CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library PR 1580.W97 1898 Beowulf; ed. with textual foot-notes, ind 3 1924 013 339 258 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 3339258 BEOWULF aontion: C. J. CLAY and SONS, CAMBBIDGE UNIVERSITY PEESS WAREHOUSE, AVE MARIA LANE. eiasBOto: 263, AEGYLB STEEBT. ILctpSis: F. A. BEOCKHAUS. i^Eto Horis: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. aSomlas: E. SEYMOUR HALE. BEOWULF EDITED WITH TEXTUAL, FOOT-NOTES, INDEX OF PBOPEB NAMES, AND ALPHABETICAL GLOSSARY, A. J. WYATT, M.A. (cANTAB. EI IjONDIN.). SOMETIME SCHOLAIi OF OHBIST'S COLIiEQB. SECOND EDITION, CAMBRIDGE: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1898 [All rights reserved.] 2 ?7? First Editidn, 1§94- Secmd Edition, 1898. PREFACE. A LENGTHY apology for preparing an English edition of the "Beowulf" is perhaps hardly necessary. The earlier English editions are long since out of print, and the poem has therefore been almost unobtainable, except in the German editions of Heyne and Holder. Excellent as these may be in several ways, they are ill adapted for the average English student, besides having one or more very marked defects. Holder's foot-notes are as unreliable as his text is reliable. Heyne's glossary, like that of most German editions, stands self-condemned, in that he fre- quently forgets the absurd, artificial order of letters on which it is based. Furthermore, his glossary amounts to a translation ; and this of itself tends to rob the work of much of its educative value for the serious student. It has been felt therefore that an English edition was needed — for after all the "Beowulf" is essentially an English poem — which should give the readings of the MS. in foot-notes wherever they were departed from in the Vl BEOWULF. text, should provide an alphabetical glossary, and should furnish a due amount of help in difficult passages and no more. This need I have attempted to supply. I have of course made abundant use of the labours of my prede- cessors. The debt of an editor of "Beowulf" to the glossaries of Grein and Heyne is necessarily great. At the same time nothing has been accepted on mere au- thority. A glance at the glossary will suffice to show that it is no translation from the German. Of the text, in the same way, every line, every stop, almost every word, has been carefully considered. The genealogical tables and the index of proper names give, in a concise form, in- formation that in many cases has hitherto had to be sought from various sources^ The Manuscript. The excellent edition, with autotypes and transliteration of every folio of the MS., prepared for the Early English Text Society by Prof. Zupitza, is almost of equal authority with the MS. itself, and is therefore quite invaluable to the editor, the autotypes being above criti- cism. Upon these the present work is based. The trans- literation of a few lines here will serve to show some of the more marked characteristics of the unique extant MS. (Cott. Vitellius A. xv. in the British Museum), and to make apparent how far and in what particulars, besides those indicated in the foot-notes, the edited text differs from the MS. : — ' For details connected with the literary history of the poem, the student is referred to Ten Brink's Early English Literature (Bell) ■ Morley's English Writers, Vol. i. (Cassell) ; Brooke's Early English Lite- rature, Vol. I. (Macmillan) ; and Ten Brink's monograph in Quellen und Forschungen, Lxii. Complete bibliographies are given in Wulcker's Grundriss (1885), and Garnett's Translation of Beowulf (1892). PREFACE. Vll 489' dugutSe ]>e J»a dea?S fornam *site nu to 490 symle "] on ssel meoto *sige hreS secgii 491 swa Jiin sefa hwette. *J)aw3es geat 492 meecgum geador a3tsom ne *on beor 493 sele bene gerymed *|78er swi3 ferhj^e 494 sittan eodon *J'ry5um dealle j^egn 495 nytte be heold *se]>e on handa bser 496 hroden ealo wsege *scencte scir wered 497 scop hwilum sang *hador on heorote 498 ]?Eer wses hseleSa dream *dugu3 un lytel dena -\ wedera. 