ;/ ^|^|Hk«r:"'>^*"-'^." "' ~' 'v^^ -j.^'- .^^mtej^^^^ByTM^ ^^■,: ^':''. / ' V'--*^ 1 ^^^^fe^^^^. '' " tilift ii^h^^wiWB^y^B ■ o>j»pv^'1;< ■.'■■■ ^^^^^g^"^^— - '^^-'^-msifammgmMmmi, XZK^m ^B8k ' f IbI ■■■' •-■■■ ■ " .'■ '' ^^^B^F^^^^^^^^^ fl^^^B^^nH "^■^ -'~ - ■ ■■■ ' ■!,-.;■' V, ^ ■V. ^^^w v«Hi , - ■--^■•o.^i WBi^ m ^' 'J^^H - , '. ,. . ,.., ■- ^^ tC >.„ ^ _, _ MHJI^p^ «^r ..... -~«,t^S^^^^^^H .-■"'"'' '' ^^^B^V^'^vl^^r''- "-^^^^^^^^^^^ll /.■■.' ' ' ^\ ■' - ^^^^^y :^|E1 ^^^^{> -a^^e jgl ■ ''^/'- ■ . "■• J:-- ^^Pfe. .-^"^^i: '^JHI ".:'■■ '■ "=^. ^/ "^ j^^^^^Bh -2~- .,-..- .... >. ■I'iir'' "•^^M .fT ^^SB r u-''^,^Hi ^^- ■ ^ i " 1 - - - — ^7^-~-^^^M <^^ . 1 . ^^gt^^^^^^^^^^^KB^^^KS^^.' '" tf .» s^mIi jr^* ■ "** ,)■,& .^BSH^^^^^^aiK ^:^r{ !^ MLi i#i< 1,775 1,79". 1,S$0 l, 1,0:W 1 ,!^>0 l.OiO 1 .ns» 1 .075 1,950 l,i>:o l,i>20 l.OO'v l.^ilO ] ,s;o 2,4:^5 2,910 3,9;J0 l.i75 2,J42 2,^4l> 4.090 1,0,J(I 2.4(9) .{00 3,1110 1,700 2,300 4a» 3,9J0 1,70.) 2,a;o 2,750 3,935 1,73J 2,4CO 2,515 4. Olio 1,750 2,270 2.2tO 3.9M> 1,770 2,2;M) 4.S60 ] ,7(i5 2, UK) i,'>*>0 l,7(iO 2,110 4,5!,0 1 ,750 l,!no 4.4:)<) 1,750 1,^70 5.^10 l.,-l-) l,4(r> 0,].jO 1,.^70 2,0(i5 5.2:0 1,!;!N) 2,020 4.7>0 1,90<> 2,170 4,S75 l,0'.Jt> 2.070 4.S20 1,!W> 5,100 4.940 ],!■<>) 4,(r,() l,5](l 5,0ir) 1,090 4,905 1 ,0 15 :y,:m 1,000 4,(i5;) o^M 5,S70 1 ,000 4,f.(W 5,54(f 7.(bO 2,0-27 4,0:15 440 O.fiOO l'.OTm .3,470 510 7,2-^ 2,110 3,110 1 .0.')0 0,420 2, ISO .?.117 2.7(>:> 5.5s"i 2,200 3,125 3,025 5,700 2,4^0 :^.12-> 3.200 5,0 M) 3.125 3,480 0,(711 3,o;^r 3,7.V) 4.!i;«i 2,950 5,290 Judo. 5,150 5,010 4,4tO 9,705 ll,i71 10,950 10,010 o,2(.:i 10,108 (i,viO 7.0: 10 s,2ty 4,7S;) 0,3."X) 4,320 3,420 3.58;) ii,35;) 3,7S0 0(iO 3,*10 ;i,40) G,ono 3,500 4,14') 4,3SO 4,200 2,550 4,090 July. , Aug, (j,i.9,» 4,490 4.i.iO 4,700 7,350 5, 2 JO 12,100 ll,ny;i 11,137 12,9J7 ^.;';> 7 , 1 '> ^ 0,700 0,00 > 5,7>0 4, Mi*) 4,3?0 3,S0i) :..2io 2,b50 3,405 3,.v;0 3.(0-> 3 , 1 ^5 2.5(10 7,2.'><) ?50 750 2.515 2 , 'il '> 2, mo 2,1:70 1,740 1.7;,0 1,^.'5 1,^70 2,03-) 2,2(i0 1,9S0 l,M.O l.iiSO .;.'7i) i.r.-n 1.1-^0 1.015 1.570 1,5: 10 l,5(iO 1,500 1.510 1 . 500 1 , 4v-0 1 , 4mO 1 ,575 ].4!>5 1 , 405 3.>'>0 1,S60 1.74(1 1.405 5,905 1 ,795 Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 Dec. 1,725 l.Ub-i 2,;;: 15 ' 1,>40 1,0^5 1 1,70 J 2,1.50 2,5.0 2,445 2,5oO 2,300 2,2^20 2,2tiO 4,110 2,050 ;j,5:0 93; t 1,720 2,ir.o l.'.OO 1,!K50 1,(140 2,040 1,5-50 2.000 1,355 1,915 l,;i55 SCO 1,540 S4.5 1,4S0 S.OOD 1,1 -'0 1.040 510 1.025 2,S'K) 2, (MO 2,070 l.ilSO 2,-540 2,040 •2,M>.'i S.50 1,005 1,10;") 1,135 2,300 1,120 2,310 3,0.50 2. OHO 2,210 2,500 2.310 l.-i75 2,S40 5.1; 2. 4 'It O.9 2. -.55 ::.2.'0 4,74'1 ;i,:)io 4.lN» 4,t».IO 4,740 4.510 3,2 10 2,9 ^f 3,l!i5 4,3.,0 2,370 4,53> 2,3'^0 4,0Uir 2,150 4,6,0 2, 08 J 4,70() 2.015 4,5J^ 2,110 5,10a 2,180 3.690 2,035 4,1,05 2,040 4,103 2,1)00 4.2'0 3,090 4,0(i0 3,7;o 3. 5 '5 3,6S0 3,010 3.0-0 2,080 2,050 2.060 2,04o Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. liWfi. 1 .... 2 .... 3 .... 4 .... 5 .... 6 .... 7 .... 8 .... 'J 10 .... u .... 12 .... 13 .... 14 .... 15 .... 10 .... 17 .... IS .... ly .... 20 .... 21 .... 2-^ .... 23 .... 24 .... 25 .... 211 .... 27 .... 2S .... 20 .... 30 .... 31 .... 2.055 1,950 1,940 1,935 1,940 1,760 1,910 l.SiO 1,?«) 1,90;> i.o.'io 2,015 1,045 1,930 2,010 1,915 1,930 1,S05 l,Si<) 1,945 l,b75 1,9-5? 1,900 i.aso 1,930 1,975 1,9,50 1,9-30 1,980 i,?ro 1,870 l.MO 1.770 1,S?0 1,S15 1,970 l.STO 1,3.50 1.750 1,7'X> 1 ,9S0 1,745 1 ,7;^ 1,?:?0 l.'^O 1,910 l.SOO 1,0.50 l,8fi5 1,045 1,9.'5> 1,,^^ 1.990 1,SS0 2,0.50 1,970 ■1.9cn l.«n5 1.970 1,940 C.TTO 8,920 7,0tO 1,920 9,800 y,55o 10,420 1,920 10,750 t9,490; 1,900 12,^20 i^,.500 l,9ti5 15,200 7,910 1,SS5 10,350 15,011 7,:i40 1,990 8,850 15,170 (o,so5; 2,050 11, W5 13,t35 0,270 2,110 17,975 12,1.50 (1,010 lii,43< 5.7(Ky is,2r> 9.245 5,100 20,100 10,157 0,100 7 , 320 (6,910) 15,382 0,.500 14,0S0 5,,s.'5 4. mo 12.900 5,130 4.5;» 6,4.«0 12.54'> 4.;j:o 9.S90 10,200 13,SiO 11.440 13,71K) 11.460 10.-58i'> 1.542 11.480 11,2.30 2.70> 10.740 0,800 11,005 2.710 9.660 9,740 12.109 2,040 10.100 !).2(r. 9,. ^5) 2,545 0,530 8,790 12.020 f3.47.5) 8.725 10,400 12.640 (2.420) 8.. 590 10.0«0 11.420 2.. 3 10 8.445 8.925 io, 7,200 0,915 7!T0 6 035 (5,5 f2) 5 150 4 , 540 4,. 37 5 3,9,:0 1 "nBO 3, 2*20 5 500 (4 (i7fl) 3,7.59 4 770 4 ^^il 4.4'=;5 4 570 ST. CROIX RIVER. -7n 60 Daily iUsvhatge. in aetoiKi-feet. of iSt. Croix River near sf. Croir FaJU, Wis., January 10, 1902, to Deceviher SI, lOO't — Continued. Day. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. JuJy. Aug. Sept. Oct Nov. Dec. 1 ... 2,3yo 2,110 2,5c:0 5,560 i,400 6,340 6,170 6i0 3,ti.50 =,750 ' l.uOy ■^ ... 2,ayo 2,0W) 2,570 6,130 7,5JO .5,5~'0 D.SJi} i,0^0 4,5bO to,S40) 5,040 1,760 3 ... 2,060 2,520 (7,000) 7,540 6,050 (3,(330) 1,4*0 4,610 3,720 7,590 2.J17 4 ... 2,t40 2,3yo i,UiU l.r^'J 7,950 1,410 3,460 (4,750J ii,-dtiO 0,:^ (2,40J) ... ;^,UfcO 2,2yo y,a73 7,3iO (12,560) U,01U> 2,250 4,900 11,310 3,350 2,b3u (» ... 2,070 2,3yo 12,atA> &,2yo 17,150 4,610 i,y90 4,570 1,240 (.4,:;30J' 2.;4t 7 ... 3,660 (2,040) 2,460 15,930 S,790 17,920 4,730 2,040 5,040 (2,600) 5,230 2,SW S ... a.iw 2,020 2,600 16,y00 (10,320) 17,460 4,610 2,U0 4,090 4,690 5,440 ->,vHi u ... 2.S10 2,160 2,5yO ls,3(J0 ai,&50) 15,650 4,U70 2,210 4,600 (3,400) 5,700 2,770 10 ... C2,y2o; 2,110 2,5a> (16,600) 13,370 12,940 2,960 2,110 (4,030) 2,120 4,900 2,520 11 ... 2,i40 2,000 2,500 15,060 11,300 12,610 950 2.000 (3,4U0J 10,430 5,330 C2,aiO> 13 ... 2,600 2,160 2,640 14,010 9,490 (12,070) 3,430 2,300 3,S20 15,020 5,603 2.S30 m ... 5,. ^40 2,000 2,650 10,590 &,5oO 11,530 3,360 2,340 (2,3&)) 14,270 (5,540) 2,.5O0 14 ... 2,660 (2,140) 2,660 7,910 8,960 11,320 3,750 (1.750) 1,940 13,300 5,470 2,420 15 ... ;>,6S0 (2,->^) 2,700 12,560 S,650 7,SS0 3,iJ90 1,150 2,150 12.,560 5,250 2,220 16 ... 1 ;>,630 2,430 2,740 10,010 s.ao 8,540 3,990 950 3,430 4,970 2,380 17 ... 1(2.410) 2.430 2,690 (9,460) 7,2S0 7,628 (2,530) 1,430 3,190 10,060 4,770 2,330 IS .... 2,200 2.460 2,700 (S,920j 7,S20 8,140 1,030 3,370 (3,160) 10,760 4,570 2.320 10 ... 2,4^ 2,410 2,750 S,3^ 6,S60 3,710 1,140 1,9~>0 3,140 10,310 4,480 2,300 20 ... 2,460 2,450 (M 7,S.50 5,250 9,230 3,760 2,240 2,390 12,710 (4,340) 2,3S0 21 ... 2,440 (2,370) 7,4D0 6,390 6,730 3,420 (3,760) 3,750 (15,700) 4,190 2,100 ^ ... 2.6i30 2,290 7,530 (6,900) 5,630 3,170 5,390 2,3S0 18,700 4,020 2,440 23 ... i,&20 2,3:30 11,2«30 (7,500) 5,S20 3,270 4,390 2,490 (18,010) 4,030 2,340 24 ... (2,570) 2,230 (19,S10) 8,000 4,960 (2,240) 2,520 2,700 17,330 4,120 2,390 25 ... 2.520 2.2S0 10,360 7.790 5,190 i,2ao 2,970 (3,340) 16,180 3,720 (3,430) &5 ... 2,330 2,410 3,090 11.170 S,760 (3,380) 1,050 3,510 3.790 15,540 3,710 2,450 27 ... 2,390 2.460 (3,370) 11 ,230 S,030 1,570 2,580 2,430 3,330 12,710 (3,300) 3,460 28 ... 2.2S0 2,4S0 3,660 10,769 7,390 4,S50 2.780 (2,330) 3,500 12,910 2,890 (2,440) 29 ... j 2.2TO 2,520 3,300 10,S50 (6,700) 5,330 2,730 1,960 3,580 10,590 2,800 (2,430) 30 ... 2.350 3,77T> 9,490 6,060 5,320 2,310 3,260 (3,SS0) no, 410) (2,250) (2,400) 31 ... 4,510 6,440 (3,000) 10,230 2.3SO ^Mfiroh 20 to 25, ice going out. Estimated monthly discharge of St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls, Wis., for 190 >, 190S. and 190',. [Drainage area, 6,370 square milea.J Date. 1902. January February March April May June July August September October , November December The year. Discharge. Run -olf Rainfall. Maximum. Minimum . Mean. Per square mile. Depth. Sec-feet. Sec-feet. Sec-feet. Sec-feet. Inches. Inches. 1.980 1,630 l.SSO 0.31 0.36 0.90 2,4SO 1,700 1,860 .31 .36 .54 5,000 2,380 3.300 .60 .69 .69 5,560 200 3,220 .37 .41 2.08 9,000 4,100 2,020 .33 .38 3.C9 11,570 950 5,9 iO .99 1.14 3.59 12,106 760 5,500 .92 1.06 6.30 6,000 1,030 1,860 .31 .35 2.8? 4,100 400 1,360 .31 .36 3.i6 3,600 SOO 2,000 .33 .38 1.56 5,300 2,500 4,050 .68 .77 2.76 2,550 2,020 2,100 .35 .40 2.16 12,106 200 2,912 .45 6.67 29.77 ^ This is the average of the recorcled precipitation Hay ward, Osceola and St. Paul. nt Barron, Duhith, Grantsburg, 23*; WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIK. Estimated montJdy discharge of St. Vroix River at St . Croir Fj.Us, Wis., for 190?, 190S and iPO-^— Continued. [Drainage area 6, 370 square miles]. Date. Discharpe. Maximum. Minimum, Mean- Run-off. Per square mile, Sec-feet. 1 Sec. -feet. Sec-feet. ; Sec. -feet. Depth. Inches. 1903. .Tanunry February JIaroli April May June , July August t^eprember October , November , December , The year. 1904. January Febmary March April May June July August September October November December The year Bainfall, Inches. 2,040 1.740 1,920 .33 .37 .59 2,030 1,700 1.8S0 .31 .36 .33 11,450 1,960 5,31)0 .92 1.05 1.97 20.1S5 5,S00 12,000 2.00 2.30 2.73 16,157 8,920 12,700 2.U 2.43 5.73 7.900 906 5,0.30 .84 .96 1.69 11,620 251 6,360 1.06 1.21 6.75 7,900 1,600 4,S.tO ■ SI .92 4.77 14,!>1S 6,060 11,7.:0 1.96 2.26 7.?r 20,611 5,740 12,780 2.13 2.44 4.11 7,000 S50 4,270 .71 .31 .66 3,440 2,340 2,740 .46 .52 .97 29, Gil =251 6,816 1.14 15.63 38. 22 2.S40 2,200 2.600 .43 .43 .64 2,4S0 2,000 2,233 .37 .42 1.18 4.510 2,290 2,832 .47 .53 1.19 IS.. 300 5,5^,0 10.743 1.79 2.01 1.65 13,370 5,250 8,176 1.36 1.53 3.73 17.920 3,400 4,S50 950 840 S,SfiS 3.145 2.334 1.48 .52 .39 1.66 .53 .44 5.58 4.64 3.84 5.O40 1,940 3.544 .59 .Q& 5.75 18.700 S,730 1,2^0 2,800 1,090 10.560 4,843 2.441 1.76 .80 1.98 .90 5.47 .05 2,970 .40 .45 .99 IS, 700 540 5.194 10.36 11.65 34.7r - Low water due to the manipulation of a lumbering dam a few miles above. Water Powers. FALL. In the lower 48 miles of its course the St. Croix River has its bed in the Cambrian sandstone or "Lower Magnesian" limestone, princi- pally the former, which it has succeeded in wearing down nearly to base-level, giving steamboat navigation from Taylors Falls, Minn., to Mississippi Eiver. Its descent in this distance of 48 miles is only 20 feet at low stages, nearly all of which is found in the upper half be- tween Stillwater and Taylors Falls. At Stillwater. 223 miles above the mouth of the ri^'er, the sandstone bluffs rise steeply on either side to a height of 150 to 200 feet, and the river rapidly narrows. The ST. CROIX RIVER. 237 bluii's continue, generally Avith a flat on one sidoj between Taylors Falls and Stillwater. In the '24: miles below Stillwater the rivev averages about half a mile in width, with a maximum of 7,000 feet at the expansion of the river known as St. Croix Lake, below Still- water. For several miles here, according to reports of United States engineers, the river is almost without gradient. The portion of the St. Croix above Taylors Falls abounds in imde- veloped powers. Except near the headAvaters of St. Croix, Totogatio, and ^amekagon rivers and a small area served by a branch line of the Xcrthern Pacific, running to Grautsburg, this region is without railroad facilities. The following detailed description of the main river above St. Croix rapids, taken from the Tenth Census, 1880, gives the most trustworthy information of the region obtainable: ''From the mouth of the Eau Claire to that of the N"amekagon River there is a descent of 100 feet, or 4 feet per mile, and many rapids occur, among which Copper Mine rapids may be mentioned. Above the mouth of the Xamekagon the ordinary low-Avater powe~ under a head of 10 feet woiild be 150 horsepower. The !N"amekagoi. River increases this to 600 horsepoAver. In the 12 miles from the mouth of the Xamekagon to the Yellow River the total fall is 20 feet, including Big Island rapids. State Line rapids, and Bishops rapids. Each of the first tAvo is described as affording fine opportunities for dcA'eloping water pOAvers. At Big Island rapids the river runs close to the bluffs on the left bank, but a dam Avould need to extend some distance across the flat on the right. From the mouth of the Yellow River to the head of Kettle rapids, a distance of 21 miles, the average slope is 1.8 feet per mile, there being no rapids of special importance. It is very probable that avail- able water-power sites can be found in this section. St. Croix Rapids. — These rapids are located near the village of St. Croix Falls but a short distance above the head of navigation on the St. Croix river. The bed of the river is in the hard trap rock, an-l the banks rise abruptly, especially on the Wisconsin side. Formerly a dam was maintained here with a head of about 25 or 30 feet but it has long ago gone to ruin. There is a total descent of about 55 feet in the six miles which may be included under the name of St. Croix rapids. ^In February, 1903, Congress passed the bill authorizing the con- ^Thia description U condensed from "The Commercial West" of December 15, 1906. 2o8 WATER POM'ERS OF WISCONSIN. structiou of a clam at this site and the legislatures of Wisconsin and Minnesota ^jromptly granted a charter. Under this authority con- struction work Avas begun in the spring of 1905, and continued until its completion in the fall of lUOG. The dam is 50 feet high and 750 feet longj all built of concrete in which are imbedded huge pieces of solid rock. The power station is located on the back or down stream side of the dam on the Wisconsin side of the river. Owing to the low ground abc^e the village of Taylors Falls, Mimiesota, it wns necessary to construct a concrete dyke 1,000 feet long and 20 feet high. Plate XLII shows a view of the completed dam and power plant. This completed plant calls for a development of 27,000 h. p., of which one-half is already provided for and the remainder of the tur- bine equipment will be installed as occasion demands. Fi'om the forebay the water goes into the iron penstocks of which there are S, each 14 feet in diameter, providing one for each gener- ator and tAvo penstocks, 1 feet in diameter for the exciters. The gen- erator water wheels are of the Victor type, 36 inches in diameter with four runners to a unit. The exciter water wheels are 18 inches in diameter with one runner to each iinit. The Avater wheel governors are of the Lombard type, one being sap>plied to each water wheel. Each governor is able to exert a pres- sure of 8 tons in opening and closing the water gates. Each of the four large water wheels already installed is directly connected to a Westinghouse generator capable of continuously developing 2,500 kilowatts or 3,300 h. p., and 3,125 kilowatts or an overload of 25% for two hours. Each of the large generators is connected to a bank of three 900 kilowatt Westinghouse transformers which step up the voltage from 2,300 to 50,000 volts. This power is electrically conducted to Minneapolis 40 miles dis- tant on a private right of way 60 feet wide which was purchased out- right. This plant is OA\'ned and operated by the Minneapolis General Electric Company. Its cost is given as $3,500,000. Kettle River Rapids. — ^Ifext to the St. Croix Rapids the Kettle Eiver rapids are the most projminent on the river. They extend from a point 2.5 miles above the mouth of the Kettle Eiver to a point 1.5 miles below it. In this distance of 4 miles the total fall is 49 feet, of which 34 feet is above the mouth of the Kettle River. Two islands 1 Condensed from the Tenth Ceasns. ^T. CROtX RIVER. 239 from 1 to :i miles loiii^' divide the river iutu two channels. The bed of the river is in granite rocks and it is practical to build several dams. Above the mouth of the Kettle Eiver a :head of 10 feet would afford lj2S0 theoretical h. p., \x\\]i the ordinary low water flow, and below the entrance of Kettle Eiver 1^737 theoretical h. p., under the same conditions of flow. Above the mouth of Snake Kiver, which enters 4.5 miles below Kettle Eiver, there is 11 feet fall from the foot of the rapids. Be- tween Snake Eiver and St.- Croix rapids are the following rapids: The Otter Slide, just below the mouth of Snake Eiver, the ordiu- arv low-water power of Avhich is estimated for a ten foot head at 2,140 theoretical h. }>. ; the Horse Eace, one mile below ; the Balti- more Eapids a mile lielow the mouth of Wood Eiver, the ordinary low-water power of which under a 10 foot head is 2,2'20 theoretical h. p. ; the Upper Big Eock Eapids, about one mile below them and the Yellow Pine Eapids about 3 miles above the mouth of Sunrise Eiver. The total fall from the mouth of Snake Eiver to St. Croix Tapids is 111 feet and the average slope is 2.04 feet per mile. This insures opportunities for important poM'ers at reasonable expense, but as yet the only dam for power purposes is the St. Croix Falls dam described above. Tributaries of St. Croix Eiver. length and drainafje. The length and drainage area of the principal tributaries of St. Croix Eiver, including those entering from the western (Minnesota) side, are shown in the following table : Principal tributaries of St. Croix River. River. Length (map measure.) Drainage area. Eitu Claire Miles. 26 85 50 50 70 73 30 55 35 Sq. miles. 107 Namekngon 1,002 Yellow 310 Clam 416 Kettle (Minnesota) 1,093 Snake (Minnesota) 937 Wood IGS Apple 427 Willow S46 240 WATER POWERS OF WISCOJSISIN, YELLOW EIVEE, Yellow Eiver rises in a large lake called Mud Lake, at an elevation of 1,085 feet,^ and after a sinuous course of 50 miles joins the St. Croix at a point only half this distance from the source and at an elevation of 888 feet. This gives a descent of 197 feet, an average of nearly 4 feet per mile. This high gradient results in rapids at fre- quent intervals throughout its entire course. The slope in the uppei third of its length is about 120 feet. Here springs and creeks are numerous. The river is known to have a remarkably constant stage, the natural rise and fall during the year varying only from 1.5 to 3.5 feet. This fact may be attributed to the springs and to the reg- ulating effect of the large lakes, especially Yellow Lake, through which it flows. "Its valley is generally narrow, being from 200 to 800 feet in width, although in some places it widens into tamarack marshes of considerable extent. The first banks have a general ele- vation of 15 feet above low water, running back into high, broken ridges, covered with white iSTonvay and jack pine. Little stone and few bowlders are found until reaching the rapids below Yellow Lake, which are almost continuous to the mouth of the stream."^ !N'ear the mouth of the river the banks are high. A dam could be built in Sec. 27, T. 41 N., R. 16, which would develop a head of 25 feet or more and still not back the water up to the Yellow Lake dam. This power could be combined in the same plant with that furnished by Loon Creek, which enters Yellow Eiver near the proposed dam. Loon Creek is said to descend 50 to 75 feet in a distance of 1.5 miles and is therefore of considerable importance. A dam could also be located in Yellow Eiver about a mile above Yellow Lake, which would develop a head of 20 feet by overflowing some good meadow lands between Yellow and Devils lakes. The following profile of Yellow Eiver suggests the possibility of de- veloping other powers on this river because of it^ high gradient in ranges 14 and 13 : 1 Rept. ChiBf Ensr. U. S. Army, 1880. » Hept. Chief Eng. of U. S. Army, 1880. ST. CROIX RIVER. 241 Profile of Yellow River from its mouth to Mud Lake damA Station. Distance. Elevation above sea. Descent Between Points No. From mouth. Between points. Total faU. Per mile. 1 Mouth of river Miles. Miles. Feet. 888.0 928.0 938.4 969.4 994.4 1,004.8 1,011.6 1,019.0 1,016.8 1,058.0 1,085.0 feet. feet. 2 3 Yellow Lake dam aw. V4. sec- 2, T. 39 N., R. 16 w 7.0 15.0 34.0 39.5 40.5 41.5 42.5 47.5 4&.0 52.0 7.0 8.0 19.0 5.5 l.C 1.0 1.0 5.0 1.5 3.0 40.O 10.4 31.0 25.0 10.4 6.8 8.4 27.8 11.-2 27.0 5.7 1.3 4 .Kice L^ake dam (SW. H sec. 16, T -SO N., R. 14 \V) 1.6 5 SB. 14 sec. ?5. T. 39, N., R. 14 W 4.5 6 Seo. 31 (near north ^ stake), T 39 N R . 13 W 10.4 7 SW, ^ sec. 32, T. 39, N., R- 13 w 6.8 8 Harts (SE. l^ sec. 5, T. 33 -^ R. 13) 8.4 9 10 Sec. 36 (near north-south ^ line), T. 39 N., R. 13 W SnoonGr . 5.6 7.5 11 iVfnfl Tijilcf^ dfun fabovG) -... 9.0 i Authority: Nos. 1-0 and 11, U. S. engineers; 10, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Rwy. Important logging dams are described bv United States engineers as follows: Logging dams on Yellow River. Name. Location . Head. Capacity. Remarks. Feet. Cubic feet. Mad Lake dam Sec. 27 T. 39 N. R. 12 W 7.5 475,000,000 Hector dam Sec. 10 T. 38 N. R. 13 W 7.5 Small capacitv. Rice Lake dam Sec. 20 T. 39 N. R. 14 W 10.0 700,000,000 Head could be in- creased to 15 feet. Tellow Lake dam Sec. 7, T. 40 N. R. 16 W 18.0 1,400,000,000 Raises water in Yel- low Lake 3 feet. EATJ CLAIRE RIVER. Eau Claire Kiver has its sources in lakes of the same name at an elevation of 1,122 feet^ above sea level. These lakes are surrounded by high banks, so that at small expense a dam could be constructed at their outlet and made to store surplus waters, thus adding greatly to all water power on the river. In its short length of 25 miles this river descends 118 feet, including several rapids, 46 feet of this de- scent being concentrated in the first 6 miles below Eau Claire Lakes. The total drainage area of the river is 107 square miles. 1 Rept. Chief Eng. U. S. Army, lfi83. 16 242 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. APPLE EIVEE. Apple Eiver, like the Willow, occupies a comparatively well-set- tled valley. It drains an area of 427 square miles. The Wisconsin Central, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha^ and the ilinneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie railways are distant 1 to 5 miles from the river, the last-named road crossing it near Amery. The river has its source in 20 or more lakes, the largest 6 miles long and one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide. These lakes tend to equalize and increase the summer flow. The long and severe winters cause the minimum flow during the months of January and February. Formerly most of the dams on Apple Eiver were used in connection with logging operations, but the timber is now practically all cut. Floxu'ing mills have been maintained at a number of points, and at others the power is used for electric lighting. There are several pro- jects at the present time which look to large improvements of some of these powers. The river in the first and last thirds of its course nms through the Cambrian sand stone, while its middle third is through the ^*Lower Magnesian" limestone. In the lower third of its course the river flows over a rocky bed between rocky banks, giving ideal con- ditions for dams. Most of the larger powers occur in this stretch, and some of these, developed and iindevelo]ied, are described below: 1. The first power on the river is an undeveloped one located about 1.5 miles from its month. A dam at this point would give a head of 15 feet. 2. The second power, owned by the St. Croix Power Company, is located about 2 miles from the mouth. Here a concrete dam of the arch type, 250 feet long and 47 feet high, develops a head of 82 feet. 3. Four miles from the mouth is a gristmill with a head of 11 feet, owned by E. E. Mason. 4. The next dam, located in Sec. 35, T. 31 N., K. 19 W., develops a head of 18 feet. 5. Another dam, located in Sec. 31, T. 31 X., E. 18 W., with a head of 2"2 feet is owned, under the name of the Apple River Power Company, by the Western Gas and Investment Company of Chicago, which also owns No. 4 described above. 6. A dam 12 miles above the mouth of Apple Eiver gives a head of 29 feet. The discharge at this point is about 80 per cent of the- ST. CROIX RIVER. 243 total flow measured at the moutli. This power is transmitted elec- trically to 'New Eichmondj where it is used by mills and elevators. The powers on Apple River of less importance are described in the following table : Minor water powers on Apple River. Location. Owner and use. Head. Remarks. Above mouth : 13 miles X3J^ miles 15H miles (Star Prairie) 25' 3 miles H. L Bixby, flour M. C. Duggies & Jewett H. Bixby J C Schovder flour Feet. 11 8 "■l2"' 2 12 12 12 Developed. Undeveloped. Do. Developed. Sec. 17, T. 12N., R. 13 W One-half mile above last site Amery Blakes L ake Winger & Winger J. Stucky, gristmill Northern Supply Co , eleva- tors. Biake Do. Do. One-half total dis- charge developed. Developed; can be made 18 fent. There are many other powers above Blakes Lake, with heads of from 6 to 20 feet, mostly old logging dams in poor condition. When the region becomes more settled some of these pOAvers will be im- proved. The following data on the discharge of Apple River for the year 1003 are furnished by John Pearson, superintendent of the St. Croix Power Company, Somerset, Wis. The computations are based on the capacity of turbines located at a point 2 miles from the mouth of Apple Eiver. The average daily discharge for each month is as fol- lows : Estimated daily discharge of Apple River near Somerset, Wis., for 1903, Month. Discharge. Month. Discharge. Month. Discharge. January Sec-feet. 258 239 600 555 1 May June Sec. -feet. 860 468 492 380 September October November December Sec. -feet. 690 February .. 660 March Apri: July August 332 324 WILLOW EIVEE. Willow River, one of the smaller tributaries of the St. Croix, has a high gradient, due to the fact that its bed lies in the "Lower Mag- nesian" limestone for its entire length. It drains an area of only 246 square miles and has a length of about 35 miles. In the lower two-thirds of this distance, between Hudson and JeWett Mills, it de- scends 213 feet, giving many opportunities for water power. Many 244 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIK. of these powers ai*e improved, as the river traverses a fairly rich and well-settled country and is paralleled for a considerable distance either by the Wisconsin CVntral or the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne- apolis and Omaha Eaihvay. The powers are here briefly described in order, beginning at the mouth : 1. A timber dam at Hudson 100 feet long gives a head of 16 feet, and with improved machinery would develop 117 horsepower at or- dinary low water. A part of this power is used occasionally for electric light when the power described as 'So. 3 is short of water. 2. Two miles from the mouth of Willow Kiver a dam formerly de- veloped a 9-foot head and was used for driving a flouring mill. At present this dam is washed out. 3. The 130-foot dam of the AYillow River Electric Light and Power plant. 3.5 miles from the mouth of the river, gives a head of 22 feet, sufficient to develop 200 theoretical horsepower at ordinary low-water flow. The power is used to generate electricity for lighting the city of Hudson, Wis., and for pumjoing its water supply. 4. A timber dam 100 feet long, 5.5 miles from the mouth of Wil- low Kiver, gives a head of 24 feet, sufficient to develop about 125 horsepower. This power is used for a flouring mill. About 1,200 feet below this dam there is a fall of about 47 feet, and at this point a new dam could be erected, which could be made to include the 24- foot dam above, giving a total head of 71 feet. Such a dam would need to be about 26 feet high and about 70 feet or 80 feet long. By carrying the water a short distance below in a penstock, a total head of 105 feet could be secured, sufficient to develop about 600 horse- power at ordinary flow of water. This site, being where the river bed changes from the "Lower Magnesian" limestone to the Cambrian sandstone, affords ideal conditions for a dam. The town of Burk- hardt, on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Hailway, is located about a mile distant. 5. Seven miles from the moiith of Willow River a 100-foot timber dam gives a head of 16 feet. This power is used to run dynamos. 6. Rapids occur 8.5 miles from the mouth of Willow River. A dam 125 feet long at this point, located at comparatively small ex- pense in a narrow limestone gorge, could be made to develop a head of 22 feet. 7. At a point about 11 miles from the mouth of Willow River the Boardman flquring mills were formerly located. The 80-foot timber dam at this point was washed out some time ago, but the mill still ST. CROIX RTVER. 245 stands. If the .5 Miles . 6!6 13.0 10.0 3.5 Feet. 888 y81 947 967 Feet. Feet. St. Croix, road crossing 13 66 20 1^'" Clam Lake, nioath .. 5.1 Sec. 35, T. 38 N., R. 16 W., south Une.. Clam Falls 2.0 NAMEKAGOX AXD TOTOGATIC EIVEKS. Xamekagon Eiver rises in a large lake of the same name near the divide in the watersheds of Chippewa and Bad rivers. Its drainage area is second in extent of all the St. Croix tributaries. ISfamekagon Lake is formed by six or more connected lakes, occupying parts of 14 V iRept. Chief Eng. U. S. Army, 1880, p. 1619 8T. CROIX RIVER. 24:7 sections and surrounded by extensive cedar and tamarack marshes. In the upper 60 miles of its course the river is generally narrow 3nd swiftj stretches of rapids over pre-Cambrian crystalline rock being frequent/ There are also several vertical falls of 2 to 4 feet, -which together "vvith the rapids, furnish good opportunities for Tvater powers. The banks are high on either side, stretching away into high, broken ridges and sand barrens covered with timber. In the remaining 25 miles of its length the river is from 100 to 200 feet wide. In this reach it descends 130 feet/ including several sharp pitches and rapids, the principal of which are Little and Big Bull rapids and Dupee flats. The average slope of the river is 5.3 feet per mile. A good location for a dam is found 4 miles above the mouth of the river, where the high gravel banks approach within 600 feet. A head of 20 feet or more could be o'btained here without overflowing much landj impounding the drainage from 1,000 square miles. With the ordinary low water flow estimated at one-third of a second-foot per square mile, this Avould produce 740 theoretical horsepower. Be- cause of the storage effect of the present dams above this point, the river at this site might be made to produce nearly 1,000 horse-power. Another good location for a dam is found at Yeazie, on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway. By overflowing 6,000 acres, mostly railroad and government land, a head of 30 feet could be obtained, according to United States engineers. A dam of 15 feet head would cause little overflow. Sudh a dam would have the run- off from alxmt 800 squarle miles and at ordinary low water woiild pro- duce 275 theoretical horsepower. Small dams are located at Stinnett and at the outlet of Lake ISTamekagon. A dam owned by the Hay- ward Electric Light and Power Company, located near Hayward, de- velops 200 horsepower and is used for light and power purposes in that city. Additional information regarding undeveloped powers is given in the following profile : iSimar, V. B., Asst. U. S. Engineer: Kept. Chief Eng. U. S. Army, 1980. p. lfll0. 24S WATER POWERS OF WISCO:!^SIN. Profile of Namekagon River from its mouth to CablCj Wis.^ Station. Distance. Elevation above sea. Descent between points. No. From mouth. Between points. Total fail. Per mile. 1 Moutli of river, Miles. 0.0 4.0 5:0 13.0 15.0 16.0 19.5 21.5 24.0 25.5 28.5 35.5 37.0 43.0 45.0 59.0 70.0 MUes. Feet. :^90e.O 917.8 91S.0 944.0 S.52.0 958.0 990.0 1,004.5 1,024.2 i,oe5.2 1.039.0 1,058.0 1,068.0 1,115.0 1,136.0 1,218.0 1,303.0 feet. feet. 2 Sec._33, T. 43 N., K. 14 AV., east side 4.0 1.0 8.0 2.0 1.0 Z.5 2Ji 2.5 1.5 3.0 7.0 1.5 6.0 12.0 14.0 n.o 9.8 .2 26.0 8.0 6.0 3S.0 14.5 19.7 1.0 13.8 19.0 10.0 47.0 21.0 8B.0 85.0 2 4 fT Totogratic River mouth.. 2 4 McKinzie Creek, moutli, sec. 26, T. 42 N., B. 13 W 3.2 5 Stuntz Brook, mouth, sec. 27, T, 42 N., R. 13 W 4.0 6 NE. H sec. 34. T. 41 N., R. 13 W 6.0 7 NW. ^ sec. 6, T. 40 N., R. 12 W 9.0 8 Sec. 18, T. 40 N., R. 12 W., near center 7.2 9 Sec. 3&, T. 40 N., R. 12 W.. near center 7.9 10 SW. ^ sec. 27, T. 40 N., R. 12 w 0.7 11 13 Veazie, sec. 36, T. 40 N., R. 12 River Jordan, mouth, sec. 2i, T 40 N R 11 W 4.6 2.7 13 Spring Brook, mouth, sec. 15, T 40N R llW 6.6 14 15 Ohippenacia Creek, mouth, sec. 33, T. 40 N., R. 10 W... Stinnett 7.8 10.5 16 Little Pnckanance 5.9 IT Cable, Bayfield County 7.7 ^Authority: Nos. 1-14, and 16, U. S. engineers; 15 and 17, Chicago, St. Paul, Minnea- polis and Omaha Railway. In its length of 55 mileSj Totogatic Eiver, the principal tributary of the STamekagon, descends 350 feet. It enters the main stream only 5 miles above its month. The region is high and precipitous, Tvith frequent ledges of pre-Cambrian crystalline rock and bowlders. As a result, the stream forms for miles a series of rapids with many vertical falls of 10 feet or more. Many logging dams already exist, the most important being located as follows : Sec. 13, T. 42 ]!^., K. 10 W. ; sec. 6, T. 42 K, R. 10 W. ; and sec. 12, T. 43 N., E. 10 W. A good site for a dam is near the outlet of Gilmore Lake, in Sec. 9, T. 42 ]Sr., R 12 W. ; and another in sec. 12, T. 42 N., E. 12 W. The following profile of Totogatic Eiver is compiled from surveys made by United States engineers : ST. CROIX RIVER. •24:d Profile of Totogatic River from its mouth to y E. y^ sec. 15, T. 42 N., R. V W. Distance. ElevatloD above sea Descent between points. Station. From mouth. Between points. Total. Per mile. Mouth of river Miles. 0.0 11.5 • 20 37.0 40.0 50.0 Miles. Feet. 918.0 975.5 1,008 8 1,168.4 1.241.6 1,251.0 Feet. Feet. Sec 13, T. 42N.,K. 13 W.,rtam NE. ^sec. lO.T. 42N.,R. 12 W NE. ^eec. 3, T. 42 N , K. 10 W NE. k sec, 13, T. 42 N., R. 10 W .... NE. Hsec. 1,\ I. 42N., R. 9 W 11.5 8.5 17.0 3.0 10.0 57.5 23.3 159.6 73.2 10.0 5.0 2.7 9.4 24.4 1.0 MI^'OE STREAMS. Osceola Creek, — Emptying into St. Croix Eiver a few miles south of Willow Eiver is a small stream known as Osceola Creek. In the city of Osceola, near its month, is a water power with a head of 90 feet, owned by the Osceola Mill and Elevator Company. This dam furnishes the power to run a mill with a capacity of 175 barrels per day. One-fourth of a mile above is another dam with a head of 26 feet. Kinnihinnic River. — A small river emptying into St. Croix Eiver only 5 miles above its mouth bears this name. Its gradient is so high that there are a number of good sites for water powers. The descent in 10 miles is 190 feet. The following is a tabulated state- ment of its water power: Water powers on Kinnikinnic River.^ No, Location. Owner and use. Head. Esti- mated horse- power. Remarks. 1 ? 3 miles from mouth.. 5 miles from yn nnt.h . N. Kohl, flouring mill Feet. 10 70 Timber dam. Good dam location. 3 7 miles from mouth.. 20 14 15 39 8 14 10 50 14 ""m" 140 40 60 30 ■"iso 4 River Falls : 3 miles below. «i 1 mile below.... River Falls : do do 7 miles above River Falls. South Branch, sec. 1, T. 27N.. R.19W. 1 mile above No. 10.. Balsom Lake Timber dam, 9 by 120.. A do Timber dam. 7 Geo. Fortune, mill and eleva- tor Timber dam, 4 by 210.. 8 9 10 11 12 Pratrie mill and elevator. .. Clapp's mill W. H. Putnam, feed and flour Glass Bros*, manufacturers. J. W. Park, lumber and flour Timber dam, 12 by 180. Dam out. Timberdam, 26by 114. 1 Figures are low-water estimates. Nos. 1 and 5-12 develoijed ; 2-4, undeveloped. 250 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM. TOPOGEAPHY. The watershed which limits the area of Lake Superior drainage in Wisconsin varies in elevation (above the level of Lake Superior! from GOO feet near the Minnesota line to over 1.000 feet near the Michigan line. Its average distance from Lake Superior is only 30 miles. For this reason the rivers are comparatively small ; but owing tc the fact that their large fall of 600 to 1,000 feet, is largely con- centrated at a few points they offer many opportunities for water- 2X)wer development. From a point near the center of the watershed a wide and nearly flat table-land, of which Bayfield Peninsula and the Apostle Islands form the northern prolongation, separates the drainag'e into eastern and western sections of nearly equal area. In both of these sections three distinct belts of topography are usually distinguished. The southernmost belt consists of a plateau in large part covered with swamps and lakes and is so flat that in many cases the water from the same swainps and lakes may flow either north to Lake Superior or south to the Mississippi. From this flat watershed the descent northward is gradual until a range of mountains from 600 to 900 feet above the level of Lake Superior is reached. The northern slope of these mountains is much steeper than their southern slope, forming a marked though not continuous escarpment. In the western section these mountains, laiown as Douglas Copper Range, reach a height of 400 to 600 feet above the lake and have v. width of 1 to 4 miles. They extend in an east-northeast direction, gradually merging into the Bayfield moraine. From the crest of the mountains there is a sudden descent of 300 to 400 feet, caused by a faulting of the rocks. The Lake Superior rivers break through the LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM. 251 ridg'L^s at this point, aucl here the greatest opportunities for water- power development are to be found. In the eastern section the mountainSj called the Penokee Iron Kange, extend from a point on the ]\Iichigan boundary, 12 miles from Lake Superior, in a south"\^A.^sterlj direction for about 35 miles, gradually merging into the plateau. As in the western section, many falls and rapids occur in breaking through the hard "Huro- nian" rocks of which the range is composed. Smaller falls continue for a distance of 5 to 6 miles after crossing the Penokee Range, or until the Copper Eange has been crossed. To the north of the highlands and extending with a gradual slope northward to the shores of Lake Superior lies a plain with a width of 5 to 15 miles. Its northern portion reaches an elevation of 100 to 200 feet above Lake Superior or 700 to 800 feet above the sea. The entire belt is underlain by till and d':*ep layers of red clays some- times mixed with sand. The rivers, l^itth large and small, have cut deep and narrojw banks in the clay soil. As a result the surface is carved in every direction by narrow water courses whose steep sides have a hei2;ht of 25 to 100 feet, making' railroad and hiiiliwav con- struction expensive. Very few swamps are fimnd in this lowland area. Because of the gradual slope of the shallow rivers opportuni- ties for water-power de\'elopment in this l)elt are rare. In many cases, however, there are important falls at the immediate mouths of the rivers and over the red sandstone. Watek Powfa^s. geis'ekal stateme^tt. Owing to the fact that the rivers of the Lake Superior system in Wisconsin have a total fall of 400 to 1,000 feet in the narrow belt of 30 miles separating the plateau region in which they rise from Lake Superior, their currents are characteristically rapid. As a result the rainfall is quickly discharged, thi? streams alteraating between small creeks and torrential rivers. While the storage of surplus waters is important everywhere in the State for the economical development of water power, it is here doubly so. The fact that the most important falls and rapids are in the upper half of the drainage area increases the difficulty of storing a large proportion of the rainfall. With a 252 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIN. Storage of less than 5 to 15 per ceut of the rainfall most of the rivers would furnish at low water an insignificant flow. Eainfall data i-egarding this drainage area are scanty, but sufficient to show that the rainfall increases from the lake to the highlands. This fact is strikingly shown by the precipitation map published by the United States Weather Bureau. It is here seen that the rainfall increases southward at the average rate of about 5 inches every 25 miles, the maximum not being reached until after the highlands are passed. That fact has an important bearing on the value of the water powers, because, as already stated, it suggests the location of reser- voirs to a large extent in this region of greatest rainfall. The most important water powers occur near the Copper ranges and the Peno- kee Iron Range, where future mining operations may render them of much economic importance. ST. LOUIS KIVEK. Although the water powers of St. Louis River lie outside the State, they are located so near the Wisconsin boundary that development T. 48 - R. 16 Fig. 14.— Plan of canal of Great Nortbern Power Company on St. Loitts River. LAKE SUTERIOR MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA OF ST. LOUIS RIYER SCALE I't 18 W ILES 8 18 27 LAKE SUPERIOK DHAIXAGE iSY^TEM. 253 contemplates their extensive use in Superior and other Wisconsin cities. All important feature of St. Louis Eiver is the concentra- tion of its descent in the lower reaches^ where its volume is greatest. This provides opportunities for water power, which, if distributed among its smaller tributaries would be in large part wasted. The upper portions of St. Louis Kiver are sluggish, flowing through many lakes and swamps, but as the waters near the lake their speed is in- creased until at a point about 22 miles from Lake Superior, just above Fond du Lac, there is a series of falls and rapids extending miles upstream from a point 2 miles from the Wisconsin boundary. Li this distance of G miles the river descends 456 feet in a series of wild leaps over the upturned ledges of* slate rock, forming a water power which has few superiors in the West. This power and the riparian rights are owned by the Great ISTorthem Power Company. The present practice in the design of hydro-electric plants of j^ro- vidiiig generating units and auxiliary apparatus of large capacity instead of the multiplication of smaller machines is well illustrated in the Great ITorthern Power Company''s plant. This water power plant, situated near Superior, Wisconsin, on the St. Louis Hiver and now under construction, is second only to the great hydraulic plants at ISTiagara for, when fully completed, it will call for the generation of 200,000 h. p. The initial equipment, now under way, is for 30,000 h. p., with an ultimate capacity at this station of 80.000 h. p. Power from this plant will be transmitted 14 miles to Duhith and Superior but, eventually, it is plamied to transmit power 50 to 75 miles for the operation of the great Mesabi and Vermillion iron ranges. The relative positions of the power house, dam reservoirs, etc., are shown in Figure 14. From the head gates to the power house is a distance of 2.8 miles, about two miles of which is canal and fore- bay. Over the remaining distance the water is carried through 3,800 feet of wqod stave pipe and about 1,000 feet of seven-foot steel pipe for each water wheel unit of 10,000 horse power. The total head thus developed is 365 feet. A complete account of the electrical installation may be found in the Electrical World of July 28th, 1906. A view of the dam at the head of the rapids and the rapids below is shown in Plate XLIV. 25-i WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. jSTEiiADji a::td black eivees.