946 947 *bearn gebyrdo nu ic beowulf }?ec *secg betsta 948 me for sunu wylle *freogan on ferh]je heald 949 forS tela. *niwe sibbe nebi'S ]>e senigre gad 950 951 *worolde wilna ]?e iege weald hsebbe *fiil 952 oft ic for Ises san lean teoh bode *hord 953 weor]7unge hnahran rince *s£einran set 954 ssecce \>u ]?e self bafast. *d8e dum gefremed 955 956 'p ]>m lyfa?S *awa to aldre alwal da ]>eo *gode 957 for gylde swa he nu gyt dyde. * beowulf 958 ma|7elode beam ec ]>eo wes *we "p ellen weorc 959 estum miclum *feohtan fremedon frecne 960 961 ge nets don. *eafoS uncu]7es u|»e ic swi]?or *'f 962 t5u bine selfne geseon moste *feond on 963 frastewum fyl werigne. *ic him brsedlice 964 heardan clam mu. *on wael bedde wrijjan 965 ]7ohte *'f he for band gripe minura scolde Here I have followed Zupitza in the division of the words, but a mere glance at the autotypes suffices to show the ^ The asterisks mark the beginnings of the verse-liues, the numbers of which are given in the margin. vili BEOWULF. truth of what he himself says : " It is often very difficult, if not impossible, to decide whether the scribe intended one or more words." Several things are obvious from a perusal of the above passages : — (1) That the lines of the MS. do not correspond with the verse-lines of the poem. (2) That the punctuation of the MS. is meagre and unreliable. (3) That proper names are not written with capital letters. On the other hand, the first word after a full-stop is not infrequently written with a capital. (4) That vowel-length is not marked as a rule. (6) That one word is sometimes written as two or even three words, and that two words are sometimes written as one word. (6) That hyphens are unknown to the scribes. (7) It would seem that the scribes were mere copyists, not writing from memory nor from dictation, and that sometimes at least they did not understand what they were copying. It is impossible to illustrate, by the quotation of passages like the above, the divergences of the MS. in the method of writing and spelling the same word. One or two illustrations must suffice. The word ond, " and," is written in full only three times, in 11. 600, 1148, 2040. Elsewhere it is represented by the symbol ^. The word ondlong occurs in the form " ']langne" {ace. m.) in 1. 2115, "andlongne" (ace. m.) in 1. 2695, ''ondlonge" (ace. /.) in 1. 2938. The word mon-cynn occurs as "mancynne" {dat.) in 1. 110, "moncynnes" {gen.) in 1. 196, "mon cynnes" {gen.) in 1. 1955. These are only a few examples of the inconsistencies with which the MS. teems. PREFACE. IX Marks of length. The following vowels are the only ones marked long in the MS. : — fit, 33 ; in, 100 ; wat, 123 ; w6p, 128 ; wat, 210 ; b4t, 211 ; bM, 264 Ml, 300; bad, 301; ar, 336; Mr, 357; hat, gSu, 386; ^n, 449; s&, 507 gar, 537 ; be, 564, 579 ; m6t, 603 ; g4d, 660 ; nat, 681 ; m, 690 ; Ut 742; stod, 759; abeag, 775; ban, 780; wlc, 821; s», 895; hat, 897 sar, 975 ; fab, 1038 ; bdn, d&n, 1116 ; blSd, 1121 ; ste, 1149 ; win, 1162 m6d, 1167; ar, 1168; brtio, 1177; ser, 1187; rad, 1201; s&, 1223; win 1233; w^t, 1274; wlo, 1275; had, 1297; har, 1307; bM, 1318; tta 1325; wat, 1331; ifer, 1388; aris, 1390; g^, 1394; ham, 1407; ban, 1445 ; d6m, 1491, 1528 ; brun, 1546 ; gfld, 1562 ; eer, 1587 ; see, 1652 bad, 1720 ; see, 1850 ; mo, wat, 1863 ; g6d, 1870 ; sk, 1882 ; rM, 1883 Botr, 1895; s&, 1896, 1924; so^n, 1965; ffls, 1966; hwil, 2002; lie, 2080 ; r6f, 2084 ; d6n, 2090 ; o6m, 2103 ; lie, 2109 ; d6m, 2147 ; HroSgar, 2155; st61, 2196; an, 2210 (see note); fser, 2230 (see note); bM, 2258 an, 2280 ; w&o, 2287 ; bad, 2302 ; f6r, 2308 ; g6d, 2342 ; wid, 2346 ; d6m, 2376 ; s^r, 2468 ; m^n, 2514 ; harne stto, 2553 ; swW, 2558 ; Bwif, 2559 bad, 2568; wao, 2577; swao, 2584; g6d, 2686; wlc, 2607; Wiglaf, 2631 gar, 2641 ; fane, 2655 ; d6m, 2666 ; st6d, 2679 ; swao, 2681 ; f^^r, 2689, 2701; wis, 2716; bad, 2736; llf, 2743, 2751; BtSd, 2769; ddm, 2820, 2858; rad, 2898; com, 2944, 2992; dd, 3010; fus, 3025; rof, 3063 Wigiaf, 3076; bad, 3116; fus, 3119; hrof, 3123; ad, 3138; r«o, 3144 