^ Unlike other rivers of the Lake Superior watershed, !N"emadji Kiver Hows northeast instead of north and does not rise in an elevated region. As a result it is devoid of important rapids or falls suitablo for water power. Black Iliverj the most important tributary of the Xemadjij rises in an elevated country, its source being in a lake on the Minnesota boundary. It flows north and empties into Xemadji Eiver about 10 miles from Lake Superior at an elevation of only 20 feet above the lake. In the upper two-thirds of its length Black River flows through many tamarack and cedar swamps, which give to its waters a distinct color and taste. Up to about 4 miles from the Douglas Copper Range it occupies a wide valley with small descent. As this range is approached the valley narrows and its gradient increases. In the SE. y^ Sec. 28, T. 47 X., R. 14 W. the hard layers of the ''Keweenawan" rocks cross the river, producing a vertical fall of 31 feet. A total head of 160 feet" could easily be obtained here for a dam site. A view of these falls is shown in Plate XLVL As Black River has a drainage area of SO square miles above these falls, an assumed run-oft' of 0.4 second-foot per square mile gives 560 theoreti- cal horsepower. A company was formed some time ago to improvo this power, and a franchise was secured from the city of Superior for lighting by electricity, but no construction has yet been done. The water at the head of the upper rapids is 387 feet above Lake Superior; at their foot, 50 yards beyond, the elevation is 227 feet. From this point the river passes for nearly a mile through a gorge 100 to 170 feet deep, below which the walls of the gorge are less elevated above the stream, but the current is very rapid until it joins Xemadji River 4 miles below. Erom the foot of Black River Falls to the junction with the Xemadji the total descent is 200 feet, an average of 50 feet to the mile. BOIS BRULE EIVEE. Though over 33 miles long, Bois Brule River has a drainage area of only 200 square miles, practically all of which is in the highland district. It rises in a swamp, near St. Croix Lake, at an elevation of 1 The anthoritv for most of the Rtatements concerning- tbe Lake Superior rivers is- Prof. R. D. IrviniEr: Geology of Wisconsin, vol. 3. ISSO. 2 Sweet, E. T., Geo!. Wisconsin, vol. 3, 1880, p. 319. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XLVI, FALLS OF THE BLACK RIVER, SE. \ Sec. 28, T. 47 N., R. 14 \V. Total fall 160 feet. LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM. .-yx:^ i-2i) ieei above the level of Lake Superior. In Sec. 15, T, 46 X., E. 10 W., lit the Dallesj Bois Brule Eiver is ouly 25 feet widej with banks of clay and bowlders averaging S feet in height. Xear this point there are sAvift rapids, with a total descent of about 15 feet in 200 yards. Similar rapids about 3 miles farther north, near the town- ship line, continue as far as the mouth of Xebagemain River, the most important tributary of the Bois Brule, in Sec. 27, T. 47 X., E. 10 AV. For the next 10 or 12 miles the current is very sluggish un- til the head of the lower rapids is reached, in Sec. 26, T. 48 IST., E. 10 W. From this point to within 1.5 miles of Lake Superior rapids and small falls (the largest being 4 or 5 feet in height) occur almost continuously. These descend an aggregate of 200 feet over "Keween- awan" eruptives and sandstones. By constructing dams at the out- lets of Lakes Xebagemain and Minnesmig the surplus water could be held back and used at times of low Avater, thus adding greatly to the value of the water powers on the river. At present there are no dams. Mr. Howard Thomas, city engineer of Superior, "Wis., states that the normal discharge of this river is 100 second-feet and that at several points heads of 40 feet could be obtained by dams between bluffs or with dams and flumes along the banks. Such a head would give 450 theoretical horsepower. Because of its comparatively small watershed and the fact that the river is fed very largely by springs it is not subject to freshets. MOXTEEAL a:n"d gogoshu:;^^!;^ eivees. For nearly its entire length ]\lontreal Eiver forms a part of the Michigan-Wisconsin boundary. It rises in a tangle of lakes and tam- arack swamps near the boundary line at an elevation of about 1,600 feet above sea level, or 1,000 feet above Lake Superior. Its length is 50 miles, the highest gradient being concentrat:ed in the last quarter of this distance. This exception to the general rule of the Lakfe Su- perior drainage area is due to the fact that here the Penokee Iron Range and its associated highlands of the "Keweenawan" series ap- proach Lake Superior within a distance of only 3 miles, leaving no lowland region. About lj300 feet from its mouth, on the north line of Sec. 7, T. 47 X., R. 1 E., is a vertical fall of 35 feet over sandstone. It is stated by an officer of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway that a head of 55 feet could be developed here by constructing a flume 256 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. 100 feet long, llecause of the lakes and swamps at the headwaters of this river it is likely that at least 5 -pev cent of the annual rain- fall could be stored in reservoirs. This would give, from its 280 square miles of drainage area, an ordinary flow of 140 second-feet, equivalent, with a head of ob feet, to 868 theoretical horsepower. lu the last hve-eighths of a mile of its course Montreal River descends 90 feet. The railway official mentioned above also states that another power site is located in the XW. 14 SW. 14 Sec. 21, T. 47 X., E. 1 E., at falls of 60 feet o^'er the crystalline rocks. As the banks are high, a 20-foot dam, with a flume 250 feet long, would develop a head of SO feet. Both of the above powers are within 4 miles of the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway. At Ironwood, about 2 miles above these falls, the river has an elevation of 880 feet. In the 5 miles above Ironwood the river descends only 30 feet, and for the remainder of its upper reaches its current is slow. At all the rapids on this river the conditions are favorable for the building of dams. Under date of Aj^ril 0, 1907, Edward P. Burch, consulting en- gineer, writes that his surveys of Montreal River near Saxton Falls showed that a dam with 120 foot head was feasible. His measure- ments of the discharge of Montreal River during the winter of 1906 and 7 showed a minimum flow of 102 cubic feet per second. Survey for reservoirs on headwaters of this river have also been made which show that a system of reservoirs can be constructed at moderate cost. The Gogoshungun, a branch of the ]\Iontreal, is nearly as large as the upper Montreal, being about 30 miles long. Its total descent u 500 feet. Until the river reaches the Penokee Range its current is sluggish, being bordered by swamps. In its passage through the mountains, in Sec. 27, T. 46 X., R. 2 E., a number of rapids and falls occur. BAD KIVER. MAIN BreEB. The sources of Bad River lie in large swamps 8 miles south of the Penokee Iron Range, at an elevation of 900 feet above the level of Lake Superior. In this distance of 8 miles its descent is 110 feet, but its course is sinuous, as may be inferred from the fact that the Wis- consin Central Railway is forced to cross it eight times. About II/2 miles above Mellen are rapids called Copper Falls, which have a total descent of about 60 feet (PI. XLYII.) The river at this point has 'ijgljii £:■ ' HH ^^^^^^Kh *m? y^^^^M 1 Air I'^^^^Bfe^ ' 1 i m^ 3 ^^^^^2^^^^^|i Ip MMtB II 1^ L*^^^^^1^^^H 1 11 1 L " !^!>"i -^B 1 H ■ k fcTaJy*^3B ^H H IB p^j^ '^'^^kSfll ^H ^^H ..ai^^ ftiS^i^H ^^^Hl Fig. 1. COPPER FALLS, BAD RIVER. SE. i Sec. 17, T. 4.5 N., R. 2 W. AsliLind Co.. \Vi- Fig. 2. LOWER FALLS OF AMINIC(JX RIVER, Sec. 29, T. 48 X.. R. 12 W. LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM. Q57 a drainage area uf about 144 square miles. Accordiug to a survey, 5 i^er cent of the annual rainfall could be easily stored in dams near the headwaters, which should provide an ordinary flow of 6S second- feet, equivalent to 460 theoretical horsepower. "Xear the Peuokee Eange Bad Eiver enters a gorge of pinkish gran- ites, narrowing in places to a width of 10 feet and descending 20 feet in ^0 rodsj with a total descent of 50 feet in three-fourths of a mile. The river then widens and continues with reduced grade until Pe- nokee Gap is reached, when it again contracts. Coming into contact with the ''Huronian" rocks, it flows along their strike. In the next four miles occur iiiany rapids and several falls, including one of 35 feet.'' In the next 1,000 feet, in which the river descends 40 feet, Tylers Fork, the most important tributary, is reached. Directly at the junction Tylers Fork has a fall of 45 feet over the wall of a gorge 65 feet deep. This is in Sec. 17, T. 45 IS^., E. 2 W. A competent engineer, reporting on this water power, states that dams could develop here a head of about 120 feet. This tributary drain- age area is given at 234 square miles. On the assumption that the rainfall is only 32 inches and that reservoirs can be made to store 15 per cent of the rainfall, it was estimated that the river would fur- nish a continuous flow of 206 second-feet, equivalent to about 3,000 theoretical horsepower. It was proposed to conduct this power elec- trically to Ashland. S^ Plate XL VIII for view of falls. In the next 1,000 feet below Tylers Fork the river flows through a rocky gorge 100 fe^t deep, beyond which. the rocks disappear and the stream flows between high banks of red clay, the ground rising rapidly on both sides. The total descent in Sec. 17 is probably 135 feet. In the next 6 miles of its sinuous course, to the mouth of Maringouin River, the river descends about 30 feet to the mile. Both rivers at their confluence are broad and deep, with slow-moving, muddy cur- rents and wide bottom lands — conditions which continue to the mouth of Bad Eiver. Farther north, 2"14 miles from this junction, Bad Eiver receives the waters of Potato Eiver. At this point its elevation is 80 feet above the level of Lake Superior. In Sec. 25, T. 47 K, E. 3 W., oc- cur some small falls, of 1 or 2 feet, over red sandstone and shale, which continue for perhaps 2 miles. BeloW these falls Bad Eiver continues sluggish, deep, and tortuous, with bold and high clay banks, until White Eiver is reached. For the remainder of its course the river finds its way to Lake Superior through swamps. 17 258 WATER POWERS OF WISCOyiilN. TKIBTJTAEIES. The i^rincipal tributaries of Bad River, named in order from its mouth, are as follows : White Eiver entering from the west ; Potato River from the east; ilaringouin or Mosquito River from the west, and Tylers Fork from the east. ^yhite Elver. — This river, the largest tributary of Bad River, has a total length of about 45 miles, and drains an area of 400 square uiiles. It rises in Long- Lake, at about 700 feet above the level of Lr.ke Superior. Most of its descent is concentrated in its upper waters, where its discharge is least. It pursues a general northeasterly com-se with many windings through high and steep clay banks, like those de- scribed on Bad River. Its only considerable falls are in See. 6, T. 46 ]Sf., R. 4 "W., whei'e the river was originally obstructed by the edges of southward-dipping rocks. A dam with a 20-foot head has been maintained here for several years, and until October, 1903, furnished the power to run a paper mill. At that time the mill burned. The White River Power Company, of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, is now, November, 1906, engaged in further developing this same power. A concrete dam carrying a h^ad of 32 feet is being built in Sec. 6, T. 46, R. 4 W. and it is planned to have the contract completed and the machinery in operation by September, 1907. The water will be car- ried by a 9 foot pipe from the dam to a point 1,400 feet lower down stream. The turbine installation will consist of 2 pair of twin wheels each unit capable of developing 900 H. P, and directly connected to 500 K. W. generators. The current will be transmitted to Ashland and leased for power and lighting purposes. The owners estimate a minimum power of 1,000 H. P. The officers of the company are A. W. Shelton, President; C. A. Wixson, Secretary, and E. A. Ed- monds, Treasurer. Maringoidn River. — Maringouin River, sometimes also called Mar- ingo (Mosquito) River, has a total length of about 40 miles and drains an area of 231 square miles. Four miles from its source it crosses the Penokee Range. Here, in the JSIW. i^ Sec. 23, T. 44 N., R. 5 W., the river descends, in a series of three falls, a total distance of 65 feet within a few rods. The two upper falls, of 15 and 25 feet, respectively, are only 50 feet apart. IfTothing but the limited amount of water prevents this from being a valuable water power. For the remainder of its course the river is devoid of falls or rapids flowing between high clay banks. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN X\"., PL. XLVIIT. TYLERS FORKS FALL. SE. i Sec. 30, T. 44 X., R. 2 W. Fall. 45 feet. WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. XLIX. VIEW OF FALLS AT JUNCTION OF BAD RIVER AXD TYLER'S FORKS. Sec. 17, T. 45 N., R. 2 W. LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM, 259 Within 6 miles of its junction with Red Eiver, the Maringouin re- ceives several rapid tributaries, the most important of which is Bruns- weiler Creek. This creek rises in the same swamp with Maringouin Kiver, but, unlike it, has important falls north af the "Huronian" hills. Until Bladder Lake is passed in Sec. 11, T. 44 JST., R. 4 W., the current is sluggish. The outlet of this lake is only 6 feet wide, with rock walls on either side. A dam which would greatly raise the water in the lake could be constructed here at slight expense. At the outlet of the lake there is a long series of chutes and rapids for a distance of over 6 miles. In this stre+ch the creek flows through a narrow valley with steep, rocky hills. The last important descent occurs near the north line of Sec. 22, T. 45 !N"., K. 4 E., where the stream leaves the Copper Range, the slope being 30 feet in a distance of 130 feet. Tylers Forh. — This tributary is the only one which joins Bad River before the lowlands are reached. Tylers Fork, nevertheless, has a length of 30 miles and a total descent of 700 feet. Until it reaches the Penokee Range its current is sluggish. In the NE. ^ Sec. 33 T. 45 !N"., R. 1 W., the river falls 20 feet over the hard "Huronian"^ rock. Less than a mile farther on, in Sec. 28, occurs a series of low falls over black slate, the descent being 20 feet in a distance of 500 feet. On the north line of sec. 20 the river surface is 760 feet above the level of Lake Superior. In the next 10 miles of its course it de- scends 260 feet, but without any considerable rapids. On the west line of Sec. 15, T. 45 K, R. 2 W., the elevation of the water is 485 feet. The current now becomes swifter and about a quarter of a mile below the east line of Sec. 16 is a series of rapids which con- tinues to its junction with Bad River; ending in the 45-foot fall shown in Plate XLVIII. As these falls and rapids are within a mile of the Wisconsin Central Railway, they seem destined to be- come of some economic importance. Potato River. — In its course of only 30 miles. Potato River has a descent of over 900 feet. The river is small until it is joined in Sec. 15, T. 46 N., R. 1 W., by Little Potato River. Prom this confluence a course nearly due west for 12 miles takes it to Bad River. Near the east line of Sec. 17, T. 46 E"., R. 1 W., at 428 feet above the level of Lake Superior, is a series of rapids followed by a series of cata- racts. These rapids begin on the east line SE. 1/4 SW. 1/4 Sec. 17, T. 46 N., R. 1 W., and are in the trap rock. In the next quarter mile abrupt descents of 10, 4, and 40 feet occur, with swift water between. 260 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. A still larger fall of 60 feet or more is located near the west line of Sec. 17, and as the banks are high and precipitous, a suitable dam would develop a head of nearly or quite 100 feet. On both sides of the west line of Sec. 17, about 2,000 feet north of the southwest cor- ner, is a series of bold falls having a total descent of 80 feet in a dis- tance of 500 feet, with two leaps of 25 feet and 32 feet respectivelv. The total fall in Sees. 17 and 18 is 170 feet. These falls, being over solid rock of conglomerate and sandstone, furnish ideal conditions for dams. Below Sec. 18 the river course is tortuous and slow. MINOK EIVEES. Aminicon, liliddlej Poplar, and Iron rivers are small streams iu Douglas County. They are all swift streams with man}- small falh, but are subject to great variations of flow, being insignificant at low water. A corporation known as the Iron River Water, Light and Power Company has recently constructed a dara 135 feet long, with a head of 32 feet, on Iron Eiver, in Sec. 22, T. 47 N., E. 10 W., the intention being to install turbine-s of 1,000 horsepower, which will be transmitted to near-by tovnis. Railroads. All the falls w^hieh occur near the Penokee Range on Bad River and Tylers Fork are near the "Wisconsin Central Railway. Montreal and White rivers are crossed by the Duluth, South Shore and Atlan- tic, the Chicago and Is^orthwestem, and the Wisconsin Central rail- ways. The western half of the Lake Superior watershed has good transportation facilities. Branches of the Great Iforthern Railway cross the valley of Black River and follow the valley of ISTemadji River. Besides these the drainage is crossed by the Northern Pacific, the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, and the Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Sault Ste. Marie railways, and by minor logging roads. PART II. WATEE POWERS OF SOUTHERN WISCONSIN. PRESENT CONDITIONS. It is j^erfectlj manifest that water powers can be of only potential economic importance until the region in which they are situated be- comes populated and de^-eloped. The building of cities and the clearing up of farms is followed in turn by the creation of railroads and other means of transportation. These changes combine to create a demand for power, while the rail- roads provide means for both getting in the raw materials for use in manufacture, and also for delivering to distant buyers the manu- factured products. The water powers of southern Wisconsin are noteworthy for their wide and uniform distribution rather than for their great size. The only large river in this region is the Wisconsin and even this has so moderate a fall and so wide a valley as to afford only two op- portunities for development. The shorter rivers with few exceptions have fairly rapid fall, which compensates for their lack in volume. But while the settlement and cultivation of this region have called intOj use the many water powers on these streams, the same cultiva- tion has resulted in appreciably lessening these same powers. The number of mills which have been burned down or allowed t^ stand idle and decay during the past decade furnish abundant proof of this condition. A brief statement of the most important element-s contributing to this condition is not without interest. 1. The clearing of the forests and the general draining of many swamps and marshes which formerly conserved the water have al- lowed the storm water to reach the rivers in much shorter time. This has resulted in greatly increasing the size of the freshets and in cor- respondingly decreasing the low water flow in the rivers. . The freshets have largely increased the difficulty and expense of keeping the dams in repair. The decrease in the low water flow has 2i3i WATER POWERS OF WlSVO^'iSlN. caused the installation of many steam plants to supplement the water power during the period of low water. This duplication of power plants has been a potent cause for the neglect of the water powers. 2. The cultivation of the valley lauds has resulted in the freshets carrying increasingly larger amounts of silt into the rivers, which in the course of many years settle in the ponds, thereby seriously de- creasing the pondage. 3. Again many of the dams were built and originally used for sawing lumber. With the clearing away of the forest such of these dams as could not be diverted to other purposes were necessarily aban- doned and allowed to decay. 4. Before the great milling industries of ilinneapolis and other cities became so developed as to furnish the present large j)roportion of flour for this and other states, many dains were used to grind the flour products needed by the people of their neighborhood, but at present these small industries find it increasingly difficult to compete with the great corporations mentioned above. 5. Another cau^e for the decline of the smaller water powers has come from rapid appreciation in value of the neighboring farm lands. In many cases the value of the flooded lands, for agricultural pur- poses, was greatly in excess of the value of the water power. This condition has naturally resulted in the purchase of many dams by the adjacent riparian owners followed by the destruction of the daia and the addition of its overflowed lands to the holdings of the farmers. But it must npt be understood that all the many changes incidental to the development of the state have resulted alone in the detriment of the water power. With the waning of lumber and flouring inter- ests mentioned above, has come the development of many new and varied manufactures all requiring power, while the decrease in freight rates has certainly contributed largely to their establishment. Probably the most important users of water power of recent in- stallation, ai'e the paper and woolen mills and the electric light and traction companies. The increased possibilities of water power due to the use of electric transmission are difiicult to overestimate. This improvement renders it possible to generate power at a distant point where power is found in great quantities and transmit it to other localities where transportation or other facilities render it more valu- able. A good example of this fact is seen in the proposed develop- ment of about 10,000 horsepower at the little town of Kilboum on PRESEyr CONDITIONS. Oij^ the Wisconsin Eiver and its distribution in !MaJison fifty miles dis- tant as well as to the smaller cities between, now under construction. The cheaper generation of water power should result in the general supply of the electric light and power at a much cheaper rate than that which comes from steam dependent upon distant coal mines. In this connection it must not be overlooked that the tendency of the price of the coal is always to rise, due both to the increase in miners' wages and the increasing difficulty of mining the coal. In order that the people, and not alone a few corporations, may profit by the cheapness of water power it is necessary that ihe charters granted to such corporations shall carefully guard the interests of the entire people. It is to be regretted that this has not always been done in the past. A second way in which the improvements of electric transmission of power is manifest is seen in the joining by wire of a number of relatively small powers on the same or adjacent rivers and the trans- mission of tlie combined power to the same central plant, where it can be used to greatest profit and economic advantage. In this way a number of relatively insignificant powers can be combined to pro- duce a valuable. power. A good example for such a combination is found on Cedar Creek above Mayfield. XJNDERGEOUND WATERS.^ The source of water supply for the crystalline region, with the exception of some of the sandstones of the Keweenawan epoch and softer horizons of the Huronian, is restricted chiefly to the over- lying bed of drift. This area as a whole has a very poorly developed drainage. The water tabl e in most cases lies near the surface. Deep wells are seldom needed ia this sparsely settled region. Cool, soft, and comparatively pure water may easily be obtained from the numerous springs, small streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes. "Potsdam Sandstone. — The greatest of the rock water horizons of this area, and the one that universally furnishes a large supply of water, is the Potsdam sandstone, which nearly surrounds the crystal- line rocks. To the south and east this formation is the great source of the artesian waters found scattered over the district. On the north a few records show that waters from its beds rise considerably above the level of Lake Superior, The impervious interbedded shales of ^ See bulletin 114, V. S. Geological Survey, page 2S3. 26C WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. the formation furnish ideal conditions for a good ai'tesian supply at many j^laces within the outcrop area itself. The shales, though not every where present, often gives rise to several separate horizons of water-bearing rock. "Wells of this nature may be found at Sparta, "Whitehall, Durand, and numerous other places in Wisconsin. Al- though the water from this formation does not reach the surface in many places, o-wing to the topography, it is always abundant, and may be depended upon as a supply for city purposes. On account of the advanced erosion and deep-cut valleys the entire Potsdam area west of Green Bay and north of Wisconsin Eiver does not obtain any ar- tesian water from beyond its own limits. Although water is abmi- dant everywhere the artesian flows of this area are confined to the Missiseippi Valley and iits deeply eroded tributaries — St. Croix, Chippewa, Trempealeau, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Kickapoo, and Bara- boo rivers — while on the east this artesian basin extends to Lake Michigan, and on the smith 't passes under the Carboniferous depos- its. W^hether artesian flows may be obtained depends largely upon the elevation above sea level. Lower Magnesian Limestone. — Along the eastern margin several water horizons are found above the Potsdam sandstone. Usually a sufficient supply for domestic use is obtained from the Lower Mag- nesian limestone, 50 to 100 feet from its top. In a few places this formation gives rise to flowing wells, which in some cases are caused by water from the Potsdam sandstone filling the cracks and fissures of the Lower Magnesian. St, Peter Sandstone. — The second greatest horizon of the area is the St. Peter sandstx:>ne. Although of less importance than the Pots- dam, it furnishes an abundant supply of good water in the eastern and southeastern portions of the district. J^orthward it becomes of less importance, as it thins out and in many places pinches out entirely. In the southwestern jiart of the district artesian wells have generally not been obtained as the rivers cut through well into this formation. However, in these i>ai-ts the St. Peter sandstone always gives an abun- dant supply of water for domestic uses. GalenQ'-Trenton Limestone. — The Galena-Trenton limestone, like the Lower Magnesian limestone, yields, in most cases, sufficient water for domestic use. It is seldom necessary to sink the wells more than 100 or 150 feet, and in so^ne cases a sufficient supply for small cities has been obtained at 75 feet. In some localities, notably north of Green Bay, this formation gives rise to flowing wells. In some cases PRESENT CONDITIONS. 267 it appears that the water of this formation is obtained from the un- derlying St. Peter sandstone^ the overlying Is^iagara limestone, etc. Niagara Limestone, — The Xiagara limestone, although hard, compact, and in places highly impervious, furnishes a copious supply. Water is usually obtained from fissures, joint planes, or crevices at a depth considerably less than 200 feet. The formation furnishes requisite artesian conditions, and in a iireat many instances, ]>articu- larly .along the eastern half of its extent, between Manitowoc and Milwaukee, many fine flows are obtained. Along the eastern margin of the district the artesian flows are con- fined to the vicinity of Lake Michigan and to a strip on each side of all the valleys. In the Green Bay and Rock Eiver basins are many of the flowing wells of the interior. The rapi4.1 63.5 70.5 70.5 74.5 Between poiutif. 5.1 o.r 2.3 4.3 1.4 6.1 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.6 4.4 2.0 0.0 4.0 Eieva- tioo above sea level. 744. S 747.2 751.0 773.4 776.0 7S1.3 S20.0 £84.9 SW.3 S56.2 S60.0 ?r6.o 883.0 SS3.3 890.2 901.6 902.0 913.2 913.2 921.6 941.5 950.1 958.0 1,018.0 Descent between points. Total. 12.8 2.4 3.8 22.4 2.S 5.2 3S.S 14.9 6.4 13.9 4.S 16.0 7.0 0.3 6.9 11.4 0.4 11.2 0.0 8.4 19.9 Per mile. 2.6 3.5 1.7 5.2 1.9 6.3 7.5 1.2 S.O 0.3 13.& 0.03 0.0 1.9 10.0 2.0 Authority : 4, 5, 9, 12, 18, 26. 30, U. S. G. S. TopoRraphic mane. 42 and 43 G . & N. W . Ry. The remainder were determined by spirit levels run from railroad datum by L. S. Smith aud Ray Owen. Of the 370 feet fall between the crest of the Kewaskum dam and the mouth of the river only 122 feet are now develojoed. It will be seen from the following description that over 100 feet more could be cheaply developed by building nine new dams and raising six of the present dams. The valley traversed by this river is underlaid by the Niagarn limestone which crops out frequently in the bed of the river. The average fall of the river south of Kewaskum is 5.2 feet per mile quite uniformly distributed. MILWAUKEE RIVER. 271 While the size of this river does not entitle it to be ranked among the large rivers of the state, its steep gradient, over 5 feet per mile and strategic location in so fertile and populous a region shonld make its many water powers of nnusual value. The increasing dif- ticulty which the owners of the water powers have experienced in maintaining their dams in times of flood, together with the excep- tionally low price of steam coal, due to cheap water freights, have to a. great extent neutralized the natural advantages stated above. A large proportion of the water powers are at present unused and many of the remaining dams are greatly in need of repair. The following detail description of the water powers was derived from an actual sur- vey supplemented by a study of the United States Geological survey topographic maps of the river valley. Water Powers. Mihvauhee, — The first dam is situated in the city of Milwaukee about three miles from the mouth of the river. It is a stone dam 432 feet long and 14 feet high. Thirty years ago it was used to run a mill but was purchased by the city of Milwaukee and is now used to store water for flushing a sewer and for boating and bathing. It backs the water about 1^4 niiles. North MilwauJcee Dam. — The second dam is located about seven miles above the Milwaiikeie dam. It is a timber dam 180 feet long with stone abutments and foundation and formerly developed a head of aboiit 1 feet. In March, 1905, a freshet washed out around this dam and it is reported that the property will be sold at sheriff's sale. Tur- bines of 45 horse-power are installed. Steam power is also used. The present owner is the Silver Spring Milling and Manufacturing Company. This mill backs the water up about one mile to the next dam. The third is a timber dam, 200 feet long, in good condition. Sixty horse-power turbines under a six foot head are used to run a flour and grist mill. This head could not be increased. The owner is Steffen Pieron. Thiensville Darn. — In the 7.5 miles between Thiensville and dara number 3 the river falls about 17 feet, none of which is improved. The topographic map of this stretch indicates that at least six feet of this fall could be improved at reasonable expense. 272 WATER POWERS OF WISCOKSIN. At Thiensville a timber dam 210 feet long, built in 1843 develops a head of 6.5 feet. Three 56 inch turbines develop about 100 horse- power, used to run a flour and grist mill owned by P. J. Kroehnke. Bj flooding about 200 acres an additional head of two feet could be developed. The dam is in excellent cojidition, but was washed out in 1886. Six and one-half miles above Thiensville, Cedar Creek joins the main river from the west adding a drainage area of 100 square miles. Although the river falls about 35 feet in this length, good dam sites are lacking because of the uniform flatness of the country. A head of about 10 feet could be secured by a dam about 1,000 feet long on the east and west quarter line of S'eclion 6, Township 9 l^orth, Eange 22 East, and possibly also just below the mouth of Cedar Creek. GRAFTON POWEES. In Sections 19 and 30, To-wnship 10, Xorth, Kange 22 East in a distance of about 1.5 miles from Grafton southward there is a fall of about 40 feet between high banks. Of this fall 36 feet have been improved by these dams, the lowest of which is the : — Mihvaukee Falls Lime Company Dam. — This is a rock filled dam, 90 feet long, developing a head of 9 feet. It lacks about 2 feet of backing the water to the foot of the next dam above. The power is used to compress air for drilling in a near-by stone quarry and is owned by Edward ]\Ioellen, Grafton, Wisconsin. Formerly, this dam was two feet higher but the owners of the dam above compelled the owner to lower it 2 feet as a result of a lawsuit. Sheboygan Knitting Company Dam, — The middle dam is located only 1,800 feet above the last described dam. It is a plank and stone dam, 140 feet long, developing a head of 12 feet. Only one 60 inch turbine has been installed. The power is owned by the She- boygan Knitting Company and is leased to the Wisconsin Hosiery Mill. The dam is in good condition. Upper Dam, — Only 1,000 feet above the middle dam is located the upper dam at Grafton, a crib dam 160 feet long. This dam supplies j)Ower fqr a grist mill located near the west end of the dam and also the Badger Woolen Mills located a little further down stream on the same race. The grist mill is owned by L. K. Ruck. The power is furnished by a 48 inch turbine under a 14 foot head. The owners of the flour mill report that they are entitled to three-quarters of the MILWAUKEE RIVER. 273 water. The Badger AVoolen Mill is run by an old style 4S inch tur- bine nnder a head of 15 feet. The dam and mills are in good condi- tion. The banks are high enough to allow of several feet being added to the dam without overflow. SauJi'ville Dam. — In the 5 miles between Saukville and Grafton the river fall is only 15 feet. The river has low banks for this entire distance. I'ormerly a timber dam 200 feet loug with a head of 6 feet was maintained at Sankville but the freshet of April, 1005, washed out the dam. The mill has not been operated for many years previous to 1005 and at the present time its roof has fallen in. Fredonia Dam. — Between Saukville and Fredouia there are sev- eral good unimproved dam sites all located in the upper four miles. A dam with a 7 foot head was once located in Section 3, Township Xorth. Eange 21 East, but the mill burned down. At the south line of Section 9, ToAvnship Korth, Bange 21 East, a dam 200 feet wide with a levee of same length would develop a head nearly 15 feet. From the foot of the Fredonia dam to the bridge at Saukville, a distance of 185 miles the river falls 31 feet. At Fredonia a dam, 225 feet long with one 44 and one 48 inch tui'bine under a head of 5 feet, furnishes the j)ower for a flour and feed mill. The owner, J. P. Pal- lanch has a charter for a 7.5 foot dam. Two-thirds of this dam is built of timber and stone and one-third of stone and concrete, all in the first class condition. JS'civhurg. — Two miles above Fredonia the !N"orth Branch of the Milwaukee Biver joins the main stream adding about 180 square miles of drainage area. In the eight miles between the foot of Kew- burg and the crest of the Fredonia dams the river falls a total of 54 feet the greater part of which is concentrated in the xipper half of this distance. At the present time none of this fall is developed,^ but the larger part of this fall could be developed by the following three dams. (a) A dam about a half mile below the mouth of the ISTorth Branch about 250 feet long with a short levee would develop from 10 to 15 feet, bnt would flood considerable meadow land. (b) A still shorter dam above the highway bridge near the south line of Section 31, Township 12 !N"orth, Eange 21 East would develop 15 feet without any considerable flooding. * Authority for this statement is the United States Geological Survey topographic map. 18 27-i WATER POWERS^ OF WISCONSIN. (c) A short dam in the southeast quarter of Section 6, Township 11 Xorth, Range 21 East would develop about 12 feet without serious flooding. Just above the bridge at Xewburg is a timber dam 135 feet long and 8 feet high owned by Schumer and Stahl, This dam was first built in 1850 and partly rebuilt 12 years ago. The dam was repaired in the summer of 1905 and is now in good condition. The power is used to run a feed mill and saw mill both on the same race. At the feed mill two 42 inch and one 26 inch turbines are installed while at the saw mill the power is generated by two 42 inch and one 20 inch turbines all under a head of 12 feet. It seems likely that nearly two feet could be added to the height of the dam but considerable land would be thereby flooded. In the ten miles above the foot of jSTewburg dam the river has a grade of 4 feet to the mile. For the entire distance the river has a sinuous course between comparatively low banks with little opportu- nity for a dam site. WEST EEXD POWERS. In the next stretch of three or four miles the river changes from a southern to a nearly eastern course and in doing so breaks through a glacial moraine. This resulted in a fall of about 10 feet to the mile for this distance and originally included several rapids, now improved by three dams, located at Barton, West Bend, and one mile east of West Bend. The last will now be described. This is a timber dam about 260 feet long including wings and in December, 1905, had a head of 7.3 feet. The banks are high and at least 3 feet could be added to the present head without flooding or in- terfering with the West Bend dam. The power was formerly used to run a flour and feed mill but at the present time is not running. One and a half miles above this mill is located the West Bend dam and mill ovnied by Adam Kuchlthau. This is a timber dam 180 feet long and 8 feet high and is in good condition. The water is delivered to the mill by a long race which increases the head to 11 feet. This head could not be raised, as at present it backs the water nearly to the dam above at Barton. One 90 inch and one 50 inch turbine furnish the power for both the flour mill and the city electric light plant, the latter supplemented by steam when needed. This dam has the largest pondage of any dam on the river. MILWAUKEE RIVER. 275 Barton Dam, — This dam is located only a little over a mile above AVest Bend, and like the latter dam is only a few rods from the Chi- cago and Northwestern Kailroad. The stone and timber dam is 170 feet long and is now in good condition. With one foot of flash boards it develops a head of about 12 feet. The turbine installation consists in three Laffel wheels 48, 42, and 30 inches in diameter. The power i? used to run a flour and feed mill o-\vned by William F. Gadaw. As the banks are high the dam could be raised two feet without flooding. This would back the water to the site of the next dam above. The drainage area at this point is 160 square miles. Young America. — Only a mile above Barton was formerly located^ the Young xlmerica dam. This mill had a head of about 8 feet, but the dam is now out and both mill and town deserted. Kcwashum Dam. — From the crest of the Kewaskum dam 7 miles- above Barton to the crest of the Barton dam the river falls a total of 37 feet. Only 7 feet of this is at present developed and even that. is not used. The river flows between low banks with few dam sites. The best dam site in this distance is that at Young America described above. A fairly good dam site is located just above the highway bridge two miles south of Kewaskum. A short dam would here de- velop a head of about 10 feet. i At Kewaskum an earth and timber dam 130 feet long in fair con- dition develops a head of 8.5 feet. A 54 inch turbine was here in- stalled 30 years ago and used to run a grist mill. The mill property belongs to Backus and Stark, but at present no use is made of it. The drainage area above Kewaskum is 100 square miles. Tributaries. — The principal tributaries of the Milwaukee river are Cedar Creek, East Branch, and Menominee rivers. In general, it may be said that the gradient of the tributaries is greater than that of the main river. Tktbutaeies of Milw^aukee River. cedar ceeek. Cedar Creek has a drainage area of 100 square miles. Its source is in Cedar and Little Cedar Lakes at an elevation of about 1,030 feet and after an easterly course of thirty miles joins the j\[ilwaukee river near Cedarsburg at an elevation of about 685 feet. Of the total fall of 350 feet about 250 are concentrated in two short stretches, about 140 feet being located in the 3.5 miles from Cedar Creek east^ 270 WATER POWERH OF WISCONSIN. ward and 108 feet in the 4.7 miles abont the month. The lower con- centration occnrs in the Niagara limestone, bnt the upper consists in boulder rapids where the river breaks through the terminal moraine. The following table gives a profile of the entire river. Profile of Cedar Creek. No. Description of station. Moutli of river, Cedarbiirg Sec. 35, T, 10 N., E. 21 E. foot dam Sec. 35, T. 10 N., R. 21 crest, dam Backwater of, above dam K. % post sec. 26, T. 10 N., R. 21. E Dam 2, nail factory, below Dam 2, nail factory, cre'st Dam. 3, Columbian, below Dam 3, Colupabian, crest Backwarer, dam No. 3 Dam No. 4, Flouring, below Dam No. 4 Flouring, crest Dam No. 5 Woolen, below Dam No. 5 Woolen, crest X. E. cor. sec. 9, T. 10 N. R. 21 E Center S. 5, T. 10 N. R. 20 E C. & N. Ry. crossing, s. of Jack son E. & W. ^ line Sec. 6, T. 10 N., E. 20 E Dam No. 6, Mayville E. line Sec. 11, T. 10 N., R. 20 E. Cedar Creek, dam Little Cedar Lake, outlet Little Cedar Lake, outlet Big Oedar Lake, outlet Distance from mouth . Miles. o.o 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.7 9.9 20.4 21.2 22.7 23.2 24.2 24.7 ?5.2 25.3 27.7 29.2 30.7 Distance between stations. Miles. 1,0 0.0 0.5 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 5.3 10.5 O.S 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 2.4 1.5 1.5 Elevation above sea level. Desceat between points. Feet. 635. :ti 637. 699. 5 699.5 720.0 729.7 753.3 754.0 705. 765:0 767.3 731.4 781.4 793.4 820.0 840.0 847.0 860.0 S8'>.0 900.0 940.0 9S0.0 1,000.0 Total. Feet. 1,030.0 2.0 12.5 0.0 20.5 9.7 23.6 0.7 11.0 0.0 2.3 4.1 0.0 12.0 26.6 20.0 7.0 13.0 20.0 20.0 40.0 40. 20.0 Per mile. Feet. 2.0 0.0 16.0 48.5 2.3 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.9 9.0 9.0 40.0 20.0 &0.0 33.0 303. Author ty: No. 1 and 15, 16, 18, 19. 20, 21, 22, D . S. G^ol. Survey Top. Map. 2—14, levels ran by L. S. Smith. 17. C. & iN. W. Ry. That part included in the lower 5 miles was sun^eyed, the re- mainder is based upon the United States Geological Survey topo- graphic map and railroad levels. MILWAUKEE RIVEK. -217 CEDAliBVliG POWEKS, (1) The first dam, located about one mile above the mouth of Cedar Creek is about 100 feet long and 7 feet high. The water is conducted through a long race and delivered to a flour mill owned by Kroehnke Brothers. One -IS-inch turbine works under a head of 13 feet. (2) One quarter mile above the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad bridge over Cedar Creek in a very narrow limestone gorge is located a dam with a head of '24:5 feet used to run a nail mill. An additional 10 feet could be develope<:l by moving this dam down stream about 1,000 feet. (3) Only a few rods above this mill is a short stone and timber dam producing a head of 11 feet used to ran the Columbia flour mill. Three turbines of about 60 horse-power are here installed. (4) The Cedarburg Flour Mills is located about 80 rods above the Columbia Mill. A dam 10.5 feet high develops a head of 13 feet. One 40 inch turbine is installed. The power is owned by Ruck Brothers. (5) About a half mile above the last named dam is located the Cedarburg Woolen Mills. A 40-inch turbine under a 12 foot head furnishes part of the power for this mill. The company also use two steam engines, one 35 and one 65 horse-power. This is the last dam in this river in use to-day. The above 5 dams are seen to develop a total of 72.5 feet of an actual fall of lOS feet in 4.7 miles of river. Above the Woolen Mills, the river continues toi fall fast, so that one additional dam of 12 or 15 foot head could probably be put in above the back water of the wooien mill dam. Four miles above Cedarburg the river valley widens out while the river gradient is also greatly reduced. The total fall between the Railroad bridge south of Jackson and the Cedarburg Woolen Mill, a distance of 16 miles, is only 53 feet and nearly all of this in the lower half of this distance. In the four miles above the Jackson railroad bridge the river descends over 150 feet furnishing many good dam sites. Formerly there were six dams with heads of 15 to 22 feet but at present several of the mills have burned down and none of the dams are utilized for power. 278 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. These dams are not subject to the high floods of neighboring streams because of the controlling effect of the lakes above. By con- necting these powers by electricity a valuable power could be pro- duced. Mr. Dow ]\Iaxon of West Bend is largely interested in this property. MEXOMINEE EIVEE. This river has a length of about 30 miles and a drainage area of 130 square miles. The ' following profile shows the fall in detail. The average fall is 10 teet to the mile with two concentrations locate ... E lectric light. Section 20, T. Lyndon U ndeveloped. Sec. 17, T. 13, N., R. 21 E Sec. 8, T. 13N., K.21E Mrs. B. Young . Aug. Capell . .. Feed mill. Saw mill (not running.) N. E. Sec. 26, T. 13 N.. R. 18|E] Sawmill- Ashford Grist mil. New Castle Flour mill. Jersey do Eblesville Saw mill. Sec 26, T. 14, R 15 E Random Lake 1 Flour mill. Railroad Facilities. The Milwaukee river has exceptionally good railrojad facilities. The lower half of the river is paralleled by both the ChicagOj Mil- waukee and St. Paul and the Chicago and ITorthwestem railroad, the former on the right and the latter on the left side of the river. Between Kewaskum and West Bend the Chicago and Northwestern railroad follows the river very closely leaving only that part of river lying between West Bend and Fredonia unserved by railroad. 280 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN, SHEBOYGAN RIVER. Geology and Drainage. Sheboygan and Manitowoc Rivers rise within two or three miles of the east shore of Lake Winnebago at an elevation of about 400 feet above Lake iliehigan. The western slope of this divide is very precipitous due to the erosion of the shales exposing ledges of lime- stone. Almost the entire area is underlayed by the j^iagara limestone which, however, is deeply covered by the glacial drift. The Kettle range crqsses the drainage in about the middle of the river's course and in a direction parallel to Lake Michigan. In crossing this range of hills, the Sheboygan River is compelled to take a very circuitous course to the northward, thence east across the range and southward again before starting on its final course eastward to Lake Michigan. The total drainage area of the river is 380 square miles, but Onion River does not join the main river until within five miles of Lake Michigan, while Mullet River, a still larger tributary, joins the Sheboygan less than two miles above the mouth of the Onion. These two facts lessen the importance of the Sheboygan as a power prodiK?er. FALL OF THE EIVER. In the 40 miles between Kiel and the mouth of the river, the total fall is 306 feet, or an average of 7.6 feet per mile- The larg- est and most important concentration of fall is located between the mouths of Mullet and Onion Rivers. This fall at present amounts to 42 feet. Its occurrence there, has no doubt determined the loca- tion of the city of Sheboygan Falls. A survey of the river from this point to the mouth was made in IN'ovember, 1906. The following profile gives with considerable detail the gradient of EBOYGAN MAP OF DRAINAGE AREA OF MANITOWOC AND SHEBOYGAN RIYERS SCALE l"= 10 MILES SHEBOYGAN RIVER. 281 the main river. There is reason for the belief that the fall in the two tributaries, Mnllet and Onion River, is quite as great as in the parent river. Profile of BJielyoygan River. Station. Distances. Elevation above sea level. Desceiit between points . No From mouth. Between points . Total. Per mile. Miles. MUes. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1 Mouth of river 0.0 581.2 2 R.R. bridge, W. Lina Sec. 2, T. 15 N., R. 23, E 3.0 3.5 3.0 0..") .581.28 r>84.28 .08 3.0 0.03 3 Highway bridge, center of Section 28 6.0 4 N.E.ii. S. W. k, Sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 23,E 5.7 2.2 589.28 5.0 2.3 5 S. E. ?4, S.E. M, Sec. 30. T. 15 N ,R. 23, E . . . . , . 10.3 46 608. 18.7 4 1 6 S. E. H. N. W. ?4, Sec. 31, T. 15, N., R.23, E 12.0 1.7 611.60 3.6 2.1 IfiO feet below Ooion R 13.3 13.5 1.3 0.2 617,44 634.57 5.84 17.13 4 5 8 Lower Bam Sheboygan Falls, foot. 85.6 9 do crest 6M.18 16.61 10 Upper Dam, Sheboygan Falls, foot .... 13.7 0.2 651.38 0.2 1.0 11 do crest . Kie 1 , below dam 40.0 40.0 43.0 45.0 54.0 26.4 3.0 2.0 9.0 6.59.68 877. 887. 8.3 117.3 10. n 4.4 i!t Kiel, above dam See. 6, T. 16 N.,R. 21E 14 In Sec. 18, T. 16 N , R. 21 E.. . . 16 Eastof St. Cloud Authority: Points 1—11, levels by J. Donohue under the direction of L. S. Smith. 12—15, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. 16, Chicago and North Western Railway. Water Powers, No other river in the state of equal size, thns far investigated, has SO many developed water powers as has Sheboygan River. While no one single power has any great importance, the general distribu- tion of over 30 water powers in the county is a matter of considerable importance. The number of powers which have been allowed to go back to a state of nature is remarkably small, considering the high value of farm land in this locality. Many of the existing powers could easily and cheaply increase their developed head as well as profit by the installation of improved modem turbines. The following tabulation gives the most important facts regarding these powers which is available. 282 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Water poivers on the Sheboygan River and tributaries. River. Location. Turbines. Owner. Head H. P. Used for. Onion S. W. S. W.,S. 1, T. 12, R.22 E.. S. W. N. W., S. 12, T. 12, R. 22 E. Hingbam ... 12 11 12 10 /j 65 70 Harvard Gid- dings Not U'^ed now .. do .. do Mr. Drussel J. W. Hyck & Son S. E. Wierman .. do do Flour and feed. ..do do Waldo : do do .. do ?.! mi. E. of Hinghaui 7 8 15 10 35 33 Mrs. Henry Ho- bart Christ Flaig James Lammers. .. do .. do ..do do S. E. of N. E , S. 32, T. 12, E. 22 E S E. S. E,S.'26, T. 12, R. 22 E.. Sec. l.T. UN., R. 22, E Sec l** T 14 N R ''2 E Saw mill. Dam gone. Feed mill. Undeveloped, do Mallet . .. ..do .. do .. do Sftp ?7 T ItN T? 91 F Tbree miles above Plymouth — Plymouth do U 16 12 8 9 9 16 16 9 8 8 14 7 10 11 U 9 10 5 40 + 75 70 18 40 G, Pfufeer P. Brickhauer , .. G. Pfaffer B F. Avery Frank Avery R, Herrling do Flour mill, Abanduuedat present. Flour and feed. Saw mill. . do Glenbeulab do .. do .. do Greenbush do Sec. ;-i5, T. 15 N., R.22 E Sheboygan. Sheboygan Falls .... 680 110 49 50 ± 50 ± 44 50 50 40 65 54 3.5 Brickner Woolen Mills .... do R. H. Thomas & Sods Sec. 26 T 15N,R 22E .... do .... do Cbas. Kroeger ... C. H. Schultz.... Arpke Bros W. Eikhoif Kiel Flour Co ... Frank Bean Wm. Dassow. H. S. Goodwin... Cbas. Kroeger ... Saw mill. Flour and feed. Sec 6 T 15N R. 22E .... do .... do . .. do do Sec. 19, T. 16N,R. 22E Millbome Rockvilie Kiel Flour and saw mm. Flour and feed. Flour and saw mill. Flour mill. .... do .... do .... do Mt. Calvary Sec. 21, T. 15 N., R.2;E Sec. 22, T. 15 N., R 22 E do Flour and feed. Not used. .... do .... Sec 27, T, loN., R. 22E do MANITOWOC RIVER. 283 MANITOWOC EIYER. Geology and Deaixage. The geology of the Manitowoc Eirer valley is siruliar to that of the Sheboygan. Like Sheboygan River, it rises within three miles of the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago and joins Lake Michigan only after a very circnitoiis course dxie largely to the difficulty of pene- trating the glacial moraine in this locality. This river has a total drainage area of about 505 square miles, which is 125 square miles more than that of Sheboygan Kiver. Fall in the River, — As the river is crossed by railroads but a few times, detail knowledge concerning its fall is lacking. From the following data, it is seen that, in the upi)er half of its length, the river has a comparativly flat gradient, viz. : 2.7 feet per mile. In the last 26 miles of its course, however, its fall is 8.3 feet per mile, which should insure many chances for the development of power. Profile of Manitotcoc River. Station. Distance . Elevation above sea level. Descent between points . No. Fr«ra month. Between points. Total. 1 HonthofBiver S. W. H.. S. W. % Sec. 31, T. 19 N, R.22B. (WestofValdPrs) ChiltoD, C. U. & St. P. Bailway Bridge Miles. 0.0 28 U Miles. Feet. 581.20 797 -TO 817. TO Feet. Feet. i 2 3 26 18 a5.8 50.0 8.3 2.7 Develftped wnter power on Manitowoc River. Biver. Location. Turbine. Owner. Used for. Head H. P. Manitowoc Manitowoc Bapids.. Oslo Clark Mills 7 12 100 100 SO Oorada Brothers. Stephenson Bros. Wm. Weinkr Grist Mill 41 Flonr and Woolen. •* Flour Mill. ( t Cato Falls. Abandoned. Sonth Bran^, Mani- towoc Gravesville Sawmill. Sontb Branch, Mani- towoc Havtoa. . Flonr. &rath Biandi, Mani- towoc r!hUtoD 25 42 Damke & Rasch. Fl'inr, Feed. Branch Biv«r LenavUIe FJour. 284 WATER POWER.^ OF WISCONSIN. KOCK RIVEE. TOPOGKAPHY ANB DPtAINAGE. The Rock Eiver occupies the southern half of a depression that extends from Green Bay and Lake Winnebago southwestward to the southern limit of the state. About twenty miles north off the state line this valley is interrupted by the glacial drift of a moraine known as the "Kettle Range," a moraine which also forms over half of the eastern boundary of the valley. A series of ledges and cliffs extend alcing the western side of the Kettle Range and overlook the extreme northern sources of the river. The drainage immediately north of the Rock Valley is into Lake Michigan. The total drainage area of the river above the state line is approximately 3,500 square miles. This does not include the valley of the Sugar and Pecatonica rivers which join the main river a few miles below Beloit. The Rock Valley has an extreme length and width of 85 and 65 miles, respectively. "The surface is moder- ately hilly varying from 750 feet where the river enters the stat^ of Illinois to 1,100 feet above the sea on the crests of the Kettle Range. The rise from the interior of the valley is gradual, and usually the hilltops are not more than 100- feet above the intervening valleys. This low uneven topography has led to the formation of an intri- cate tributary system with numerous spring fed lakes."^ These lakes occur chiefly in an eastern and western group, the former comprising about 20 lakes with an aggregate area of 11 square miles and tlje latter group including 5 lakes with a total area of 13 square miles. Lake Koshkonong, an expansion of Rock River, is the only body now controlled in the interests of manufacturing. Its area is 23 square miles. The controlling dam is 4 miles below" the real foot of the lake. The total coat of this dam, land damages, etc., was $30,000, 1 Balletin in 44 United States Bareaa of Forestry. HOOK RIVER. c,c and Avas borne by the following water powers in the proportions stated; Janesville 2U.5 per cent, Eeloit 2D. 5 per cent, Kc^f-kford 25 l)er cent, Eockton 10 per cent. The lake can be dra-\\Tx do^^'n 5 feet through a 40 foot gate opening. In time of low water the lake is drawn upon to the extent of 13 per cent of the corre3pL>,nding- river below. The capacity of the lake conld bo very greatly increased. Mr. Frizell states that there is no physical obstacle to the er^-ction of a dam 20 feet high, but it would involve very heavy damages bv greatly extending the lake area and flowing out mill privileges above. "While such an improvement would greatly enhance the vahie of all powers below, it now seems doubtful whether the c:»=;t of this project would be justified by the beu/.'tits ctaiferred. The restoration of Lake Hrric;>u to ir> eaidition i>ri(tr to 1S(3S would have an even greater ett'ect in regulating the flow of the river. At that time Lake Horicon had an area of about ."iO square miles ini- ponded partly by a short dam Iniilt as early as 1S42, and partly by a natural dam, caused by glacial drift. The water power report of the tenth census states that the dam had a head of 9.5 feet creating a power of aboiit 500 horse-power. This dam was removed as the i-fasult of a court decision against the o^vners because of damage to land-o^vners, but while it existed it exerted an important influence. Doubtless, it was the hope of many that the removal of the dam would sufficiently drain the marsh above to make the lands suitable for agri- culture. This has not proved to be the fact because of the natural dam in Horicon and probably the back-water of the next dam below at Hustisford. At the present time there is a j^^tition before the cii'- cuit court for the organization of a drainaa'e district for the better drainaiie of llic Horictn marsh. This j'jlan includes rhe removal of the ]>]'esent dam at Ilu'-risford. If this improvement is made, its effects \}]>'m. the "water powers c^f the Kock Eiver vnU be to still fur- ther reduce the low water flow and add to the flood flow, because even at present the Horicon Marsh stores up a large amount of water and by its low gradient and tortuous course. largely delays the passage of the waters through it. Other lakes worthy of mention are Beaver Dam and Fox Lake, the former being 7 miles long and three-quarters of a mile wide at the head-waters of Beaver Dam River, 286 WATER POWERS OF WISCOyStN. The t'ollo-\viiig table gives the drainage areas of the river : Distances and drainage areas of RocJc River in Wis.Consin above Beloit. River Above Horicon Above Waterrown Crawtisb, above mouth, Jefferson . Crawtisli, below moutli. Jefferson . Bark, above moiitli. Fort Atkinson iJark, below moiitb. Fort Atkinson Catfish, above mouth Catfis^h, at moxith Beloit, state line Distance. Drainage From source. Between station, area above station. Miles. Miles. Square miles 25 25 500 S?.5 57.5 1,030 97.5 15 1,100 97.5 l.SSO 105.5 S 1,930 105.5 2,250 135. S 20.3 2,620 125.3 3,200 loi.l 2S.3 3,500 Geology.'^ The Pre-Cambriau rocks are everywhere deeply covered by the Paleozoic rocks. The southern slope of this rock is favorable for conveying some of the percolating waters from the north down to the southeastern part of the state where they reappear as springs. The principal source of the water supply within this drainage basin is of course the precipitation^ and the economy of its distribu- tion depends largely upon the character of the surface upon which it falls. The pot hole topography, for example, is not favorable to producing a large run-off. The soil conditions vary on different parts of the water shed ac- cording to the exposure of the different layers of rock. In the west and northwest^ the headwaters of the river, are the Potsdam sand- stone, the lower magnesian St. Peter sandstone, and Trenton lime- stone, and over, the glacial drift that has covered these deposits. The main part of the drainage, however, lies over thie area of the Galena and Xiagara limestone and the Cincinnati shales. These formations all allow more or less free percolation of water, hence the geologic conditions favorable to a sustained and ample flow of the river. A few miles above Port Atkinson the river leaves the Trenton limestone, and runs in the St. Peter sandstone the entire distance to the southern boundary of the state. The result is, that while the 1 Condensed from Bulletin 44. United State Bureau of Forestry, Ijy G. E. Schartz. ROOK RIVER. 287 water poAvers at Hustisford and Wateiiown have hard limestone beds and bauksj the power below in the sandstone section have gravel as a foundation for the dams. Considerable trouble has been experi- enced both from their instability and the permeability of the founda- tions. The western extension of the Rodi River in Wisconsin drained by the upper waters of the Pecatonica, lies in the driftless area so that rock bottoms are the rule in this region. POKEST AND JKAINFALL. This region at the time of its settlement some 60 years ago was exten^jively covered by forests of hardwood ou the uplands and tama- rack, cedar, spruce, and willow in the swamps. The total area at that time may be conservatively estimated at 75 per cent allowing ."i per ceut for water surfaces, this would leave 20 per cent to be divided equally between prairie and marsh land. ^ Since the settlement of the region a large part of the forests have been removed and the land brought imder cultivation. Most of the prairies are now cultivated and many swamps drained. The division of the siTrf ace may be now estimated as follows : Forest 30 per cent Cultivated land 57 per cent Swamps and uncultivated meadows S per cent Water surface 5 per cent Xot only have the wooded areas diminished but even in the per- sisting forests the natural undergrowth of moss, seedlings, and shrubs, with the accompanying rich receptive mold, have to a great extent been lost as a result of pasturage. The effect of these changes has been for the rainfall to get to the rivers in a much shorter time than formerly thereby decreasing the low water flow. The following diagram shows clearly the rainfall in the valley of the Rock river since the year of 1893. The diagram also shows the distribution of the rainfall between the storage, growing and replen- ishing periods. The rainfall year here begins with December. I Tbese estimates are from Bulletin U, ante. 288 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSiy. c c < c O 5: ^ o 'a ROCK RIVER. 289 Rainfall in the Rt c-fc h iver Valley, 1> S.'j-ll m. Year. a a •-3 b4 A S ^ <; p D <-> 9 s 2. 4J O O > Z 6 a a a < 1835 1.8 4.1 2.8 1.4 1.0 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 .9 2.9 3.3 .6 l.T \] .5 .6 1.4 2.8 2.5 0.8 1.6 t.2 1.1 2.5 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.4 .a .6 .8 1.3 2.0 .7 2.3 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.4 0.3 0.4 4.2 1.6 2.1 1.3 2.1 2.5 1.6 2.6 2.4 .8 1.6 3.2 3.2 1.5 1.6 2.8 1.2 3.0 2.3 2.0 2.] 2.1 3.2 2.9 1.0 2.3 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 5.1 3.4 1.2 4.2 4.0 2.1 1.9 2.5 .5 1.2 3.1 1.8 2.1 1.4 3.2 1.2 2.4 1.6 3.9 4.3 4.1 1.5 7.5 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.9 1.0 3.0 5.1 1.9 2.4 6.3 4.0 4.4 6.3 3.8 3.2 5.9 2.2 .9 3.4 4.7 7.1 4.1 7.9 3.9 3.6 2.0 2.G 4.7 4.8 3.4 1.9 l.S 4.9 1.6 1.9 5.3 4.2 4.5 4.8 1.0 4.1 4.0 2.9 1.2 2.9 2.4 3.2 1.2 2.4 4.3 2.8 3.1 3.1 6.7 2.7 9.2 5.8 3.5 2.7 2.1 6.9 1:1 5.0 2.5 1.0 3.1 1.7 3.1 1.5 .9 3.2 2.2 2.8 3.8 2.8 4.0 1.0 .S 6.S 3.2 4.6 5.8 3.6 4.0 2.2 5.0 1.5 2.2 1.4 .3 2.5 2.7 5.8 1.8 6.4 1.5 2.3 3.0 2.7 3.2 4.2 4.5 5.4 1.2 2.5 5,7 2.7 2.4 2.7 1.9 .3 4.4 1.8 1.5 2.4 2.2 .5 1.1 1.1 3.9 1.7 3.6 1.8 1.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.8 2.0 2.1 3.1 1.5 1.3 2.4 2.3 3.0 1.5 1.2 1.7 2.3 .8 2.3 1.6 0.2 2.4 2.8 1.4 2.9 1.5 4.1 2.5 2.5 1.0 2.2 1.8 2,3 8.5 2.0 7.0 1.7 .5 1.7 .6 1.3 2.1 1.2 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.2 36.4 1886 30.3 18S7 34.2 1S88 . 28. 4 1889 27.8 1890 33.9 1891 25.2 1832 37.1 1893 29.9 1S9J 29.1 1895 22.4 189G 31.7 189? 28.5 1898 32.2 1899 27.2 1900 31.6 1901 20.6 1902 35.5 lifOS 35.9 1904 29.8 1905 32.5 1906 33.0 1907 35.8 EUN-OFF DATA. The United States Geological Survey has never established a gaging station on the Eock river in Wisconsin, but a station has been maintained a few miles south of the state line for three years at Rock Eivee Below Pecatonica Creek at Eockton, Ieli^^-qis. This station was established May 13^ 1903, by E, Johnson, Jr., assisted by L. E. Stockman. It is located at the village highway bridge, one^half mile from the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Eailroad station, one mile below the dam, and three-fourths of a mile below the junction of Pecatonica Eiver with Eock Eiver. There are small islands a short distance above and immediately below the sta- tion. The chain gage is located on the first span from the left end of the bridge, on the down stream side. The gage is read twice each day by O. T. Bartholomew. The length from end of weight to marker is 26.45 feet. Discharge measurements are made from the upstream side of the five-span highway bridge to which the gage is attached. The initial point for soundings is the face of the abut- ment on the left end of the bridge. The channel is straight for 2,000 feet above and 1,000 feet below the station. Both banks are 19 uo WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. hiiih and will not overtlow. ihv <*kiniiL(.4 i> about 5(15 feet wide be- tween lu'iilii'e abutments and is In'oken by f(nir piers. The bed of the stream is coni[)osed of small rocks and gravel. Lenoh mark number one is a hammered cross on the top stone n{ the left abutment abitut i-ne foftt from the Itridiie shoe and one foot from the south edge. Its elevatirtn above g^^(^' datum is 10.sr» feet. Bench mark number two is the top of the west end of the s.mth vail of the railroad track, 250 feet north of the north end of the l»ridge, at a point where the sidewalk on the west sirle of the street f'ro>.-^('> the track. Its elevation above gage datuin is lfi.49 feet. The following tables give the gage readings rating table and monthlv discharges at Eockton for 190-3, 1004. 1005, 1006 and lOOT. Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Rocfc River heloic (Pecatonica Creek at Rockton, III, for 1903. Dav. Junft. I 1 July. Anp Sept. Oct. Not. Dec 1903. 1 :>.50 2. GO 3.70 4.10 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.90 . .(■ 3.60 4.00 4.10 4.30 4.50 4.30 .^.03 5.30 5.70 .■).?;> 6.0O 5.70 5. 3 J 5.03 4.80 4.63 4.40 4.00 s.s-o 3. SO 4.00 .3.90 3.80 3.70 3.00 3.70 3.50 3.70 3.70 4.00 (i.OO 5.40 5.10 5.00 4.70 4.60 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.30 4.30 4.00 4.10 4.00 4.00 3. SO 3.30 3.60 3.60 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.30 3.10 1 3.10 i 3.20 i 3. -20 3.10 3.10 1 3.00 1 2.90 2.60 2.70 ; 2. GO ! 2. SO 2.90 3.20 3.40 3.30 3.30 3.20 2.70 3.00 2.00 3. CO 2.93 2.90 2. SO 2.S0 2.cO 3.10 2.70 2.90 2.93 3.70 2 2.SJ Q 2.79 2.70 5 3.50 3.40 2.50 2.70 7 .... 3.40 .S.30 3.00 3.30 3.50 3.90 4.70 4.60 4.10 3.9i> 4.00 s.so 5.20 5.70 'j.2;j 1.90 7.20 r.o;> 6.70 5. SO 4.60 4. 03 4.10 4.20 4.20 2.60 S 2.60 9 . 4.10 4.00 3.00 3.20 3.20 3.10 3.40 3.70 4.30 4.20 3..S> .S.6J :J..50 3.40 3.40 3.50 3.40 3.30 3.60 3.flO 4.30 4.60 4.40 2.70 10 2.60 11 2.70 1** 2.63 13 3.80 14 3.30 15 3.:W 16 3.40 17 3. CO la' . 3.00 Iv 3.30 20 3. SO 3.-;0 22 2o' 3.20 3.-M 24 3.10 25 3.1') 20 3.23 27 3.10 23 29 2.4T 2.20 2.70 3.03 3.10 30 3.10 Hi 3.03 BOCK RIVER. 21H Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Rock River at Rockton, lU., for 1904- Day. Jan. 1 Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. 1 Aug. jSept. Oct. 1 Nov. Dec. 1 2.90 :.'.90 2.90 3.00 ?.90 2. SO 2.00 2.90 3.90 3.00 2.60 2.90 2.90 3.00 2.'80 2.00 3.00 2.T0 3.00 3.00 3.10 3.10 3.20 .?.30 3.20 3.30 3.30 3.10 3.00 ?.90 2.90 2.90 2.90 3.10 3.20 3.00 ?.so 4.50 5.50 5.90 6.10 6.00 5. SO O.50 4.70 4.10 3.90 3. SO 3. SO 3.60 3.60 3.70 3.60 3.50 3.30 3.50 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.S0 3. SO 3.95 6.09 6.7:? 6. S3 6.60 T.-15 9.92 10. £0 11.12 11.10 10.00 10.30 9.33 S.S5 s.oa G.U 5.50 4.90 S..35 3.35 13.75 13.23 12.05 1?.25 12.55 12.40 12.30 11. S5 11.45 11.16 10.65 9.61 S.85 S.37 8.06 7.S5 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.61 7.41 7.10 6.S3 6.50 6.40 fi.20 5.91 5.79 5.60 5.« 5.35 5.16 5. IS 5.53 5.55 5.31 5.0J 4.80 4.63 4,53 4.50 4.30 i.m 4.05 4.01 4.00 4,18 4.50 4.85 4.79 4.76 4.81 4.81 4.91 4. 95 4.99 4. SI 4.S0 4. OS 4.60 4.48 4.32 4.28 4.31 4.ia 4.10 3.90 3.S5 3.79 3. SO 3.63 3.68 3.51 3.00 3.20 3.10 3.10 3.11 3.00 2.95 2.95 2.85 2. SO 2.75 2.70 2.60 2.62 2.55 3.65 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.15 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.46 2.35 2.35 2.40 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.00 2.10 2.10 ^ 2.10 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.75 2.10 2.50 2.1C 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.10 1.90 1.^ 1.80 l.SO 1.90 1.95 1.90 1.82 1.90 1.85 1.75 l.SO 1.70 1.85 1.55 1.75 1.90 1.75 1.90 1.P5 2.50 2.80 3.00 3.10 2.70 2.30 2.40 2.10 2.20 2.. 30 2.15 3.50 2.15 3.25 2.20 3.15 2.12 3.00 2.65 2.G0 2.45 2.50 2.20 2 2.15 3 2.20 4 2.20 5 2.30 2.60 2.45 2.35 2.30 2.31 2.30 2.20 2.20 2.26 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.20 2.90 4.C0 3. SO 3.25 2.80 2.55 2.35 2.65 3.35 4.20 4.12 3.65 2.85 3.20 3.25 3.10 2.75 3.00 3.40 3.81 4.25 4.25 4.50 3.80 3.30 3.15 3.50 2.90 2.75 2.70 2.70 2.75 2.70 2.65 2.65 2.70 2.60 2.55 2.75 2.4-5 1 2.25 6 2.45 ' 2.20 2.25 ' 2.20 s 2.45 j 2.20 £) ' 2.20 10 11 2.45 : 2.20 2.45 9.20 l" ... 2.50 2--:0 13 2.40 3.20 2.30 2.45 2.45 2.35 2.45 2.40 2.20 2.30 2.30 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.20 2,20 2.20 2.30 2.40 11 2.45 15 2.70 16 2.S5 17 2.70 18 . . 3.00 19 2 65 20 2 90 21 ■' SO 22 23 2.70 2 45 24 2.50 25 2.50 26 2 50 27 3 00 28 4.20 29 5 10 30 5 15 31 4 60' 1 River partially frozen January 1 to March 27, and December 13 to 31. Rating ta'ble for Rock River at Rockton, III., from January 1, 1904, to Decern- her SI, 1905. Ga^e Dis- height. charge. Feet. Sec. -feet. 1.5 SIO 1.6 910 1.7 1,015 l.S 1,125 1.9 1,235 2.0 1,350 2.1 1,470 2.2 1,600 2.3 1.740 2.4 1,880 2.5 2,0-?5 3.6 2,170 3.7 2,320 Gage Dis- height. charge. feet. Se^.-feet 2.8 2,470 2.9 2,620 3.0 2,775 3.1 2,935 3.2 3,105 3.3 3,280 3.4 3,455 3.5 3,635 3.6 3,815 3.7 3,995 3.8 4,180 3.9 4,365 4.0 4,555 Gage height. Feet. 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.3 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.G 5.8 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 Dis- charge. Sec -feet, 4,940 5,345 5,760 ti.lSO 6,6-30 7,070 7,540 8,020 8.2=0 9,020 10,270 11.520 12.770 Gage Dis- height. charge. Feet. Sec. -feet. 8.0 14,030 8,5 15,270 9.0 16,530 9.5 17,770 10.0 19,023 10.5 20,270 11.0 21,520 11.5 22,773 12.0 24,023 13.0 £6,5:0 This table is applicable only for open channel conditions and is based upon 17 dis- charge measurements. It is well defined between gage heights 2.4 and 6.0. One flood meaosurement at 12.32 fixes the upper part of the curve. 202 WATER POWERS OF WlSCOySIX. Daily gage height, in feet, of Rock River at Rockton, III., for 1905. 11 12 13 14 15 le 17 IS 19 20 21 2? 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Day. 1903. Jan. Feb. Mar. I Apr. { May. June. 1 July. Aug. Sept. Oct. P Nov. ; Dec. 4.0 ^3^.1 4.0 10.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 2.S 2.S 2.3 2.6 3.S 3.2 5.0 9.4 4.1 4.25 4.3 2.75 • 2.3 Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Rock River at near RocJcton, III., for 1907. Day. Jed. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Juae July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1907. 1 4.2 3.7 3.6 4.4 4.25 4.05 4.06 4.9 4.3 4.15 3.9 3.5 3.4 2.95 3.95 2.3 2.3 3.3 7.1 8.0 4.7 6.7 6.8 7.5 7.0 6.3 6.45 6.1 . 0) . 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 5.0 4.35 3.9 3.5 3.0 2.9 . (^) . 2.7 2.6 . 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.65 2,5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.15 3.15 3.1 3.1 3.15 3.35 3.4 3.2^ 3.5 3.5 3.9 5.3 5.65 6.3 6.0 5.1 4.S 4.75 4.05 4.00 4.90 5.25 5.3 5.2 4.95 4.7 4.6 4.45 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.35 3.8 3.5 3.35 3.4 3.4 3.25 3.0 3.0 3.05 3.28 3.5 3.5 3.25 3.35 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.4 2.? 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.1 3.15 2.0 1.9 . 1.9 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.45 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.0 8.0 2.9 3.7 2.55 3.1 3.15 3.7 4.1 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.65 3.45 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.1 2.85 2.85 2.8 2.9 2.95 2.75 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.15 2.1 2.0 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.15 3.1 2.65 4.3 4.2 4.15 3.7 3.25 3.2 3.0 2.95 2.75 2.6 3.3 4.5 4.8 5.5 5.85 5.S 5.3 5.0 3.65 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.85 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.5 2.4 2.55 2.5 3.35 2.2 2.15 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 3.2 3.15 3.3 3.2 3.25 3.15 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.45 3.25 2.25 2.2 2.1 2.06 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.75 1.7 1.65 1.8 1.7 l.S 1.75 1.65 1.55 1.25 1.45 2.55 3.6 4.55 5.35 5.35 5.35 4.8 3.7 3.15 2.9 3.3 4.5 4.S 3.S5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.85 2.85 2.8 3.6 3.56 2.6 2.5 2.45 2.45 2.5 3.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.95 1.95 1.75 1.85 2.0 1.S5 1.75 1.8 1.75 1.65 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.45 1.7 1.6 1.55 1.6 1.55 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 3.0 2 i.y 3 1.75 i 1.8 6 1.85 Q 1.95 7 1.7 8 1.75 9 1.^ 10 1.9 11 2.0 12 2.0 13 1.9 u 1.7 15 1.75 IS 1.8 17 1.75 13 1.8 19 1.3 20 1.7 n 1.6 1.4 23 1.65 2i 1.7 2S 1.7 26 1.75 27 1.7 28 1.8 29 1.85 SO 1.9 31 2.0 ^ Frozen. Rating Table fer. Rock Jiivei,J.iLyfQr..i904^.lB0e^- Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height. Discharge. Gage height . Dis- charge. Feet. Second-feet. Feet. Second-feet. Feet. ;Second-feet, Feet. Second-ft. 1.00 500 2.10 1,470 3.20 3,105 4.60 5,760 1.10 560 2.20 1,600 3.30 3,280 4.80 6,180 1.20 624 2.30 -1,740 3.40 3,465 5.00 6,620 1.30 690 2.40 1,880 3.50 3,635 5.20 7,070 1.40 764 3.50 2,025 3.60 3,815 6.40 7.540 1.50 840 2.60 2,170 3.70 3,995 5.60 8,020 i.eo 925 2.70 2,320 3.80 4.180 5.80 8,520 1.70 1,020 2.80 3,470 3.90 4,365 6.00 9,020 1.80 1,123 3.90 2,920 4.00 4,555 1.90 1,234 3.00 3,775 4.20 4,940 2.00 1,3S0 8.10 2,935 4.40 6.345 Note.— The above table Is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on discharge measurements made during 19O4r-l906. It Is well defined between gage h^ghts 2.4 feet and 6 feet. The table has been extended beyond these limits, being on one measurement at 13.33 feet. Above ^age height 5.6 feet the rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 350 per tenth. Below gage height 3 feet the rating is approximate. 2V)4 WATER POWERS OF WISCOySlN. Discharge meastirements of Rock River at Rochton, in., inVM.i, IVO.'/, 1903 and 1006. Date. Hydrographer. 1 Width. Area of sectiou . Mean velocity . Gage height. Dis- charge. 1903. May 15 1 1 1 L 11 Stoc'kmaD Feet. Sq. feet. Feet per sec. Feet. 2.90 2.30 4.07 4.0S 5.35 2.S5 2.60 2.W 9.30 12. 3J 5.91 2.50 2.3S 2.45 2.63 2.70 2.50 10.. 37 4.42 4.44 s.ao 2.SS 5.79 9.85 10.-55 9.36 9.45 9.13 4.10 Sec-feet. 2.522 Juue 30 Angiist IS September 4 OfTohpr '1 A. C. Lootz L. K. Stockman — F. AV. Hamia ,lo 296 490 504 4.53 367 3S0 509 503 504 37S 3S9 3S1 40i 426 397 516 503 503 4S-2 460 503 510 510 510 510 510 49i 547 1.352 1.352 1,99S S31 74:3 (Hi-2 4,031 5,744 2,361 660 645 674 739 759 695 4.650 1,524 1,530 1,012 g60 2,3}K> 4,303 4,740 4.l;W 4, ISO 4. COO l,4;iO 2.74 3.41 3.41 3.74 13.46 3.21 2.25 2.77 4.34 3.90 3. IS 2.93 3.02 3.19 3.13 3.00 3.S> 3.52 3.27 3.29 3.24 1,501 4,611 4.607 7,464 ^Jovemlipr )lo 2,S74 Deoeiuber lO- do . 2,3S4 1904. Jami!ir>' iffs Mn rch 14 F. W. Hannu ,lo 1.4&7 ll.lsO Marr-h •''5 do 24,910 April 2S June 23 do 9,212 do 2,093 Jti]v 7 do l.SSO Aiiffiist -30 .... do 2,034 September 23 .... do 2,355 Octnher 2fi do 2,372 NoveDil>er 9 .... do 2,149 10O5. M.nrch -23 April 20... M. S. Brennan do 17,770 5,361 June 20... ... do 5,153 Axi5ru>:t 2S'. . .... do 3,324 September ]' do 2,783 1906. January 31 M. S. Breenan — do S,240 Febniiiry 24... 16,005 Fehrnnrv 25 .... do IS.fiW February 27 do 15,400 Februarv 27 .... do 16,500 Febmary 28 .... do 14,900 Mav 3 .... do 4,570 Note— Measurements .Tannary .^ to February 2€, were slig-htly aflfectecl by ioe con- ditions below the ffa^in? section. Discharge measuremeyUa of Rock River near Rockton^ conditions. III., under ice Date. Hydrographer. Width. Area of section. "r^° Gage ity. I ^®»*f^*- Discharge. 1908. >Feb. 5.... G. A. Gray Feet. 508 8 (J ft. 1099 Feet Feet, per nee. wai. fiur. 1.80 2.85 Sec.-fU 1,977 ^ No snow. Average thickness of ice 0.8 of a foot. February 5. Average thickness of ice 0.8 of a foot. Febmary 7. Average thickness of ice 0.7 of a foot. February 11. Average thickness of ice 1.0 of a foot. February 12. Ice went out. ROCK RIVER. 295 Monthly discharge of Rock River at Rockton, Illinois. Montb. Bibcharge in secoDd-feet. Maximum. MiDimam Mean. Ran-oif. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square miie. 1903. July August 1 and September ... October November ... December ihZl 1904. January^ February^ March '^ ... April May June July Augnst ... September October ... November December . The year 11,990 8,993 8,990 3,4-55 4,130 3,'2S0 9,270 ^7,100 ■JO,640 6.508 3.939 2Mo 2.935 4,940 5,550 3,?45 6,955 ?r.ioo 2,015 3.S15 2,935 2,015 2,169 2,170 2,470 4,180 5,823 4,16? 1,535 1,070 £60 1,470 2,096 1.600 1,535 860 5,5S4 3,SS0 5,578 4,7St; 2,712 2,795 2,747 4,762 17,220 io,aio 5,405 2,437 i,5ro 1,471 2,344 3,058 1,847 2,514 4,6^ 1.05 .56 1.0? .93 .49 0.514 .835 3.23 1.96 1.01 .441 .294 .276 .425 .573 .3315 .472 10. 3r 0.01 .91 .75 .44 .45 0.446 .774 2.80 1.7S .8T9 .395 .255 .497 .300 .409 .761 1 Daily discharges for January, February and March applied as for open channel. Estimated monthly discharge of Rock River at Rockton, Illinois, for 1905, Discharge in Second-feet. Run-off. Month. Maximum. Minimum. Mean. Depth in inches. Second-feet per square mile. 1905. January 5,655 3,905 22,520 19,270 12,270 7,540 0,140 3,280 4.272 5,140 3,020 5,760 2,775 2.935 4,555 4,745 3,455 4,940 2,470 1,952 1,740 1,240 2,025 1,740 3,716 3,250 12,890 10,050 6,748 6,491 3,916 2. 538 2,642. 2,411 2,46i 2,72l3 0.606 .550 2.42 1.82 1.27 1.18 .734 .476 .480 .ioZ .446 .511 0.604 February .528 March 2.10 April 1.63 May 1.10 June l.OJ July 0.637 August .413 September . . .430 October .392 November .400 December .443 The year 27,520 18,100 19,000 20,300 15,800 4,840 3,280 3,280 1,030 4,360 3,19D 1,240 2,540 4,003 5,140 4.963 2,540 1,740 1,740 472 560 S02 4,969 9,620 9,760 11,803 9,163 3,590 2,230 2,330 641 1,280 1,740 11.04 1.56 1.59 1.92' 1.49 .584 .371 .379 .104 .208 .2S3 .811 1906. Jamiary 1.83 February ... 1.66 March 2.21 April 1.66 May .67 June .41 July 1-20 .28 October .12 November .23 December . . ... .33 Note.— Values are rated as follows: January and March, good; February and October, approximate; April to July, excellent; November and December, fair. Discharge for ice periods corrected. 296 WATER POWERS OF WISCOySIK. F.SLL OV THE RIVEi:. The lack of that variation in the bed of the river which char- acterizes the rivers of Xorthern Wisconsin results in fewer rapids and reduced gradient. The average fall of the river between Horicon and the state line is only a little over one foot to the mile, the largest con- centrations being at Hustisford, Watertown, Jefferson, Janesville, and Beloit. The following table gives the profile of the river in de- tail: Proflte of Rock River from state line to head waters. No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 1(5 17 18 19 20 21 22 &f 24 25 3P ki 2P £•; Station. Distance. Illinois— State line Beloit Dam, beiow dam Beloit Dam, above clam Af ton Monterey Dam— Janesville, below dam Monterey Dam— Janesville, above dam Ford Dam— Janesville, below dam.. Ford Dam — Janesville, above dam.. Catfish River, mouth Indian Ford dam, below dam Indian Ford dam, above dam Lake Kosbkonong— , foot of Lake Kosbkonong— , head of Fort Atkinson -Jefferson Dam, below dam Jefferson Dam, above dam Lower Watertown Dnm, below dam Lower Watertown Dam crest, above dam Upper Watertown Dam, below dnm Upper Watertown Dam, crest dam C. M. & St. P. Ry. Crossing, 2 miles east of Watertown K Quarter Stake, S. 27. T. 9, N. R.. 16 E Month of Wildcat Creek near Hus- tisford Hustisford Dam, below dam Hiistisford Dam, crest dam Horicon— Lake St. Bridge Mayville Ry. Bridge, E. Branch..,. fberesa Ry. Bridge, E. Branch.... Chester, West Branch of Rock River Elevation ai'>'"ve Descent between points. Between sea level. mouth, j points. 0.0 0.8 O.S 10. s 35. S 15. S 17.8 17. S 28.3 30.0 30.0 36.5 42.5 48.5 5G.5 56.5 71.5 71.5 74.0 74.0 75.3 35. S 120. 120.2. 120.2 129.0 142. 152. 144. O.S 0.0- 10. n 0.0 2. 0.0 10.5 1.7 0.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 8.0 0.0 15. 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.3 10.5 34.2 0.2 0.0 8.8 13.0 10. Feet- 731. 732. 741. 747. 752. 761. 762. 7G9.5 772. 773.5 778. 779. 779. ■m. 732. 73T. 797.4 803.2 811.1 SIS. J 819.0 S34. 846. 851.5 &57.3 858.5 flOO. 933. Total. Feet. 1.0 9. 6. 5. 10. 1. 7.5 2.5 1.5 4.5 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.4 10.8 2.9 12. 5.5 5.8 1.2 41.5 33. Per mile. Feet. 1.2 O.G 1.0 0.5 .25 0.9 0.15 O.W .25 1.1 .5 1.5 .4 27.5 .13 3.2 3.3 Authority 1-16 U. S. L. S. Smith. Engrs.. 17-20, Wis. Geol. Survey; 21 C, M. & St. P. Ry.; 23-29. ROCK HITER. 297 D£Sci;n»TioN OF Wateu Powers. Taking the water powers iu the order of their oecurreuce from the source southward. Above Horicou the river divides into the east and west branches. Uauis are located at Kekoska and Mayville and, until ten years ago, also at Theresa. On the AVest Branch a dam Is located at Waupun. These dams are quite fully described in the tabulation of tributaries. Horicon. — The first large power site is located at Horicon but as stated above it has not been developed or used since 1SG8. A dam 200 feet long would develop a head of 10 feet, besides creating a reservoir of over 50 square miles. For economic reasons as explained elsewhere it is extremely unlikely that this power will ever be again developed. Hustisford. — Between Horicon and Watertown the river has a fall of 61 feet. In this section the river runs comparatively close to the eastern limit of its valley. But 10 miles above, accumulations of drift have turned the river from a southern to a northwestly direction \intil Watertown is reached. The sinuosity of the stream is sho^ii by the fact that while the air line distance between Horicon and Water- town is only 20 miles, by river it is 57 miles. The channel is partly in the dirft and partly in the rock where it has succeeded in cutting through the former. At Hustisford, a rough rock and timber dam about G feet high and 200 feet long was constructed as early as 1842 at the head of the first limestone rapids. Two mills take their power from this dam by means of a race about 1,300 feet lofng located on the riaht or Avest bank, but with unequal heads, because of the rapids in the river be- low the dam. Originally the water power was owned by Fred Dehne and Sons but later their mill and the right to use 875 inches of water under a 7 foot head was sold to J. F. W. Koch. Another mill was built 800 feet farther below and the race extended to the new site. In August, 1906, when a survey of these powers was made by the ■writer, the Koch Mill had a head of 7.6 feet and the Dehne Mill 10,7 feet. The Koch Mill had a 40 and a 48 inch LafFel turbine used for manufacturing flour and grinding feed. The Dehne Mill has three turbines of 30, 40, and 48 inch diameter all used lo run a flour, saw, planing mill, and cheese box factory. This dam backs the water up to Horicon marsh. ■2\)< ^VATEH POWERS OF Wli^COXi^iy. Iij ca.so the lloricou ilarsli Uruinage project is authorized by the coTU't, this dam will have to be removed. The dam at present is in great need of reconstruction, a large part of the dam having been carrie feet. "With water to the crest of the dam the head is 10 feet. Com- plaints of illegal Hooding by this dam have been made since the re- construction of the dam. Watertown is a growing city of 9,000 inhabitants. It is a trading center for a large and rich agricultural region. The city is on the main line of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad between Milwaukee and St. Paul and also on the Madison branch of the same railroad. The city is al^^o served by the Chicago and Xorth-AYestern Railroad between Beloit and Green Bay. Between ^Yaterto■v\^l and Lake Koshkonong, a distance of 29 miles, the river flows almost due south and with reduced Avindings. The river varies in width from 150 to 250 feet wide, with baidvs slo])ing gently back to a height of from 10 to 20 feet. The total fall between the foot oi the lower "\Vaterto-\\m dam and Lake Koshkonong is only IS feet of which only a third is used. Boomer's Dam. — One of the early charters for dains was that granted for ^'Boomer's" dam about one mile south of WatertoAm. The charter grants the right to a six foot head. At this point the banks are fairly high and no serious flooding resulted. The dam was allowed to decay many years ago but while standing, the power Avas used to run a small flour mill. Were it not for the cost of maintaining a dam here and the great fluctuations in the amount of water, especially the latter, this power, because of its nearness to Watertown, would be de- cidedly valuable. 