ban-hiis, 3147. Hyphens. It will have been seen that the MS. gives no help in one of the most difficult problems that beset the editor of 0. E. poems, the question of the use of hyphens. Grein and Sweet discard them altogether. I cannot but question whether this is not to shirk one's duty. At least it is a method that I have not been able at present to bring myself to adopt, tempting as it is. The difficulty of course is as to " where to draw the line " — where to use a hyphen or to write as one word, where to use a hyphen or write as two words. The former is the chief difficulty, and here as elsewhere I have endeavoured to find the path " of least resistance." Prepositional prefixes in my text are not marked off by a hyphen from the following word ; X BEOWULF. on the other hand, adverbial prefixes, such as up in up-lang, ut in ut-weard, are so marked off. This then is where I have, not without misgivings, " drawn the line.'' Where the two parts of a compound seem to preserve their full notional force I have used a hyphen ; where the force of one part seems to be quite subordinate to that of the other, I have written them as one word. It is the familiar distinction of compounds and derivatives over again, but at a stage of the language when some compounds were in course of becoming derivatives. Doubtless there are mis- takes and inconsistencies. T need hardly say I shall be glad to have them pointed out. Punctuation. The punctuation of "Beowulf" has hitherto been largely traditional, as it were, and largely German, and German punctuation of course differs in some respects from English. Some editors have shown daring originality in the substitution of colons for the semi-colons, and marks of exclamation for the full-stops, of previous editors Periods have usually been held too sacred to question. I may say at once, that although I have been extremely conservative in my handling of the text, I have felt and have shown scant courtesy for much of the traditional punctuation. Let me state here the principles, right or wrong, upon which I have acted. First, I have made the punctuation as simple as possible. I have therefore done away with the somewhat fine distinc- tion between the colon and the semicolon, and have restrict- ed the use of the former to marking the opening of an oratio recta, and to a very few similar loci, such as 11. 801, 1392, 1476. In the same way, I have, wherever possible, done' away with parentheses, and with our modern meretricious marks of exclamation. If the reader's sense or emotions PREFACE. XI do not tell him where he ought to feel exclamatory, he must suffer the consequences. Secondly, I have attempted to make the punctuation logical, especially by the use of pairs of commas wherever the sequence of a sentence is interrupted by parallelisms. This may be made clearer by a reference to 11. 123.5-7, 1283-4, 3051-2. But, on the other hand, I have as far as possible avoided breaking up the metrical unit of the half line with a comma. Foot-notes. The chief peculiarity of the foot-notes is that, unlike Wiilcker's (to which I am greatly indebted), they are not intended to be read by the next " Beowulf" editor only. Therefore they are not lumbered with a mass of antiquated and impossible emendations, which no one but a "painful and studious" literary chiffonnier would think of collecting and perpetuating. Their main inten- tion has been already referred to — to call attention to every departure in the text from the readings of the MS. If they have any influence towards making readers intole- rant of the shameless, silent alterations of MS. readings which disfigure some 0. E. texts — alterations such as have been banished from the best editions of the Latin and Greek classics — great indeed will be my reward. A word or two of explanation must be added. "A" and " B " refer to the transcripts or copies of the poem, which the Danish scholar Thorkelin made (one himself, the other by a scribe ignorant of O. E.) in 1786, and which are of great value for parts now defective. " Grein 1 " is Groin's BibliotheJc der A. S. Poesie; "Grein 2" is his separate edition of Beowulf. " Grein- Wiilcker " and " Wlilcker " refer to the latter's new edition of the Bibliothek, which very rarely departs from Grein's own readings. " Heyne 5 " and "Heyne and Socin" refer to the 5th edition of Heyne's XU BEOWULF. Beowulf. "Zupitza" is the E. E. T. S. edition already mentioned. A, B, Wulcker, and Zupitza, do not mark vowel-length. The names of the proposers of the chief emendations adopted in the text are given for credit's sake. Kejected emendations are quoted but sparsely ; only when they are backed by considerable authority, or when I was in doubt as to the true reading. Points of grammar are discussed in the notes only in so far as they affect the question of readings. I have indulged but sparingly in the luxury of personal emendations, because they are obviously the greatest disqualification for dis- charging duly the functions of an editor. Glossary. The plan on which the glossary is arranged must be tested by experience. Some decisions which had to be taken when I began to work on it may prove to have been mistaken ; certainly I am not concerned to defend them here. I have endeavoured to furnish the requisite amount of help and no more. Every passage that struck me as really difficult I have translated under what ap- peared to me to be the crucial word, but I wish it to be distinctly understood that my renderings are meant to be suggestive and not authoritative. Acknowledgments. It can but be a pleasure for me to make this public acknowledgment of the ready, willing, and efficient help which I have received, and without which the date of publication would have been seriously delayed. Mr C. Sapsworth, M.A., gave me his notes on the grammar of the poem, which have been of use in several ways. The labour of collating every line of the autotypes of the MS. with the texts of all the principal editions was done almost entirely by my wife, Mr D. John- son, B.A., and other friends; and in the preparation of PREFACE. Xlll the glossary I have had the invaluable cooperation of my friends, Mr H. C. Notcutt, B.A., and Mr D. Johnson. I can only say that their help is as warmly appreciated as it was cordially given. One debt demands separate mention. The Rev. Prof Skeat, Litt. D., has kindly spared time, from very great pressure of other work, to read the proof- sheets, and has made many valuable suggestions which are embodied in the book with no other acknowledgment than this. I should ask him to allow me to dedicate this edition to him, as a small token of my gratitude, were I not of opinion that I should thereby be conferring far greater honour on my book than any that such a dedica- tion could bring to his name. I have but to add that I alone am responsible for the work as it stands ; that I shall be grateful for criticisms and suggestions, especially from teachers and students; and that Mr William Morris has taken the text of this edition as the basis of his modern metrical rendering of the lay. A. J. WYATT. CAMBBinaE, March, 1894. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this edition I have corrected the mistakes that are inevitable, and removed the crudities that I hope are not unpardonable, in a first edition. To the reviewers and correspondents who have helped me to do this, I tender sincere thanks. A. J. W. Cambkidge, October, 1898. ARGUMENT. Hhothgar, king of the Danes, with whose ancestry the poem opens, in the pride of his success in war builds a great hall, Heorot, for feasting and the giving of treasure (11. 1 — 85). But a monster named Grendel, enraged by the daily sounds of revelry, attacks the hall, makes a meal of fifteen thanes, and carries off fifteen more, returning with similar intent the next night. Thus Heorot is de- serted, and remains so for twelve years (11. 86 — 193). Then Beowulf, a mighty warrior of the Geats famous for the strength of his grip, hearing of Grendel's ravages crosses the sea with fourteen comrade.s, keeps watch in Heorot, and, after seeing one of his men killed and eaten, grapples with the monster and pulls off his whole arm. Grendel escapes to his haunts, and dies (11. 