'So tributary of importance joins the river between WatertOAvn and Jefferson. Jefferson Dam. — This dam was built about 1S42 by logs framed to- gether with a rubble stone filling about 50 feet in width. The east end has a masonry wall 75 feet long and a little higher than the highest stage ^^f the river. Adjoining this wall is a sluice gate 30 feet long, and then a crest of 150 feet longer. The head on the dam varies between 4 and 6 feet with an average of 41/2- The power is used for running two 0-00 WATER POWERS OF WI^COXSIK. mills, the Jefferson Flouring Mills o^aied by David Johnson and th'3 Jefferson AVoolen Mill OA^Tied by Mr. Stoppenbach, the former o^vn- ing five-eighths and the latter three-eighths of the flo^^age. Both mills are located on the right (-west) bank, the woolen mill taking water direct from the dam while the flour mills are located on a mill race about 500 feet long. The flour mill has an installation of four 50 inch turbines rated at 100 horse-power, and the woolen mill two 56 inch turbines, rated at SO horse-power. The total actual horse-power utilized is reported to be 150 for 10 hours per day which is obtained throughout the year, except for a few days in the spring when pre- vented by back water. The charter authorizes a head of 4 feet above high water so that it would seem possible to increase the present head by about 3 feet. About 1,000 feet below this dam the Crawfish River joins the Eock River from the west increasing the tributary drainage area from 1.100 to 1,890 square miles. Below the jimction the river banks are lower. This compelled the building of the dam above the mouth in order not to overflow too much land. The river falls only 3 feet between the foot of Jefferson dam and Lake Koshkonong and flows through a wide, and, for much of the way, a marsh bordered valley. At Fort Atkinson, 8 miles below Jef- ferson, Bark River enters ,from the east increasing the drainage area from 1,920 to 2.250 square miles. Between the foot of Lake Koshkonong and the mouth of the Cat- fish or Yahara River, Rock River breaks through the Kettle Range but not without increasing its gradient. The total fall from Lake Koshkonong to the state line a distance of 36.5 miles is- 48 feet, 34 feet of which has been developed by four dams. The entire length is characterized by moderately high banks and the absence of marshes. Indian Ford Dam. — This dam is located about six miles below the foot of Lake Koshkonong and until 1905 was used principally to control the flow in the interests f)f the water powers below Eockton. The pondage proving inadequate to the demands made upon it by the lower mill owners, the property was sold to Mr. Pliny Iforcross, the present owner. The head varies between 6.5 to 4 feet with an average of 6 feet. Part of the power is used to run a flour mill at the dam. This power is conducted electrically to Janesville and used to augment the city electric plant. Three 48 inch turbines are in- stalled used with full gate at night, and from 1/4 ^^ V2 opening during HOCK RIVER. 301 Fig. 16.— Location of Janesville dams. l^i)-2 WATER POWERS OF ^yISCOySIK. the day. Attention has been called else"\vliere to the fact that this datu eoiild be raised much higher, except for the flooding that wtjuld result arcaind the shores of Lake Koshkonong and above; Even a raise of a few feet Avould greatly assist the water-powers Itelow in increasing the jujiidage for use in time *-'f low water. JaucsviUc Poirers. — Janesville, a city of nearly 14,000 population, is the natural trading center of Rock County. The city enjoy> excej)- tiunal railroad facilities. Both the Chicago, ]\Lihvaukee and St. Paid and the Chicago and Northwestern Railroads have north and si.uth a-^ Avell as east and west lines intersecting at Janesville. Fig. 10 show^ clearly the location of the Janesville dams. Rctck Eiver makes an abrupt turn in the city of Janesville fr(»uL a south-easterly t(t a due west direction. In the accompanying map it will be seen that there are two dams ; one near the heart of the city and the other about one and one-half miles below, near the limit of the city. The uj^per ^ " *' 100 " " 33M '' " 250 '■ " 83M " " 1,599M " " 500 sq. in. of water belongiog to Thomas Tuppio has lapsed. WISCONSIN SURVEY BULLETIN XX., PL. LI. FORDS DAM. ROCK RT\ER AT JANESVILLE. High water. Head, 8 feet. FORDS DAM. ROCK RIVER AT JANESVILLE. Low water. HOCK RIVER. 303 This iiieasureuieiit is in square inches of -water under a 4 ft. head and is reduced to the amount of water to give the same power under a 7 ft. headj for the actual measurement. One square inch of water under the 4 ft. head is ligured as equal tct 0.08 cu. ft. of water per minute. Engineers familiar with the river state that the normal flc»w of 8 months of the year is ToO second feet and that the ordinary htw water fiow is only 200 second feet. An explanation for so small a mini- mum How is, that this is due to the fact that the river is flowing lie- low Indian Ford in an old filled valley, the gravel having been found to extend to a depth of 800 feet. It seems reasonable to suppose that a large i»roportion of the t(»tal waters discharged are found in this under flow, and that the apparent river flow suir'ers most of the fluctuations f(»ll(;wing precipitati feet. The left bank is steep and bluffy, while the right bank stretches away in a broad flat, affording fine opportunities for utilizing the power. There has been a good deal of litigation in the past in connection with the o'vvnership of the power. At present the water at Monterey plant is o^vned as follows: — ^ Owners. JaDesTllle WooleD MiUs Janesville Electric Company Janesville Woolen Mills Bower City LiKht and Power Company JanesvUle Woolen Mills JaneavilJe Electric Company Chicago and Northwestern Railroad Company Janesville Electric Company Bower City Light and Power Company Janesville Woolen Mills Bower City Light and Power Company Janesville Electric Company Janesville Electric Co. own all of the residae of said water power. 1 Authority is William B. Jackson, M. E Water rights. First. ... Second . . Third Fourth . . Fifth. ... Sixth ... Seventh . Eighth . . Ninth ... Tenth ... Eleventh Twelfth , Square inches of water. 775 725 200 400 425 450 200 4,504 200 600 ^ 200 WISCONSIN SURVEY. BULLETIN XX., PL. LII. MONTEREY DAiM, JANESVILLE. ROCK RI\ER. Head, 9i feet at Plant. HOCK RIVER, 305 These square iiiehes are ligxired on the basis of water iiiider a head of 4 feet. It will be seen that the power is in the hands of practically three concerns, but only two of them are now using their power. Janesville Woolen Mills are located near the upper end of the mill race. The actual power used is about 45 hr)rse-power but the nominal power is much more. The turbine equipment is old and out of date. The Janesville Electric Company have one of their three power plants located at the lower end of the race where they have installed three 66 inch turbines and one 40 inch turbine rated under a 9 foo:^ head at 350 horse-power, formerly used in a cotton mill at this point. The company are makiuii' extensive iui]>rovements at the present time and will soon have installelant otherwise modernized so that the full power may be economically utilized. This company also have a 350 horse-power Corliss engine as reserve power. A fair amount of storage is created both by this dam and the Ford dam above, so that advantageous use may be made of the water for the variable loads of the lighting company. Beloit Powers. — Beloit is situated just nortji of the Illinois line. It is a city of over 11,000 population, and is the chief manufacturing center of the Rock River valley, a condition due in no small measure to the possession of the best single water power on the river. The city has excellent shipping facilities, being served by both the Chicago, ]\Iil- waukee and St Paul and the Chicago and Xorth-Western Railroads. The city is built on both sides of the river, biit the larger number of factories are located on the right or west bank, a fact due to the tf^pogra])hy. The water power situation can be best understood from the map shown in figure 17. The dam extends straight across the river one block below Grand Ave. The dam was originally constructed in 1842, of riprap, with a wooden apron on the lower side for a distance of 250 feet from the east bank and connected with an embankment projecting from the op- po^te bank. The high water of 1881 washed away the embankment and 30 feet of the dam proper. It has been rebuilt several times, the last time in 1903, when by use of a reinforced concrete core 290 feet long the dam has been rendered very secure. The dam rests upon gravel, which is here 300 feet deep, so that, as in the case of Janes- ville dam, the loss of water due to seepage must be very large. This 20 I 306 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Fig. 17.— Map of Beloit water powers. ROCK RIVER. 307 fact may explain in part at least the extremely small amount of low water discharge. The drainage area above Beloit is 3,500 square miles which should produce a low water flow of not less than 700 sec- ond feet. Xo long time records of the discharge of this river have beeu made, but competent engineers, who are familiar with the river, state that the low water flow is but little over 200 second feet. The causes for so small a minimum flow have been the subject of an investigate 'ju by the Qaited States Bureau of Forestry^ to which the reader is referred for a more complete discussion than the limits of this report make possible. All the power is owned by the manufacturers who form a chartered company and all expenses incurred for repairs are assessed upon the members in proportion to the interest held by them. As in the case of the Janesville dam, the first dam was built with a head of 4 feet and the power developed was estimated as 13,333 "inches" of water under a 4 foot head. The charter of the company authorized a head of S feet and this is the head now normally devel- oped. Back water very rarely interferes with the head. Fnder the old system of estimating the power on the basis of 13,333 "inches" of water, the mills were drawing more than their just proportion of water, because they took it under a head of 7 feet instead of 4 feet. On this account the power was divided into 800 "shares", each share being equivalent to 16 2-3 inches of water imder a head of 4 feet. These shares were distributed among the members in proportion to the number of "inches" held by each under the old contract, l^ow one share means one eight-hundredth of the flow of the river. There were some who held "preferred claims,'' but these being in part relinquished, and in part bought off. all the powers were placed on an equal footing, ^ See Bulletin U, Bureau of Forestry, by G. F. Schwarz. 308 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. There have been many shifts or sales of the Water rights in the past twenty years bnt at present (1906) the ownership is as follows : — 1 . Parrett Manafactnring Company 2. Beloit Electric Company 3. Beloit Water Works 4. Berlin Machine Works , 5. CO. Warner, Flaining R. J. Dowd Knife Works N. B. Gaston & Sons, Scales Julias Flint, Star Flonr Mill C. H. Beasley & Company, Machine Shop . 6 10. Beloit Iron Works, Machine Shop . Total . 13,340 Inches. Shares. 3,900 234 3,333^3 200 2,100 129 940 56 200 12 983>6 59 383M 23 500 30 500 30 500 30 800 The first two companies take their power directly from the pond, but the remaining firms are located on the race and are shown on the map. TKIBUTAEIES OF THE EOCK EIVER. For a river of its size, the tributaries of Eock Eiver are of much less importance than would be expected. Their gradient, except in their extreme upper headwaters, is but little more than the parent river. With few exceptions, the dams have very moderate heads. In many cases, the dams have been abandoned because of the greater value of the submerged land for farms. Ocojsroiiowoc EiVEE. This is the first tributary of much size. It rises in Fries Lake at an elevatioai of about 950 feet above the sea. After a course of 30 miles, in which it traverses five of the larger lakes in Waukesha County and falls 120 feet, it joins Eock Eiver about seven miles southeast of Watertown. In the lower ten miles of its length, its fall is only 20 feet. 'No dams are located in this part of the river. The following table gives the profile of the river in some detail, while a tabulated statement of the developed water powers may be found on page 317. ROCK RIVER. 309 Profile of Oconomowoc River. station. Distance. Elevation above sea level. Descent Between Points, No. From mouth. Between poiots. Total. Per mile. 1 Source, Fries Lake MoDchess UUes. 0.0 5.5 9. 11.7 Miles. Feet. 950. If: WO. 897. S30.7 870. asi. 861. 860.4 852. S50. 830. 4: Feet. Feet. f 5.5 3.5 2.7 10. 43. 16.3 10.7 9. 0. o.a 8.4 0. 22. 1.9 ^ North Lake 12.3 4 ft Outlet Lake Okauchee Outlet Lake Okfluchee Tall Race Oconomowoc L'jke, Inlet Oconomowoc Lake , Outlet Fowler Lake 6. e 7 8 15, 16. IS. 13.2 £0. 30. 3.3 1. 2. 0.3 1.8 10. 2.7 0. 0.3 9 Lac La Belle, Inlet 42. 10 Lac La Belle, Outlet 0. n Mouth 2 2 Authority: 1 and 2, United States Geological Survey topographic map. 3-10, levels run by L. S. Smith in 1898 for the Wisconsin Geological Survey. Ceawfish Eivee. Crawfish River has a drainage area of 790 square miles, located in the ^Northwestern part of the Eock Eiver valley. Tor practically its entire length of 60 miles, it flows through a rich agricultural country with low banks and many marshes. Its total drainage area is 800 piquare miles. At present, the only dams are located at Columbus and Danville. The tributaries of this river are more important power producers than the main river, especially Beaver Dam River. Be^tbe Dam Rivee. This river rises in Fox Lake, near the northwest corner of Dodge County, at an elevation of 895 feet above the sea. It joins the Crawfish River at Mud Lake, near the southwest comer of same county. Its total length is 35 miles, including 8.2 miles between the outlet and inlet of Beaver Dam Lake. Between the water sur- face of Fox Lake and the river at the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway crossing, southeast of Reeseville, the river falls 112 feet, an average of 3.6 feet per mile. The total drainage area above its mouth is approximatdy 310 square miles. Fox and Beaver Dam Lakes are really mill dams and cover approximately 12 square miles. They greatly assist the water power by storing up the storm waters. 310 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. The folloAving profile was i^repared from an accurate survey of the river betAveeu Fox Lake and Leipsic. Profile of Beaver Dam River. No. Statiou. Distance. Eleva- atiou above sea level. Descent between stations. From source Between points. Total. Per mile. 1 Source in Fox Lake Miles 0.0 1.5 Miles. Feet. 895. mo. sss. S73. sr3. S63.e S63.5 S52.4 852.3 &W. SS6.G seo.6 S12.5 7S3. Feet. Feet. 3 4 Fox Lake d.im; crest 1.5 0.0 12.0 10.0 0.0 9.3 .1 11.1 .1 S.3 17.4 6. 8.1 29.5 Fox Lake dam; foot lieaver Daiu, Inlet 3.7 11.9 11.9 12.2 12.2 22.6 12.6 15.3 15.3 15.8 31.3 35.3 2.2 8.^ 4 6 5 Cotton Mill, Outlet of Lake; crest of dam 0.0 6 Cotton Mill, Outlet of Lake; below dam ■^ Upper AVoolen Mill, ab'^ve dam Lpper Woolen Mill, be^ow dam Lower Woolen Mill, above dam Lower Woolen Mill, below dam Leipsic Dam, above dam Leipsic Dam, below dam One half mile below Leipsic Dam .3 0,3 9 10 A 0.25 1? 2.7 6.4 13 .9 15.5 4. 16.2 14 C. M. & St. P. crossing. Reeseville 1.9 15 Mouth of River Authority: Levels run by Cooperation State and Federal Survey in 1906, except No. 14. The datum is that furnished by the C, M. & St. P. Ry. Fox Lake Power, — Between Fox and Beaver Dam Lakes thd'e is a fall of 22 feet, 12 feet of which is developed by a dam 175 feet long, located in the city of Fox Lake, and 1.5 miles from the lake. The water in the pond is practically the same elevation as Fox Lake. The head varies from 13.2 feet in spring to 11.5 feet in the fall. One 26 inch and one 24 inch turbine are insta]le<:l, rated at 100 h. p. under a 12 foot head and used to rim a grist and flour mill. The actual power developed is stated by the owners to be 50 h. p. On the right bank and below the dam is located a stone monument set some 40 years ago to limit the legal head. Its elevation is 795.1 feet. Between the foot of this dam and Beaver Dam Lake, there is a fall of 10 feet, but a good dam site is lacking because of low banks. Beaver Dam Poweks. Three dams, with an aggregate head of 29 feet, are located in the city of Beaver Dam, furnishing power to one cotton and two woolen mills. ROCK RIVER. ^11 The Beaver Dam Cotton 2IiU dam is located at the immediate out- let of the lake near the junction of Mill and Madison Streets. Its length is 330 feet, including the dyke and spillway. The lawful head is 10^/> feet, but it varies from 10.7 feet in spring to 8.7 feet in the fall. On September 25, 1906, the head was 9.4 feet. Beaver Dam Lake is an artificial lake of about eight square miles area made by the cotton mill datn. The dam was originally constructed of rub- ble masonry, the walls having a thickness of about four and one-half feet. In 1878 it was rebuilt of ashlar masonry in a very stable way. Previous to 1882, the wat^r power was used to run a flour mill. The present cotton mill was constructed in 1883. The president of the Beaver Dam Cotton Mill is Mr. E. C. McFetridge. The installation consists of three 44 inch Victor turbines. The company report an actual power of 150 h. p. Steam power is also used to the extent of 200 h. p. The company has kept a record of the height of water in the race since 1894. Upper Woolen Mill. — One quarter of a mile below the cotton mill is located the upper woolen mill dam. This dam is 160 feet long and is built of 10x12 inch timbers. The head varies between 10 and 11.5 feet, but on September 25, 1906, was 11.1 feet. Formerly three 45' inch turbines were installed, but since 1894, only one rated at full gate at 150 h. p. has been used. The owners state that this turbine actually delivers only 95 h. p. This woolen mill is run entirely by water power. The president of the company is Mr. M. A. Jacobs. Previous to 1898, a grist mill was also run by water from this dam, using a 60 inch turbine under a 10 foot head. This mill is now using only steam power. Lower Woolen Mill. — The third dam is located 2,300 feet below the one just described, owned by the Beaver Dam Woolen Mills Com- pany, of which E. C. McEetridge is president and John T. Smith Is treasurer. The woolen mill is located about 450 feet below the dam on a mill race about 1,000 feet long. This dam is about 400 feet long and 8 feet high. ■ The head varies betw^n six and ten feet but is usually eight to nine and a half feet. At the time of the survey the head was 8.3 feet. One 60 inch turbine, rated at 103 h. p. is installed, but the actual developed power is given as 50 h. p. The company have also one 90 h. p. steam boiler. The mill runs ten hours per day. 312 WATER POWERS OF WliiCOXSIN. Between the foot of the lower AVooleii mill at JJea\'er Dam and the Leipsic clam, a distance of two and three-fonrths miles, the river has a fall of 17.4 feet. Formerly the greater part of this fall was utilized by two dams, but at present the dams have been allowed to go to ruin. Leipsic Dam. — This dam is owned by A. X. Grant. The head on the dam varies between 4.5 and 7.7.") feet, l)ut at the time of this sur- vey it was six feet. One 40 and om:^ ^l.')-incli turbines are installed, rated at S3 h. p. ; but reported to actually develop at usual gate o])en- ing only 40 h. p. This power is used to nui a grist mill. In the 16 miles of river betAveen Leipsic and the Chicago, Milwau- kee and St, Paul Railway crossing south of Eeeseville, the river has a fall of 37.6 feet, the greater part of which is located between Leipsic and Lowell. One abandoned dam site is located in the southeast quarter of Section nineteen, Township eleven ]N"orth, Iiange fourteen East, at a point only 3,000 feet below the Leipsic dam. There is a fall of 8.1 feet in this distance. It seems probable that an additional dam could be constructed between Leipsic and Lowell. Lonyell Dam, — At this dam one turbine rated at 50 h. p., under a head of 11^/4 feet has been installed and is used to run the Enterjirise Holler Mills. The owner, Mr. George 0. Pease, reports that for every day in the year he has not less than three times as much water as he can use. This is the last dam on this river. "Bark Eivek. Bark River rises in the southern i)art of Washington County in a small lake of same name. Its drainage area is 460 square miles. After a very circuitous course of 50 miles, it joins Rock River at Ft. Atkinson. Bark and Oconomowoc Rivers flow practically parallel to each other and only two to five miles apart for the upper half of their length. This river has a total fall of 190 feet or, 3.8 feet per mile, 100 feet of which is found in the 20 miles abovo Crooked Lake. Like the Oconomowoc, Bark River drains eight or more large lakes, four of which are simply expansions of the river. The following table gives a profile of the river, while the table on page 317 contains a statement of the powers located on the river. ROCK RIVER, 313 Profile of Bark River. No. 5 .00 15,00 15.00 14.90 14.90 u.su 14.80 14.80 14.90 14.90 14.90 14.90 14.90 14.30 14.55 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.00 14.00 14.65 14.70 14.80 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.20 14.20 14.20 14.10 14.10 14.10 14.10 14.10 14.10 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 15.10 15.20 15.30 15.30 15.20 15.20 15.20 15.20 15.20 15.20 15.10 15.10 15.10 15.10 15.00 14.90 14.80 14.30 14.30 14.30 14.80 14,80 14.80 14.30 14. SO 14.80 14.70 14.66 14.65 ROCK RIVER. 317 Water powers on the smaller tributaries of Rock River. No. LocatioD. Stream. Head, H. P. in- stalled. Use. 1 Brodhead Sugar River 11 7 12 9 8 "9"' 7 8 8 4 8 15 120 50 100 100 50 Abandoned .. 36 160 41 100 50 190 14 Flour, light, plow factory Grist and woolen mills. Mill ant in use. rieccric light and flour. Grist mill. Grist mill not used, tiriat mill and feed. Grist mill and woolen mill. Grist mill. Feed mill. " ' PpflH mill •> Attica 11 I . Little Sugar River.. W^olf River Pecatonica,w. br'nch Token Creek Koshkonoug Cieek.. Allen's Creek 3 4 Da\ton Bellevillfi 5 6 K MoDticello New Glarus Moant Vernon Albany. 9 10 Gratiot [ Darlinf^ton . 11 Darlington Electric light and button factory. P Calamine ... 13 Martin 14 15 Token Creek, S. 5, T. 8, R. lOE .... Rockdale 11 8.0 12 25 ± 75 50 Dam removed 33 '""ioo 75 Flour mill. Flour and feed. IB Cambridge 17 Epacs7ille Power not used. Flour mill. 18 19 tihopiere DelavaQ Turtle '^^ 5 20 21 22 Whitewater Whitewater, above See. 20, T. 2 N., R. 16 E Whitewater Creek. .. Outlet Delavan Lake Bass Creek 12 9 Power abondoned. ?3 Afton Avon Flour mill ''^ Sugar " ?-T Fremont Neosho Rubicon River l^fi Rubicon ID 12 lU 18 W2 13 40 2"i 80 78 20 ?1 Saylesville 98 Marshall Waterloo Creek Rubicon River Sc'ippernong Creek.. Oconomowoc River . Pecatonica River i I ?9 Hartford FInnr mill 30 Dousman Fepd mill 31 32 Stone Bank Dill 3i Aibanv Sugar River Dodger Creek Pecatonica River — Scuppernong River.. Bark River 8 15 10 60 42 50 50 50 34 3.5 Blanchardville Argyle Planing mill. Feed mill 3fi Palmyra Rye flour and feed. Flour and feed. 37 38 Hartland 39 Delafield One mile West of Delafield Rome Rome Waterloo it i<. 7 19"2 « [ 10 12 11 10 ^Vi 9 9/» 50 ■ 70 50 120 75 125 Flour mill. 40 11 . . 41 42 43 Waterloo Creek E.Branch Rock River E.Branch Rock River Crawfish River Saw mill, Roller mills. Plour and fftpH 44 45 Mayville Mayville N. W. Ironworks. 46 47 48 49 50 Kekoskee Waupun Daroville Columbus Hebron Sullivan Lake Mills 2mi. W.of Milford Johnson Creek. . . . AlderJy North Lake Outlet L.Okouchee Oconomowoc Fall River Elba 57 50 70 Gristmill. Klour mill. Rye flour and feed. Flour and feed. Feed mill ■ =aw mill 51 Li i i Feed-mill' flonr mill ">? Rock Creek 9 43 53 54 55 56 57 58 Spring Brook Asbippan Creek. Oconomowoc River.. t . i i 1 1 It' Crawfish River '.'. Waterloo Creek.""!! 10 10.7 8 13 11 10 12 55 31 Creamery. Gristmill. Flour mill. 59 60 100 60 Grist tnill. 61 1 Waterloo j Marshall Electric light and feed. Grist. 6:^ olS WATER POWERS OF WI^COKSIK, FOX KIVEE. Drainage and Fall. — Fox river, a tributary of Illinois river vi>v> in the northern part of Waiikesha County and flows soiithwanl thmueh Eaciue and Kenosha Counties. The total drainage area in Wisconsin, (1,000 square miles) has a length, north and south of 50 miles and a width of ?}5 miles. The entire drainage is in the Xiagara limestone region, and like the AvaTer.shed of Rnck river the limestone is deeply covered by glacial deposits. The largest concentration of fall is found at "Waukesha, but beloAV Waukesha the river has an average fall of only l.-i feet per mile, or a trifle more than the average of Rock river. In this stretch of 51 miles, the river winds in a flat marshy bottom, with few opportimitiee for dams. In spite of the fact that many of its tributaries rise in large lakes, .the flow of the river is reported to be very irregular, the low water flow in Jiily, August and September being inadequate to run the turbines. Xo reeidar fi-aa'ins: stations have been maintained. The pot hole topi/graphy which is so characteristic of this region is very unfavor- able for large run-off. The fall in the river so far as knoATO is sho^vii in the table. Profile of Fox River No, Station. Disr From State Line. ince. Between points . Elevation above the sea. Descent between points. Total. Per mile. ! 1 Illinois line Miles. 0.0 4.5 15.0 20.0 20.0 21.5 21.5 38.5 51 55 62 Miles. 0.0 4.5 10.5 5.0 0.0 1.5 a.o 17.0 12.5 4.0 7.0 Feet. Feet. Feet. ? Fox ri?©r station Burlington 741 748 ,S 7 0.5 4 Rochsnt' — , below dam 5 Rochester, above dam 5 6 Waterford, below dam 7 Waterford , above dam 6 8 Wis. Cen. Ry., N. of Mukwonaffo Waukesha, C<& N.W.Ry. crossing 3 mileB above Waukesha 776 794 814 848 9 10 18 20 34 1.4 5.0 11 Pewaukee Lake 4.9 Authority: 2, 9, C.&N. W.Ry,; 3, 8, 10, Wis. Central Py. ; 11, L. S. Smith. FOX RIVER. "Water Powers. 319 Flour and feed mills are located on Fox River at Wilmotj Roches- ter, AVaterfordj and Waukesha, but only the latter mill has anv rail- road facilities. In all of the mills expensive roller machinery was early installed for the purpose of manufacturing flour, but for reasons explained elsewhei'e, this machinery is but little used at present. Wilmot Poiv.er, — A six-foot turbine is here installed under a head of four feet. This power was formerly used to run a roller mill with a capacity of 100 bari-els per day, but is now used to run a feed and saw mill. The power is owned by Walter Carey. Silver Lake, the nearest 'railroad station is located three miles distant. Rochester Power. — The Rochester dam is located about 20 miles above Wilmot. Three turbines, 30, 54 and 5ft inch respectively, are here installed under an average head of four feet. This mill was re- fitted in 1885 with a complete roller outfit, but because of the scarcity and poor quality oi local wheat 8U})ply has been used but little for many years. Th(^ mill is used f<»r lirindiui:' feed and Inickwheat fioiir. This dam backs the water nearly to the next power above at "Waterford. Honey Creek 4.5 miles distant is the noa.rest railroad station. Waterford Fower, — This mill is built of stone and is in a good state of repair. Four turbines, including one 45 inch, two 40 inch and one 35 inch, are installed under an average head of ^i."^) feet, and rated at al)out 100 horse pwver. This dam has a much larger ])ondage than any other dam on the river, backing the water up the river for many miles. The mill is fitted for manufacturing roller flour, but power is also used for furnishing electric light f^r the city of Waterford. Hrmey Creek, the nearest railroad station is sevdi miles distant. ^Ya^^l'csha Powers. — This mill is located near the center of Wauke- sha and near the depot of the C. M. k St. P. Railroad. A six foot stene dam about two blocks above the mill is located near the head of the rapids. From the dam, the water is conducted by a long' mill race to the mill, where a head of about 13 feet is usually developed, except in summer when the head reduces to nine. The present head could be considerably increased by excavating an adequate tail race for a short distance. One Victor 50 inch turbine is installed and used to run a flour and feed mill 10 hours per day. A 50 horsepower gas- oline engine is also installed. 320 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIX. About two miles above Waukesha is another water power owned by Chas. Deisner. Three small turbines are installed under a 20 foot head and used to run a feed and saw mill, Other powers on tributaries af Fox nver. Name of stream. Pewaukee river. .. Makwooago river do Honey Creek do do Sugar Creek White River do do do LocatioD of power. Pewaukee.... Eagieville Mukwonago., East i'roy Hilburn Lauderdale. . Vienna Geneva Geneva Burlington. .. Lyons Head { i developed. I Feet, 13.5 6. 13. 8. 8. 12. 14. 9. Purpose for which power is used. Feed mill and electric light. Feed mill. Holler mill, 3-45 inch turbines. Feed and flour mill,l-2o inch turbine Feed mill. Flour and feed. Flour and feed, 2-34 inch turbines. Flour and feed, 2-2(5 inch*; turbines. Electric light, 2-.>6 inch turbines. 1-45 inch and 1-50 inch turbine used forelectriclightand power. Own- er. Burlington Light & Power Co. MISSISSIPPI DBAmAOE. 321 MISSISSIPPI DRAINAGE. The water powers of Chij)pewa, Black and Wisconsin rivers have been elsewhere discussed. There remains of this drainage a large number of smaller rivers some of them, notably Trempealeau and La Crosse, of considerable importance as power producers. As a rule the rivers of this class have a very rapid fall in theii upper reaches where they flow in rock. Many of these rapids were formerly developed and used for saw mills. The deforestation of this area united with the high gradient of the drainage areas has re- sulted in constantly increasing freshets and correspondingly long periods of extreme low water flow. As the rivers approach the Mississippi these rivers show a decreas- ing gradient, usually flowing in a sandy valley where dams are diffi- cidt to maintain. Tlie size of the streams can be seen from the following table of drainage areas: River. Drainage area 1 Piatt 320 s .SOO 150 485 150 685 430 180 jquare miles. 9 Grant s Bad Ax. l( t( 4 Ija Crosse It 5 OooD (i it 6 Trfinmealeau (( it 7 Beef tt u ff Rush (t (i 21 Location. La Co<>d?e West Salem Sparta ....d<. Aagelo Leon Sparta Holniau ... . .. . Bums Sparta Baue Mill.^ . . . Sec. 14 T. 17 R.. ^^'ATE^ powers of wi.'^coyssx Water powers of La Crosse River La Crosse do do do do Little La CrojJSf . do do Half Way Creek. Bnrus Creek Beaver Creek. .. Ba^twick Crc«k,. Big Creek Total Tur bine. Remark;;. Head Horse feet. power lo W a s Kloui and Fei-d 10 IS (iri-t. 1) 61 Flour and l-(-.-i| 10 (.) Klectric Li-jflit 9 48 Urist. IS 70 iirifit mill 16 40 Flour and Fep'i 10 10 Grist mill 14 2S IManius^ and SawiUi^ 9 10 Uried onl.v in wiut'-t IT) 25 Flour and Feed 140 473 Water iitnrers of T rem'pea'lean River. Tnrbin Location . River. Head Horse ., leet. jiowcr.; Remark^ Arcadia (^ix miles l)elow) Whiteliall Blair Taylor Hixtou Tremi)ealeau . .... do , do .... . do do Seclilervilk' do Pifreon Falls rigmni Creek. Sec. 10. T. 22 N. Sec. .'.. T, IS N,. hidependencs Sec 22 T. 21 .\., aec. 31 T. 23 N.. Sec 17 T. 23 N,. K 7 W do . do R, U W . B\h Tajiierack Creek , Elk Creek R. 9 W.. ..do. ...do R. 8 VV . . do ...do R 10 W. do.. ..do W. BraucLi. Total 10 9 D Hi ('• 11 9 16 UO 120 3U 60 (iO 3.) 13.51'. I 711 I Uudeve i*\n' dU do do do I Floiii ! do 1- ilo du (} mill .do do do Cri.-^t do. Water powers oil smaller rivers Location. River. Turl Head. >me. Horse Power. 50 .... cO IGO 100 17 2.3 2.1 100 30 10 4.1 43 30 10 '"'■56'" 65 Remark^ El Paso, south 'i mile El Pa'iO Bush River do do do do ... do do Beef River do do do do Mill Treek Coi u River do do Bad Ax do '.'Vim RelJe Cr.... do do Norraan Cr Artesian Wells... Waumandee Cr.. Eau Galle Cr Big Bear Cr Feet 10 y 4'. 9 10 20 10 10 8 13 9 11 11 10 16 7 23 8 Grist mill. Not used now Wool caidiuK. Saw mill . Grist mill do do do do do do do do do do do Mill burned Light and power, Grist Flour mill. Martpll Sec. 32. T. 27N. R. 16 W Moudovi O^'^eo 10-24-7 ... ... Mondovi Cha'^cburji Coon Vallev Sec. 24. T. 12, R. 6 W Newton, Sec. 23, T. 13, R 6 W.. Trim Belle Shelby Prairie du Chien . . . .■ Sec. 6,T. 99 N, R. 11 W Sec. 36, T. 26, R. 14 W Sec 6, T. 23. R.13W mill. APPENDIX. BEING A SYNOPSIS OF DAM CHARTEKS GRANTED BY THE TERRITORIAL AND STATE LEGISLATURES FROM 1888 TO 1907. DAM CHAKTEKS. Grants of dam prlinleges by the Icfjlslature of Wisconsin^ 183S-1907. Laws of Chap- ter or num- ber. 1«38 1839 i8:w 1840 1842 1842 1S42 1842 1842 *1843 tl843 1843 11843 a 184:-i I 1834 I 1844 1844 1844 \Ui 184f) 184:) b 184(i 1846 1847 C1847 1847 1847 1847 1847 1847 1847 1847 1847 1848 T dl847T 1848 River Mauitiiwoc river Rock river Rock river Maoitowoc river. Pewaukee lake,. Rock river p. 11 p. 44 p. p- p- 84 21 22 p. 32 1'- 3* p. 25 Manitowoc river. Crawlisli ri\er .. Oconto river Milwaukee river. Fox river County. Manitowoc. Jeiferson .. Dodge Manitowoc. . WauJjesha .. Jefferson ... Manitowoc. . Jeft'erson Oconto... Ozaukpe. Kacine ... Fox river... Rock river. Keck river 36 37 37 38 71 104 I '.)3 113 ; 10 j 44 46 i 103 ' 103 103 103 104 121 179 9 13 Peshtipo river. Rock river. . . . Racine . Rock Rock Mariuettt' Jefferson. Milwaukee river Oconto river Sugar river Milwaukee. Oconto (ireen Rock river Milwaukee river .. Milwaukee river. Wisconsin river . . Dodge. Milwaukee. Ozaukep. Portaj^e. Rock river \Viscon^in river. .. Jefferson . Woo.i .... Sugar river Milwaukee river. Milwaukee river. Green Ozaukee. Ozaukee. MHwaukoR river. Milwaukee river. Fox river. . . \\oii river.. Ozaukee Ozaukee.. .. Winnebago., Shawano Sheboygan river., Milwaukee river., Rock river Oconto river Sheboygan. Milwaukee. Rock Oconto . Name of grantee, land description. >ectiou. township and range William B. Slaughter, Sec. 19, T. 19 N., R. 23 E. Charlt'S F. Hoodhue et al., Sec. 4' T. SN., R . 1.-) E. Moses M. Strong et al.. Sees. 6, 7, T 11 N.. R.16K. \Vm. H. IJriice et al., Si-c^. 23. 25. 2 N., R. 22 E Own.M> uftand.Secs.2:). 36. T. 11 N. R.21E. Ahraliain Brawte,\ , Sees. 31-2. T 24 N.. R 8E. Lyman E. Boomer et al.. Sees. .s. :■. T. S N,. R. l.i E. Henrv Glintoii et al., Sec 6. T. 22 N.. R 6E. Wm. Jones. Sec, 15. T. 2 N.. R, E. Michael Biatt. Sec 34, T 12 N., R. 21 E. Phineas M. JohnSon, Sec. 24. T. 10 N., R. 21 E. Ownpis of land, Sec 24, T. 10 N., R. 21 E. B. H. Mooers ot al.. Sec. 25, T. 10 N , R. 21 E Harvey Jones et al . , Sees. 22. 27. T 20 N . , Samuel H. Farnsworth, Sec. 25. T 27 N., R. 15 E. Samuel B. Ormsby, Sec. 28, T. 15 N . . R. 23 E. F. Wm. AUerding, Sec, 4, T. 7 N.. H. 22 E. A. Hyatt Smith et al., Sees. 1, 2, T. 2 N., R.12E. Elisha Morrow. Sees. 26. 35, T. 28 N., R. 20 E. * Amended , Chap. 150, Laws 1854, repealing requirements for lots, loy slides, etc. t Amendment, Laws 1845, p. 95, restricting the height of water to prevent damage, etc % Amendment, Chap 33;3, Laws of 1851, restricting the height of dam and prohibiting injury. a Laws of 1846, p. 116, amendment of provisions regarding height, manner of construction, etc., and amended again in the same respect by Chap. 354, Laws of 1855. b Amendment, Chap. 159. Laws of 1855, changing land description to read N. E. !>4 Sec. 26, N. W. M of Sec. 25, T. 11 N., R. 22 E. o Amendment, Chap. 88, Laws of 1851, transferring the grant conditionally and changing pro- visions, d Amendment, Chap. 214, Laws ot 1850, provisions regarding damages to land from back flow. 326 WATER PO^yERS OF WISCOySIJSf. Grants of dam privileges by the legislature of irisconsin— Continued. T 1851 1851 1851 bl851 c 1851 1851 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1852 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 1853 dl853 1853 e 1853 1858 1854 Fox river Peck'-tonica river.. Crawtish river Milwaukee river. . . Rock river Peckatonica river.. Rock river Manitowoc river. ... Fox river Grand river 126 i: 173 203 206 208 248 259 8S3 59 76 116 275 403 501 23 141 152 177 208 212 221 226 247 258 270 342 408 Manitowoc river Milwaukee river. ... Peckatonica river.. Baraboo river Manitowoc river Fox river Manitowoc river. County. Peckatonica river.- Milwaukee river Sugar river Oconto river Little Wolf river uearGrigaoa Mill. White river Long Pond Menomonee Shioc river 1 mile from month. Grand river Grand river Milwaukee river. . . Wisconsin river Wisconsin river . . . . La Crosse river Name of grantee, land description, section, township and range. Black river Peckatonica river... Baraboo river, town of Caledonia Pox river Wisconsin river Wolf river, La Motte. Wisconsin river Honey creek Peckatonica river.. . North Back creek . . . Milwaukee river Ozaukee Green Marquette. .. Green Washington.. Winnebago. .. Milwaukee. .. Columbia La Fayette... .Jefferson Ozaukee -Jefferson La Fayette... Rock Manitowoc. .. Racine Green Lake.. La Fayette... Ozaukee Rock Oconto Marquette. .. Fond da Lac Manitowoc. .. Milwaukee. . La Fayette.. Sauk Manitowoc. . Kenosha Manitowoc. . Green Lake Green Lake Milwaukee . Portage . . . Wood La Crosse.. Jackson . . . La Fayette Kenosha .. Wood Shawano .. Sauk Milwaukee. La Fayette Columbia . Ozaukee . . . Joseph Carleyetal.,Sec.6,T. 11 N..R.21E. CadwalladerO.Washburneet al.. decs. 20-1. T. 1N..R. 6E. Wm. A. Barstow, Sec 17, T. 15 N., R. 10 E. Edward h. Hanchett et al.,Secs. 3I-2,T. 1 N., Barton Salisbury, Sec. 12,T. 11 N., R. 20 E. Curtis Reed, Sec. 22, T. 20 N.. R. 17 E. Cicero i.;omstock et al . Sees. 4, 5, T. 7 N , R. 22 E. J. Spra^'ue Pardee, Sec. 3, T. 12 N., R. 10 E. Samuel Young, Sec. 1, T. 1 N., R. 5 E. Norman Pratt, Sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 14 E. Oscar Day. Sec. 10, T. UN., R. 21 E. Cvrus Curtsi, Sec. 4. T. .3 N., R. 14 E. Jno. M. Keep, Sec. 3, T. 2 N.. R. 3 E. Ira Miltaraore. Sec. 21 etc, T. 2 N., R. 12 E, Plinv Pierce, Sec 14. T. 19 N., R. 23 E. Jas. Catlin, Sec. 33. T. 3 N.. R. 19 E. Thos. C. Snow et al., Sec. 13, £. 14 N., R. 11 E. ; Sec. 7, T. 14 N., R. 12 E. Richard H. McGoon, Sec. 20, T. 3N.,R.8E. Geo. W. Foster, Sec. 29, T. Vi N.. R. 21 E . Alvin D. Carpenter, Sec. 20, T. 1 N., R. 10 E. Merrick Murphy, Sec. 34, T. 28 N., R. 20 E. Napoleon B. Millard. Ebenezar Dakin. Sec 17, T. 17 N., R. 11 E. Harrison C. Hobart et al.. Sees. 25, 26, T. 14 N.. R. 19 E. Chas. Klingholz. Sec. 26. T. 19 N., R. 23 E. Henry Thien, Sec. 20, T. 8 N., R. 22 B. Samuel George, Sec. 1. T. 2 N., R. 3 E. Ann Garrison, Sec. 27, T. 12 N., R. 7 E. Chas. Klingholz et al., Sec. 16, T. 19 N. R. 23E. Joas. Davenport, Sec. 30, T. 1 N., R. 20 E. Edward D. Heardsley et al., Sec 10, T. 19 N.,R. 23E. Frederick F. Davis. John M. Seward, Sec 14. T. 14 N., R. 12 E. JohnB. Seward, Sec. 7. T. 14N..R. 13E. Peter Bender et al.. Sec. 30, T. 8N..fR. 22 E Wra. Dunton, Sec. 8, T. 23 N., R. 8 E. Luther Hanchett. Sec. 36. T. 22 N., R. 5E. Monroe Palmer, Sees. 34, 27, T.17N.,R. 6W. Jacob Spaulding, Sec, 15. T. 21 N., R. 4 W. Richard McGuon, Sec . 20, T. 3 N., R. 3 E. Nathan H. Wood. Asahel W. Benham. Sec. 30. T. 1N.,R.20B. Geo. Neaves et al., Sec. 18, T. 22 N.> R. 6 E . Cieo. F. Wright etal. John Marshall et al.. Sec. 15, T. 13 N..R. 6 E Earnest Prieger. Sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 21 E. John W. Stewart, Sees. «, 4, »orl0, T. 1 N., R.5E. Evan Edwards, Sec. 6 T. 12 N., R. 12 B. Chas. Qaenten et al., Sec. 31. T. 10 N , R 22 E. a Amendment, Chap. 87, Laws of 1854, providing for the recovery of damages on account of injury to property caused by back flow. b Amendment. Chap. 151, Laws of 1854. repealing requirement for locks, etc. cRepealed, Chap. 159, Laws of 1857. d Repealed by Chap. 69, Laws of 1860. eAmended, Chap. 186, Laws of 1873, land description changed to read Sees. 3, 4 or 9, T. 1 N. R. 5E. DAM CHAI^TER.'^ (.inAXTED BY LEGL^^LATIYE EXACTMEXT. 307 (rj-ants of da^)i prtvllc'., R. 23 E. L. W. Bliss. Sec. 10. T. 24 N., K 13 E. Johu Arbude, Sec 30. T. 38 N.. R 14 W. Roberts .t Whelen, Sec. 14. l . 32 N.. R. 1 E-, Sec 15, T.32 n.. R. IE,. S^c. 14, T. 32 N., R 1 E . Sec. 34. T. 32 N., R- 1 E.. Sec. 21. T 31 N.. K. 1 E , Sec 27. T. 31 N . R. 1 E. Solomen Leach. John P. Jacobseu,Sec. 26,T. 3SN., R. 18W. Peter Wilkinson et al,. Sec, 13. T. 12 N., R.7E Jame^ Hewitt, Sec. 10, T. 21 N., R. 3 W. Albert E. Pound. No description. Cliauncy Blakeslee. No description in bill- Chas. L. Fellows No description in bill. Wm. Miller. Sec. 3. T. 33 N., R. 1 W. Albert Vvendorff. See. 11. T. 29 N.. R. 6 E. Henry Hewitt et al.. Sec. 22-3, T. 40, R. JohuQuaderer, Sec. 28, T. 34 N., R. 12 W. JohnQuarer, Sec. 28, T. 34 N., R. 12 W. W. L. Sadler, tiec. 26, T. 33 N., R 17 W. Frederick G. Stanley etal . no description. Wm. A. Rust. Sec. .5-8, T. 26N., R. 6W. H. F. McMillan, C. S. McMillan, bee. 17, T. 28.R. 3 E. Logdrivinp. N. J. White, Sec. 34, T. 29, R. 2 E. Log driviDo:. W. T. Price, on said creek for logdriving. 3:30 WATER POWERS OF WlSCOXSiy. Grants of dam j^rivileges by the legislature of Wisconsin — Continued. Chap- Laws ter or of num- ber. 1879 53 1879 55 1S79 il 1870 90 1879 1 96 1879 1879 1879 a 1S79 I 1879 1879 I bl879 j 1879 , 1879 I i c 1879 1879 1879 I 1879 1879 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 1880 127 136 143 lU 147 154 155 191 201 213 229 232 40 75 South Maple creek. Deer Tail river Wiere:or river Yellow river Bear creek 112 ' Willow river. 'Pauley creek Red Cedar river , Yellow river Chippewa... Chippewa... (now Gates. Chippewa ... Wood . . . Barron. . Little Chief river Pine Creek river Willow river Ten Mile creek Yellow river . Yellow river Little W^olf river. Wolf river Mondeau creek. Clam liver Kickapoo river. Wood river Polk , Clark ... Burnett . Barron Chippewa. Chippewa. St. Croix . Chippewa . Barron Namfiof prantee, land description, section, township and ranse. TayJor Waupaca Shawano. , Taylor Polk Crawford , Burnett .. , Vermillion river | Barron Turtle creek Barron. Turtle creek. Hemlock creek. Barron . Barron . Hemlock creek Chippewa Embarrass river. Spirit river Hay river. Shawano. Lincoln .. Barron. Mark Douglas, on said creek for log driv- ing. Daniel Shaw, Elias Mose*, on said creek for log driviug. Nicholas Abraharason, Sees, 9, ltj&21, T, 37, R. 7 W. Loc driving Carl B. Lon>,', A. E. Long, Sec. 31. T. 23. R. 3E. William Wilson, Andrew Tainter. T B, Wilson, H. L. Stout. J. H. Kuapp, Sec. IS, T. 36. R. 11 W, Log driving. Jaraes & William Johaston, Sec. 29, T. 32, R. 15 W, Log driviug G. H. Ray, on said creek for log driving. J. H. KnappJH.L. Stout, Andrew Tainter, William Wilson, T. K. Wilson, J. fl. Douplas, Sec. 25, T. 37, R. 10 W. J.H. Knapp. H.L. Stout. Andrew TaintPr, William Wilson. T. B. Wilson. J. H. Douglas, Sec. 34. T. 36, R 13 W. A.J. Hayward. W. E. McCord, NE. NE. Sec. 26. T. 40, R. 7 W. Log driving. William McKeith, Sec. 14, T. 37, R. 3 W. Log driving. James & William Johnston, either Sec. 16 or 17, T. 31. R. 16 W. Log "drtviner. William Wilson, Andrew Tainter, T. B. Wilson. H. L. Stout, J. H. Kuapp, Sec. 30 or 31. T. 33, R. 9 W. William Wilson, Andrew Tainter, T. B. Wilson, H. L. Stout, J. H. Knapp, Sec. 7,T, 35, R- 12 W. William Baker, Sec. 24, T. 32, R. 2 W. Log driving. G. E More, E. G. Morp, SE. NE. Sec. 1, T. 22, R. 13 E. Log drivins. ! C. D. Wescott, Maihias Miller. H. M. I Loomer, NE.Sec. 25, T.27, R. 15 E. Log I drivintr. i J, R. Garland, between Sec. 17, T. 32, R.l ' E., & Sec. 13, T.33, R.l W. Log driving. John Glover, Sec. 31, T. 37. R. 15 W. Log driving. ; T. W. Gav, J. A. Robb, S. K. Robb, lots 1 and2. Sec. 28,T. lO.R. 4 W. Logdrivinp. G. A. Enckson. P. E. Peterson. SW. Sec. 16. T. 38, R. 18 W. Log driving. F. R. StRes, Sec. 22, T. 35. R. 13 W. Andrew Taioter, J. H. Knapp, H. L. Stout, William Wilson. T. B. Wilson, J.H. Doug- las, Sec. 11, T. 33, R. 14 W. Loe driving. J. H. Douglass, Andrew Tainter, T. B. WilsoD, H. L. Stout, William Wilson, J. H. Knapp, Sec. 27, T. 34, R. 14 W. Log driving. H. L. Stout. J. H. Douglass, William Wil- poD,J.H. Knapp, Andrew Tainter, T.B. Wilson, Sec. 36, T. 36, R. 10 W. Log driving. H. L, Stout. J. H. Douglass. William Wil- son, J. H. Knapp, Andrew Tainter, T.B. Wilson, Sec. 29, T. 36, R. 9 W. Log driving. F. S. Breed. N. % SW.Sec. 10, T. 26, R. 12E. Jaraes McCrossen, SE. SW. Sec. 9, T. 34, R.4E. Logdriving. Willinm Wilson, Andrew Tainter, J. H. Knapp, H. L. Stout, T. R. Wilson, J. H. Douglass. Spc. 32, T. 34, R. 13 W. a Chap. 253, Laws of 1881, amends, b Chap. 208, Laws of 1880, amends, c Chap. 95, Laws of 1882, amends. DAM CHARTERS GRAyTED BY LEGISLATIVE EXACTMEXT. 33]^ Grants of dam privileges by the legislature of Wisconsin — Continued. 8«0 ,880 880 .880 S80 880 .880 .880 880 .88^) ,880 880 880 880 880 ,88: .88: .88: 84 92 97 102 103 144 151 168 177 178 182 184 201 205 214 241 255 294 296 3a3 41 57 .t8 67 77 83 160 160 Black river. Cliristmas creek. Hemlock creek.. Big Rib river. Spirit river Kickapoo river.. Elk river Prairie river Wisconsin river . Otter creek Muskrat river ... Wolf river Butternut creek. Spirit river Pine creek Poplar river Little Elk river . Prairie river Deer Tail river .. Hay creek Black river, E. fork. Wood river Embarrass river Kewaunee river Kickapoo river Hay creek Chippewa river Piue river Pine river Taylor Chippewa Chippewa Marathon Lincoln Crawford — Price Lincoln Lincoln Clark & Chip- pewa. Eau Claire .. CJark, Chip- pewa & Eau Claire. Price Price Price Oconto Price Lincoln Chippewa Chippewa . .. Wood, Clark & Jackson. Burnett Shawano Kewaunee . .. Vernon Burnett Eau Claire... Lincoln — Lincoln Name of grantee. land description, section, township and range. William Wilson, Andrew Tainter. -1. H. Hnapp, H. L. Stout, T. B. Wilson. J. H. Douglass, Sec. 13. T. 2S. R. i:^ W. Log driving. A. E. Sawver, David Austin, Richard Dew- hurst. Sec. ao. T. 31, E. 1 W. Log drivine. C.W. Hanson, N _^ NW. Sec. 14, T. 31. R, 5W. Logdrivirig. T. rt. Wilson, Andrew Tainter, William Wilson. H. L. Stou*-, J. H. Knaop, J. H. Douglass, Sec. 30, T. 36, R. 9 W. Log driving. Gnstavu* Werlich, SW. SE. Sec. 13, and NW. NE. Sec. 24, T. 30, R. 4 E. Log driving. K.A.Ostereieen, NW.Sec. 10, T. 34, R. 4 E. Log driving. Alley Petersoo. Peter Hooverson, NW.NE. Sec. 31. T. 11, R. 3 W. Log driving. A. B. Luut, Peter Musser, NW. NW. Sec. 31, T. 38, R. 2 E. Loe driving. T. B. Scott,Sec. 13, T. 32. R. 7 E. Log driving. P. B. Champagne, NE. Sec. 30, T. 33, R. 6E. 'DeLoss R. Moon, on Otter creek for log driving. DeLosS R. Moon, on Muskrat for log driv- ing. DeLoss R. Moon, on Wolf river for log driving. D. P. Simmons, Sec. 18, T. 40. R. 1 W., for loe driving. G. W. Cate. N. M. McCloud, lot 4, Sec. 32, T.34. R. 3. E. Log driving. A. B. McDonnell, Sec. 18, T. 40, R. 2 W. Log driving. Halvpr AnnunsoD, John Annunson, Sec. 13, T. 38, R. 15 E. Log driving. MattbeA- Wadieigh, R. M. Mooer, A. D. Lunt, on Little Elk for log driving. Able NelT. W. j^ Sec. 14, T. 33, R. 8 E. Log driving. J. W. Heatbfir, James McGee, Sees. 8. 9, and 16, T. 3o, R. 4 W., and Sec. 24, T. 35, R. 5 W Logdriving. John Redmond, Sees. 16 and 17, T. 31, R. 5 W. Log driving. T.J. LaFlesh, Sec. 14, T. 23.R. 1 E., Sees. 5 and 30, T. 23, R. 2E.,Sec. 4, T. 22, R. 2 E. Log driving. J. P. Jacobson, Sec. 23, T. 38, R. 18 W. Log driving. F. D. Newbold, R. R. Livingstone, T. 26, R. 11 and 12 E. Log driving. Wyota Strauaky, SW. Sec. 14. T. 23, R. A."C. Cushman. NE. SE. Sec. 24, T. 12, R.3 W. Loc driving. J. G. Nplson,Wm. Long, Sec. 12, T. 40. R. 11 W. Delo?s R. Moon, Sec. 25, T. 27, R. 10 W., and Sec. 34. same town and range. John Ross, J. E ud^l^v. M . P. Bube, Sec. 22, T. 31, R. 7E. Logdriving. John Roe?. J. E. Leahy, M. P. Bube, Sec. 9. 'I .31, R. 8 E. Log driving. a Chap. 181, Laws of 1882, amends. 332 WATER POWERS OF WISCOXSIK, Grants of dain j^^ivileges by the legislature of Wisconsin — Contirued. Chap- ter or num- ber. 161 164 177 221 2j:j 266 267 311 326 327 331 38 7S River, Wedges creek Saylor creek Fisher creek Silver creek Chippewa river. Yellow river . Plover river . Aminicou river Siscowit river IroQ river Windfall cieek ... - Embarrass river. Hed Cedar river. . Clark Price Chippewa ... Taylor aud Price . Chippewa . Chippewa, Marathon , Douglas. . . Bayfield,.. Bayfield.. . Chippewa Shawano. Burnett. , 103 Red Cedar river Barron. 106 Wiscinisiu river. Portage.. 107 Bi" Plover river Portage • 137 Blake brook Waupaca. . It,-) Big Plover river Portage iy2 Totogaticause river.. Bayfield... 183 Totogaticanse river. Douglas., . 1SI Totogatican'^e river Bavfield 186 Big Eau Pleine river. Marathon. 22-t St. Croix river Polk 99ft Jump river Wisconsin river Price 247 Lincoln (now Oneida). •'fiQ BabSs creek Rock creek Sauk 270 Clark 292 Spring brook Langlade — 297 Little Wolf river — Waupaca — 316 Embarrass river Shawano 9 Ea.n Fork Black river. Wood, Cla aud jacks rk on Name of grantee, land description, section, township and range. Jam**'; Hewett. NF. SE S-c, 22. and N\V. SW, Sec. 23 T. 2.J, R. 3 W. Log driving. E. E. LeClaire, T. 39. R. 1 E. Log drivinir. Eueene Sliaw, D. P. Sinnnons-. Sec. 34. T 32. R. 6 W, Log driving. John Duncan, any point on said creek. Log driving. Stanton Barnard. Sec. 4. T. 28, R. 8 \V , and Sec. 26. T.2U, R.S W. Log driving. Robert Jackson. Sec, 1, T. 29. R. 6 W E. (i Cory. SW.Sec. 19. T.28. R.IO E. Log driving. R, H, Henrv. S. B. Barker, (i. W, Henry, T. -10. K. 13 W. Log driving. R. D. Pike, Isaac H-Wioi:. N. J Willey. T. :>\. R.6 W Loi: ilnviog. R. D. Pike. J. H Knight. Isaac H. Wint;, Jas. Harden, T .'.0, R 9 \V Log driving. JuhnM'.rniug, W, A. Rust. ace. 16. T. 3s. R. 8 W Log driving William Smith. SE. Sec. 9, T, 26. R 14 E, J H, Knapp. H L. Stout. Andrew Tain- ter, Waiiam Wilson. T, B. Wilson. J. H. Douglass, Sec. 2.7, T. 37, R. 10 W,. for leg driving purposes^. J. H. Knapp, H L, Stout, Andrew Tain- ter, William Wilson. T. B. Wilson. J. H. Doncliiss. SE . N E. Sec. 21. and Lot 3, Sec. 22, T 36, i>. 10 W , Un- log driving pur- poses. S. A. Sherman, Sec. 17. T. 23. R, 8 E.. for log driving purposes. (■ A. Sherman, Sec. 26, T. 24. R, 8 E . for log driving purposes Raymond A>res. C Ricli.NE.Sec, 35.1. 24. R. 12 p] , for log driviiiu. S. A. Sherman, Sec. 9. T 23. R, Ji E. Log driving J. E. (ilover, L^aac H. Wing. W. H, Phipp--. Sec 8. T. 4^. R. 9 W. J. E, Glover, I^aac H. Wing, W. H. Pliipp«. Sp.c, 1, T. -13, R. 10 W. J. E. Glover, I.-^aac 11-. Wiog, W H. Pliipps, Shc. 6. T. 43, R. 9 W. Christian Weber, N\V. SE. Sec. 13. T. 27. R. 3 E. J. F Masou.G. B. Burrows, W. J. Vin- cent. Wm Anipry.J S. Bker At or near St, Croix Falls, for log drivinc D. P. Simmons, NW. SW, Sec. 32, T. 34, R, 1 W., for log driviug. *i, D. Brown, T. W. Anderson, A. \^ , Brown and W, E. Brown, Sec. 0. T. 36, R. 9 E. A. P, Ellinwood, Sec, 9, T. 12, R. 4 E. Phillip Rossman, Sec. 28, T. 27, R. 1 W , for log driving. J. H. Weed. S. Bryant. Alfred Weed, E. '• .\E Sec. 31, T. 31. R. HE., for log driving i\ M. Wells. J. W. Ostrander, B. Os-' trander, bW. SW. Sec 8. T. 22, R. 14E. Henry Stearns. SW. Sec, 9, T. 27, R. 12 E., for kg driving Thomas J. La Flesh, Sec. 25, T. 24 N., R, 2E. a Chap. 89, Laws of 18^2, amends. b Chap. 1)6, Laws of 1883. amends. cChap. 253, Laws of 1887, amends. DAM CHARTERS GRANTED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT. 333 Grants of darn privileges by the legislature of Wisconsin— Continued , Chap- ^aws ter or River. County . Name of grantee, land description, of num- ber. section, township and range. 1S83 209 Black river. , Clark James Hewitt, near outlet of O'Neill's creek , IHH3 96 Chippewa river Stanton Bernard, amendin? 255, 1881. 1883 170 Copper creek Lincoln J. F. Ellis and J. R. Wilmot, NW. NE. Sec. 1, T. 31N.,R. 5. 1883 113 Duncan creek. . Chippewa.... Hector C. McRae, Jacob Luenele and John Miller, NW. NE. Sec. 6, T. 28N., K. 8 W. 1883 75 Dunnum creek 1 Burnett Erick Lundholm.Lot 3,Sec. 28,T. 38, R.17 W. 1883 317 Fisher river Chippewa.... Wra. Ervin.on said river for log drivin-'. 1KK3 198 Hay creek Price James Morrison, Edward Rutledge, SW. SW. Sec. 2/, T. 36, R. IE. 1883 140 Kewaunee river., ... Kewaunee .. . An act to amend Sec. 2, Ch. 58, Laws 1851. 1883 289 Little Biack river. .. Taylor E. R. Urquhart, Peter Dovle. Joseph Brucher. W. Van Noslitz, SW. SW. Sec. 1, r. 30N.. R. IE. 1883 93 Little Eau Pleine Marathon Joseph Meyer, Sec. 34, T. 27 N., R. 2 E. 1883 88 Little Yellow river Wood J. D. Witter, J. E. Ingraham, John Daly, H. A Samson, Sees. 19, 29, 30, 32, T. 21N., R. 3E. 1883 224 White river Bayfield John A. Humbird, at point where C. Jc St. Paul, M . & 0. Ri . crosses. 1883 222 Long Lake river Burnett . . . John Ji. Knapp. Henry L. stout. Andrew Tainter, Win. Wilson, Thos. B. Wilson, John il. Douglas, SW. of SW. Sec. 24, T 37. R. n W. 1883 335 Marengo river Bayfield Robert Rjt-chie. S. >^ of SE. Sec. 27, T. 45 N . , R . 5 W . 1883 11 Namakogan river .... Ashland Anthouy J. Hay ward. Sec. 27, T. 41, R 9 W. 1883 230 O'Neil river Chippewa Marshall MiUer, L C. Stanley, Sec. 29, T. 31, R.SW. 18S3 130 Pine creek Taylor Thomas Kerns, Ssc 15, T.30N.,R. 1 W. Log driving- 1883 132 Poplar river Oconto Halvor Annun'^on and John Annunson, Sees. 13,14,T. 38 N., R. 15E.,Sec.20, T.3SN. R. 16E. 1883 3 Red Cedar river Dunn JohnH. Knapp, Henry L. Stout, Andrew Tainter, Wm. Wilson, Thos. B. Wilson and John H. Douglas, Lots 2 and 6. Sec 6, T. 28, R. 12 W. L883 317 Robinson creek . .. Jackson HughB Mills, T. 20, R 2 W. L883 355 St. German creek.... Lincoln (now Vilas). John Arpin an J. P. B. Chapagne, Sec. 30, T. 4UN, R. 8E. ■ 1883 65 Scarbro creek Kewaunee George Grimmer, Alex TrudeU, William Bruemmer, S .V of SE. Sec. 25, T. 24. R.23E. I8S3 259 Spring brook Langlade Louis Navotuey and Joseph Navotney, west H NE. and east /a NW. Sec. 29, T 31N.,R.11E. IHHH 21 Straight river Polk Nelson Lawson, J. H. McCourt, Lot 1. Sec. 20, T. 36, R. 16 W. 1883 33 Straight river Polk Isaac Staples, N. ^a SW. Sec. 18. T. 36, R. 16 W. ; S. 14 NE Sec. 20, T. 36, R. 16 W. [883 344 TotogaticaasA river. . Douglas S. L. Cowan, Isaac H. Wine and Wm. Phippt. SW. Sec. 30, T. 43, R. 10 W, [883 213 Yellow river Barron Charles S. Taylor, John Post, SE. of Sec. 27, T.34N..R.12 W. ,883 326 Yellow river Taylor J. F. Ellis, E. W. Allen, Sec. 27. T 31 N . .885 43 Namakagon river .... Sawyer A. J. Hayward, above village of Hayward, for log driving purposes. .885 70 Ahnapee river, Door A. Fetzer, K. Youngs, E % SW. Sec. 29, T. 26. R. 25 E. a Chap. 88. Laws of 1885, amends. b Amendment, G Amendment. d Chap. 377, Laws of 1887. amends- e Chap. 108, Laws of 1887, repeals. 534 WATER POWERS OF WISCOKi^IK. Grants of dam prM leges by the legislature of TF^sconsm— Continued. , Chap- Laws : ter or of 1 num- v"^ ber. 11885 188o 188o 188.") 1885 188o 18S5 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 1885 188'. 1885 1885 1885 188; 1885 1885 1885 1887 1887 1887 1887 18S7 1887 1887 1887 ,- I Namakagon river — 100 I Hemlock creek Washburn,. Chippewa. . .. 104 158 180 231 2S5 2;^ 254 27S 280 281 283 Elm creek. Wisconsin river . Sand creek — . . Miller creek bawyer. Wood. . . BarroQ. Barron., Embarrass river. . Little Bear creek. Name of grantee, land description, i^ section, township and range. (, Apple river Embarrass river . Wisconsin river.. Red river Erabarrasb river . Embarrass river . Apple river Shawano Barron | Polk Shawano 363 i Sbeboypan river, 367 I Popple Creek 371 . Lewis creek 372 402 412 4^4 12 23 41 68 70 85 113 117 Deer brook . Wood river . Wood Shawano. Shawano. Shawano. Polk Sheboygan Price Jackson. Plover river. Milwt»ukee river. Wise msin river.. Wisconsin river.. Langlade . Burnett . . Marathon. Milwaukee. Lincoln Wood Tomahawk river. Montreal river. Big Eau Pleine river Tea river Apple river Lincoln . Marathon . Sawyer Tamarack creek. Polk. Oneida . Jacob Bean, J. S. Obrien. Sec. 35. T. 41. E . 10 W. , and other points on said river, for log driving purposes. John H. Knapi , Henrv L. Stout. Andrew Tainter, William Wilson. Tlioma.* B Wilson and John H. Douglass. W. l., NW. Sec. 26. T. 36, R. 9 W. J. H. Knapp, H. L, Stout. Andrew Taintnr, William Wilson. T B Wilson and John H. Douglass, Lot 4. Sec. 10. T. 37. R. 9 W. M. L. Beusley and Welcome Hyde. Sec 8. T. 22. R. 6 E. J. T. Heath and L. B. Roice. N. H Sec. 17. T. 36, R. 14 W. J. H. Knapp, H. L. Stout. Andrew Tainter William Wilson. T. B. Wilsna and J. H. Dougla>s, SVV. Sec. 26, T, 36. R. 13 W. E. J. Homme, N. ^ NW. Sec 10. T. 27. R-11 E. J. H. Knapp. H. L. Stout. Andrew Tainter. William Wilson, T. B. Wilson and John H. Douglass, SW. NW. Sec, 23. T. 36, R. 12 W. John C. Schneider, S. ^2 NE. Sec. 12. T. 32. R. 17 VV. Carl J. Berg and Nil*^ A. Wadson, NW. NW. Sec. 23, T. 27, R. 12 E. B. C. Lvons, Sec. 18, T. 22. R. 6. Ueorge J. Hahn, NW.Sec.3,T. 27, R. 14 E, John Sieber and William Dumke. E. Yz SW. Sec. 15. T. 27, R. 13E. Theodore Buettner, NW. Sec 23. T. 26 John C. Schninder, SE. NE. Sec. 11, T. 32. R. 17 W. Henry Huson, SE.Ser. 13, T. IG, R. 20 E. G. W Mason, David Dubach. Allen Bur- detteandG W. Prescott, Sec 28, T.38, }? •> "IT Oliver Darwin. T. 21, Ranjres 2, 3 and 4 W One or more dams for lOg driving pur- poses. M. G. Harlow & W.H.Luce. SW.NE. Sec. 30 T.32. R.ll E. . for loe driving purposes Canute Anderson, SE.SE. Sec. 28. T. 38.R 18 W. H. M. Wadleigh, NE.SW.Sec.l9,T. 28, E. 10 E. For log driving purposes.' rity of Milwaukee in City of Milwaukee. William H. Bradley, Sec. 10. T. 34. R. 6E Centralia PuId & Water Power Co., Sec. 24, T. 55, R. 5E. C. D. Hammond, H. C. Baker. W. W. Rich, P. B. Champagne, VV. H. Eustis, Sees. 4or9, T. 35, R. 6 E. Benj. H'-inemann. at any point or points on said river to be selected by the grantee. W.H.Richards, NW. SE. Sec. 4, T. 27, R. 3E. John England, either on Sec. 3. T. 41, R. 6 W.,orSec. 34, T. 42, H. 6W. William Wilson, Amos E. Jefferson and Chas. T, Fox, either Sec. 28 or Sec 33. T. 33, R. 16 W. M. P. Beebe and H. Cline, building dams on said creek for log driving purposes. a Chap. 154, Laws of 1887, amends. DAM CHARTERS GRANTED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT. 335 Grants of dam privileges by the legislature of Wisconsin — Continued. Laws of Chap- i teror num- ber. P i Name of grantee, land description, uounts I ^iection, township and rauge. 1887 13j Apple river. .88' 889 889 ,889 176 177 178 218 223 ' 251 Yellow river. Trade river Blake's lake. Apple river.., Tatoffatic river Robiuson creek 2jJ Clam river. 262 : Duncan creek. 273 Devil's creek 299 Nortli Fork. Eaa Claire river. 329 Bear creek 339 I Bis Rib river. 316 ToinaLawk river . 3&6 Squaw creek 407 Woutreal river. ,. . 431 Squirrel river.. 438 ■ Black rivet- .. .. 444 ' Peshticro river . St. Croix ... Barron Burnett Polk Polk Washbarn\. Jackson . . . Burnett Chippewa.. . Sawyer Clark Oneida (now Vilas). Marathon Lincoln Price i Ashland (uo^ , Iron). ' Oneida i Jackson.. .. j Forest 448 Trade river 449 '■ Flambeau river (N ' Fork). i>12 I Eagle river 032 I Eaple river .. . 366 i Beaver brook. 44o I Chief river 270 I Eagle river.. . 449 ; Embarrass river. Fox river. 398 416 Four mile creek Little Bear creek... Little Somo river... Moose river Burnett Oueifia {now Viiaa). Oneida (now Vilas). Forest (now Oneida). Polk Sawyer , Oneida Shawano Outagamie Marathon... Oneida . . . LidcoId . Douglas. S. W. Campbell. NW. NE. Sec. 11. T 31 R . 18 W. J. W. Taylor, NW. Ssc. 27. CT.34. R. 12 \V Fr**derick Petrerson, W. '2 NE. Sec *'"' T. 37, fi. 18 \V. Samuel Harriman, G. P. Anderson and Abram Johnson, Sec. 26, T. 35 R 16 W John C. Sclmeider, William Wilson. NW. iNE. Sec. 6, T. 34. R. 15 W. G. A. Torinu?, Sec. 12, T. 42, R. 12 W Hueh B. Mills, maintain dam or dams in T. 20, Raopres 1,2, Sand 4W., for log driv- ing purfoses. W. J. Vincent, Jame.'s Thompson and J.B Jones. T. 39. R.16W. Jacob Leinenkugel, NE. NE. Sec. 6. T. 2S. R. S W., in city of Chippewa Falls. Maicnm JJobie. .\E, NW. Sec. 3. T. 38. R. 8 W,. alsf' other dams on said creek for log driving purnope.^. Jacob Bye, Sec. 28. T. 2i). R. 4 \V. ChsL^. H. Henry, Sees. 1 and 2, T, 40. R 4E. D. H. Johnson, Fied Reitbrook and L. W. Halsev. between SW. ^i Sec. 8 and Sec e. T.29. R. o E. D. J Arnin, E P. Arpin and W. G. Col- lins. SW. I4 Sec. 28, T. 3.'). R. 6 E. Jamec Qnail and Jnhn Quail. From its mouth to Sec. 16. T. 38. R. : E.. for log driving purpose^. Daniel C eifieid, at point or points in Sec. 34. T. 46. R. 2 E.. for log driving purposes. J. D. W. Heath, T 39. R. 5E.,forlog driving purp(jses. D.J. Spauldiug. E. L. Brockway. Sec. 22 T.21,R. 4 W. Geortie R. hall, Sec. 28 or Sec. 33. T. 37 R 1.jE. C. J. AL-erliad, SE. SE Sec 16, T. 37. R. 18 W. C H. Heury. T. 42, K. 5 E, , for log driving purposes, Leander Choate, W. H. Bradley. George Gerry and Walter Scott, Sec. 31, T. 40, R IDE. J. P. Underwood, Geo. (.ierrv, Heurv Sherry, S. ^ Sec. 5. T. 39. K. HE. Joel Richardson, &W. of the NE and* NE. of SE. Sec. 5. T.33\., R.lrj W Jamps Wright. Sec 16.T. 41 N., H. 7 W.,& other localities along said stream . Leander Choate, W. H. Bradley. George Gerr.\. Walter Scott, Sec. 31, T. -ION R. 10 E. Herman Schwanke, Herman Wilkes and H. A. Wichmao, Sec. 13, and Lot ''6 R.llE. Henry J. Rogers & August L. Smith, Lots 6 & 7. Sec. 24, S. ot river to lots 2 tfc 3 Sec. 22 N. of river, T.21 N. R.18 E. Freeman & Fellows Lumber Co. on said creek for log drivmg. JohoT. CoFgriii, onSW. ofSE.Sec 7 T 41, R.5.E. Juho Woodlock. Sec. 27. T.35 N., B 5 E William Saantry, T. 45, R. 13, Sec. 6, T 44 R. 11 W. and T. 43 N.. R. 13 W. a Chap. 87, Laws of 1897, repeals. 336 WATER POWERS OF WISCONSIN. Grants of dam privileges by the legislature of Wisconsin— ContinMedi. Laws of Ciiao- teror num- ber. 1889 23 1889 45 1889 U a 1889 215 1889 405 1889 83 1889 252 1889 481 1889 1889 32 bl889 1889 53 283 1889 407 1889 1889 1889 c 1889 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 dl891 1891 1891 1891 1891 1891 236 316 235 49 104 110 110 110 110 111 140 142 148 149 150 170 175 177 186 River. Pigeon river. Red river Red river . . . St. Croix river- County. Name of grantee, land deecriptiou, section, township and range. Waupaca . Shawano . Shawano. . Polk Skinner creel£ Price... Squaw creek Oneida Tomahawk river Oneida Tomahawk river.. White river Wi?consia river. Wisconsin river.. . Wisconsin river . Wisconsin river.. Wisconsin river.. Wisconsin river.. Wolf river Yellow river . Tamarack river. Spruce river — Spruce river Spruce river Spruce river . . . . . St, Croix river — Oneida . Bayfield . Wood ... Wood.... Portage, Portage. Wood. . . . Wood.... Shawano. Bnrnett and Washburu. Burnett . Douglas Flambeau creek. Yellow river . . . . Trade river .. Spring Brook . Oconomowoc Oak creek Red river Wisconsin river... Little Wolf river.. Douglas . Douglas. Doufflaa . Douglas. Price — Wood ... Burnett Washburn . Washington Milwaukee.. Shawano Oneida Waupaca ... a Chap. 478, Laws of 1891, amends. bNo section given, so it cannot be located. cCbap. 27, Laws of 1895, repeals, d Chap. 28, Law3 of 1895. repeals. John Nohr,Sr., Albert Nohr, & Wro.Nohr, SE. of SE. Sec. 15, T. 25 N., R. l.T E. August U. tirhmidt, NW. of NE. Sec.3, T 27, R. 14 E. Charles Krupger &. August Krueger, SE. of SW. and SW. of SE. Sec 8, T. 27, R. 15 E Amos E. Jefferson, James Thompson, SW. Chino, Eiward D. Lewis and Edward A. O'Brien. Sec. 22, T. 30 N.,R.20 E. Sec. 11. T. 33 N., R. 19 W. (I'wodaras.) Georee W.Mason and Allan iiurdette,Secs. 9. 15 and 19. T. 36, R 2 W. LeRoy Hernck, A.M. Sherman, NE. of the SE. Sec. 28, T. 40 N., R. 4 E. DavidN. Beujamin, Wm. S. Stanley, Hen- ry (\ Payne, Sees. 10 & 15, T. 39N.,E. 6 E. John Arpin tfe Daniel J. Arpin, i-'ec. 21, T. 36N., R. 6 E. ,Tohu S.Owen, Sec. 13, T. 45 N., R. 7 W. John Edwars & Walter A. Scott. Sec. 36, T. 22 N ,R. 5E. Thomas E. N^ish, T. 21 N., R. 5E. Georee .A. Whiting, Wm. •'. Whitlue and R.C Russell, Sec. 8, T 23N., R.8E. Theodore A. Ta.vlni- and G. S. Biron, Sees. 6, 7, T. 23, R. 8E. Geon e S. Biron and Laura Biron, Sec 34, T. 23N., R. 6E. Frank Garri'^nn. John Farr'sh, E. B. Ros- sier, J. D. Witter. G. F. Steele, Sec. 24, T.22 N., R. 5 E. C. M. Upham, Mathias Miller, F. D. Naber, Sees. 25, 3S, l'. 27, R. 15 E. Wm. ChaimerP, Spc. 27. T. 39 N., R. 12 W.; Sec. 7. T. 40 N., R. 16 W. : aec. 20. T. 39 N., R. 14 W. ;Sec. 10, T.38N., R. 13 W. Wm. Sanntry,Se<:. 6. T. 42, R. 15 W. W-u. Saunti-y, NW. fcjE. Sec. 32, T. 44, R. 15 W. Wm. Sauntry, SW. NW. Sec. 27, T. 44. R. 15 W. Wm. Sauntry, NW. SE. Sec. 22, T. 44, R. 15 W. Wm. Sanntry, SW. SW. Sec. 14, T. 44, R. 15 W. Wm. Sauntry, three dams at different points on wept line of section 6, T. 44, R. 11 W. O. D. Van Dusen, Josiah .A.rnold. Fred Arnold, Lot 8. Sec. 6, T. 39, R. 1 E. Henry C. Paiue. at or near tne town of Babcock. T. 21. R. 3 E. Carl E. Peterson, Sec. 36, T. 37, R. 19 W. Wm. Chalmers, S. ^ SW. Sees. 6, N.y^NW. Sec. 7, T. 39, R. 11 W.* E. W. Erercks, NE. NE. Sec. 25, T. 9, R. 18 E. Jos. Lindenmann, NW. SE. NE. SW. Sec 2, T. 5, R. 22 E. G. J.Huhn, J. H. Baum, John Marx, N. % SW. SE. Sec 2. T, 27, R. 14 E. Dan Graham, E. C. Alien, L. J. Cook, Sec. 26, T. 40, R. 9 E. Jaa. MeikJejohn and W. H. Hatten, co- partners as Meiklejohn & Hatten, NW. SW. Sec. 15, T. 23, R. 13 E. DAM CHARTERS GRAFTED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT. 337 Grants 0/ dam privileges by the legislature of ^F«ficon9^n— Continued. Laws of 189] 1891 * 189] 189] 189: 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 a 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 bl893 1893 1893 Chap teror num- ber. 222 229 258 284 313 395 396 111 221 264 203 50 194 207 122 154 190 191 129 169 266 302 99 118 213 143 138 Iron river Pine river Pine river Eau Claire river... Wisconsin river Chippewa river.. .. Little Wolf river .. Montreal river. .. . Black river Clam river Clam river Comet river Devil creek Elder creek Embarrass river. . . Hay Meadow creek Little Rice river... OcoL to river Oconti river Pecor b'-ook Pelican river, Prairie river Sind river White river , Wisconsin river. County , Bayfield Forest . ... Forest Marathon — Columbia Eau Claire and Chip- pewa. Waupaca Ashland Clark.... Burnett Burnett . Shawano and Waupaca. Lincoln ... Taylor Shawano... Lincoln . .. Oneida Oconto Oconto Oconto . . Oneida. . Lincoln . Bayfield Ashland. Columbia &, Sauk. Wiscon.'iin river . . . Wisconsin river.. Wisconsin river . . .'acoln — Marathon . . Name of grantee, land description, section, township and range. Patrick Hymes, building dams on said river for log d riviafr purposes . Henry Collett, J. S. Chase and Levi Col- lett, on north branch of Pine river. Burton Ramsey, Chas. H. Jones, south branch of Pine river for lop driving pur- poses. Geo. Clayton, Chas. E. Parks, Sec. 7, T. 29. R. 10 E. Town of Newport, in town of Newport. Wm. F. Bailev, Henry W. Early, John Hunner Rnd ./os. Mandeleit. In the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls. A. W. Whitcomband G. H. Fox, Sees 23 and 26. T. 25, R. 14 E. Jas. McCrassen and J. T, Barber, at any point or points between IslanALake and Sec. 27, T. 16, R. 2 E., for log driving purposps. M. C. Ring, town of Pine Valley, Clark county . John Arbuckle, SE. of NE. Sec.5, T. 27 N- of R. 14 W. John Arbuckle. NE. Sec. 30. T 38 N., R. 14 W. James Soaulding, Sec. 21,T.26K., R.llE. Sec. 34, T. 26 N., R. HE, county of Shawano, also Sec. 12, T. 25 N.. R.llE. county of Waupaca. Carl Klein?chmiSt,ea6t V2 of NE. Sec. 20, T. ;^l N.. R. 6 E Charles W. Hanson, Sec. 19, T. 31 N. R. 4 W. Jami-s Meiklejohn, S. V2 of the NE. & NW. of NK. Spc. 5, T 26N ,R. 13 B. Frederick Manecke, on the HE. of SW. Sec. 7, T. 32N.,R. 8 E. Thomas Christy, west U of NE. Sec. 23, T. 36 N.. R. 5 E. Merick Murpbv, amending Sec. 129, 1851, and 32, P. and L., 1862. N. H. Brokaw and E A. Edmonds, lot No. 1, Sec. 2t, T. 28 N., R. 19, andT. 28 N., R 19E., opposite siae of river. Wm. S-irameiti. on the NE. of the NE. of Sec. 18, T. 29, R. 17 iS. Paul Brown and A. W. Shelton, Sees. 8, 9andl6. T. 36 N., R. 9 c. John N. Connor an'l Sigmund Heineman, Sec 1, T. 31 N., R. 6 E. Edward J. Thompson. Sac 9, T. 50, R. 5 W.. Sec, 1, I'. 51, R. 5 W. George Donileson, Samuel C.Knowles and Henry Sherry. N. /a NE. Sec. 6,T. 46 N., R 4W. KiJboum Manufacturing Co., Sees. 3, 4, 9, 10. r. 13 N., R. 6 a. (An act to amend Ch. 424 of the private and local laws of 1866. ) Wisconsin River Improvement Co., Sec. 8, T. 22 N., R. 6 E. Edward D. Brown, Thomas W. Anderson,. Anderson W. Krowu, AVeb^ter E. Brown, Sec. 6, T. 36 N., R. 9E , Oneida county. Jo«eph Desert, Louis Desert, H. M. Thompson. T 27N..R.7E. *01d dam have been maiutainedhere for many years. a Amendment, b Two dams. c Amendment. No improvements recently. 22 33S WATER POWERS OF WISCOKSIN. Grants of dam privihges by ihr legiblaivre of [r/.s'Oo?Mf«— Continued . Chai>- La\\> ter or River. County. Name of prautee. land description. of Dum- ! section, town.-^hip and range. 1 ber. ; 1893 96 ; Wisconsin river Marathon.... J.D.Ross, W. D. Siiverthorn. T. 28 N.. . H, 7 E. 1893 209 , Wisconsin river Wood Georsre S. B\ron and Laura It iron, Sec. 34. T.23N . R- t; E a 1893 210 [ Wiscousio river Wood Bertiaud G Chandn- and (iporjz'" K Ho— kinsonJots4.7*i8int;ec 8,T 22N.,H liE 189:) ■ 210 ■ Bis Kau Pleine river Marathon John 1-: McMullen, T. 29. R 2 E. 1890 172 Black river. .. Clark E. E. Finney, T. 2^^. R. 2W. 1S9:> 'M\:^ , Chippewa river Ashland .... (tim). L. Rocer> and R. A. Cook, Sec 12, T. 42. E. 2 W. 1890 3:)7 ■ 1 1 Fi^lier river Chippewa — Warren Flint and Kdward PortiT, Sec ;^4. T. 32. R, 6 W.. and Sec. 4. T, 31. R. 6 W 189:. ■ 99 Hemlock creek Wood D. J.Arpin.E. P Arpin. Jos L. Du:,'a^. Sec* 17-19 or 20, T. 22, K 4 E. 1890 2:)1 j Little Wolf river... Waupaca X. G, NeJ-on, Sec, 21. T 23. R. 13 K , 1890 ! 234 Pe&htiiro river Forest Frank K . Cook. Sec?. 28 ana 33, T, 37, R, 13 K, Henry S!ierr,\ and A. L Maxwell. Any lS9o 1 '30 ■ Turtle river Iron ' ' part of Iron count.\ bl8a- - 272 WiscoDsiu river ... Oneida Edward D. Biown. 1 heodjtre W. Ander- son, rindei-.jn W. Bio\\n aud Web^te^ E l!ru\\u. S' c ti. T 30, R 9 K. 189:. : 77 Wisconsin river Wood Lewi-^ N Alexander, Sec 3'-l. V. 22. R. o E c 189- 1 82 ; Wisconsin river Wood .... bertraDil G. Cliando> and (.tl'o K Hos- kinsob, at Grand Rapids. :?ff 8. T. 22. R 6 K. i Anieudlu- Chap 2U\ Laws of 1893.) 189-7 34:) Wisconsin river . ... Wood Lewi^ N. Alexander. Sec. 3(i. T 22. R. :. E. 189o oS Wolf river Shawaun. . (^has M Upliam and F. \S Huniph;e\, Sec. 1 or 13. T 27. R i:. K 189o 98 Wood river Burueti Hicker,~nn RolJpr Mill Co.. NW SW. Sec 14. T. 38. R. 19 W d 18Po 101 Yellow river Burnett Burnett .. . . Abe Joi,ij-on. fe^c 7. T. 40 \.\ 10 W. d 189o ^01 YelloNv rivei' . .... .\he .h.hriM.n. S c, 20, r 39, R 14 \V 189; 206 lieaver creek Juneau .1 F Hainiltoi), Cha-. T, iJaker and Hor- ace Mi'^p'-. ^pc. 3;l T. J9. R 2 E. 1897 207 CVanberrx cnek .... Bain^tt Sidnes H. WHti^iniati.Sec lo. T, 38, R. 15 W. 1897 UA Hh> river Barron W \ Cnrti-, N. ',^Sec. 18, ) :^o. R. 13 W 1S97 26(j Middle river JJouplas . .. K)ib\ Ihoma-. N B Aiuold aud A. K. Miil>. S.'i-, 10. T. 17. R. 12 W, ; Sec. 3o. T. 49. R. 12 AY. 1897 14") Oconto river Oconto..., .. Ge.. W. Yi.lk, Lot-; 1 aud 3. St*c, 26, T 28. R. 19 E 1897 240 Ocoutu river Oconto Ge»». hev.n-aiid ( ^hHS. Hall, S -c. 31. T. 28. R 20 E, e 1897 211 R-it river ; Fore t , ... 1 Wni. Fellows. SE SE. S.c. 2."., T. 3(j. R 14 E 1897 234 Gilbert cieek Dunn Maiilaud H Wilcox. sE, a W Sec. 26. T 2b. R.14 W. 1897 190 Wisconsin river Vila? .. Wu' J. Ual-li. Kred. Mo e\, W, A Brad- ford. Cots 7 am! ^ Sec, 36 T 40. R. 9 E 1^99 134 Elk Cieek Dunn ... Ji,uie-E Rutk.NW.of .\E S-c, 12X27 N . R.ll W. 1899 lU Apple river St. Cro X ... Frnnk W Ei.'.'V, Henr\ Fh.v. Gp(jr?e M Brill, SE. of SE s«c. ;-o, T 31 N.,R 19 \\ 1899 172 Apple river St. Croix ... Frank W Ep!e.\.bV\'. of Sec. 26. T.31N'., R 19 W 1899 177 Little Wolf river... . Waupaca — . W H, Hattou .v.- .\rtliur Lind-ay. NW. SW. of Sec lo. T, 23 N . R , 13 E. 1899 19J Waupaca river '' Waupaca ... R. N. Rubeit.- i\. Samuel T, O-hi.ru, Lots j 124 aud 12o. of the viUaKt-- uow the city. of Waupaca. 1899 209 Chippewa river. . .. i Chippewa .. 1 Auau* J, Wc(iil^rav. Sec. 30. or 29 and 30. , T. 30N., ot R.7 W, 1899 •io- Oak creek • 1 Dunu 1 J P. Ausman.NE. of SE. Sec. 12. T. 27 ' N..R, 11 W a Chap. 82, Laws of 1895. amends. b Amending Chap. 247. Laws of 1882; Chap, 2o3, c Amendment. d Chai^. 141. La\c? of 1897, repeals. eChap. 122, Laws of 1901. amends. Laws of 1887: Chap. 143. Laws of 1893. DAM CHARTERS GRANTED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT. 339 Orants of dam privileges by the legislature of Wisconsin — Contioued. Laws of 1899 1899 1899 1901 a 1901 1901 1901 1?01 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 1901 leoi 1901 1901 1901 1903 1903 190S 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 Chap- ter or uum- ber. 261 320 331 55 122 177 I80 198 260 261 262 264 294 365 366 455 462 24 26 59 62 145 153 154 155 15i 172 172 174 178 Riv,^r. County. Peslitigo river Marinette.... Flambeau river Price Manitowiyh river Prairie river Rat river Naraakaffon river Vilas Lincoln.... Forest Washburn .. . A>.'p]e river St. Croix .. Little Wolf river.... Waupaca .... Wood river Burnett Bip Plover river Portage Lill\ rivor Lanplade and Embarrafeib ri^er Forest Shawano FJambeau river Chippewa Rlack river Clark Trapp J iver Marathon Pine river ... Lincoln FJambeau river Chippewa.... WisconsiQ river Sauk and Columbia. St. Croix river Polk Pelican river Oneida Cbipt.ewa river Eau Claire... Husk Wi-consin river Lincoln Wisconsin river Marathon . . . Wisconsin river... Lincoln Wisconsin river Marathon ... Wisconsia river . Marathon Chippewa river.. .-... ' Chippewa. Chippewn river ; Chippewa. Apple river Polk Chippewa river | Chippewa Name of grantee, land description. section, township and range. Hieronvmus Zech. Sec. 1. T.32N.. R. 18 E. Sec. 33. T.32 N,. R. 19 E. Abbie Sherry & Frank T. Russell, Lots 4 S: 5, Sec. 13, Lot 3 of Sec. 24, T. 40 N-, R. 1 W. Lot 6 of Sec. 25, T. 40 N.. R. 1. W. Lot l.Sec.25,saiiift town and range. H. W. Wright, Sec. 14. T. 41 N.. R. " ,E. Emil Thomas. Sec. 12. T. 32 N.. R. 7'45. William Fellows, amendine 211, 1897. Jacob Bean and James S. O'Brien. Below the range line bbtween Rs. 9 and 10. F. W. Hpley. on the NE. W of the SW. J4 Sec. 31. T. 31 N., R. 18 W. Caspsr Fau«t, in the SW.i^iofthe SE. ^ of Sec. 8. T. 22 N., R. 14 E. Adolphus P. Nelson. SW. V4 NW. I4 Sec. 22. T. 38 N., R. 19 W Horace E. Hortnn. SW.14 of NE. H Sec. 9, T.23N.,R 8E. W. H. Dick. From mouth of said river to north line of T. 34. W. H. Dick,NE. i4of NW. 14 Sec. 36,T. 27. R.12 K Also on NW. ',» SE. 14. Sec. 7, T. 26. R. 14 E. Angus J, McGilvray. Sec. 35, T.36N.. R . 5 W . L. B. Ring. Sees. 22. 26, T. 24 N.. R 2 W Walter Alexander, Benjamin Heinemann and H. C. Steward. Sees. 12,13. T.301N.. R . 8 E. Geo. E. Foster Lumber Co.. Sees. 9,10, T. 31 N., R. 8E. CliarlpsR. Smith, Henry S. Smith. L. J. Noble, north ,S of Sec. 30, T. 35 N., K 5W. Lots 7 and 1, Sec. 2. T. 34N.. R, 6W. William Gunther. A. D, Johnson, A. B. Whitman, Lot 4,Sec.4,T 13N..R.6E Lots 1 and 2, Railroad Add. to Kilbouru Citv. St Croix Falls Wisconsin Improvement Co., at or near St. Croix Fall.'-. Antigo Is and Club, at outlet of Pelican lake, Sec. 31. T. 35, R. 10 E. City cif Eau Claire. O. E. Pedersod and L. E McGill, Lots 2. Sec. and 7, 18. T. 34, R. 6 W. Edward Bradley and Wallace G. Collins, Sees. 3 and W, T. 53, R. 6 E G D. Jones and NeaJi Brown, Sees. 13 and 14. T. 30, R. 7E. Alexander Stewart and Walter Alexander. Sees. 19, 20, 29, 30, 31. T. 33, R. 6, and Sec. 6. T 32, K. 6 E. J. D. Ross, Charles J. Winton and E. W Brook«. T. 28. R. 7 E. C. J. Winton, Sees. 32 and 33, T. 26, R. 7 E. David R. Davis and William L. Davis, south half Sec. 30, T. 30. R. 7 W. David R. Davis and William L. Davis, Lot 1, Sec. 29, and Lot 4, Sec. 20, T. 30, R. - W. A. P. Bixby and .\ndrew Bottolfson, See. 30, T. 32, R. 17 W. Cornell Laud & Power Co.. at Brunette Falls, Sec. 18. T.31, R. 6 W. a Amendment. Note.— For the years 1879 1880, 1881, 1882, and part of 18S5, 1887 and 1891, where the dams are authorized oxelusively for log or driving purposes, it will be found so indicated. 340 WATER POWERS OF WI SCON SIX. O rants of dam -privilecfcs hy the legislature of Wiaconshi^CoxiWnxxQd. \ Chap- Laws I teror of liOS num- ber. River. 1903 1903 1903 a 1903 1903 1903 1903 liK)3 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1W3 1903 1903 1905 1903 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 ISO Long Lake river 190H ! ISl Brule river . 1903 1S2 Black river , 206 Black river . 209 210 220 223 231 239 243 244 288 308 310 340 ^53 364 365 3S5 40J Jl 39 407 Pecor brook Red Cedar river. Apple river — Name of grantee, land doscription, section, township and ranpe. Copper river Chippewa river.. Wisconsin river , Black river Long Lake creek. Red river Menominee river White river Chippewa river Black river Tomahawk river Little Wolf river Embarrass river . Kickapoo river. . . Yellow river. Plover river.. 69 Elk creek ^50 Embarrass river. 597 Fox river ... . ^98 Pelican river. 399 La Crosse river . 400 Flambeau river. iOl Red Cedar river. Wisconsin river , 408 Big Somo river. 403 1 Jump river Lonsr Lake Improveraeot Co. . at or near outlet of Lont,' Lake. Lot 3. Sec. 18, T. 32. R . 8 W , AlwinA. Muck. Sec. 22. T. 47. R. 10 W. La Cro?se and Back River Railroad Co., Lots- 2 amis Sec, l.T. 21. R. 4 W. La Crosse hikI Northern Railway Co., pithor Lot 5. Sec. 1. or Lot 7, S c. 2, T. 18. R. 8 W. Robert Greffnon, NE of NW. and W. % of N\V. of Sec 18. T 29. R. 17. Daniel C. Baldwin and Hannah C. Bald- win, Sec. S. T. 29, R. 11 '-Y. F. W. Enley. SW. NE. riec. 31. T 31, R. 18 W. 'Amendment to Lhap. 185, Laws of 1901.) Heirs "f Richard Scheu, NE. SW. Sec. 4, T.31, R. SE. John W. Thomas, Sees. 1 and 12. T. 29, R. 8 W. E. S. Shenardand -\ . W. Shelton. Sees. 23 I and 27. T. 36. R. 8E Charles C. Smceman. at or near the city of i Xaillsville. I J, H. Paimer.T. 43and 44. R 3. G. I A. C. Weber, Sec.-. 21 or 22, T 27. R, 15 E. Powell Srack H iu*e, lot 2 or 3 or both, I Sec. 22, T. 38, R. 21 E. Frank J. Kipp. Sec. 24, T. 18, R. 10 E-.and ■ Sec. 19. T, 18. R. 11 E. I E. T. Harmon, Sees. 23 and 26, T. 38. I R.7W. ■ ErwinG. Rovnton and Orlando Holway. i Sec. 3,T. 22. R.3 \\ . I John Woodlock. SW. Sec. 18. T. L9. R.6E H. M. Seaver. >IE. bee. 34, t. 24. K. 13 E. I ^. F. Decker. SW. Sec. 5. T. 25, R. 15 E, I G. W. Henika and C. W Fowell, village , of Reedstown . Village of Spooner, NW. '4, SE. \, Sec. 1 31. T. 39, R. 12 W. Legal he id 15. Stevens Point Power Company, NW. ^4 SW. V4 Sec. 12, T. 24 N.. R. 8 E. Legal I head 14. ' Thomas B. WtU«:>n, NE. U NE. ^4 Sec, , 24. T. 27, R, 17 W. I W. H. Dick, iH) E, \^ BE. ^ Sac. 32, T, ' 28N,,R.li K., (bfSE. I4 NW. U, Sec ; 15, T. 27 N., R. 13 E. 1 J. S. Van N< 'It wick et al.. Lower Rdpid.s, ' Kaukauna. Legal head 27. I W E. Brown et al., S. U. SE. I4 S 'c 4, I N "g.NE. V4 Sec. 9 or Tr36N., R. lOE. j Legal head 6.^ Steven Steenson, SW. U Sec. 33, T. 17 N., I R.6W. LjKalheadl2.-^ I Charles A. Gesell, W. H Sec. 4, T. 41 N.. j R. 2 E. (Concrete. > Legal head 35.' ! Sowali A. Peterson, P. M, Palmer, et al., i E. 14 NW. \ Sec. 32, T. 35 N.,R. 1 11 W. Legal head 15.- I J. A. Barrett, D. E. Dawson, etal., Lot 1 5 in Sec. 19across river to Lot 3, Sec. 1 20. T. 31 iN., R, 7E. Legal head 13, I Stnlle-Baradt Lumber Company, Sec. 4, I T. 35N,, R. 4E. Legal head 9. I John Casgriff. Sec. 2j, T. 33 N., R. 5 W. 1 Legal head 20. a Amendment. ^ From bed of stream. 2 Measured from low water in river. DAM CHARTERS GRAyTEB BY LEGISLATIVE ESACTMEXT. Ul Grants of dam privilef/ra hy the leyulahtre of U'i«con*/n— Continued. Laws of 1905 1905 1905 1905 1905 Chap- ter or u um- ber. River. 1905 i 1905 1905 1905 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 1907 410 1 White river.. j 411 Main creek .. I 415 ^ Pine riv.r 45' 464 470 483 485 491 644 189 405 383 \so\i river , Wisconsin river. County . Bayfield... Rusk Florence . . Lan*2rlade . Lincoln ... Black river Clark WiiCOD^riu liver Vilas Oconto river , Oconto Black river Jackson.. Wisconsin river. WiscoDsifi river. Peslitigo river... Peshtigo river. 385 j Eau Claire river. 361 t'Jambeau river.. 123 i Flambeau river.. 380 Chippewa river.., 626 Chippewa river,. . 3'> Chij)pewa river.. , 675 Flambeau river.. . 286 Yellow river Marathon Sauk, Colum- bia. Marinette Marinette Eau Claire. . Iron Name of grantee, land description. section, township and ran^e. Rusk... Rusk... Sawyer,, 158 Big Plover river.. 590 Sii'Ux river 549 Rock river 437 Little Wolf river 416 Little Wolf river. 284 Jump river 404 409 489 514 384 359 381 449 Wolf river Menominee river Trout creek. triher creek. Brule river. Pine river.. Bad river.. Oconto river. Eau Claire. Chippewa.. Chippewa Portage Bayfield .... Jefferson. . . . Waupaca ... Waupaca . . . Rusk Langlade . . . Florence, ... Vilas... Taylor . Florence. .. Florence. .. Ashland Oconto . J. B. Matthews et al.. Sec. 1. T. 46N.. R. 5 W. Legal head 45.- G. E. Newmar. Sec 31. T. 34 N.. R. 5 W. Legal heati 15. E. W. Hopkins, Sec. 38. T. 39 K , R. 18 E. (.Above normal . ) Leeal head 32. F.J. Robert, E. H. Van Ostrond, M. J Wallri-k. E. U. SW. \ Sec. 10. T. 31 N., R. 14E. Legal head 26. E. T. Harmon et al.. L. N.Anson. John O'Dav. Lots 2. 3, 6 .7. Sec. 30, T. 33 N., R. 6E Legal head 32. Cit« of Greenwood. Sdc.34, T.27N .R. 2 W Legal heart 16.'-' Tnwn of Eacle River. Lots 7*8. Sec. 36. . T.40N.,R. 9E. Legalhead20. Wm. C. Zachow. Lots 1 k 8. Sec. 33. Legal hoad 30.^ City of Black River Falls and J. J, Mc- Gillivary. E. '2 SE. U Sec. 15. T. 21 N.. R.4W, To increase head from 11 tol.'i. Legal head 15. Beans Eddy Power Co., Sees 6, 7. S. T. 26, R . 7 E. Legal bead 15. J. S. Tripp. Magiius Swensou, Sec. 2-'>, T. 10, R. 6£. Legal head 18. Crivitz Pulp Co., Sec. 21, T. S2. R. 19 E. l,egal bead 46. C. E Rollins. Sec. 15, T. 32. R. 19 E Legal liead 18. Isrel Shroudy. Sec. 10, T. 26, R. 5 W. State Land ^: Power Co., W. t.j Sec. 4. T. 41. R. 2 1-:. O. E. Pederson, Lots 2, 7, Sec. IS. T. 34, R. 6 W. Legal head 20. C. R. Smith. NE. ^i Sec. 23, T 36. R. 7 W. Legal head 26. John Arpin Lumber Co.. Sec. 10. T. 'i~ . R. 7 W. Legal head 18. Citv of Eau Claire. Legal head 32. A. J. McGilvray. Sec 35, T. 36 R. 5 W. Jacob Svetlik. NE. ^-4 Sec. 31. T. 29, R. 6W. Legal head 10, A. Van Order, SE. 1.4 Sec. 1, T. 24. R. 8 E. Legal head 4 ft. additional. Citv otf Washburn, NE. ^^ Sec. 19. T 49. R. 4 W. Legal head 60. Watertown El. Co. Legal head 13. A. W. Whitcomb, N. line Sec. 26, T. 25, R. 12 E. F. M. Moffatt, SW. I4 Sec. 22, T. 23, R. 12 E. Legal head 15. J. C. Young, Sec. 34, T. 33, R. 5 W. Legal he'^d 20. E. P. Sherry, S. Vz Sec. 25, T. 31. R. 14 E. Legal head 35. Max Sells, Sec 2 or 12, T. 39, R. 19 E. Legal head 32. R. C. Schutz, SW. I4 Sec. 14, T. 41. R. 6E. C. F. Stout. Sec. 12, T 33, R. 1 E. Legal head 25. J. J. Pontbriand. Sec. 9 to 15, T 40. R.18E. E. W. Hopkins, Sec. 28 T. 39, R. 18 E. W. M. Ruggles, Sec. 30. T. 45. R. 2 W. Legal head 80. S. C. Frost, SW. I4 Sec. 10. T. 31, R. 16 E. Legal head 20. ^ Measured from the river bed. "^ Measured from low watei in river. INDEX. Afton, power dcvclopmoiit at, 229. Agriculture, development of, 13, 263. Alpena, Mich., temperature at, 14. Amherst, power rtevelopmeut at, 104. precipitation at, 59. Aminioon River, '^escriptiou of, 260. Angelo water power, 322. Appendix — dam charters, 323-341. Apple Kiver, drainajre area of, 239. fall at mouth of, 243. power development and sites on, 242, 243 rnn-ofE of, 243. Appleton, fall at, 43, flow at, 43. power development at, 44-40. precipitation at, 60. Arcadia water power, 322. Arbor Creek, power development at, 104. Arkansas, power development at, 229. Arkansas Troek, power development on. 229. Augusta, power development at, 229. Avnlanch, water power at. 16S. B. Bad River, tributaries of. 258. views of falls on, 256. 257. water powers on, 257, Bad AVater rapids, water power at. 69. Bad Ax River, water powers of, 322. drainage area of, 321. Babcock. water power at, 160. Balsam Lake, water power on, 249. Baltimore rapids, water power at, 239. Baraboo quartzite. occurrence of, 113. Barnabee rapids, fall at, 212. Barton dam. description of, 275. horse power of, 275. Barnards rapids, dam site at, 153. Baraboo River, 162. geology and drainage, 162. profile, 164. railroad facilities, 163. water powers, 163. Baraljoo, water powers at, 163. Linen Mill dam, 163. City Water Works dam, 163. Hoyt Mill Company dam, 165. Island Woolen Company dam, 165. Bark River, 312-313. drainage of, 312. profile of, 313. water powers of, 317. Bass Creek, power development on, 229. Bastwick Creek, water powers of, 322. Battle Island, fall at, 139. power site at, 139. Bear Creek, logging dam on, 222. Bear Lake, fall at, ISo. ueservoir site at, 1S3. Beaver Creek, water powers, 322, Beaver Creek. ISO. Beaver Dam River, 309. drainage area of, 300. profile of, 310. water powers of, 310. Beaver Dam <'ottou Mill, 311. turbines installed, 311. officers of, 311. Beaver Dam Upper Woolen Mill, 311. Beaver Dam Lower Woolen Mill, 311. Beasley & Co., 308. Beloit water powers, description of dam, 305. map of, 306. ownership of, 308. Beloit Iron Works, 308. Beloit Macliine Works. 308. Beloit Electric Co., 30S. Beef River, drainage area, 321. water powers of. 322. Belills Falls, water power at, 204. Bevent. power development at, 158. Big Falls, fall at, 211. view of, 211. water power at, 211. Big Lake, elevation of, 108. Big Quinnesec Falls, fall at, 70. water power at. view of, 70. Big Rock rapids, water power at, 239. Bill Cross rapids, fall at, 143. water power at, 143. 344 lyoEX. Birou (lam. fnll at, 107. view of, 13S. Big Eau rieine Kiver, 13G. geology aiul drnuiage. 150. fall in river, 156. profile of, 156. Tvater powers, 15&-7. Big Bear Creek, 322. Big Bull Falls, 161. Big Tamericli. water powers, 322. Big Creek, water powers at. 322. Black Creek, fall at month of. 111. Black River (Lake Superior drainage), wa- ter power on, 254. view of falls on, 254, Black River (Mississippi Uivcr drainage), geology, 169. drainage area of. 171. flow at Melrose. 172. at Neillsville. 173-176. map of. 169. profile of. 171-172. rainfall, 169-170. transportation facilities, 180. tributaries of. ISO. water powers on. 17G-180. Black River Falls, fajl at. 176. power development at. 177. view of, 177. Blaisdells Lake, fall at. 198. Blakes Lake, power vlevelopment at, 243. Blodgett Milling Company. 302-304. Bloomingdale, water power at, 168. Blair water power. 322. Bob Creek, fall at, 197. Bois Brule River, drainage of. 254. water power on. 255. Boomer's dam, 299. Bower City Light & Power Company. 30t. Boulder Lake, fall at. 210. Boyceville. power development at. 229, Bridge Creek, power development on, 220 Brokaw, fall at. 142. power development at. 142. view of. 142. Brooks. T. B., on Little Qninnesec Falls. 71, Bruce, fall at, 197. Brule, fall at, 76. Brule River, character of, 76. dams on, 77. drainage area of, 76. profile of. 76. source of, 75. Brunett Falls, fall at, 202. view of, 202. water power at. 202. Brunett River, dam on, 206. Burnt Islan-d Rapids, fall at. 211. Buckataban Lakes, proposed dam nt. 107. Bnffiilo Lake, origin of. Sk Bull Rapids, location of. 247. IJnrkhar.lt. water power near. 244. Burns water power. 1^22. Burns Creek, water powers. 322. Burlington dams. 320. Butte des Morts, Lake, character of, 40. Butternut Creek, reservoir site on, 1S3. Butternut Lake, reservoir site at. 1S3. ('a)tl(\ fall at. 24S. Callow. wat(^r jiower at. 152. Caldron Falls, desoription of, SiPi. view of. SO. C;uiilirian sandstone, ocrnrn^iif-,' of, 7. 80, 112. 135. Cameron, fall at. '2'S..]. Catfish River. 313. (Irninage of. 313. profile of, 314. w;iter jiowers of, 314. run-off of. 315-316. Cattish Lake, elevation of. lOS. Cedar Creek, fall at month of. Ul. Cfdar Lake dam. fall nt. 223. Casf-nde dams, dwner nf, 270, head. 270. horsepower. 270. Cazenovia dam. 100. Cato Mills. 2^3. Cedar Creek, drniisago area. 2T.">. l^fofile of. 276. water po\i-ers of, 277-278. Cedar raiiils (Chippewa River) fall at. 211. wnter power at. 211, Cedar rapids (Tomnhawk River). loration of. 140. Cedar r.ipids dam. fall at. 220. water power at, 220. Cedars dam, fall at, 47. power development at. 47. ChaselnirET water jiower, 322. Chalk Mill rapids, water power at, 73. Chevalley rapids, fall at. 107. Cherokee rapids. 157. Chicago & Northwestern Railway, access to water powers by. 165. 54. 60, 134, 279, fiO. 260. Chicago. Milwaukee tS: St. Paul Railway, access to water powers by. 134, 54, 69, 260. Chicago. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway, acce^'s to water powers by, 180, 205. 260. Chilton water powers. 283. Chtppenacia Creek, fall nt mouth of. 248. IXDEX. 345 Chippewa Fulls, fall nt. li>7. gaging station nt. in4-ir)[i. power developmeiitR nt, 100. view of dnm at. 200, map of river at. 200. Chippewa River, dams on, 1S3. drainage area of. 19S. map of, ISl. power sites and vlevelopnients on, I00-20.S. profile of. 107-198. views of. 109. 200. rain fall on, 186. rapids on. view of. 100. 200, 202. reservoir sites on. 183. rocks on, 182. rnn-oflf of. 185-196. timl)er on, 1S2, topoirraphy and drainage. 19G. tributaries of, 203-209. transportation facilities. 1S4. See also East Branch Chippewa ; West Branch Chippewa. Cincinnati shales, occurrence of. Clam Falls, water power at. 4."S-0. Clara Lake, fall at, 24G. Clam River, description of. 245. drainage area of. 245. fall of, 246. profile of, 246. water-power development on. 246. Clays, opcnrrence and diaracter of. 12. Clark Mills. 2S3. Climate, character of. 14. Colfax, power development at. 229. Colton rapids, fall at. 107. Combined Locks dam. power development at, 48. view of. 48. Conover. elevation at. 147. Consolidated Paper & I'ower Co.. 1?>7. Coon Valley water power. .122. Coon River, drainage area. .S21. water powers, 322. Co-operative State and Fe.leral survey. 4. Cooper Falls^ fall at. 2.".0. view of. 259. Court Oreilles Lake and rapids, water power at. 205. Court Oreilles River, drainage area of, 20.'>. reservoir sites on. 183. water power on, 205. Cranberry Lake, elevation of. 108. Crawfish River, 300. drainage area. 309. tributaries, 309. Crivitz, gaging station, 80. dam at, 84. Crystalline rocks, occnrreuce of. C, 57, 78. Cunningham Creek, fall at mouth of. 171. D. Uallcs l('h[ppew;i Uivcrt. power develop- ment at. 220. Dalles (Eau Claire Uiveri. dam site at. view of. 153. fall at. 153. Dams. See particular rivers, placos. etc. r>aiio Mills, water power. 322. Davis Falls. See .Tim Falls. Do Nevuo Creek, power development on. 27. r>eertail Creek, fall at mouth of, 107. Dells (lam. fall at. 17S. water power at, 178. Depere. flam at. plan of. figure showing, 53. dam at. view of. .";;. fall at. 53. power development at. 54, Dog Lake, elevation of, 108. Dore Flambeau River, ciiaracter of. 220. dams on, 221. drainage area of. 220. profile of. 221. reservoir sites on. l'^3. Douglas Creek. ISO. Douglas Copper Range, location and char- acter of. 250-51. Downsville. fall at, 22G. power dovelopiueiit at. 220. Dowd. U. .T.. Knife "Works. 30<1. Drainage, map showing. 10. I>uck Creek, pctwer levelopment on. 27. Ducomon rapids, fall at. 210. Dulutli. Minn., rainfall at, 20. temperatures, at. 14. rtnluth. South Shore ^^- Atlantic Railway, acf-e<'^ to water pow-^^rs Ity. 2fin. TMincan Creek, power development on. 22S. L>unville. fall at. 22.". water power at. 22fl. Dundee dam. owner. 270. head, 270. horse power. 270. Dupee flats, location of. 247. Durand. power developnieut at. 220. E. Eagle Lakes, elevation of. 108. proposed dam at, 107. Eacle Point, power development at. 229. Eagle Rapids, fall at. 200. water power at, 200. Eagle River, lakes on, elevation of. lOS. Eagleville dam. 320. East Brarch of Chippewa River, drainage area of. 203. profile of. 198. reservoir sites on. 183. water power on. 183. 204, 206. 346 INDEX. East Forks, fall at mouth of, 171. Eau Claire, gaging station near, 185-194. power development at, 199. view of dam, 199. Eau Claire River (Cliippewa River drain- age), drainage area of, 227. fall at mouth of, 227. power development on, 227. Eau Claire River (St. Croix River drain- age), description of, 239. drainage area of, 239. Eau Claire River (Wisconsin River drain- age), dam sites on, 150. drainage area of, 148. fall at mouth of, 151. profile of, 151. water powers of, 131. dells of, 153. Eau Galle Creek, 322. Eau Pleine River, dam sites on, IdO. drainage area of, 14S. Elroy, water power at, 168. Elk Creek water powers. 322. El Paso water power, 322. Eighteen-mile Creek, power development on, 229. Elk River, logging dams on, 222. Embarrass, power development at, 104. rainfall at, 20, 60. Embarrass River, power development on, 104. Engineers, army, reports of, on Wiscon- sin Rivers, 107, IDS. 109. Escanaba, precipitation at, 60. temperature at, 14. Escanaba River, flow of, 58. Farm dam, S7. Fisher River, fall at mouth of, 197. Flambeau Lake, logging dam on, 222. Flambeau River, character of, 206. drainage area of, 203. fall of, 208. fail at mouth of, 210. water power at, 210. falls on, view of, 210. 211, 213. power development on, 210-214. profile of, 209-210. rainfall on, 207. 214. run-off of, 215-220. source of, 208. tributaries of. 220. Florence, precipitation at, 59. Flint, Julius, 308. Forks of the Flambeau, fall at, 212. drainage area at, 212. Forest conditions, discussion of, 12-13. Fox and Wisconsin Improvement Company^ development by, 39. Fox River, drainage of, 25. precipitation on, 30-32. Fox River, Lower, character of, 38, dams on, views of, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48. drainage area of, opposite 25. map of. 25. fail of, 39. floods on, 38. ice on. 38. legal status of water powers on, .39. navigation of, 54. profile of, 28-29. rocks on. SS. run-off of, 2'.}-;j8. topography on, 27-28. transportation facilities, 54. water powers on. 41-54. Fox River. Upper, profile of, 26. water powers on, 27. Fox-Wisconsin divide, character of, 25, 112- 113. Fox River (branch of Illinois), 318. drainage of, 318. fall of, 318. profile of, 318. water powers of, 319. Fredonia. water power at, 273. power, 273. owner, 273. Fulton, water power, 314. G. '\-ri('-a Uii'cstitne. i:ocr.r.e::co of, 27. Gaston & Sons. 308. Gays Mills, water powers at, 167. Geography, physical, of northern Wiscon- sin, 6-21. Geological Survey. U. S., on Wisconsin rivers. 4-5. Geology, account of, 6-9. Geneva water pOAvers, 320. Germantown water power, 160. Gilbert, fall at, 11. Glacial drift, occurrence and character of, 8. Glenbeulah water power, 282. Glen Mill, view of, 228. Glidden Station, fall at, 198. Gogoshungun River, water power on, 256. Goose Eye rapids, fall at, 204. water power at, 204. Frafton dams at, Milwaukee Falls Lime Co., 272. Sheboygan Knitting Co., 272. Upper dam, 272. Grant River, drainage area, 321. Gravesvllle, water power, 283. Grand Chute, fall at, 48. ISDEX. 347 Grand Kankauna, fall at, 4S. power development at, 49-51. Grand Rapids, fall at, 137. powei' development at, 137. view of dam, 137. Grand River, power ;levelopnient on, 27. Grandfatbei: rapids, fall at, 143. view of, 144. water power at, 144. Grandmother rapids, fall at, 144. view of, 145. Great Northern Power Co., power develop- ment of, figure showing, 252. Great Northern Railway, access to water power by. Green Bay, elevation at, 2D. precipitation at, 60. Green Bay and Mississippi Canal Co., devel- opment by, 39, 47. water power owned by, 39-40, 50. Green Bay & "Western Railroad, access to water power by, ISO. Green Bay Valley, topography of, 27-23. Greenbush, water power at, 282. Greenwood dam, 179. Gresham, power development at, 104. H. Halcyon, fall at, 171. water power at, 177. Halfhreed rapi'Js, location of, 149. Half Way Creek, 322. Halls Creek, fall at mouth of, 171. dams on, 180. Harts, fall at, 241. Hasting's rapids, 84. . Hat rapids, fall at, 146. water power at, 14. view of dam, 146. Hatfield, fall at, 177. water power at, 178. Hatton. power development at, 27. Hay River, dam on, 229. Hayton. water power at, 283. Hector, logging dam at, 241. Hemlock dam, fall near, 178. power development at, 178. Herman's Farm, gaging station, 81. High Falls, 85. description of, 86. view of, 85. Hillsboro dam, 166. Hixton, water power at, 322. Hilbnrn, water power at, 320. Hingham, water power at, 322. Holman, water power at, 322. Holeombe rapids, fall at, 202. power development at, 202. Homestead bridge, flow at, 61. Horse Race rapiJs (Menominee River), water power at, view of, 70. Horse Race rapids {St. Croix River), water power at, 239. Horicon, dam site. 207. Horicon marsh, 297. Hudson, water power near, 244. Hunters Lake, fall at, 198. Huronian rocks, occurrence of, 6. 250-251. Hustisford. water powers at, 297. Hydrography of Northern Wisconsin, 10. I. Igneous rock, occurrence of. 232. Indian Ford, water power, 300. Independence, water power, 322. Iron Mountain, Mich., fall at. 56. flow at. 61-66. water power near, 70. Iron River (Menominee River drainage), drainage area of, 68. Iron River (Lake Superior drainage), power development on, 260. Iron River Water, Light & Power Co., 260. Ironwood, fall at, 256. Ironton dam, 166. Irving, fall at, 226. water power at, 226. Island Lake, elevation of, 108. fall at, 210. Island rapi-.ls, fall at. 214. Jackson ililling Co. dam, 139. power development at, 139. Janesville water powers, 302-305. map of, 301. ownership of, 302. Ford's dam, view of, 302. Monterey dam, view of, 304. Janesville Electric Co., 304. Janesville Woolen Mills, 304. Janesville Sash & Door Co., 302. Jeffris Company, 304. Jefferson dam, 299. Jewett, water power at, 243. Jim Falls, fall at, 202. power development at, 202. figure shovving, 202. John Edward Mfg. Co., 136. Johnson's Falls, 85. view of, 85. description of, 85. Jordan, power development at, 158. Jump River, dams on, 227. drainage area of. 227. water power on. 228. 348 IXDEX. K. Kaukauu:i. See Grand KauUauna: Little Kaukaiuia. Keawasogou Lake, olevatiuii uf. lOS. Kelley, water power at. loJ. Kesbeua. jiayiiij? station at, IttO. Kettle Kivoi-. drainng:e area of, 230. Kettle River rapiJs. f;ill at. 2;.;s. water power on. 239. Keweenawau rouUs. (UM-urroiiCL' of. 0. 24(i. 234. Kewaskuin dfiiu. 273. Kickapoo River. ir>ii. geology and draiimge. 100. profile of. IGT. water powers of. 107. tributaries of, IGS. west fork of, ICS. east fork of. 16S. Kilboiirn. fall at. 135. power development at. 133. diseharge at. 117-120. view of dam at. 133. Kiel, water power :it. 2S2, Kimherly-Cliirk Paper Co.. 41. 47. Kinnikiniiio River, description of. 240. water power on. 240. Ivoepeniek, preeipitntion at. 30. 113. La Crosse, fall at. 171. temperature at, 14. La Crnspe River, drainag'e area, 321. water powers of. 322. Ladysmith dam. fall at. 210. tlow near, 213. gajring station near. 220. Lake deposits, relation of water supply of. 267. Lake Superior drainng^e. description of. 230. drainape to. 251. map of. 250. rainfall of. 252. topofrraphy of, 250. water powers of. 251-260.- transportation facilities. 260, Lake Vieux Desert, dam at. 107. fall at, 171. reservoir site at, lOS. Lakes, oceurrence of, 10. 231. Laurentian rocks, occurrence of, 6. 230-231. Landerdale water power. 320. La Valle. water power at. 166. LaTvrence. power .levelopment at, 27. Lennabro Creek, 166. Loipsic, wniiT power, 312, head of, 312. ownership of. 312. Leuaville. water power at, 2'=;3. Leon, water power at. 322. Lemon weir River, IGl. g:eolog:y and drainagre, 161. fall of river. 161. protile of. 161, wnler powers uf. 102. I-omonweir, water power at. 162, Lindaner dam, fall at, 143, Little Cedar rapids, fall at, 211. Little Cednr River, drainage area of. GO. Little Chief Lnke. fall at, 1S3. reservoir site at, 1S3. Little Chief River, dam on. 200. Little Kau I'leine River, drainage area of, 148. Little Falls, f.-ill at. 211. wnter power at. 211. Little Kaukauna. fall at. 33. power development at, 33. litrnre showing'. 32. legral troubles of, 33. Little B.'iraboo River, 100. Cazenovia. 100. Ironton. 160. Sec. 3. T. 12 X.. R. 3 E.. 100. Hills])Oro. IGG. Little Fnckanance. fall at. 24S. Little Quinuesec Foils, fall at, 71. flow at. 50. power development at. 71. view of, 71. Little River, power development on. 27. Little AVolf, power at. 104. Little Wolf River, power development. 102- 103. Littlechute. dam at. view of. 4S, fall at. 48. power development at. 4S. Little La Crosse River, 322. Loams, occurrence and character of. 12. Logging:, cessation of. 10-11. Long Lake, elevntiou of. 108. Lorrendal Creek. 166. Lowell, water power at, 312. head, 312. ownership. 312. Lower Sandstone rapids. 85, Lower Fox River. See Fox River. Lower. Lower Magnesian limestone, occurrence of, 7. water content of, 266. Lowes Creek, dam on. 229, Loweth & Wolf, gaging by, 233. Lucas, dam at, 229. Lumbering industry, extent of, 13. Lyons, water power at. 320. INDEX. 349 M. Miinito\voc Kiver, y:eology aud drainajrL', •2SV.. fall in river, 'JS3. prorile of, liXJ. water powers ou, 283. Mauitowoc rapids, 283. March rapids, 156. Martell, water power at, S2.1. Maustou, water power at, 162. McKiuzie Creek, fall at mouth of, 24S. Manchester, power developmeut at, 27. Mauiroulsh lUver, fall on, 222. lo.a:^^iuj,' dams ou, 222. reservoir site ou, 1S3, Mann. L. M.. flow measurements by, 29, "2. Manawa, power development at, 103. Mnrblehead, i>ower development at, 27. Marinette rapids, power development at, "). Maringo Uiver. See Maringonin River. Maringouin River, description of, 258. water power on, 258-259. Markesan, power development at, 27. Marquette, temperature at, 14. Meoan River, character of, 27. water powers on, 27. Medicine Lake, elevation of, 108. !Molrose, flow at, 172-173. Menasha, fall at, 41. power development at, 43. precipitation at, 60. map of river, 42. Meuomonie, gaging station at, 224-22j, Menomonie dam (Red Cedar River), fall at. 226. water power at, 226. Menominee River, character of, 55. dams on, 77. drainage area of, 55. origin of, 55. map of, 55. power development on, 69-77. precipitation ou, 58-60. profile of, 56. rocks on, 5T. run -off of, 58-68. tributaries of, 75-77. views of. 70, 71, 78, 98. Merri-ll, fall at, 143. flow at, 127-132. power development at, 143, gaging station at, 127-132. Michigamme River, drainage area of, 63. Middle River, -aescrlption of, 260. Milwaukee, rainfall at, 19-20. rainfall at, chart showing, 19. Milwaukee River, 269. map of, 269. topography and drainage, 269. profile of, 269-270. Milwaukee liivcr — ("iintinued. fall in river, 270. water powers, 271. tributaries, 275-278. railroad facilities, 279. Milwaukee dam, 271. Mill Creek, 180. Millhouse, water power at, 282. Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Kalhvay, access to water powers by, 'jil, 210, 2G0. Mondovi, water power at, ;!22. Montello. power development at, 2iJ, J7. Monlello River, character of, 26-27. water powers on, 20-27. Montreal Uiver, water power on, 25.j. Moose Lake, fall at, 183. reservoir site at, 183. Moose Kiver, fall at mouth of, 2:J2. Moraines, location and character of. 8. Mosinee, fall at, 13i). power site at, 140. Mount Morris, power development at, 104. Mud Lake U^ox River), origin of, 25. Mud Lake (Wisconsin Kiver), elevation of, 108. Mud Lake (Yellow River), dam at, 241. fail at, 241. Mt. Calvary, water power at, 2S2. Mukwanago, water power a1, 320. Mnsooda, gaging station at. ll.VllO. N. Xamekagou River, description of, 246. drainage area of, 239. fall at mouth of. 232. Xeba;raniain Lake, water power at, 25'). Nebagamain River, rapids at mouth of, 2.j.X Necedah, dam site at, 135. fall at. IGO. flow at, 120-126. Neenah, location of, 41. power development at, 41. Neenah and Menasha Water Power Com- paziy, organization of, 41. Neenah Creek, power development on, 27. Neillsvllle, flow at, 173-176. water power at, 129. Nekoosa. fall at, 136. power development at, 136. view of, 136. Netnadji River, character of, 254. New Greenwood dam, fall at, 179. New London, precipitation at, 59. New Richmond, water power at, 245. New Dota Manufacturing Co., 304. Newton, water power at, 322. New Lisbon, water power at. 162. Newburg, undeveloped fall, 273-274. 850 IXDEX. Niiigara liiiiestoue. occurrence of. 7. water content of. -U7. Nijr;2:er Ishiuil. fall nt. 111. Xorcros.s. I'liny, 300. Noi'tU Fork of Fhunltcan Uiver. reservoir site on, 183. Northern I'acitic llailruail. access to water powers by, 200. Northport. flow at. 07-Os. Norman Creek, water power. o-2. North :Milwaukee. "Jam at. 271. Norway. Mich., fall at. ."G. N00. water power of. 017. O'Keef I'c Orhison. ou Menominee Iliver. .17. Omalia liriaj:-e, fall at, 22:";. water power at. 22.". O'Neals Creek, power (U'vclic: Quinne*^ee: Little R. Rnilronds. ncness to water ix'wors by. See under each name. Rainbow rnpids. water power i^t. 140. Rainfall. See Precipitation Rapide Crofbe dam. fall at. Hi. flow of Fox River at. 20-37. pracrinp: station at. 20-37. power development at. 51. view of Fox River at. 52. Rattlpsimke Creek, power development on, 104. Rel Cedar River, dau's on, 222. drainajtre area of. 203. profile of. 223. rooks on. 222. power development on. 22-V226. run-off of. 224-225. transportation facilities. 22n. Red River, power development on. 104. Reeds Landing:, fall at. 107. Reedsbnrp: water power. 16.". Readstown water power. 168. Reservoirs, capacity of proposed sites for 1S3. ■Rest Lake, fall at. 183. 210. Uliiuelander. dam at. 140. dam at. fall at. 140. power development :'t. 140. t^aginjr station at. 132. Rhinelander I'aper & Pulp Co. mill, view of. 147. Rib River. i;>4. yrinddtry and drainairc. l."4. fall in river. 154. profile of. 154. water i)Owers of. 155, Riclmrdsun. 11. and V.. 32(1. liice. reservoir sile at. 108. Rice Lnke. fall at. 241. lo^ijiiiiir dam at. 241. Uilnui. power development at, 27. River Falls, water powers at. 240. Roek Trcek. power devclnpment on. 220. Rooks. i»re-Cambrian. occurrence of. 6. 54, 2;J2. on. IVo. 18L!. 05. Roarini; Rapids. 87. R(diins; Kddy rapids, water power at, 178. view of. 178. RotlTChilds. fall at. 140. water power at. 140. Round Lake, reservoir site at. 183. Rtnjiltoii. water power at. 103. Rural, power '.levelopment at. 104. Rusli City, fall at. 232. Rush River, drainage area of. 321. water powers on, 322. Seofield. water power at. 151. Sechlerville. water power at, 322. Slaeboye:au Falls, water powers. 282. Sheboy.aran River. 2S0-282, geology and drainage. 280. fall in river. 280. profile of. 281. water powers of. 281-2. 352 IXDEX. Shelby, water power at, 322. ■Skiuuer's Rapids, S7. Soldiers Grove, water power at, lOS. Southern Wisconsin, water powers of, present condition of, 203-205. underground waters, 20o-2GS. Spriug and Seymour Itapids, 85. Sparta, water powers at, 322. Stoughton, water powers at, 31o. Stebbensville, water power at, 314. St. Croix Couut}-, soils in, 12. St. Croix Falls, fall at, 227, 231. view of dam, 23S. power development at, 23S. St. Croix Lake, fall to, 232. St. Croix raj^ids. water power at, 237-8. St. Croix lliver, character of, 230-231. drainage area of, 230. fall of, 230-237. map of, 2:31. profile, 232. reservoir sites ou, 183. rocks ou, 232. run-off of. 233-230. topography on, 237. tributaries of, 239, 249. water powers on, 230-230. view of. 238. St. Germaiu Lakes, dam sites at. 148. St. Louis Itiver, character of, 252. plan of Great Noi-thern Power Company's canal. 252. water power of, 253. development of, figure showing, 253. St. Paul, Minn., rainfall at, 20. temperature at, 14. St. Peter sandstone, occurrence of, 7. water content of, 260. Sailor Creek, 180. Sand Creek, power development at, 229. Sand Portage rapids, water power at. 72. Sandstone rapids, location of, 85. water power at, 88. Sandy soils and loams, occurrence and character of. 11. Sankville dam. 273. Saxeville, power development at, 27. Scandinavia, power development at, 104. Schappies rapids, fall at, 74. water power at. 75. Schofield, dam site at. 84. Schultz Rapi-ds. fall at 21-3. Shawano, precipitation at. 59. power 'development at, 95. Shawtown, fall at, 197. flow at. 185-104. Sherman, power development at, 104. Silver Creek, power development on, 27. Snake River, drainage area of, 239. Snaptall rapids, fall at. 198. water power at, 198, 204. Soils, character of, 11-12. South Centralia dam. view of. 13C, [tower development at, 130. S<»ntherji Wisconsin, water powers of, 203- present conditions of. 203-205. undergrounil waters, 205-207. Spooner, fall at, 241. Spring Drook. mouth of, fall at, 248. Spring Creek, power development at, 104. Sitrings in Glacial drift, 207-208. Squaw Lake, reservoir site at. 183. Stiuaw Creek, ISO. Stiuirrel Lake, elevation of. KtS. reservoir site at. IDS. Stevens I'oint, fall at. 1^18. power development at, 138 drainage area at. 138. Stiles, fall at, 90. power development at. 90. Stinnet. fall at. 24S. Stone Lake, elevation of, HI8. Stuntz P>rook. fall at mouth of. 248. Sturgeon Palls, fall at, 72. water power at, 72. Sturgeon River, drainage area of, 09. fall at, 50. Sugarcamp Lakes, reservoir site at. 108. Sunrise River, drainage area of. 231. fall at moutli of. 232. Surings, fall at, 89. Swamp soils, occurrence and character of, 12. Swamps, occurrence of. 12-13. Sweet, E. T.. on Wisconsin timber, 13. T. Tainter's Creek. lOS. Taylors Creek. 87. Taylor, water power at, 322. Temperature, range of. 14. Thiensville dam. 271. Thomas. Howard, on Bois Brule River, 255. Thoruapple River, dam on. 200. Tiffany Creek, power development ou, 229. Timber, occurrence and character of, 13. Towerville. water power at, 168. Tomahawk, proposed U. S, dam at, lOS. Tomahawk dam, fall at, 145. water power at, 145. Tomahawk Lake, dam at, 108. elevation of, 108. reservoir site, 108. Tomahawk River, drainage area of, 148. lakes on, 108. power development on, 148-149. Topography, character of, 9. Torch River, dam on, 206. 1\UKX. nnrj Totogatic River, description of, 248. fall at mouth of, 248. profile of, 249. Trade River, fall at mouth of, 232. Trapp Rapids, water power at, 142. Trenton limestone, occurrence of, 89. Trempealeau River, 321. drainage area, 321. water powers, .'522. Trim Belle Creek, 322. Trim Belle, water powers of, 322. Trout River, 'dam on, 222. Turtle River, reservoir site on, 183. Twin Falls, fall at, 70. water power at, 70. Twin Island rapids, water power at, 74. Twin Lakes, reservoir site at, 108. Tylers Fork, water power on, 259. view of falls on, 259. U. Underhill, fall at, 89. U. S Englueers. 1, 11, 15. 29, 43, 46, 197, 205, 206, 210, 221, 241, 247. United States Government, dams of, 40-43. United States Geological Survey, gaging stations maintained, 2. Upper Big Rock rapids, fall at, 239. Upper Fox River. See Fox River, Upper. Upper Sandstone rapids, 85. Veazie, water power at, 248. Vienna dam, 320. Vieux Desert, reservoir site at, lOS. Viola dam, 168. W. Wabena, fall at, 89. Waldo dam, 282. Warren, G. K., on Fox River, 25. Water powers, availability of. 1. capacity of, 1. development of, 1. information on, sources of, 2. permanence of, 1. Waumander, power development at, 27. Waumander Creek, power 'development on, 27. Waupaca, power development at, 104. precipitation at, 59-^0. Waupaca River, power development on, 104. Wansau, fall at, 141. power development at, 141. 23 Wautoma, power development at, 27. precipitation at, 60. Waukesha water power, 319. Wauuakee water power, 315. Watertown water powers, 298. Waterford water power, 319. Warner, C. O., Planing Co., 308. Wedges Creek, 171. West Bend water powers, at West Bond, 274. one mile east of, 274. West Branch of Chippewa River, dams on. 206. drainage area of, 203. profile of, 198. reservoir sites on, 183. water power on, 204. Westboro, dam at, 229. Westfield, power development at, 27. Weyanwega, precipitation at, 60. power development at, 104. Whirlpool rapids, fall at, 146. water power at, 146. West Salem dam, 322. Weston rapids, 178. Whitehall dam, 322. White rapids, fall at, 74. location of, 74. water power at, 74. White River (Fox River drainage), descrip- tion of, 27. power development on, 27. White River (Lake Superior drainage), character of, 258. powers on, 258. White River Power Co., 258. Wilmot dam, 319. Wilson rapids, view of, 87. Willow River, water powers, 244. Winooski dam, 282. Wisconsin River Paper & Pulp Co. dam, 138. Willow River, drainage area of, 237. power development on, 243-245. Winnebago Lake, character of, 27. location of, 27. origin of, 28. Winneconne, fiow at, 96-7. Wisconsin, State of, power development by, 39. Wisconsin & Michigan Railroad, access to railroads by, 69, 84, Wisconsin Central Railway, access to water powers by, 54, 134, 210, 213, 260. Wisconsin-Fox divi'le, character of, 25-26. Wisconsin Power Company dams. 226. Wisconsin River, character of, 105. drainage and topography, 1(^. elevation of lakes on, 108. map of, 105. profile of, 110-111. rainfall on, 113-115. 354: TXftEX. rapids and dams, view of. 1-^5, 136, 137, 138, 139. 143, 144, 145, 147, 153. reservoir sites ou, 107,- lOS. rocks on, 112-113. run-off of, 115-133. source of, 105. survey, 112. tributaries of, 147-168. water powers on, 134r-147. access to, 134. Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, 109. Wittenberg, power development at, 104. Wolf River, character of, 95. flow of, 96-102. precipitation on, 60. profile of, 96. run-off of, 96-102. tributaries of, 102-104. water powers on, 102-104. views of, 98, 100. Wood River, drainage area of, 239. Wonewoe, water power at, 273. Yellow Lake, dam at, fall at, 241. Yellow Pine rapids, water power at, 239. Yellow River (Chippewa River drainage), drainage area of, 228. dams on, 228. Yellow River (St. Croix River drainage), character of, 240, drainage area of, 239. fall at mouth of, 240. logging dams on, 241. profile of, 241. Yellow River (Wisconsin River 'drainage), draiiage and geology^ 159. water power on, 161. profile of, 160. Young America dam, 275. 1980 SUPPLEMENT TO BULLETIN XX "The Water Powers of Wisconsin" This supplement to the 1980 reprint of Bulletin 20 provides flow data for Wisconsin's rivers and streams since 1908. Data on streams and rivers are presented in the same order as they appear in the table of contents. To facilitate location of specific rivers or tributaries, major table of contents headings have also been used in the supplement. SUPPLEMENT The following sheets give flow-duratloa data and mean monthly and annual flows for gaging stati^^ns in Wisconsin. The gaging stations are or have been operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with various State, Federal, and local agencies. Stations included m this listing are those with 2 or more complete water years of record, a water year being the period from October 1 to September 30 of the following year. Users should be aware that a short period of record may be a sample of a relatively wet or dry period. A long period of record tends to mask the effect of a biased sample. Thus, the longer the period of record, the more confidence can be placed in the results. A table for conversion of English units to the Internat- ional System of Units (SI) is given below. Multiply English unit By To obtain SI unit mile (mi) 1.61 kilometer (km) foot (ft) 0.305 meter (m) cubic foot per second 0.0283 cubic meter per (cfs) second (cms) s-2 -f*©*im^ER SYSTEM Station number and name.--04072750 Lawrence Creek near Westfield Location. -SWy* sec. 32, T. 17 N., R. 8 E., 4.0 mi northwest of Westfield Period of record. --November 1967 to September 1973 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 15 16 16 16 17 18 20 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 17 Jan. 16 Apr. 17 July 16 Nov. 16 Feb. 16 May 17 Aug. 17 Dec. 17 Mar. 17 June 17 Sept. 18 Mean annual flow. -17 cfs Station number and name."04073050 Grand River near Kingston Location."SW%NW% sec. 16. T. 14 N., R. 12 E., 2.3 mi east of Kingston Period of record. -April 1968 to October 1975 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 8.5 11 15 16 23 52 120 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 28 Jan. 34 Apr. 91 July 28 Nov. 28 Feb. 27 May 66 Aug. 1 9 Dec. 24 Mar. 131 June 52 Sept. 25 Mean annual flow. -48 cfs Station number and name. -04073405 West Branch White River near Wautoma Location. -NE% sec. 10, T. 18 N., R. 10 E., 1.5 mi south of Wautoma Period of record. -October 1963 to September 1965 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 20 20 21 21 22 23 26 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated fnonth, in cfs Oct. 22 Jan. 20 Apr. 26 July 20 Nov. 22 Feb. 20 May 24 Aug. 20 Dec. 20 Mar. 24 June 22 Sept. 25 Mean annual flow. -22 cfs S-3 Location. -NE% sec. 16, T. 17 N., R. 13 E., 1.0 mi south of Huron Street bridge in Berlin Period of record.-January 1898 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 430 490 610 640 830 1,300 2,100 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 920 Jan. 654 Apr. 2,220 July 856 Nov. 1,000 Feb. 710 May 1.420 Aug. 749 Dec. 81 8 Mar. 1 ,790 June 1,160 Sept. 843 Mean annual flow.~1,094 cfs Station number and name. -04083000 West Branch Fond du Lac River at Fond du Lac Location .-^ME%NE% sec. 20, T. 15 N., R. 17 E., at County Highway T bridge Period of record. -March 1939 to October 1954 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.03 0.06 0.20 0.40 4.5 24 72 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 14 Jan. 12 Apr. 98 July 11 Nov. 11 Feb. 12 May 28 Aug. 8.5 Dec. 7.2 Mar. 147 June 40 Sept. 4.7 Mean annual flow.-32 cfs Station number and name. -04083500 East Branch Fond du Lac River at Fond du Lac Location.-NE%SWy4 sec. 22. T. 15 N., R. 17 E., at County Highway VV bridge Period of record.-March 1939 to September 1954 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs). which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.4 2.0 3.2 3.8 7.3 21 69 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 8.9 Jan. 1 5 Apr, 77 July 1 2 Nov. 14 Feb. 21 May 24 Aug. 11 Dec. 9.9 Mar. 139 June 43 Sept. 7.3 Mean annual flow.~32cfs S-4 ''* '^ i «g^at 1 U1fiigi f ?Bei'' § 1 i a- fl g ! ff^ Fox River at Rapide Croche dam near Wrightstown Location.--SEy4 sec. 4, T. 21 N., R. 19 E., at dam 2.0 mi southwest of Wrightstown Period of record. --October 1917 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,300 1.600 2,300 2,600 3,500 4,800 7,300 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,850 Jan. 3,910 Apr. 7,320 July 3,260 Nov. 3,550 Feb. 4.080 May 6,1 00 Aug. 2,440 Dec. 3,700 Mar. 5,000 June 4,710 Sept. 2,520 Mean annual flow.~4,1 20 cfs S-5 MENOMINEE RIVER SYSTEM Station number and name."04061000 Brule River near Florence Location."SE^ASE% sec. 11, T. 41 N., R. 32 W., Michigan meridian, 2.5 mi north of Florence Period of record.-January 1914 to February 1916; June 1944 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 193 209 75 70 50 241 252 298 25 390 10 575 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 318 Nov. 329 Dec. 272 Jan. 248 Apr. Feb. 237 May Mar. 320 June 667 531 420 July Aug. Sept. 364 303 313 Mean annual flow."360 cfs Station number and name. -04063000 Menominee River near F-Jorence Location. -NE% sec. 16, T. 41 N., R. 31 W., Michigan meridian, 3.5 mi northeast of Florence Period of record.-January 1914 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow. In cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 730 840 1,060 1,120 1,430 2,050 3,160 Mean monthly flow.-For Indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 ,450 Jan. 1 ,300 Apr. 3,360 July 1 ,650 Nov. 1 ,580 Feb. 1 ,240 May 3,250 Aug. 1 ,280 Dec. 1 ,350 Mar. 1 ,560 June 2,230 Sept. 1 ,390 Mean annual flow.-1,800 cfs Station number and name. -04063700 Popple River near Fence Location. -NW% sec. 23, T. 38 N., R. 16 E., 2.6 mi northwest of Fence Period of record. -October 1963 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 29 34 46 49 72 140 280 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 1 1 Jan. 48 Apr. 345 July 77 Nov. 1 08 Feb, 46 May 254 Aug. 76 Dec. 65 Mar. 92 June 139 Sept. 113 Mean annual flow.-123 cfs S-6 Station number and nanne.--04064000 Pine River near Florence Location. -Sec. 23, T. 39 N., R. 17 E.. 8 mi southwest of Florence Period of record.-October 1913 to September 1923 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs),^A/hich was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 160 180 220 240 360 25 620 10 960 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 416 Jan. 210 Apr. Nov. 521 Feb. 183 May Dec. 320 Mar. 371 June 1,000 850 786 July Aug. Sept. 440 365 400 Mean annual flow."489 cfs Station number and name. -04064500 Pine River below Pine River powerplant near Florence Location. "SW% sec. 22, T. 39 N., R. 18 E., 6.0 mi south of Florence Period of record.-October 1923 to December 1975 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 120 140 190 200 300 520 920 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 380 Jan. 218 Apr. 946 July 380 Nov. 395 Feb. 195 May 826 Aug. 307 Dec. 260 Mar. 310 June 557 Sept. 377 Mean annual flow.--430 cfs Station number and name. -04066000 Menominee River near Pembine Location. --NWya sec. 21 , T. 37 N., R. 28 W, 11 mi southeast of Pembine Period of record.-October 1949 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,300 1,500 1,800 1,900 2,300 3,200 5,200 Mean monthly flow.-'For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,390 Jan. 2.070 Apr. 5,960 July 2,680 Nov. 2,490 Feb. 1,970 May 5,310 Aug. 2,180 Dec. 2,190 Mar. 2,580 June 3,570 Sept. 2,340 Mean annual flow.-2,980 cfs S-7 Station number and nanne.--04066500 Pike River at Amberg Location.--SW% sec. 15, T. 35 N., R. 20 E., 0.2 mi south of Amberg Period of record.-February 1914 to November 1970 Duration table. -Dailv flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 92 100 120 130 170 250 390 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 178 Jan. 134 Apr. 461 July 183 Nov. 207 Feb. 124 May 340 Aug. 156 Dec. 159 Mar. 214 June 270 Sept. 172 Mean annual flow.-216 cfs Station number and name. -04067000 Menominee River below Koss, Mich. Location. -Sec. 9, T. 34 N., R. 27 W, Michigan meridian, 3.6 mi southeast of Koss, Mich. Period of record.-July 1907 to March 1909; July 1913 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,200 1,370 1,730 1,840 2,310 3,520 6,000 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,550 Jan. 1,960 Apr. 6,680 July 2,750 Nov. 2,820 Feb. 1,840 May 5,800 Aug. 2,150 Dec. 2,200 Mar. 2,690 June 3,900 Sept. 2,420 Mean annual flow.-3,150 cfs Station number and name. -04067500 Menominee River near McAllister Location. --Sec. 17, T. 33 N., R. 23 E., 2.9 mi east of McAllister Period of record.-March 1945 to September 1961 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,500 1,600 1,900 2,000 2,500 3,800 6,100 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,660 Jan. 2,220 Apr. 7,050 July 3,660 Nov. 2,940 Feb. 2,100 May 5,870 Aug. 2,490 Dec. 2,320 Mar. 2,760 June 4,020 Sept. 2,560 Mean annual flow."3,380 cfs S-8 PESHTI GO RIVER Station number and name.--04068000 Peshtigo River near Crivitz Location. "Sec. 1, T. 32 N., R. 18 E., 10 mi west of Crivitz Period of record. -August 1912 to February 1957 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 21 87 220 250 380 620 980 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 363 Jan. 259 Apr. 983 July 422 Nov. 418 Feb. 269 May 799 Aug. 356 Dec. 307 Mar. 471 June 669 Sept. 396 Mean annual flow. --475 cfs Station number and nam 6.-04069500 Peshtigo River at Peshtigo Location.-NE% sec. 30, T. 30 N., R. 23 E., 0.5 mi downstream from powerplant at Peshtigo Period of record. -June 1953 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 300 350 460 490 660 1 ,000 1 ,900 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 714 Jan. 521 Apr. 2,200 July 657 iMov. 808 Feb. 496 May 1,650 Aug. 621 Dec. 602 Mar. 1,070 June 1,060 Sept. 752 Mean annual flow. -931 cfs S-9 OCONTO RIVER Station number and name.--04071000 Oconto River near Gillett Location. --NWy4 sec. 34, T. 28 N., R. 18 E., 2.0 mi south of Gillett Period of record. -June 1906 to December 1906; March 1907 to November 1908; January 1909 to April 1909; October 1913 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 230 250 320 340 440 670 1,100 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 474 Jan. 351 Apr. 1,260 July 468 Nov. 549 Feb. 336 May 907 Aug. 385 Dec. 442 Mar. 644 June 679 Sept. 452 Mean annual flow. --578 cfs S-10 WOLF RIVER SYSTEM Station number and nanne.--04074538 Swamp Creek above Rice Lake at Mole Lake Location.-SW%NW% sec. 26, T. 35 N., R. 12 E., 200 ft upstream from State Highway 55 bridg on Mole Lake Indian Reservation Period of record.-May 1977 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 18 18 21 23 29 42 61 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 30 Jan. 21 Apr. 65 July 46 Nov. 26 Feb. 20 May 48 Aug. 33 Dec. 23 Mar. 31 June 45 Sept. 33 Mean annual flow."35 cfs Station number and name. -04074 54 8 Swamp Creek below Rice Lake at Mole Lake Location.--NE%NW% sec. 33, T. 35 N., R. 12 E., 0.9 mi west of Mole Uke Period of record.-June 1977 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 28 30 34 36 43 62 87 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 44 Jan . 34 Apr. 96 July 64 Nov. 40 Feb. 32 May 71 Aug. 53 Dec. 37 Mar. 48 June 64 Sept. 49 Mean annual flow.-52 cfs Station number and name.--04074950 Wolf River at Langlade Location.-SE%SW% sec. 3, T. 31 N., R. 14 E., just upstream from State Highway 64 bridge Per'rod-of record. -March-1 966 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 250 90 250 75 70 50 300 310 380 25 540 10 850 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 415 424 374 Jan. 353 Apr. Feb. 348 May Mar. 523 June 911 666 493 July Aug. Sept. 381 350 416 Mean annual flow.~477 cfs S-11 Station number and name.-04075000 Wolf River near White Lake Location. --Sec. 25, T. 31 N., R. 14 E., 4 ml southeast of White Lake Period of record.-July 1935 to September 1938 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 210 90 75 70 50 220 270 270 330 25 470 10 800 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 352 Jan. 260 Apr. 382 Feb. 253 May 271 Mar. 440 June 804 829 453 July Aug. Sept. 332 316 375 Mean annual flow.~417 cfs Station number and name. -04075200 Evergreen Creek near Langlade Location. -NW% sec. 18, T. 31 N., R. 14 E., 3.8 mi southwest of Langlade Period of record.-April 1967 to September 1973 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 8.4 8.8 10 10 12 13 17 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 12 Jan. 10 Apr. 14 July 11 Nov. 11 Feb. 9.6 May 13 Aug. 12 Dec. 1 1 Mar. 1 1 June 13 Sept. 12 Mean annual flow.-12cfs Station number and name.-04075500 Wolf River near Keshena Location.~SE%NE% sec. 3, T. 28 N., R. 15 E., 3.0 mi north of Keshena Pericxd of record.-October 1927 to September 1962 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 280 310 360 380 470 670 1,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cf& Oct. 522 Jan. 390 Apr. 1.030 July 51 1 Nov. 560 Feb. 373 May 854 Aug. 433 Dec. 432 Mar. 540 June 678 Sept. 508 Mean annual flow."569 cfs S-12 Station number and name."04076000 West Branch Wolf River at Neopit Location. --Sec. 20, T. 29 N., R. 14 E., at dam and powerplant at Neopit Period of record.-January 1911 to January 1917 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 66 75 91 97 120 150 190 Mean monthly flow-"For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 26 Jan. 95 Apr. 1 55 July 1 28 Nov. 124 Feb. 94 May 153 Aug. 116 Dec. 112 Mar. 104 June 145 Sept. 134 Mean annual flow.-130cfs Station number and name."04076500 West Branch Wolf River near Keshena Location.-SW% sec. 3, T. 28 N., R. 15 E., 4.2 mi northwest of Keshena Period of record.-March 1928 to November 1931 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 88 100 120 120 140 190 280 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 187 Jan. 131 Apr. 287 July 155 Nov. 172 Feb. 1 26 May 207 Aug. 1 39 Dec. 147 Mar. 169 June 183 Sept. 183 Mean annual flow.--168 cfs Station number and name.~04077000 Wolf River at Keshena Falls Location.-SE% sec. 22, T. 28 N., R. 15 E., 500 ft downstream from Keshena Falls Period of record.-June 1907 to March 1909; April 1911 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 380 410 500 520 640 900 1.300 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 699 Jan. 519 Apr. 1.360 July 687 Nov. 731 Feb. 489 May 1,130 Aug. 609 Dec. 600 Mar. 713 June 911 Sept. 696 Mean annual flow.-764 cfs S-13 Station number and name.-04078500 Embarrass River near Embarrass Location.-SW% sec. 18, T. 26 N., R. 15 E., 4.0 mi northwest of Embarrass Period of record.-June 1919 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 76 90 120 130 180 320 620 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 226 Jan. 145 Apr. 758 July 21 2 Nov. 259 Feb. 138 May 444 Aug. 175 Dec. 1 79 Mar. 392 June 352 Sept. 228 Mean annual flow.-- 291 cfs Station number and name."04079000 Wolf River at New London Location. -NE%SEy* sec. 12, T. 22 N., R. 14 E., 100 ft downstream from Pearl Street bridge Period of record.--October 1913 to September 1979 Duration tabte.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 620 700 800 940 1 ,200 2.1 00 3,500 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 ,380 Jan. 971 Apr. 4,240 July 1 ,440 Nov. 1 ,560 Feb. 920 May 2,870 Aug. 1 ,080 Dec. 1,170 Mar. 2,120 June 2,190 Sept. 1,310 Mean annual flow.-1,770 cfs Station number and name."04079602 Little Wolf River near Galloway Location. -SW%NW% sec. 35, T. 26 N., R. 10 E., 1.5 ml south of Galloway Period of record.-October 1973 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 4.5 5.1 7.4 8.0 11 18 36 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 12 Jan. 7.7 Apr. 48 July 20 Nov. 14 Feb. 7.8 May 26 Aug. 11 Dec. 1 1 Mar. 1 8 June 1 9 Sept. 1 2 Mean annual flow.--17 cfs S-14 Station number and name.--04079700 Spaulding Creek near Big Falls LQcation.--SEy4 sec. 15, T. 25 N., R. 12 E., 1.5 mi north of Big Falls Period of record.- June 1964 to September 1966 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 1.6 90 1.7 75 2.2 70 2.3 50 3.4 25 8.1 10 14 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 5.2 Jan. 6.1 Feb. 5.1 Mar. 2.6 Apr. 3.4 May 8.3 June 16 July 9.8 Aug. 4.1 Sept. 2.2 2.8 9.5 Mean annual flow. -6. 3 cfs Station number and name. -04080000 Little Wolf River at Royalton Location.-SE%NE% sec. 1, T. 22 N., R. 13 E., 50 ft upstream from highway bridge Period of record.-January 1914 to September 1970 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 130 150 190 210 270 25 440 10 760 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 312 Jan. 219 Apr. Nov. 352 Feb. 226 May Dec. 266 Mar. 604 June 870 541 495 July Aug. Sept. 300 258 318 Mean annual flow.-396 cfs Station number and name. -04080950 Emmons Creek near Rural Location.-NWVANEy^ sec. 8, T. 21 N., R. 11 E., 1.8 mi west of Rural Period of record.-May 1968 to September 1974 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 23 90 24 75 25 70 25 50 26 Mean monthly flow.-For Indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 27 27 26 Jan. Feb. Mar. 25 24 28 Apr. May June 25 29 29 30 28 10 31 July Aug. Sept. 26 25 26 Mean annual flow.-27 cfs S-15 Station number and nanrie.--04081000 Waupaca River near Waupaca Location.--NEy4NWy*sec. 1,T. 21 N., R. 12 E., 4.5 mi southeast of Waupaca Perioci of record.-June 1916 to December 1963; March 1964 to November 1964; March 1965 to September 1966 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 140 150 75 70 50 180 180 210 25 260 10 330 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 213 Nov. 228 Dec. 203 Jan. 191 Apr. Feb. 199 Mav Mar. 338 June 336 256 242 July Aug. Sept. 205 202 214 Mean annual flow--236 cfs S-16 WISCONSIN RIVER SYSTEM Station number and name.-05390180 Wisconsin River at Conover Location. --NE% sec. 8. T. 41 N., R. 10 E., 0.6 mi southwest of Conover Period of record.-October 1966 to September 1971 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 110 120 140 140 160 25 200 10 240 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 211 Jan. 191 Apr. Nov. 189 Feb. 156 May Dec. 210 Mar. 146 June 228 159 184 July Aug. Sept. 162 117 151 Mean annual flow.-l 75 cfs Station number and name."05391000 Wisconsin River at Rainbow Lake near Lake Tomahawk Location. "SWy4 sec. 30, T. 39 N., R. 8 E., 2.5 mi northeast of Lake Tomahawk Period of record. -July 1936 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 260 330 470 520 670 850 1,100 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 657 Jan. 830 Apr. 431 July 726 Nov. 673 Feb. 835 May 747 Aug. 621 Dec. 752 Mar. 658 June 788 Sept. 626 Mean annual flow.-696 cfs Station number and name."05391226 Pelican River near Rhinelander Location. -NE%NE% sec. 30, T. 36 N., R. 10 E., 7.1 mi southeast of Rhinelander Period of record. -January 1976 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.2 13 28 36 56 120 230 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 79 Jan. 41 Apr. 316 July 72 Nov. 61 Feb. 43 May 139 Aug. 56 Dec. 43 Mar. 84 June 101 Sept. 79 Mean annual flow. -94 cfs S-17 Station number and name.--05392000 Wisconsin River at Whirlpool Rapids near Rhinelander Location. --NW% sec. 4, T. 35 N., R. 8 E., 7.5 mi southwest of Rhinelander Period of record. -October 1905 to September 1961 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 440 540 75 70 730 770 50 960 25 1,300 10 1,900 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, , in cfs Oct. 1,070 Nov. 1,050 Dec. 913 Jan. 905 Feb. 891 Mar. 996 Apr. May June 1,560 1,490 1,330 July Aug. Sept. 1,100 979 1,020 Mean annual flow.-l ,110 cfs Station number and name. -05392400 Tomahawk River near Bradley Location.-SW14 sec. 16, T. 36 N., R. 6 E., 4.7 mi north of Bradley Period of record. -September 1914 to September 1927; October 1928 to September 1929 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 220 240 280 300 370 25 520 10 720 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 423 Jan. 317 Apr. Nov. 455 Feb. 296 May Dec. 364 Mar. 458 June 795 510 470 July Aug. Sept. 397 356 380 Mean annual flow. -435 cfs Station number and name. -05393000 Tomahawk River at Bradley Location. ~NEy4NWy4 sec. 9, T. 35 N., R. 6 E., at dam at outlet of Lake Nokomis Period of reeord.-January 1930 to September 1973 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 75 1 50 320 370 530 740 920 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 533 Jan. 686 Apr. 193 July 620 Nov. 471 Feb. 693 May 409 Aug. 590 Dec. 622 Mar. 495 June 603 Sept. 586 ,Mean annual flow.-542 cfs S-18 Station number and name.--05393500 Spirit River at Spirit Falls Location.-NWVd sec. 10, T. 34 N., R. 4 E., 0.2 mi south of Spirit Falls Period of record.-April 1942 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.4 7.0 12 14 24 75 210 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 58 Jan. 20 Apr. 334 July 47 Nov. 62 Feb. 16 May 160 Aug. 29 Dec. 36 Mar. 105 June 100 Sept. 61 Mean annual f low,--85 cfs Station number and name."05394000 New Wood River near Merrill Location.--SE% sec. 15, T. 32 N., R. 5 E., 9.6 mi northwest of Merrill Period of record.-October 1952 to September 1961 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 4.1 5.7 75 70 50 8.6 9.8 18 25 64 10 210 nthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 58 Nov. 41 Dec. 22 Jan. 18 Apr. Feb. 8.0 May Mar. 55 June 283 159 88 July Aug. Sept. 50 42 49 Mean annual flow.-73 cfs Station number and name."05394500 Prairie River near Merrill Location.--SW%SW% sec. 20, T. 32 N., R. 7 E., 4.2 mi northeast of Merrill Period of record.-January 1914 to September 1931; August 1939 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 70 75 87 92 110 180 360 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 155 Jan. 91 Apr. 447 July 139 Nov. 162 Feb. 86 May 267 Aug. 134 Dec. 109 Mar. 189 June 217 Sept. 168 Mean annual flow.-180cfs $-19 Station number and name."O5395000 Wisconsin River at Merrill Location.-SW%SE% sec. 12, T. 31 N., R. 6 E., 300 ft downstream from U.S. Highway 51 bridge at east end of Merrill Period of record. -December 1902 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,100 1,200 1,600 1,700 2,100 2,900 4,900 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,480 Jan. 1,920 Apr. 4,910 July 2,450 Nov. 2,320 Feb. 1,870 May 3^60 Aug. 2,140 Dec. 2,000 Mar. 2,570 June 3,220 Sept. 2,550 Mean annual flow.-2,670 cfs Station number and name.-05396000 Rib River at Rib Falls Location.-NW34 sec. 27, T. 29 N., R. 5 E., at highway bridge in Rib Falls Period of record.--May 1925 to September 1957 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of -time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 17 22 33 37 62 200 680 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated months in cfs Oct. 199 Jan. 59 Apr. 949 July 149 Nov. 221 Feb. 57 May 438 Aug. 130 Dec. 69 Mar. 593 June 356 Sept. 248 Mean annual flow."289 cfs Station number and name.-05397000 East Branch Eau Claire River near Antigo Location.--SE% sec. 3, T. 31 N., R. 10 E., 4.9 mi northwest of Antigo Period of record.-January 1949 to September 1955 Duration table.-Daiiy flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 19 20 23 25 31 48 82 Mean monthly fiow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 37 Jan. 22 Apr. 89 July 52 Nov. 40 Feb. 22 May 47 Aug. 36 Dec. 31 Mar. 43 June 40 Sept. 34 Mean annual flow. -42 cfs S-20 Station number and name.~053971 10 Eau Claire River near Antigo Location .--NE'y4SWy4 sec. 34, T. 31 N., R. 10 E., 4.1 mi west of Antigo Period of record.-October 1974 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 30 37 49 53 70 140 350 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 91 Jan. 50 Apr. 516 July 123 Nov. 131 Feb. 48 May 189 Aug. 96 Dec. 83 Mar. 207 June 126 Sept. 108 Mean annual flow.-147 cfs Station number and name.--05397500 Eau Claire River at Kelly Location.--SE^^ sec. 9, T. 28 N., R. 8 E., 50 ft downstream from County Highway SS bridge Period of record.-January 1914 to November 1926; August 1939 to September 1979 Duration tabte.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 51 59 79 85 120 240 540 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 182 Jan. 84 Apr. 792 July 165 Nov. 216 Feb. 78 May 377 Aug. 150 Dec. 1 29 Mar. 335 June 303 Sept. 203 Mean annual flow.--250 cfs Station number and name.--05398000 Wisconsin River at Rothschild Location.--NE% sec. 26, T. 28 N., R. 7 E., 0.5 mi downstream from Rothschild dam Period of record.-October 1944 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,300 1,500 1,900 2,100 2,500 3,400 6,400 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,770 Jan. 2,420 Apr. 7,660 July 2,950 Nov. 2,900 Feb. 2,280 May 4,770 Aug. 2,400 Dec. 2,560 Mar. 4,030 June 3,720 Sept. 2,900 Mean annual flow.-3,450 cfs S-21 Station number and name.--05398500 Bull Junior Creek near Rothschild Location.--SE14 sec. 12, T. 27 N., R. 7 E., 3.8 nnl south of Rothschild Period of record.-March 1944 to December 1951 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.1 1.6 2.3 2.8 4.7 15 48 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 6.2 Jan. 5.0 Apr. 59 July 10 Nov. 15 Feb. 2.4 May 33 Aug. 5.4 Dec. 6.6 Mar. 44 June 22 Sept. 6.0 Mean annual flow.--l 7 cfs Station number and name.~05399000 Big Eau Pleine River near Colby Location. --NW% sec. 24, T. 28 N., R. 2 E., 5 mi east of Colby Period of record. -July 1941 to September 1954 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.30 0.60 1.5 1.9 5.1 21 120 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 34 Jan. 8.8 Apr. 172 July 49 Nov. 36 Feb. 3.7 May 74 Aug. 19 Dec. 7.2 Mar. 1 57 June 85 Sept. 43 Mean annual flow.-57 cfs Station number and name.--05399500 Big Eau Pleine River near Stratford Location.--SE% sec. 13, T. 27 N., R. 3 E., 1.0 mi north of Stratford Period of record.-July 1914 to December 1925; April 1937 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.6 4.1 8.5 10 22 82 360 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 81 Jan. 19 Apr. 628 July 77 Nov. 104 Feb. 17 May 255 Aug. 66 Dec. 44 Mar. 412 June 204 Sept. 141 Mean annual flow.-172 cfs S-22 Station number and name. -05400000 Wisconsin River at Knowlton Location. --ISIEVd sec. 29, T. 26 N., R. 7 E., on County Highway C bridge Period of record.-October 1920 to September 1942 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,200 1,400 1,900 2,000 2,700 4,200 8,600 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3,290 Jan. 2,350 Apr. 9,670 July 2,930 Nov. 3,360 Feb. 2,540 May 5,840 Aug. 2,720 Dec. 2,380 Mar. 5,770 June 4,910 Sept. 4,280 Mean annual flow. -4, 170 cfs Station number and name. -05400500 Plover River near Stevens Point Location.-SWl^ sec. 6, T. 24 N., R. 9 E., 5 mi northeast of Stevens Point Period of record. -January 1914 to December 1919; January 1944 to December 1951 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 64 71 86 92 120 170 250 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 19 Jan. 89 Apr. 251 July 136 Nov. 142 Feb. 88 May 202 Aug. 122 Dec. 98 Mar. 182 June 211 Sept. 120 Mean annual flow.~143 cfs Station number and name. -05400600 Little Plover River near Arnott Location. "NEl^ sec. 24, T. 23 N., R. 8 E.. 2.2 mi northwest of Arnott Period of record.-July 1959 to July 1976 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.6 1.9 2.6 2.8 3.4 4.6 6.8 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct, 3.7 Jan. 3.0 Apr. 5.9 July 3.6 Nov. 3.7 Feb. 2.9 May 5.6 Aug. 3.3 Dec. 3.4 Mar. 4.6 June 4.7 Sept. 4.0 Mean annual flow.~4.0 cfs S-23 Station number and name.-05400650 Little Plover River at Plover Location. --SW% sec. 14, T. 23 N., R. 8 E., at bridge on town road, 1.0 mi northeast of Plover Period of record.--July 1959 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.0 6.5 7.6 7.9 9.1 12 16 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 9.5 Jan. 8.1 Apr. 14 July 9.5 Nov. 9.7 Feb. 7.8 May 14 Aug. 8.5 Dec. 9.0 Mar. 10 June 12 Sept. 9.5 Mean annual flow.-IO cfs Station number and name.--05400800 Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids Location. --SW% sec. 24, T. 22 N., R. 5 E., at Centralia powerplant of Nekoosa-Edwards Paper, Inc. Period of record.-May 1914 to March 1950; October 1957 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,500 1,800 2,400 2,600 3,300 4,900 9,700 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3,780 Jan. 2,980 Apr. 11,400 July 3,660 Nov. 4,150 Feb. 3,000 May 7,290 Aug. 3,120 Dec. 3,150 Mar. 6,380 June 6,200 Sept. 4,230 Mean annual flow."4,930 cfs Station number and nam 6.-05400853 Buena Vista Creek near Kellner Location. -NE% sec. 20, T. 22 N., R. 7 E., 1.7 mi northeast of Kellner Period of record.-March 1964 to September 1967 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 18 21 25 27 35 63 88 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 44 Jan. 28 Apr. 80 July 32 Nov. 38 Feb. 33 May 56 Aug. 28 Dec. 40 Mar. 54 June 45 Sept. 46 Mean annual flow.-47 cfs S-24 Station number and nanne.--05400870 Fourmile Creek near Kellner Location.-SEy* sec. 20, T. 22 N., R. 7 E., 1.5 mi northeast of Kellner Period of record.-March 1964 to September 1967 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.5 8.8 16 17 27 64 91 Oct. 40 Jan. 20 Apr. 85 July 26 Nov. 34 Feb. 26 May 58 Aug. 18 Dec. 33 Mar. 43 June 41 Sept. 38 Mean annual flow. --42 cfs Station number and name.--05400980 Wisconsin River near Nekoosa Location.--Sec. 15, T. 21 N., R. 5 E., 1.5 mi downstream from Nekoosa Period of record. --May 1914 to March 1950 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,500 1,700 2,300 2,400 3,200 5,100 10,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3,750 Jan. 2,720 Apr. 11,300 July 3,720 Nov. 4,220 Feb. 2,850 May 7,060 Aug. 3,240 Dec. 2,840 Mar. 6,660 June 6,830 Sept. 4,290 Mean annual flow.-4,940 cfs Station number and name."05401020 Tenmile Creek Ditch 5 near Bancroft Location. "NE% sec. 16, T. 21 N., R. 8 E., 1.8 mi southwest of Bancroft Period of record.-June 1964 to September 1973 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3.3 3.8 5.0 5.3 6.7 9.7 14 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 7.2 Jan. 5.9 Apr. 1 2 July 6.7 Nov. 7.6 Feb. 6.1 May 1 1 Aug. 4.9 Dec. 6.8 Mar. 1 1 June 9.8 Sept. 7.1 Mean annual flow.~8.1 cfs S-25 Station number and name. --05401 050 Tenmile Creek near Nekoosa Location. ~NE% sec. 32, T. 21 N., R. 6 E., 5.8 mi southeast of Nekoosa Period of record. -October 1963 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 17 22 33 37 52 76 110 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 54 Jan. 35 Apr. Ill July 58 Nov. 53 Feb. 33 May 94 Aug. 44 Dec. 47 Mar. 68 June 77 Sept. 52 Mean annual flow. -60 cfs Station number and name.-05401 100 Fourteenmile Creek near New Rome Location.--SE% sec. 1 1 , T. 20 N., R. 6 E., 2.7 mi southeast of New Rome Period of record. -March 1964 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.5 8.1 16 18 29 55 85 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 42 Jan. 26 Apr. 74 July 32 Nov. 48 Feb. 23 May 70 Aug. 21 Dec. 36 Mar. 48 June 52 Sept. 35 Mean annual flow.~42 cfs Station number and name.~05401 500 Wisconsin River near Necedah Location.~Sec. 9, T. 18 N., R. 4 E., 3 mi northeast of Necedah Period of record.-December 1902 to June 1914; March 1944 to May 1950 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,600 1,900 2.600 2,900 3,800 7,000 13,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5,870 Jan. 3,040 Apr. 12,200 July 5,260 Nov. 4,260 Feb. 2,860 May 10,300 Aug. 4,120 Dec. 3,730 Mar. 6.060 June 8,530 Sept. 5.370 Mean annual flow.~5,960 cfs S-26 Station number and name.--05401510 Big Roche a Cri Creek near Hancock Location.-SE% sec. 30, T. 20 N., R. 8 E., 4 mi northwest of Hancock Period of record. --October 1963 to September 1967 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.4 5,9 6.7 6.9 7.9 11 14 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 8.7 Jan. 7.4 Apr. 14 July 8.3 Nov. 8.7 Feb. 7.9 May 11 Aug. 7.0 Dec. 8.4 Mar. 1 1 June 9.5 Sept. 9.1 Mean annual flow.--9.3 cfs Station number and name."05401535 Big Roche a Cri Creek near Adams Location.-SW% sec. 22, T. 19 N., R. 6 E., 10 mi north of Adams ■ Period of record.-October 1963 to October 1978 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 35 37 43 45 53 69 93 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 56 Jan. 47 Apr. 92 July 55 Nov. 56 Feb. 46 May 82 Aug. 47 Dec. 52 Mar. 68 June 68 Sept. 56 Mean annual flow.--60 cfs Station number and name."05402000 Yellow River at Babcock Location.~NW% sec. 14, T. 21 N.. R. 3 E., at bridge on State Highway 80 Period of record.-March 1944 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.0 7.7 13 14 26 80 290 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 71 Jan. 26 Apr. 572 July 58 Nov. 80 Feb. 28 May 254 Aug. 35 Dec. 5 1 Mar. 368 June 1 39 Sept. 85 Mean annual flow.~147 cfs S-27 Station number and name."05402500 Yellow River at Sprague Location.-NW% sec. 1 1, T. 19 N., R. 3 E., 1 mi southeast of Sprague Period of record. -September 1926 to October 1940 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 10 14 26 31 74 210 660 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 166 Jan. 72 Apr. 640 July 127 Nov. 189 Feb. 66 May 339 Aug. 105 Dec. 90 Mar. 547 June 277 Sept. 237 Mean annual flow.-238 cfs Station number and name.-05403000 Yellow River at Necedah Location.-SW% sec. 18, T. 18 N., R. 4 E., at powerplant at Necedah Period of record.-October 1940 to September 1957 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 15 34 71 81 140 310 790 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 275 Jan. 103 Apr. 1,150 July 229 Nov. 257 Feb. 76 May 528 Aug. 1 1 7 Dec. 120 Mar. 535 June 645 Sept. 174 Mean annual flow.~350 cfs Station number and name.-05403500 Lemonweir River at New Lisbon Location. ~SEy4 sec. 8, T. 16 N., R. 3 E., 200 ft downstream from recreation dam Period of record.-March 1944 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 70 81 120 130 200 400 820 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 295 Jan. 180 Apr. 892 July 256 Nov. 299 Feb. 175 May 587 Aug. 171 Dec. 218 Mar. 600 June 416 Sept. 274 Mean annual flow.-365 cfs S-28 Station number and name.--05403630 Hulbert Creek near Wisconsin Dells Location.--SWT^ sec. 5, T. 13 N., R. 6 E., 2.0 mi west of Wisconsin Dells Period of record. --October 1970 to October 1977 Duration table.-Daity flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.7 3 3.5 3.6 4.3 5.6 8.2 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4.6 Jan. 4.2 Apr. 8.4 July 4.0 Nov. 4.4 Feb. 4.4 May 7.3 Aug. 4.4 Dec. 4.1 Mar. 9.1 June 4.8 Sept. 4.7 Mean annual flow.~5.4 cfs Station number and name.-05403700 Dell Creek near Lake Delton Location.--NW% sec. 2, T. 12 N., R. 5 E., 4.6 mi southwest of Lake Delton Period of record. -September 1957 to September 1965; October 1970 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 14 16 20 21 24 30 43 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 26 Jan. 23 Apr. 44 July 26 Nov. 27 Feb. 24 May 36 Aug. 24 Dec. 23 Mar. 50 June 27 Sept. 27 Mean annual flow.~30 cfs Station number and name.-05404000 Wisconsin River near Wisconsin Dells Location. "NW34 sec. 14, T. 13 N., R. 6 E., 1.8 mi southeast of Wisconsin Dells Period of record.-October 1934 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.500 2,800 3,600 3,900 5,100 7,400 12,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5,360 Jan. 4,560 Apr. 13.300 July 5,530 Nov. 5.840 Feb. 4,800 May 9,900 Aug. 4,1 50 Dec. 4,800 Mar. 8,340 June 8,690 Sept. 5,600 Mean annual flow.-6r740 cfs S-29 Station number and name.-05405000 Baraboo River near Baraboo Locatlon,"NW% sec. 35, T. 12 N., R. 7 E., 5.3 ml east of Baraboo Period of record.-December 1913 to March 1922; October 1942 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 110 130 160 170 50 220 25 350 10 740 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month , in cfs Oct. 259 Jan. 233 Nov. 288 Feb. 293 Dec. 206 Mar. 843 Apr. May June 692 421 425 July Aug. Spt. 291 226 268 Mean annual flow.-370 cfs Station number and name.--05406000 Wisconsin River at Prairie du Sac Location.--NE% sec. 1, T. 9 N., R. 6 E.. at State Highway 60 bridge Period of record.-January 1946 to December 1953 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2,700 3,100 4,000 4,300 5,500 8,000 12,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4,550 Jan. 5,260 Apr. 15,600 July 7,190 Nov. 5,290 Feb. 5,130 May 8,770 Aug. 5,370 Dec. 4,980 Mar. 1 0,000 June 7,450 Sept. 4,390 Mean annual flow.~6,920 cfs Station number and name.--05406500 Black Earth Creek at Black Earth Location.--SW% sec. 25, T. 8 N., R. 6 E., 0.8 mi east of Black Earth Period of record.-February 1954 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 16 18 21 22 26 35 46 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 28 Jan. 26 Apr. 39 July 31 Nov. 28 Feb. 28 May 35 Aug. 27 Dec. 25 Mar. 47 June 33 Sept. 28 Mean annual flow.-31 cfs S-30 Station number and name.--05406573 Trout Creek at confluence with Arneson Creek near Barneveld Location.--SE% sec. 30, T. 7 N., R. 5 E., 3.5 mi northwest of Barneveld Period of record.-October 1975 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second Icfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 4.4 4.7 75 70 50 5.2 5.4 6.2 25 7.6 10 9.6 nthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 6.3 Nov. 6.3 Dec. 5.9 Jan. 5.7 Apr. Feb. 7.1 May Mar. 9.3 June 7.7 7.4 8.3 July Aug. Sept. 8.4 6.7 5.8 Mean annual flow.--7.1 cfs Station number and name.--05406574 Trout Creek at Twin Parks dam near Barneveld Location. --SE%SWy4 sec. 19, T. 7 N., R. 5 E.,4.2 mi northwest of Barneveld ^Period of record.-October 1975 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.6 5.9 6.5 6.7 7.3 8.8 12 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 7.4 Jan. 6.4 Apr. 9.8 July 9.8 Nov. 7.3 Feb. 8.1 May 9.8 Aug. 8.3 Dec. 6.8 Mar. 1 1 June 9.6 Sept. 7.6 Mean annual flow."8.5 cfs Station number and nam 6.-05406575 Trout Creek at County Trunk Highway T near Barneveld Location."NW^^SW% sec. 19, T. 7 N., R. 5 E., 4.5 mi northwest of Barneveld Period of record.-October 1975 to October 1978 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.2 6.4 7.1 7.3 8.3 10 14 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 8.4 Jan. 7.3 Apr. 10 July 14 Nov. 8.4 Feb. 1 May 1 1 Aug. 9.8 Dec. 8.2 Mar. 13 June 11 Sept. 9.9 Mean annual flow.~1 cfs S-31 Station number and name.--05406577 Trout Creek near Ridgeway Location."SW'ANE% sec. 24, T. 7 N., R. 4 E., 4.8 mi north of Ridgeway Period of record.-October 1975 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.7 7.1 8.2 8.4 9.6 12 16 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 10 Jan . 8.3 Apr. 13 July 13 Nov. 9.5 Feb. 10 May 13 Aug. 11 Dec. 9.1 Mar. 15 June 12 Sept. 10 Mean annual flow.~1 1 cfs Station number and name.-05406640 Otter Creek near Highland Location."NE% sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 2 E., 5.3 mi southeast of Highland Period of record.-May 1968 to June 1969; August 1970 to October 1975 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.8 2.3 5.2 6.2 8.0 14.0 21.0 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5.5 Jan. 8.2 Apr. 15. July 10 Nov. 5.3 Feb. 7.0 May 14 Aug. 8.2 Dec. 5.4 Mar. 17 June 14 Sept. 6.2 Mean annual flow.--1 1 cfs Station number and name. --05407000 Wisconsin River at Muscoda Location.--NWli sec. 1 , T. 8 N., R. 1 W., at bridge on State Highway 80 Period of record.-October 1913 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3,400 3,800 4,900 5.200 6,700 9,900 15,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 6,910 Jan. 5,670 Apr. 17.300 July 7,400 Nov. 7,320 Feb. 6,190 May 12,100 Aug. 5,800 Dec. 6,180 Mar. 10,900 June 10,600 Sept. 6,930 Mean annual flow.-8,600 cfs S-32 Station number and name.-05407500 Kickapoo River at Ontario Location.--SE%SW% sec. 2, T. 14 N., R. 2 W., 250 ft upstreann from town road bridge Period of record.--October 1938 to September 1939; July 1973 to November 1977 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 88 93 100 110 120 150 220 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 66 Jan. 60 Apr. 133 July 67 Nov. 73 Feb. 82 May 78 Aug. 71 Dec. 65 Mar. 1 55 June 75 Sept. 63 Mean annual flow. -80 cfs Station number and name.--05408000 Kickapoo River at La Farge Location.--NE'ASW% sec. 29, T. 13 N., R. 2 W., at bridge on State Highway 82 Period of record.-October 1938 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 73 82 97 100 120 160 250 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 134 Jan. 118 Apr. 276 July 156 Nov. 138 Feb. 144 May 186 Aug. 124 Dec. 1 1 7 Mar. 316 June 191 Sept. 143 Mean annual flow.--170 cfs Station number and name.-05408500 Knapp Creek near Bloomingdale Location. -NW% sec. 30, T. 14 N., R. 3 W., 1.7 mi north of Bloomingdale Period of record.-October 1954 to September 1969 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.3 3.4 6.6 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3.9 Jan. 2.6 Apr. 9.9 July 3.0 Nov. 3.1 Feb. 4.9 May 4.9 Aug. 3.3 Dec. 2.5 Mar. 1 1 June 5.6 Sept. 4.8 Mean annual flow.~5.0 cfs S-33 Station number and nanne.-05409830 North Fork Nederlo Creek near Gays Mills Location. ~NE% sec. 12, T. 10 N., R. 5 W., 4.5 mi northwest of Gays Mills Period of record.-October 1967 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 0.8 Jan. 0.8 Apr. 0.9 July 1.1 Nov. 0.8 Feb. 0.9 May 0.9 Aug. 0.9 Dec. 0.8 Mar. 1.2 June 1.1 Sept. 0.9 Mean annual flow.--0.9 cfs Station number and name.--05409890 Nederlo Creek near Gays Mills Location.--NW% sec. 8, T. 10 N., R. 4 W., 3.4 mi north of Gays Mills Period of record.-October 1967 to September 1979 "Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3.2 3.4 3.9 4.0 4.4 5.1 6.0 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4.4 Jan. 4.3 Apr. 5.6 July 6.7 Nov. 4.3 Feb. 4.9 May 5.1 Aug. 4.7 Dec. 4.1 Mar. 6.8 June 8.8 Sept. 4.7 Mean annual flow. -5. 4 cfs Station number and name."05410000 Kickapoo River at Gays Mills Location. -NE% sec. 28, T. 10 N., R. 4 W., at bridge on State Highway 171 Period of record. -December 1913 to September 1934; April 1964 to September 1977 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 200 220 260 270 320 430 630 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 344 Jan. 297 Apr. 61 7 July 375 Nov. 342 Feb. 419 May 446 Aug. 333 Dec. 299 Mar. 680 June 471 Sept. 397 Mean annual flow.~422 cfs S-34 Station number and name.--05410500 Kickapoo River at Steuben Location. --NWy* sec. 8, T. 8 N., R. 4 W., 1.0 mi northwest of Steuben Period of record. -May 1933 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 220 250 75 70 50 300 310 370 25 490 10 710 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 383 Nov. 394 Dec. 342 Jan. 333 Apr. Feb. 392 May Mar. 807 June 694 491 491 July Aug. Sept. 468 388 409 Mean annual flow.-467 cfs S-35 BLACK RIVER Station number and name. -05381 000 Black River at Neillsville Location. -Sec. 1 5, T. 24 N., R. 2 W., at bridge on U.S. Highway 10 Period of record.-April 1905 to March 1909; October 1913 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second icfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 24 33 56 66 1 30 430 1 ,500 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 307 Jan. 105 Apr. 2,020 July 305 Nov. 396 Feb. 96 May 906 Aug. 201 Dec. 166 Mar. 1,210 Juae 835 Sept. 461 Mean annual flow.— 580 cfs Station number and name.-05382000 Black River near Galesville Location.-SW% sec. 1, T. 18 N., R. 8 W., 4.5 mi southeast of Galesville Period of record.-December 1931 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 320 360 470 520 780 1,700 3,800 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1,050 Jan. 710 Apr. 4,740 July 1,190 Nov. 1,220 Feb. 640 May 2,650 Aug. 719 Dec. 878 Mar. 2,920 June 2,190 Sept. 1,290 Mean annual flow.-l,680 cfs S-36 CHIPPEWA RIVER SYSTEM Station number and name.-05355500 West Fork Chippewa River at Lessards near Winter Location. --Sec. 34, T. 40 N., R. 6 W., 6.7 mi northwest of Winter Period of record. -April 1913 to September 1916 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 180 200 250 260 396 25 650 10 940 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 477 Jan. 213 Apr. Nov. 344 Feb. 217 May Dec. 304 Mar. 262 June 893 919 820 July Aug. Sept. 549 372 457 Mean annual flow. -494 cfs Station number and name.-05356000 Chippewa River at Bishops Bridge near Winter Location. "SWANEVd sec. 23, T. 39 N., R. 6 W., 3.2 mi downstream from Lake Chippewa dam Period of record.--May 1913 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 130 160 260 310 570 1,000 1,400 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 627 Jan. 923 Apr. 470 July 659 Nov. 81 7 Feb. 791 May 738 Aug. 644 Dec. 967 Mar. 444 June 805 Sept. 689 Mean annual flow. -710 cfs Station number and name.-053 56500 Chippewa River near Bruce Location. -SEVi sec. 5, T. 34 N., R. 7 W., 1.0 mi east of Bruce Period of record.-January 1914 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 420 500 730 810 1 ,1 00 1 ,700 2,700 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1,150 Jan. 1,180 Apr. 2,710 July 1,260 Nov. 1 ,380 Feb. 1 ,040 May 1 ,960 Aug. 1 ,060 Dec. 1 ,360 Mar. 1 ,390 June 1 .81 Sept. 1 ,290 Mean annual flow."1,460 cfs S-37 Station number and name."05361000 Chippewa River near Holcombe Location.--NW% sec. 35, T. 33 N., R. 7 W., 6.9 mi northwest of Holcombe Period of record.--April 1944 to September 1949 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 980 1,200 1,700 1,800 2,200 3,100 5,900 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month. In cfs Oct. 2,010 Jan. 2,040 Apr. 5,130 July 3,300 Nov. 2,770 Feb. 1,900 May 4,280 Aug. 2,100 Dec. 2,070 Mar. 4,560 June 5,800 Sept. 2,020 Mean annual flow.--3,060 cfs Station number and name.-05361500 South Fork Jump River near Ogema Location.--NW% sec. 33, T. 34 N., R. 1 W., 1 1 mi southwest of Ogema Period of record.-April 1944 to September 1954 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 21 27 38 42 70 240 720 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 153 Jan. 52 Apr. 1.090 July 180 Nov. 182 Feb. 45 May 575 Aug. 93 Dec. 79 Mar. 424 June 417 Sept. 154 Mean annual f!ow.~287 cfs Station number and nam e.~0 5362 000 Jump River at Sheldon Location.-Sec. 26, T. 33 N., R. 5 W., just downstream from highway bridge Period of record. --July 1915 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 34 43 68 76 140 430 1,300 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 347 Jan. 96 Apr. 1,870 July 272 Nov. 397 Feb. 81 May 900 Aug. 221 Dec. 1 59 Mar. 720 June 701 Sept. 41 Mean annual flow.-513 cfs S-38 Station number and name.--05362500 Chippewa River at Holcombe Location.--Sec. 28, T. 32 N., R. 6 W., 500 ft upstream from highway bridge Period of record.-October 1942 to September 1949 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.200 1,500 2,100 2,200 2,700 4,100 8,900 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2.890 Jan. 2.450 Apr. 8.110 July 4,390 Nov. 3,480 Feb. 2,260 May 6,180 Aug. 2.550 Dec. 2,400 Mar. 5,390 June 9,570 Sept. 2.450 Mean annual flow.--4,340 cfs Station number and name.--05364000 Yellow River at Cadott Location.--Sec. 31, T. 29 N., R. 6 W., at bridge 200 ft downstream from Svetlik Dan l^eriod of record.-October 1942 to September 1961 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 12 16 25 29 60 220 730 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 56 Jan. 42 Apr. 1 ,020 July 21 Nov. 159 Feb. 30 May 503 Aug. 109 Dec. 66 Mar. 342 June 490 Sept. 150 Mean annual flow.-273 cfs Station number and name.--05364500 Duncan Creek at Bloomer Location. "Sec. 8. T. 30 N., R. 9 W.. 0.3 mi below Bloomer dam Period of record.-March 1944 to December 1951 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 7.4 10 15 16 19 25 42 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 21 Jan. 17 Apr. 69 July 22 Nov. 21 Feb. 17 May 31 Aug. 17 Dec. 18 Mar. 81 June 36 Sept. 27 Mean annual flow."31 cfs S-39 Station nunnberand nanne.--05365000 Duncan Creek at Chippewa Falls Location. -SW% sec. 31, T. 29 N.. R. 8 W., on bridge in Irvin Park, at Chippewa Falls Period of record. -October 1942 to September 1955 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 38 44 75 70 50 52 55 66 25 82 10 120 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 71 Nov. 65 Dec. 58 Jan. 57 Apr. Feb. 60 May Mar. 164 June 163 91 103 July Aug. Sept. 73 64 71 Mean annual flow. -87 cfs Station number and name.-05365500 Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls Location. -Sec. 12, T. 28 N., R. 9 W., 1.0 mi downstream from Duncan Creek Period of record. -June 1888 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 920 1,300 2,000 2,300 3,300 5,700 11,000 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4,090 Jan. 2,540 Apr. 11,800 July 4,430 Nov. 4,000 Feb. 2,550 May 8,910 Aug. 3,390 Dec. 2,880 Mar. 5,210 June 7,140 Sept. 4,380 Mean annual flow.-5,l 10 cfs Station number and name. -05366000 Eau Claire River near Augusta Location.-Sec. 12, T. 26 N., R. 6 W., 5.6 mi northeast of Augusta Period of record.-July 1914 to September 1926 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 40 48 70 78 130 320 900 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 189 Jan. 64 Apr. 1,200 July 215 Nov. 271 Feb. 76 May 592 Aug. 216 Dec. 122 Mar. 699 June 628 Sept. 236 Mean annual flow.-373 cfs S-40 Station number and name.--05366500 Eau Claire River near FaH Creek Location .--NWy* sec. 19, T. 27 N.. R. 7 W., 3.2 mi north of Fall Creek Period of record.-October 1942 to September 1955 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet F>er second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 89 110 140 160 230 470 1,200 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 309 Jan. 232 Apr. 1,570 July 405 Nov. 316 Feb. 153 May 837 Aug. 257 Dec. 216 Mar. 1,040 June 903 Sept. 264 Mean annual flow.~542 cfs Station number and name.-05367000 Chippewa River at Eau Claire Location.~NE% sec. 25, T. 27 N., R. 10 W., at bridge on State Highways 37 and 85 Period of record.-October 1902 to March 1909; March 1944 to September 1954 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,400 1,700 2,600 2,900 4,200 7,900 14,000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5,110 Jan. 2,870 Apr. 13,700 July 6,550 Nov. 4,690 Feb. 2,880 May 11,900 Aug. 4,300 Dec. 3,000 Mar. 6,860 June 9,710 Sept. 5,820 Mean annual flow.~6,560 cfs Station number and name.-05367425 Red Cedar River near Cameron Location.-Sec. 30, T. 34 N., R. 1 1 W., 1 .7 mi west of Cameron Period of record.-Aprit 1966 to September 1970 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 160 180 220 230 290 450 760 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 438 Jan. 267 Apr. 529 July 456 Nov. 320 Feb. 271 May 390 Aug. 258 Dec. 294 Mar. 425 June 568 Sept. 312 Mean annual flow.~391 cfs S-41 Station number and name.--05367426 Red Cedar River near Cameron Location.--SW%NW% sec. 32, T. 34 N., R. 1 1 W., 1.6 mi southwest of Cameron Period of record. --June 1971 to September 1973 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 230 260 75 70 50 280 290 350 25 450 10 630 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 510 Nov. 456 Dec. 302 Jan. 277 Apr. Feb. 305 May Mar. 620 June 483 469 381 July Aug. Sept. 412 346 311 Mean annual flow. -405 cfs Station number and name.-05367500 Red Cedar R iver near Colfax Location.-SWy* sec. 22, T. 30 N., R. 1 1 W., 4.7 mi north of Colfax Period of record. -April 1914 to September 1961 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for Indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 300 350 450 480 590 790 1,300 M^ean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 614 Jan. 513 Apr. 1,380 July 657 Nov. 668 Feb. 543 May 859 Aug. 545 Dec. 550 Mar. 1,160 June 901 Sept. 683 Mean annual flow. -754 cfs Station number and name. -05368000 Hay River at Wheeler Location. -SW% sec. 25, T. 30 N., R. 13 W., 25 ft downstream from highway bridge Period of record. -October 1950 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 130 140 170 180 210 290 460 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 235 Jan. 176 Apr. 674 July 267 Nov. 231 Feb. 188 May 338 Aug. 238 Dec. 207 Mar. 425 June 323 Sept. 253 Mean annual flow.-296 cfs $-42 Station number and name.--05369000 Red Cedar River at Menomonie Location.--NW% sec. 26, T. 28 N., R. 13 W., 900 ft downstream from powerplant Period of record.--May 1913 to September 1923; March 1925 to September 1979 Duration table.--Dailv flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 520 600 750 800 1,000 1,400 2,100 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.060 Jan. 864 Apr. 2,290 July 1.110 Nov. 1,070 Feb. 911 May 1.430 Aug. 913 Dec. 93 1 Mar. 1 ,880 June 1 ,450 Sept. 1 ,1 40 Mean annual flow.--1,260 cfs Station number and name.-05369500 Chippewa River at Durand Location.--SW>4 sec. 21, T. 25 N., R. 13 W., 75 ft downstream from U.S. Highway 10 bridge Period of record.-July 1928 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2,500 2,900 3,900 4,100 5,400 8,200 14,000 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5,840 Jan. 4,660 Apr. 15,900 July 6,380 Nov. 6,300 Feb. 4,880 May 10,600 Aug. 4,840 Dec. 5,100 Mar. 9,540 June 9,790 Sept. 6,650 Mean annual flow.-7,530 cfs Station number and name. -05370000 Eau Galle River at Spring Valley Location.-SEy4NE% sec. 6, T. 27 N.. R. 15 W.. 770 ft downstream from flood-control dam Period of record.-April 1944 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded ifor indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 7.2 7.8 9.4 9.9 12 17 30 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 18 Jan. 10 Apr. 72 July 23 Nov. 16 Feb. 15 May 28 Aug. 19 Dec. 15 Mar. 66 June 33 Sept. 17 Mean annual f low.-28 cfs S-43 Station number and nanne.--05370500 Eau Galle River at Elmwooci Location.-Sec. 35, T. 27 N., R. 1 5 W., at highway bricige Period of record.--October 1942 to October 1953 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 15 17 20 21 24 25 31 10 49 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 25 Jan. 23 Apr. Nov. 23 Feb. 24 May Dec. 21 Mar. 113 June 92 37 61 July Aug. Sept. 45 32 25 Mean annual flow.-43 cfs S-44 FLAMBEAU RIVER Station number and name."05357500 Flambeau River at Flambeau Flowage Location. --Sec. 3, T. 41 N., R. 2 E., 0.5 mi ciownstream from Flambeau Flowage dam Period of record. -September 1927 to September 1961 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 170 270 420 460 600 25 790 10 1.000 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 603 Jan. 691 Apr. Nov. 607 Feb. 705 May Dec. 635 Mar. 568 June 268 594 853 July Aug. Sept. 765 707 622 Mean annual flow.-635 cfs Station number and name."05358000 Flambeau River near Butternut Location. "Sec. 28, T. 41 N., R. 1 E., 6 mi east of Butternut Period of record.-August 1914 to November 1938 Duration table.— Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 270 310 75 70 400 430 50 580 25 790 10 1,100 Mean monthly flow."F( 3r indicated month, , in cfs Oct. 608 Nov. 602 Dec. 562 Jan. 529 Feb. 523 Mar. 516 Apr. May June 888 914 839 July Aug. Sept. 753 622 579 Mean annual flow.-658 cfs Station number and name.-05358300 Pine Creek near Oxbo Location. -SE:^ sec. 36, T. 40 N.. R. 3 W., 3.0 mi northeast of Oxbo Period of record.-October 1970 to October 1975 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 17 19 21 22 28 45 92 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 36 Jan, 22 Apr. 145 July 32 Nov. 48 Feb. 20 May 77 Aug. 46 Dec. 25 Mar. 52 June 50 Sept. 29 Mean annual flow. -48 cfs S-45 Station number and name.--05358500 Flambeau River at Babbs Island near Winter Location .--SE% sec. 17, T. 38 N., R. 3 W., 13 mi east of Winter Period of record.-April 1938 to October 1975 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 470 550 710 750 900 1 ,200 1 ,600 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 827 Jan. 854 Apr. 1.420 July 1,060 Nov. 883 Feb. 885 May 1 ,220 Aug. 949 Dec. 808 Mar. 1 ,01 June 1 ,330 Sept. 896 Mean annual flow.-l,040 cfs Station number and name. -05359500 South Fork Flambeau River near Phillips Location. -NW^SWy* sec. 10, T. 37 N., R.2W., 12 mi west of Phillips Period of record.-April 1940 to October 1975 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 130 150 210 230 320 670 1.400 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 465 Jan. 235 Apr. 1,520 July 480 Nov. 518 Feb. 216 May 2.000 Aug. 355 Dec. 310 Mar. 444 June 923 Sept. 476 Mean annual flow. -602 cfs Station number and name.--05360000 Flambeau River near Ladysmith Location.-Sec. 35, T. 36 N., R. 5 W., at Big Falls powerplant Period of record. -January 1914 to September 1962 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 580 680 890 950 1,200 1,900 3,300 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.560 Jan. 986 Apr. 3,590 July 1,800 Nov. 1.510 Feb. 958 May 2,880 Aug. 1,410 Dec. 1,110 Mar. 1,420 June 2,490 Sept. 1,680 Mean annual flow.-l ,720 cfs S-46 Station number and nanne.--05360500 Flambeau River near Bruce Location. --NW% sec. 2, T. 33 N., R, 7 W., 2.5 mi downstream from Thornapple powerplant Period of record. --August 1951 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 680 820 1,100 1,100 1,400 2,000 3,500 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 ,580 Jan. 1 ,1 70 Apr. 3,670 July 1 ,720 Nov. 1 ,520 Feb. 1 ,1 80 May 2,740 Aug. 1 ,570 Dec. 1,250 Mar. 1,720 June 2,230 Sept. 1,730 Mean annual flow.-1,840 cfs S-47 ST. CROIX RIVER SYSTEM Station number and name.--05332000 Namekagon River at Trego Location. --SW% sec. 35, T. 40 N., R. 12 W., at Chicago and Northwestern Railway bridge Period of record. --April 1914 to September 1927 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 270 290 330 340 380 490 640 Mean monthly flow. "For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 408 Jan. 301 Apr. 652 July 455 Nov. 425 Feb. 305 May 565 Aug. 385 Dec. 354 Mar. 430 June 506 Sept. 395 Mean annual flow.~430cfs Station number and name."05332500 Namekagon River near Trego Location. "SW% sec. 17, T. 40 N., R. 12 W., at Northern States Power Company powerplant Period of record. -October 1927 to September 1970 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 260 280 340 350 420 25 540 10 720 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 440 Jan. 349 Apr. Nov. 430 Feb. 342 May Dec. 377 Mar. 432 June 702 645 572 July Aug. Sept. 485 415 471 Mean annual flow. --4 72 cfs Station number and name. -053335000 St. Croix River near Danbury Location. -SW% sec. 33, T. 42 N., R. 1 5 W., bridge on State Highway 35, 7.5 mi northeast of Danbury Period of record. -March 1914 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 650 720 850 890 1,100 1,500 2,200 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1,150 Jan. 879 Apr. 2,360 July 1,300 Nov. 1 ,1 80 Feb. 864 May 1 ,860 Aug. 1 ,060 Dec. 992 Mar. 1 ,300 June 1 ,550 Sept. 1 , 1 80 Mean annual flow.-l ,300 cfs S-48 Station number and name.--05335500 Clam River near Webster Location.--SW%NWy4 sec. 9, T. 39 N., R. 15 W., 6.0 mi west of Webster Period of record. --October 1940 to September 1942 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 130 140 170 180 210 25 410 10 590 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 342 Jan. 191 Apr. Nov. 342 Feb. 172 May Dec. 235 Mar. 230 June 501 375 359 July Aug. Sept. 227 155 605 Mean annual flow.-311 cfs Station number and name. -05336000 St. Croix River near Grantsburg Location. "SE% sec. 30, T. 40 N., R. 18 W., 10.3 mi north of Grantsburg Period of record. -April 1923 to November 1970 Duration table.-Dailv flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1 ,000 1 ,1 00 1 ,300 1 ,400 1 ,700 2,500 4,300 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2,010 Jan. 1,390 Apr. 4,700 July 2,160 Nov. 2,020 Feb. 1 ,340 May 3,650 Aug. 1 ,620 Dec. 1 ,580 Mar. 2,200 June 2,890 Sept. 2.030 Mean annual flow. -2, 300 cfs Station number and name.-05340500 St. Croix River at St. Croix Falls Location. "NW% sec. 30, T. 34 N., R. 18 W., 1,800 ft downstream from Northern States Power Company powerplant Period of record. -January 1910 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1,300 1,500 1,900 2,000 2,600 4,300 8,500 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3,360 Jan. 2,020 Apr. 10,020 July 4,040 Nov. 3,230 Feb. 1,980 May 7,330 Aug. 2,720 Dec. 2,360 Mar. 3,940 June 5,690 Sept. 3,110 Mean annual flow.-4,150 cfs S-49 Station number and name. --05341 500 Apple River near Somerset Location. --NE%SE% sec. 21, T. 31 N., R. 19 W., at Northern States Power Company powerplant, 3.1 mi northwest of Somerset Period of record. --October 1914 to September 1970 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 120 140 180 190 240 330 490 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 249 Jan. 205 Apr. 545 July 244 Nov. 245 Feb. 213 May 381 Aug. 204 Dec. 217 Mar. 362 June 347 Sept. 262 Mean annual flow.--289 cfs Station number and name. -05342000 Kinnickinnic River near River Falls Location. "Sec. 18, T. 27 N., R. 19 W., 5.5 mi west of River Falls Period of record. -November 1916 to September 1919; March 1920 to September 1921 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 54 58 66 68 78 92 110 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 75 Jan. 67 Apr. 94 July 69 Nov. 83 Feb. 66 May 84 Aug. 71 Dec. 80 Mar. 236 June 119 Sept. 70 Mean annual flow. -94 cfs S-50 OTHER MISSISSIPPI RIVER TRIBUTARIES Station number and name.--05372000 Buffalo River near Tell Location.--NW% sec. 16, T. 22 N., R. 12 W., 1 ml northeast of Tell Period of record. -April 1935 to September 1951 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 110 120 150 160 50 200 25 280 10 410 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, , in cfs Oct. 187 Jan. 163 Nov. 217 Feb. 166 Dec. 177 Mar. 537 Apr. May June 401 273 319 July Aug. Sept. 232 197 240 Mean annual flow.--259 cfs Station number and name. -05379400 Trempealeau River at Arcadia Location. --SWy* sec. 32, T. 21 N., R. 9 W., at bridge on State Highways 93 and 95 Period of record.-July 1960 to September 1977 Duration table.-Dally flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 170 190 220 230 290 25 400 10 610 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 306 Jan. 249 Apr. Nov. 313 Feb. 292 May Dec. 270 Mar. 720 June 668 437 381 July Aug. Sept. 320 322 353 Mean annual flow.~388 cfs Station number and name. -05379500 Trempealeau River at Dodge Location. --SE% sec. 10, T. 19 N., R. 10 W., at highway bridge in Dodge Period of record.-December 1913 to September 1919; May T934 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 170 190 230 240 300 25 430 10 670 Mean monthly flow.— For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 327 Jan. 248 Apr. Nov. 342 Feb. 294 May Dec. 281 Mar. 800 June 670 454 468 July Aug. Sept. 377 322 343 Mean annual flow. -409 cfs S-51 Station number and name.--05382500 Little La Crosse River near Leon Location. --NE% sec. 3, T. 16 N., R. 4 W., 1.5 nni northwest of Leon Period of record. --March 1934 to September 1961 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 26 28 32 33 37 46 62 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 38 Jan. 35 Apr. 62 July 42 Nov. 40 Feb. 41 May 49 Aug. 41 Dec. 35 Mar. 76 June 52 Sept. 42 Mean annual flow. -46 cfs Station number and name. -05383000 La Crosse River near West Salem Location. -SEy^ sec. 32, T. 1 7 N., R. 6 W., 2 mi west of West Salem Period of record. -January 1914 to November 1970 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 160 90 75 70 50 170 200 210 250 25 310 10 410 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 253 Jan. 221 Apr. 261 Feb. 267 May 225 Mar. 433 June 368 298 333 July Aug. Sept. 271 254 273 Mean annual flow. -288 cfs Station number and name. -05386500 Coon Creek at Coon Valley Location. -NEy4 sec. 7, T. 14 N., R. 5 W., 700 ft upstream from U.S. Highways 14 and 61 Period of record. -March 1934 to September 1940 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 26 27 31 31 34 40 51 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 33 Jan. 31 Apr. 49 July 39 Nov. 35 Feb. 36 May 38 Aug. 52 Dec. 32 Mar. 66 June 37 Sept. 42 Mean annual flow. -41 cfs S-52 Station number and name.--05387000 Coon Creek near Stoddard Location. --NEy* sec. 25, T. 14 N., R. 7 W., 3.3 mi east of Stoddard Period of record.-March 1934 to October 1940 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 42 45 49 50 55 63 81 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 53 Jan. 52 Apr. 78 July 69 Nov. 57 Feb. 61 May 59 Aug. 85 Dec. 53 Mar. 116 June 57 Sept. 74 Mean annual flow. --68 cfs Station number and name."05413500 Grant River at Burton Location. -NW% sec. 23, T. 3 N., R. 4 W., at highway bridge at Burton Period of record. -October 1934 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 47 55 73 78 100 160 250 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 110 Jan. 132 Apr. 175 July 170 Nov. 1 20 Feb. 201 May 1 60 Aug. 1 43 Dec. 99 Mar. 358 June 205 Sept. 1 28 Mean annual flow.-167 cfs Station number and name.-054 14000 Platte River near Rockville Location. -SW% sec. 17, T. 3 N., R. 2 W., 2.2 mi east of Rockville Period of record. -October 1934 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 30 34 44 48 62 94 160 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 66 Jan. 79 Apr. 1 08 July 1 02 Nov. 73 Feb. 106 May 102 Aug. 88 Dec. 68 Mar. 190 June 132 Sept. 76 Mean annual flow.-98 cfs S-53 Station number and name.--05415000 Galena River at Buncombe Location.--SW% sec. 33, T. 1 N., R. 1 E., 2.0 mi upstream from Wisconsin-Illinois State line Period of record. --September 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 18 21 30 33 45 72 130 Oct. 49 Jan. 68 Apr. 88 July 69 Nov. 55 Feb. 93 May 80 Aug. 58 Dec. 46 Mar. 169 June 93 Sept. 57 Mean annual flow. -77 cfs S-54 LAKE SUPERIOR SYSTEM Station number and name.--04024430 Nemadji River near South Superior Location. "SWYa sec. 14, T. 48 N., R. 14 W., 2.0 mi south of South Superior Period of record. -December 1973 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 32 39 59 67 100 330 930 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 206 Jan. 68.5 Apr. 1,560 July 300 Nov. 241 Feb. 64.8 May 588 Aug. 172 Dec. 143 Mar. 409 June 534 Sept. 232 Mean annual flow.-373 cfs Station number and name. -04025000 Amnjcon River near Poplar Location.-NE^NEVasec. 32, T. 48 N., R. 12W.,at U.S. Highway 2 Period of record.-April 1914 to September 1916 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.3 7.9 20 25 50 190 370 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 118 Jan. 23.4 Apr. 439 July 109 Nov. 1 1 3 Feb. 1 5.0 May 272 Aug. 55.7 Dec. 86.5 Mar. 59.5 June 223 Sept. 66.0 Mean annual flow. -135 cfs Station number and name. -04025500 Bois Brule River at Brule Location.-NW%SWy4 sec. 23, T. 47 N., R. 10 W., 1.4 mi southwest of Brule Post Office Period of record.-October 1942 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 110 120 130 130 150 25 180 10 260 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 155 Jan. 131 Apr. Nov. 159 Feb. 132 May Dec. 141 Mar. 152 June 280 240 200 July Aug. Sept. 168 148 152 Mean annual flow."172 cfs S-55 Station number and name.--04026000 Bois Brule River near Brule Location. -NEVd sec. 26, T. 48 N., R. 10 W., 4.5 mi north of Brule Post Office Period of record.-January 1914 to February 1917 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 140 150 160 170 190 270 370 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 207 Jan. 154 Apr. 439 July 214 Nov. 209 Feb. 151 May 360 Aug. 169 Dec. 176 Mar. 179 June 331 Sept. 186 Mean annual flow. -239 cfs Station number and name. -04026347 Pine Creek at Moquah Location. "NW%NE% sec. 1 5, T. 47 N., R. 6 W., 1 .4 mi southwest of Moquah Period of record. -October 1975 to September 1978 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.9 5.7 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5.6 Jan. 4.1 Apr. 5.6 July 4.2 Nov. 5.4 Feb. 4.4 May 4.7 Aug. 4.7 Dec. 4.6 Mar. 7.1 June 4.3 Sept. 5.2 Mean annual flow. -5.0 cfs Station number and name. -04026349 Pine Creek near Moquah Location.-SWy4SEy4 sec. 13, T. 47 N., R. 6 W., 1 .3 mi southeast of Moquah Period of record. -November 1975 to September 1978 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 19 19 20 20 21 22 26 Mean monthly fJow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 27 Jan. 22 Apr. 29 July 20 Nov. 25 Feb. 22 May 24 Aug. 25 Dec. 22 Mar. 38 June 21 Sept. 26 Mean annual flow.-24 cfs S-56 Station number and name. -04026450 Bad River near Mellen Location. --NE%NW% sec. 26, T. 44 N., R. 3 W., 4.4 mi southeast of Mellen Period of record.-October 1970 to January 1976 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 15 20 29 31 44 100 250 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 61 Jan. 32 Apr. 339 July 77 Nov. 121 Feb. 29 May 181 Aug. 100 Dec. 51 Mar. 92 June 109 Sept. 48 Mean annual flow.--103 cfs Station number and name.--04026500 Bad River at Mellen Location.--NE% sec. 6, T. 44 N., R. 2 W., at State Highway 13 bridge Period of record. --May 1948 to September 1955 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 14 16 23 25 43 110 330 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 55 Jan. 24 Apr. 458 July 175 Nov. 63 Feb. 23 May 31 1 Aug. 75 Dec. 51 Mar. 54 June 164 Sept. 57 Mean annual flow.--131 cfs Station number and name.--04026870 Alder Creek near Upson Location. --SEVaSEya sec. 7, T. 45 N., R. 1 E., 1.0 mi north of Upson Period of record. -April 1972 to September 1977 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 0.7 1.4 3.7 4.7 8.6 25 21 10 58 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 8.5 Jan. 7.8 Apr. Nov. 28 Feb. 7.1 May Dec. 11 Mar. 40 June 102 38 24 July Aug. Sept. 10 16 19 Mean annual flow.- 24 cfs S-57 Station number and name. -04027000 Bad River near Odanah Location. "SE% sec. 2, T. 46 N., R. 3 W., 8.5 mi south of Odanah Period of record. --July 1914 to December 1922; May 1948 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 96 110 160 180 270 580 1,500 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 377 Jan. 179 Apr. 2,250 July 480 Nov. 468 Feb. 168 May 1 ,1 50 Aug. 331 Dec. 285 Mar. 61 5 June 691 Sept. 339 Mean annual flow.-614 cfs Station number and name.--04027500 White River near Ashland Location.-NEy* sec. 6, T. 46 N., R. 4 W., 4.5 mi south of Ashland Period of record. -May 1948 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 150 160 180 180 210 25 280 10 480 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 228 Jan. 188 Apr. Nov. 245 Feb. 188 May Dec. 204 Mar. 296 June 605 391 296 July Aug. Sept. 265 245 241 Mean annual flow. --284 cfs Station number and name. -04028000 Montreal River at Ironwood, Mich. Location. -Sec. 24, T. 46 N., R. 2 E., at highway bridge between Hurley, Wis., and Ironwood, Mich. Period of record.-Aprii-1918 to June 1&22; July 1924 to November 1925; September 1949 to September 1954 Duration table. -Dally flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.9 7.6 11 12 22 59 180 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 27 Jan. 19 Apr. 296 July 76 Nov. 41 Feb. 14 May 161 Aug. 25 Dec. 24 Mar. 76 June 1 27 Sept. 21 Mean annual flow. -75 cfs S-58 Station number and name.--04029000 West Branch Montreal River at Gile Location. "Sec. 34, T. 46 N., R. 2 E., at outlet of Gile Reservoir at Gile Period of record. --April 1918 to November 1925; October 1942 to September 1947 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.6 8.4 15 18 41 110 170 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 44 Jan. 41 Apr. 185 July 88 Nov. 51 Feb. 42 May 127 Aug. 71 Dec. 49 Mar. 74 June 114 Sept. 55 Mean annual flow. --79 cfs Station number and name. -04030000 Montreal River near Saxon Location.--NW% sec. 23, T. 48 N., R. 49 W., 3.5 mi north of Saxon Period of record. --October 1938 to October 1970 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 58 87 1 60 1 70 200 280 680 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 193 Jan. 166 Apr. 998 July 277 Nov. 244 Feb. 156 May 558 Aug. 209 Dec. 1 79 Mar. 290 June 409 Sept. 217 Mean annual flow. -325 cfs S-59 MILWAUKEE RIVER Station number and name.--040861 50 Milwaukee River at Kewaskum Location.--SE%SEy4 sec. 9, T. 12 N., R. 19 E., at small dam in Kewaskum Period of record.--April 1968 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.5 8.9 17 21 41 99 250 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 48 Jan. 37 Apr. 252 July 47 Nov. 53 Feb. 41 May 137 Aug. 44 Dec. 41 Mar. 264 June 92 Sept. 60 Mean annual flow. -94 cfs Station number and name. -04086200 East Branch Milwaukee River near New Fane Location. -SE% sec. 35, T. 13 N., R. 19 E., 150 ft downstream from County Trunk Highway S bridge Period of record.-April 1968 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.0 6.4 11 13 19 38 78 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 19 Jan. 20 Apr. 83 July 18 Nov. 22 Feb. 19 May 46 Aug. 15 Dec. 22 Mar. 80 June 31 Sept. 18 Mean annual flow. -33 cfs Station number and name. -04086340 North Branch Milwaukee River near Fillmore Location. "NWVa sec. 25, T. 12 N., R. 20 E., 1.1 mi south of Fillmore Period of record.-April 1968 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 16 20 32 36 55 110 240 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 61 Jan. 56 Apr. 227 July 48 Nov. 71 Feb. 61 May 120 Aug. 48 Dec. 72 Mar. 258 June 85 Sept. 61 Mean annual flow. -98 cfs S-60 Station number and name.--04086360 Milwaukee River at Waubeka Location.--SE% sec. 28, T. 12 N., R. 21 E., 100 ft downstream from County Trunk Highway I bridg- Period of record.-March 1968 to September 1979 Duration table.-Dailv flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 48 58 92 100 170 340 730 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 176 Jan. 163 Apr. 724 July 150 Nov. 196 Feb. 176 May 404 Aug. 140 Dec. 199 Mar. 826 June 271 Sept. 182 Mean annual flow.--306 cfs Station number and name.--04086500 Cedar Creek near Cedarburg Location.--SE%SW% sec. 14, T. 10 N., R. 21 E., 1.9 mi north of Cedarburg Period of record. --August 1930 to September 1970; July 1973 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 4.5 6.3 12 14 26 63 150 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 37 Jan. 48 Apr. 154 July 38 Nov. 43 Feb. 54 May 80 Aug. 20 Dec. 39 Mar. 193 June 64 Sept. 35 Mean annual flow. -67 cfs Station number and name."04087000 Milwaukee River at Milwaukee Location."NEy4 sec. 5, T. 7 N., R. 22 E., in Estabrook Park, 2,000 ft downstream from Port Washington Road bridge Period of record.-April 1914 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 48 64 100 110 190 25 420 10 940 Mean monthly flow.~For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 241 Jan. 240 Apr. Nov. 292 Feb. 362 May Dec. 257 Mar. 1,070 June 934 494 358 July Aug. Sept. 196 185 227 Mean annual flow.--404 cfs -*^-61 Station number and name. -04087018 Menomonee River at Germantown Location. --SEy4SW% sec. 21, T. 9 N., R. 20 E., 80 ft downstream from River Lane Road Period of record.--December 1974 to April 1978 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 4.5 9.9 26 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 3.1 Jan. 6.6 Apr. 26 July 5.0 Nov. 5.2 Feb. 10 May 12 Aug. 8.6 Dec. 8.0 Mar. 37 June 8.3 Sept. 6.3 Mean annual flow. --11 cfs Station number and name.--04087030 Menomonee River at Menomonee Falls Location. --SEYaNEl^ sec. 10, T. 8 N., R. 20 E., 150 ft upstream from County Trunk Highway YY bride Period of record. --November 1974 to December 1977 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.0 2.3 3.2 3.4 5.7 18 49 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 1 Jan. 9.2 Apr. 51 July 9.2 Nov. 17 Feb. 20 May 19 Aug. 16 Dec. 1 6 Mar. 82 June 14 Sept. 1 Mean annual flow."19 cfs Station number and name."04087040 Menomonee River at Butler Location. -SE% sec. 36, T. 8 N., R. 20 E., just upstream from 124th Street bridge Period of record. -November 1974 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 4.6 5.5 9.6 12 18 42 120 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 19 Jan. 20 Apr. 112 July 34 Nov. 26 Feb. 31 May 63 Aug. 24 Dec. 37 Mar. 168 June 38 Sept. 20 Mean annual flow. -50 cfs S-62 Station number and name. -04087050 Little Menomonee River near Freistadt Location. --NEViNW^ sec. 32, T. 9 N., R. 21 E., 2.0 mi south of Freistadt Period of record. --December 1974 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.04 0.20 0.60 0.80 1 .7 4.2 13 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.8 Jan. 1.8 Apr. 13 July 3.4 Nov. 2.8 Feb. 3.6 May 6.9 Aug. 1 .6 Dec. 3.5 Mar. 20 June 3.5 Sept. 1.2 Mean annual flow. -5. 3 cfs Station number and name."04087060 Noyes Creek at Milwaukee Location.-NWy4SWy4 sec. 21, T. 8 N., R. 20 E., 200 ft east of 91st Street Period of record. -December 1974 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.03 0.08 0.20 0.20 0.40 1.2 3.8 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.0 Jan. 0.49 Apr. 3.0 July 2.4 Nov. 1.2 Feb. 0.77 May 2.1 Aug. 2.2 Dec. 0.84 Mar. 5.3 June 2.6 Sept. 1.2 Mean annual flow. --2. cfs Station number and name. -04087070 Little Menomonee River at Milwaukee Location. -NWy4SW% sec. 29, T. 8 N., R. 21 E., 200 ft upstream from U.S. Highway 41 bridge Period of record. -November 1974 to December 1977 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.03 0.30 0.90 1 .2 2.6 9.6 32 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 5.4 Jan. 7.2 Apr. 29 July 5.2 Nov. 7.3 Feb. 15 May 11 Aug. 8.4 Dec. 7.7 Mar. 52 June 11 Sept. 4.0 Mean annual flow. -11 cfs S-63 Station number and nanrie.--04087088 Underwood Creek at Wauwatosa Location. -SW%NW% sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 21 E., at U.S. Highway 45 bridge Period of record. -November 1974 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for inciicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.4 1.7 2.4 2.7 4.0 9.5 29 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4.9 Jan. 4.1 Apr. 24 July 7.6 Nov. 5.8 Feb. 7.4 May 14 Aug. 10 Dec. 5.2 Mar. 36 June 9.2 Sept. 7.3 Mean annual flow. -11 cfs Station number and name.--040871 19 Honey Creek at Wauwatosa Location .--NW%NW% sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 21 E., 260 ft upstream from Menomonee River Period of record. --December 1974 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for Indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.60 1.0 1.6 1.8 2.6 5.9 22 Mean monthly flow. -For Indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4.6 Jan. 2.1 Apr. 16 July 8.7 Nov. 5.2 Feb. 6.2 May 9.2 Aug. 8.9 Dec. 4.1 Mar. 24 June 8.6 Sept. 7.3 Mean annual flow. -9.0 cfs Station number and name. -040871 20 Menomonee River at Wauwatosa Location. -NE%NW% sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 21 E., at 70th Street bridge Period of record. -October 1961 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 7.5 9.8 18 21 34 25 81 10 200 nthly flow.-For indicated month, In cfs Oct. 53 Jan. 51 Apr. Nov. 52 Feb. 73 May Dec. 62 Mar. 237 June 186 103 82 July Aug. Sept. 63 46 68 Mean annual flow.-90 cfs S-64 Station number and name.--04087160 Kinnickinnic River at Milwaukee Location. --SEyANWMi sec. 8, T. 6 N., R. 22 E., 50 ft upstream from 7th Street bridge Period of record. --July 1976 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 6.1 6.8 8.1 8.5 11 19 49 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 16 Jan. 7.8 Apr. 41 July 34 Nov. 14 Feb. 9.7 May 26 Aug. 25 Dec. 15 Mar. 49 June 29 Sept. 28 Mean annual flow. -25 cfs S-fiR SHEBOYGAN RIVER Station number and name.--04086000 Sheboygan River at Sheboygan Location.--SE%NE% sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 23 E., 400 ft upstreann from State Highway 141 bridge Period of record. --June 1916 to September 1924; October 1950 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 27 33 49 55 93 220 570 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 29 Jan. 1 00 Apr. 748 July 97 Nov. 1 56 Feb. 1 28 May 3 1 2 Aug. 1 06 Dec. 131 Mar. 706 June 165 Sept. 112 Mean annual flow. -241 cfs MANITOWOC RIVER Station number and name. -04085427 Manitowoc River at Manitowoc Location. "NE%NWVi sec. 23, T. 19 N., R. 23 E., 300 ft upstream from County Trunk Highway JJt Period of record. -July 1972 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 19 24 43 49 94 330 1,000 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 34 Jan . 1 39 Apr. 1 ,290 Nov. 133 Feb. 134 May 584 Dec. 144 Mar. 1,090 June 230 Mean annual flow. -340 cfs July 72 Aug. 61 Sept. 89 S-66 OTHER LAKE MICHIGAN TRIBUTARIES Station number and name.--04071858 Pensaukee River near Pensaukee Location. --NW%NEy4 sec. 16, T. 27 N., R. 21 E., 2.6 mi west of Pensaukee Period of record. --September 1972 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3.5 5.7 10 12 23 68 200 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 30 Jan. 27 Apr. 356 July 19 Nov. 45 Feb. 30 May 1 77 Aug. 20 Dec. 30 Mar. 276 June 59 Sept. 43 Mean annual flow. -93 cfs Station number and name. -04085200 Kewaunee River near Kewaunee Location. -SWy4 sec. 14, T. 23 N., R. 24 E., 2.3 mi west of Kewaunee Period of record. -March 1966 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 11 13 17 19 29 25 61 10 170 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 31 Jan. 42 Apr. Nov. 36 Feb. 29 May Dec. 44 Mar. 285 June 228 100 68 July Aug. Sept. 31 31 46 Mean annual flow.-82 cfs Station number and name.-04085281 East Twin River at Mishicot Location. -NW%NW% sec. 4, T. 20 N., R. 24 E., 500 ft downstream from State Highway 147 b Period of record.-July 1972 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 8.5 11 17 18 28 25 72 10 200 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 37 Jan. 46 Apr. Nov. 43 Feb. 31 May Dec. 49 Mar. 255 June 236 128 54 July Aug. Sept. 23 31 30 Mean annual flow."79 cfs S-67 Station number and name.--04087204 Oak Creek at South Milwaukee Location. --NWy4 sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 22 E., 25 ft downstream from 15th Avenue bridge Period of record.--October 1963 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.3 1.7 2.8 3.3 5.9 16 44 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 8.3 Jan. 13 Apr. 48 July 17 Nov. 8.6 Feb. 21 May 23 Aug. 7.4 Dec. 14 Mar. 52 June 24 Sept. 18 Mean annual flow.— 21 cfs Station number and name.--04087220 Root River near Franklin Location. -SE% sec. 22, T. 5 N., R. 21 E., 400 ft upstream from State Highway 100 Period of record. -October 1963 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow. In cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.8 3.7 6.8 8.1 16 37 92 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 19 Jan. 34 Apr. 97 July 29 Nov. 19 Feb. 40 May 47 Aug. 18 Dec. 30 Mar. 121 June 46 Sept. 34 Mean annual flow. -44 cfs Station number and name. -04087233 Root River Canal near Franklin Location. -SE% sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 21 E., 10 ft downstream from County Highway G bridge Period of record. -October 1963 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.4 1.9 3.3 4.1 11 40 120 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 20 Jan. 34 Apr. 98 July 30 Nov. 18 Feb. 47 May 46 Aug. 21 Dec. 26 Mar. 125 June 48 Sept. 30 Mean annual flow. -45 cfs S-68 Station number anci name.--04087240 Root River near Racine Location. --NE% sec. 6, T. 3 IM., R. 23 E., 30 ft downstream from State Highway 38 bridge Period of record.-August 1963 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 4.8 7.1 17 21 46 25 140 10 380 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 57 Jan. 97 Apr. Nov. 60 Feb. 137 May Dec. 82 Mar. 386 June 341 173 139 July Aug. Sept. 102 58 98 Mean annual flow. -144 cfs Station number and name. -04087257 Pike River near Racine Location. "SE%NE3^ sec. 11, T. 2 N., R. 22 E., 1.7 mi downstream from Pike Creek Period of record.-October 1971 to April 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second icfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 3.0 4.0 6.2 7.0 13 36 91 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 5 Jan. 28 Apr. 97 July 28 Nov. 17 Feb. 26 May 43 Aug. 27 Dec. 24 Mar. 108 June 39 Sept. 27 Mean annual flow. -36 cfs S-69 ROCK RIVER Station number and name.--05423000 West Branch Rock River near Waupun Location.--SE% sec. 24, T. 14 N., R. 15 E., 4.5 mi northeast of Waupun Period of record. --January 1949 to October 1970; March 1978 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.30 0.70 1.9 2.3 5.3 18 50 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 15 Jan. 6.4 Apr. 61 July 14 Nov. 16 Feb. 11 May 27 Aug. 12 Dec. 9.9 Mar. 54 June 14 Sept. 1 1 Mean annual flow. -20 cfs Station number and name.-05423500 South Branch Rock River at Waupun Location. -NW% sec. 33, T. 14 N., R. 15 E., 100 ft upstream from U.S. Highway 151 Period of record. -October 1948 to September 1969 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.40 0.70 1.8 2.3 6.4 21 57 Mean monthly flow.— For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 16 Jan. 7.9 Apr. 69 July 20 Nov. 18 Feb. 12 May 28 Aug. 12 Dec. 12 Mar. 61 June 17 Sept. 12 Mean annual flow."24 cfs Station number and name. -05424000 East Branch Rock River near Mayville Location."NE% sec. 10, T. 12 N., R. 16 E., 500 ft downstream from Kekoskee dam Period of record. -May 1949 to November 1970 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 4.6 7 13 16 30 82 190 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 50 Jan. 31 Apr. 247 July 70 Nov. 55 Feb. 48 May 98 Aug. 31 Dec. 39 Mar. 207 June 60 Sept. 45 Mean annual flow. -83 cfs S-70 Station number and name.--05425500 Rock River at Watertown Location. --SW% sec. 4, T. 8 N., R. 15 E., 700 ft downstream from Milwaukee Street bridge Period of record. --June 1931 to November 1970; October 1976 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 21 32 67 82 200 540 1,200 Mean monthly fJow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 243 Jan. 250 Apr. 1 ,200 July 287 Nov. 276 Feb. 295 May 642 Aug. 210 Dec. 234 Mar. 866 June 366 Sept. 204 Mean annual flow. -426 cfs Station number and name.-05426000 Crawfish River at Milford Location. "SW% sec. 4., T. 7 N., R. 14 E., at County Highway A bridge Period of record.-June 1931 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 23 32 61 72 150 390 990 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 90 Jan . 220 Apr. 95 1 July 220 Nov. 213 Feb. 263 May 465 Aug. 150 Dec. 171 Mar. 1,010 June 292 Sept. 180 Mean annual flow. -362 cfs Station number and name. -054 26 500 Whitewater Creek near Whitewater Location.-NW% sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., 4 mi south of Whitewater Period of record. -March 1926 to July 1928; June 1946 to September 1954 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.70 1 .0 1 .8 4.4 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.7 Jan. 1.4 Apr. 2.7 July 1.8 Nov. 2.0 Feb. 1.9 May 2.2 Aug. 1.2 Dec. 1.5 Mar. 2.5 June 2.3 Sept. 1.2 Mean annual flow.-1.8 cfs S-71 Station number and name.--05427000 Whitewater Creek at Whitewater Location. --NE%SW>i sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 15 E., at Willis Ray Road just upstream from Tripp Lake Period of record. -June 1926 to July 1928; July 1946 to September 1954; June 1978 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 10 11 13 13 15 21 30 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 17 Jan. 19 Apr. 25 July 18 Nov. 21 Feb. 21 May 21 Aug. 16 Dec. 16 Mar. 29 June 20 Sept. 14 Mean annual flow. -19 cfs Station number and name. -05427507 Koshkonong Creek near Rockdale Location. --SW%SEy4 sec. 25, T. 6 N., R. 12 E., 1.4 mi south of Rockdale Period of record.-November 1976 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 20 29 39 41 51 93 230 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 51 Jan. 30 Apr. 168 July 111 Nov. 50 Feb. 28 May 93 Aug. 50 Dec. 34 Mar. 154 June 92 Sept. 56 Mean annual flow. -97 cfs Station number and name.-05427570 Rock River at Indianford Location. -SW%SW% sec. 16, T. 4 N.. R. 12 E., 250 ft upstream from dam in Indianford Period of record. -May 1975 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 190 240 390 470 910 2,000 3,600 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 944 Jan. 655 Apr. 4,590 July 1,190 Nov. 898 Feb. 710 May 2,670 Aug. 826 Dec. 976 Mar. 2,480 June 1 ,470 Sept. 864 Mean annual flow.--1,520 cfs S-72 Station number and nanne.--05427718 Yahara River at Windsor Location. --NWVdNEya sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 10 E.,at bridge on road to Lake Windsor Country Club Period of record.-February 1976 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 5.6 6.4 7.9 8.3 9.8 14 21 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 9.5 Jan. 8.1 Apr. 22 July 16 Nov. 1 1 Feb. 1 5 May 1 7 Aug. 1 2 Dec. 8.9 Mar. 53 June 16 Sept. 1 1 Mean annual flow.~14 cfs Station number and name."05427800 Token Creek near Madison Location .-SW%SW% sec. 4., T. 8 N., R. 10 E., 100 ft upstream from U.S. Highway 51 Period of record. -October 1975 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 15 90 75 70 50 16 17 17 19 25 22 10 27 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 17 Jan. 17 Apr. 17 Feb. 20 May 18 Mar. 35 June 22 21 18 July Aug. Sept. 19 17 18 Mean annual flow.- 21 cfs Station number and name. -05427900 Sixmile Creek near Waunakee Location.-NE%NW% sec. 16, T. 8 N., R. 9 E., 1.5 mi southeast of Waunakee Period of record.-February 1976 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second Icfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 1.7 2.6 75 70 50 3.4 3.8 5.9 25 9.6 10 22 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 6.6 Nov. 7.2 Dec. 4.2 Jan. 2.7 Apr. Feb. 12 May Mar. 40 June 19 10 10 July Aug. Sept. 13 9.4 6.7 Mean annual flow.-lOcfs S-73 Station number and name. -05427943 Pheasant Branch at Airport Road near Middleton Location. "SE%NW% sec. 3, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., at Airport Road 1 .7 mi west of Middleton Period of record. -August 1977 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.20 0.30 0.50 0.60 .80 1 .3 2.0 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 0.7 Jan. 0.4 Apr. 1 .7 July 3.9 Nov. 0.8 Feb. 0.4 May 1.5 Aug. 1.6 Dec. 0.7 Mar. 3.2 June 4.4 Sept. 1.4 Mean annual flow.-l .8 cfs Station number and name.--05427948 Pheasant Branch at Middleton Location. --NEYaNW^ sec. 11, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., at culvert on U.S. Highway 12 Period of record. --July 1974 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.1 1.5 2.4 5.2 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 .4 Jan. 1 .0 Apr. 5.9 July 6.6 Nov. 1.8 Feb. 4.5 May 3.1 Aug. 2.8 Dec. 1 .3 Mar. 1 5 June 6.0 Sept. 2.3 Mean annual flow. -4. 5 cfs Station number and name. -05427950 Pheasant Branch at Century Avenue at Middleton Location.--SEy4SE% sec. 1, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., 40 ft upstream from Century Avenue in Middleton Period of record.-August 1977 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.60 0.80 1.1 1.2 1.8 2.7 5 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.8 Jan. 0.9 Apr. 3.9 July 8.8 Nov. 2.0 Feb. 0.8 May 4.4 Aug. 3.8 Dec. 1.4 Mar. 7.9 June 10 Sept. 3.3 Mean annual flow. -4. 2 cfs S-74 Station number and name.--05427970 Willow Creek at Madison Location. "NWyaNWl^ sec. 23, T. 7 N., R. 9 E., 800 ft upstream from Observatory Drive on the University of Wisconsin campus Period of record. --October 1973 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.40 0.50 0.80 0.80 1.1 1 .7 4.7 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.7 Jan. 1.5 Apr. 3.1 July 4.9 Nov. 1.5 Feb. 1.9 May 2.4 Aug. 3.1 Dec. 1 .2 Mar. 3.7 June 4.4 Sept. 1 .6 Mean annual flow.-2.6 cfs Station number and name.-05429120 Lake Wingra Outlet at Madison Location. -NE%NE% sec. 27, T. 7 N., R. 9 E., at outlet of Lake Wingra Period of record.-October 1970 to October 1977 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 0.00 0.00 0.70 1.3 2.7 5.7 10 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1.8 Jan. 3.5 Apr. 9.0 July 2.5 Nov. 2.2 Feb. 4.4 May 6.0 Aug. 1 .6 Dec. 3.4 Mar. 9.5 June 3.7 Sept. 1.6 Mean annual flow.-4. 1 cfs Station number and name. -05429500 Yahara River near McFarland Location. "SW% sec. 3, T. 6 N., R. 10 E., at dam at outlet of Lake Waubesa Period of record. -September 1930 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 25 36 69 79 120 210 320 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 103 Jan. 122 Apr. 273 July 138 Nov. 132 Feb. 148 May 180 Aug. 106 Dec. 125 Mar. 258 June 140 Sept. 91 Mean annual flow.-151 cfs S-75 Station number and name. --054 29580 Door Creek near Cottage Grove Location. --NE%NE% sec. 30, T. 7 N., R. 1 1 E., 2.5 mi southwest of Cottage Grove Period of record. -December 1975 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2 5.1 7.3 13 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 4.8 Jan. 3.6 Apr. 12 July 9.7 Nov. 5.0 Feb. 6.7 May 8.1 Aug. 4.5 Dec. 4.5 Mar. 19 June 13 Sept. 4.9 Mean annual flow.-7.9 cfs Station number and name.--05430100 Badfish Creek near Stoughton Location.--SWya sec. 14, T. 5 N., R. 10 E., 4 mi southwest of Stoughton Period of record.--May 1956 to September 1966 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs}, which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 7.2 8.1 32 37 45 52 61 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 38 Jan. 37 Apr. 51 July 38 Nov. 38 Feb. 40 May 45 Aug. 36 Dec. 35 Mar. 62 June 38 Sept. 42 Mean annual flow. --43 cfs Station number and name. -054301 50 Badfish Creek near Cooksville Location. -SW%SE% sec. 4., T. 4 N.. R. 1 1 E., 2.2 mi east of Cooksville Period of record. -July 1977 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 62 65 71 72 80 97 130 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 71 Jan. 68 Apr. 114 July 101 Nov. 76 Feb. 76 May 93 Aug. 82 Dec. 72 Mar. 128 June 107 Sept. 79 Mean annual flow. -91 cfs S-76 Station number and nanrie.--05430175 Yahara River near Fulton Location. --NE%NE% sec. 10, T. 4 N., R. 11 E., 2.8 mi northwest of Fulton Period of record. -July 1977 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 130 150 200 220 50 290 25 380 10 570 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, , in cfs Oct. 309 Jan. 217 Nov. 320 Feb. 232 Dec. 323 Mar. 382 Apr. May June 389 308 364 July Aug. Sept. 406 289 230 Mean annual flow.--330 cfs Station number and name,-05430500 Rock River at Afton Location.--NE% sec. 28, T. 2 N., R. 12 E., in Afton 0.3 mi downstream from highway bridge Period of record.-Januarv 1914 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 320 430 700 770 1 ,200 2,200 4,000 Mean monthly flow. -For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 ,200 Jan. 1 ,200 Apr. 4,110 July 1 ,280 Nov. 1 ,330 Feb. 1 ,430 May 2,470 Aug. 1 ,000 Dec. 1,230 Mar. 3,280 June 1,660 Sept. 1,060 Mean annual flow.-l ,770 cfs Station number and name.-05431 500 Turtle Creek near Clinton Location."SEy4 sec. 29, T. 2 N., R. 14 E., 2.7 mi north of Clinton Period of record. -September 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 34 39 51 54 73 120 220 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 91 Jan. 104 Apr. 165 July 90 N ov. 95 Feb. 1 34 May 1 24 Aug. 84 Dec. 89 Mar. 239 June 1 06 Sept. 90 Mear> annual flow.-l 17 cfs S-77 Station number and name.--05432500 Pecatonica River at Darlington Location. --NE% sec. 3, T. 2 N., R. 3 E., 0.3 nni downstream from Vinegar Branch Period of record. --October 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 44 52 72 78 110 180 310 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 117 Jan. 157 Apr. 232 July 177 Nov. 127 Feb. 207 May 186 Aug. 138 Dec. 106 Mar. 403 June 222 Sept. 128 Mean annual flow. -183 cfs Station number and name."05433000 East Branch Pecatonica River near Blanchardvllle Location."SE% sec. 26, T. 4 N., R. 5 E., 1.8 mi south of Blanchardvllle Period of record. -October 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 57 62 75 79 98 140 220 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 100 Jan. 120 Apr. 185 July 130 Nov. 104 Feb. 160 May 152 Aug. 102 Dec. 94 Mar. 272 June 158 Sept. 106 Mean annual flow.~140 cfs Station number and name. -05433500 Yellowstone River near Blanchardville Location.-NEy4NE% sec. 34, T. 4 N., R. 4 E., 7.2 mi west of Blanchardville Period of record. -July 1954 to September 1965; October 1977 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 4.2 4.8 6.1 6.5 9.6 16 26 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 1 2 Jan. 1 1 Apr. 23 July 13 Nov. 1 2 Feb. 1 8 May 1 7 Aug. 1 2 Dec. 9.3 Mar. 38 June 15 Sept. 14 Mean annual flow."16 cfs S-78 Station number and name.--05433510 Steiner Branch near WalcJwick Location. --NEy4SEya sec. 34, T. 4 N., R. 4 E., 4.0 nni southeast of WalcJwick Period of record.-October 1977 to September 1979 Duration table. --Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 1.6 1.7 2.4 2.6 3.3 4.5 7.5 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 2.7 Jan. 2.1 Apr. 6.6 July 7.2 Nov. 2.8 Feb. 2.0 May 6.8 Aug. 4.7 Dec. 2.4 Mar. 7.3 June 5.5 Sept. 4.0 Mean annual flow. -4. 5 cfs Station number and name. -05434000 Pecatonica River at Dill Location. -SE% sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 6 E., at site of former railroad bridge 1.7 mi west of Browntown Period of record. -January 1914 to September 1919 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 220 90 240 75 70 50 300 320 430 25 600 10 1,100 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. Nov. Dec. 467 410 351 Jan. 527 Apr. Feb. 882 May Mar. 1,600 June 523 577 701 July Aug. Sept. 441 404 797 Mean annual flow. -667 cfs Station number and name. -05434500 Pecatonica River at Martintown Location.— SE""/! sec. 32, T. 1 N., R. 6 F d pn ft downstream from highway bridge in Martintown Period of record.-October 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 210 240 310 330 450 710 1,300 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 463 Jan. 572 Apr. 931 July 680 Nov. 516 Feb. 780 May 762 Aug. 524 Dec. 428 Mar. 1,480 June 777 Sept. 513 Mean annual flow.~702 cfs S-79 Station number and name.--05436000 Mount Vernon Creek near Mount Vernon Location. --NW%SW% sec. 12, T. 5 N., R. 7 E., 2.5 mi southeast of Mount Vernon Period of record. --January 1954 to September 1965; December 1975 to September 1979 Duration tabie.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 10 11 12 13 15 18 23 Mean monthly flow.--For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 15 Jan. 14 Apr. 21 July 17 Nov. 1 5 Feb. 1 7 May 17 Aug. 16 Dec. 1 4 Mar. 25 June 17 Sept. 1 5 Mean annual f low.--1 7 cfs Station number and name.--05436500 Sugar River near Brodhead Location. --SW% sec. 26, T. 2 N., R. 9 E., 1.2 mi southwest of Brodhead Period of record. --January 1914 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 130 140 180 190 240 25 340 10 560 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 265 Jan. 283 Apr. Nov. 284 Feb. 416 May Dec. 244 Mar. 689 June 442 349 333 July Aug. Sept. 273 242 287 Mean annual flow. -342 cfs S-80 FOX RIVER (BRANCH OF ILLINOIS) Station number and name.--05543830 Fox River at Waukesha Location. --SW% sec. 3, T. 6 N., R. 18 E., 20 ft downstream from Prairie Street bridge in Waukesha Period of record. --January 1963 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 10 13 25 29 50 110 210 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 56 Jan. 52 Apr. 197 July 58 Nov. 53 Feb. 64 May 124 Aug. 42 Dec. 58 Mar. 204 June 81 Sept. 59 Mean annual flow. --91 cfs Station number and name. -05544000 Fox River near Mukwonago Location. ~SE% sec. 24, T. 5 N., R. 18 E., 1.5 mi northeast of Mukwonago Period of record. -April 1927 to September 1930 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 19 23 45 52 81 190 440 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 141 Jan, 79 Apr. 368 July 120 Nov. 207 Feb. 141 May 168 Aug. 63 Dec. 196 Mar. 310 June 103 Sept. 43 Mean annual flow.-162 cfs Station number and name. -05544200 Mukwonago River at Mukwonago Location. -NE^NEVd sec. 35, T. 5 N., R. 18 E., 100 ft upstream from State Highway 83 bridge in Mukwonago Period of record. -July 1973 to September 1979 Duration table.-Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 18 22 32 35 51 25 78 10 120 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 51 Jan. 46 Apr. Nov. 53 Feb. 51 May Dec. 53 Mar. 95 June 89 87 67 July Aug. Sept. 51 50 50 Mean annual flow. -62 cfs S-81 Station number and name.--05545300 White River near Burlington Location. "NEyaNWYa sec. 1 , T. 2 N., R. 18 E., 2.2 mi southwest of BurMngton Period of record. --April 1973 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 14 16 27 31 52 120 210 Mean monthly flow. --For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 50 Jan. 70 Apr. 186 July 59 Nov. 44 Feb. 81 May 139 Aug. 52 Dec. 59 Mar. 210 June 88 Sept. 51 Mean annual flow. -91 cfs Station number and name. -05546500 Fox River at Wilmot Location. -SWVa sec. 30, T. 1 N., R. 20 E., 300 ft upstream from Wilmot dam Period of record. -October 1939 to September 1979 Duration table. -Daily flow, in cubic feet per second (cfs), which was exceeded for indicated percent of time Percent 95 90 75 70 50 25 10 91 110 160 190 310 630 1,200 Mean monthly flow.-For indicated month, in cfs Oct. 337 Jan. 386 Apr. 1 ,020 July 359 Nov. 396 Feb. 441 May 670 Aug. 288 Dec. 335 Mar. 1,130 June 494 Sept. 293 Mean annual flow."512 cfs S-82