194—852). The follow- ing night, when the Danes are again in possession of the hall and Beowxilf is lodged elsewhere, Grendel's mother breaks in, and re- venges the death of her son by slaying Aeschere, a noble Dane (11. 853—1309). Beowulf undertakes the pursuit and revenge; he tracks the she-monster to her lair in the bottom of a mere, and slays her there. Seeing Grendel's corpse, he severs the head from the body, and bears it back with him in triumph to Hrothgar's court (U. 1310—1798). Loaded with rich gifts, the hero returns to his own land, and recites his adventures to Hygelao, his uncle, the king of the Geats (11. 1799—2199). On the death of the latter, Beowulf refuses the throne for himself, and acts as guardian and adviser to the young king Heardred, who is, however, slain in battle. Then Beowulf becomes king of the Geats, whom he rules wisely for fifty years, until a dragon begins to lay waste the land (11. 2200— ARGUMENT. XV 2400). The old hero's spirit is undaunted as ever, but deserttd by all his chosen warriors save one, although he succeeds in quelling the fiery "drake", he himself meets with his death in the terrible encounter (11. 2401 — 2820). With the burning of his body the poem ends (U. 2821—3182). Of the several episodes, the chief are the swimming-match with Breca (11. 506 ff.), Sigemund and the dragon (11. 874 ff.), and the Finn-episode (11 1068 flf.). For the connexion between "The Fight at Finnsburg" (Appendix) and the Finn-episode in "Beowulf" see Finn in the index of Persons and Places. BEOWULF. Hwset ! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagum Fol. 129". Jjeod-cyninga Jjrym gefmnoHj hu Sa 3B]7eliiigas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scefing sceajjena l^reatunij 5 monegum maegjjum meodo-setia ofteah. Egsode eorl, syt55an serest weartS fea-sceaft fanden; he Jjses frofre gebad, weox under wolcuum, weortS-myndum j^ah, oS pBBt him seghwylc J^ara ymb-sittendra 10 ofer hron-rade hyran scolde, gomban gyldan; Jjset wses god cyning. Deem eafera wses seffcer cenned geong in geardum, ]>one God sende folce to frofre; fyren-tJearfe ongeat, 15 J'set hie ser drugon aIdor-[le]ase Letters supplied in tlie text, but found neither in the MS. nor in Thorkeliu's transcripts, are printed within square brackets. All other deviations from the MS. are indicated in the text by the use of italics, and the reading of the MS. is given in a footnote. 15. MS. '^,' as usual. Zupitza says :"•)! generally means >«t, but sometimes, it would seem, i>a." If >a be adopted, it must refer to fyren- Vearfe. In latter half of same line the MS. is defective. W. B. 1 2 BEOWULF. lange hwile. Him ]?8es Lif-frea, wuldres Wealdend, worold-are forgeaf; Beowulf w£es breme (bleed wide sprang), Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. 20 Swa sceal [geong g]uma gode gewyrcean, fromum feoh-giftum, on feeder *[wi]ne, Fol. 129". ]7£et hine on ylde eft gewunigen wil-gesi]7as, J^onne wig cume, leode gelSsten; lof-dffidum sceal 25 in m£eg);a gehwsere man gejjeon. Him ?5a Scyld gewat to gescsep -hwile fela-hror feran on Frean wSre; hi hyne }& Eetbieron to brimes faro?5e, swsese gesij^as, swa he selfa bad, 30 )?enden wordum weold wine Scyldinga, leof land-fruma lange ahte. pier set hySe stod hringed-stefna isig ond ut-fus, ffi]7elinges fser; aledon ]>a, leofne )7eoden, 35 beaga bryttan on bearm scipes, mseme be mseste. pier wses madma fela, of feor-wegum frsetwa gelieded. Ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwan hilde-wtepnum ond heaSo-wiedum, 40 billum ond byrnum; him on bearme Iseg 18, 19. In Heyne and Socin's edition, these lines stand : Beowulf wees breme, blted wide sprang Scyldes eafera[n] Scede-landum in. 20. MS. defective. Grein's reading adopted in text. 21. MS. defective at corner. Zupitza transliterates " . . rme," follow- ing Conybeare and Kemble, but it is evident from his note that it should be 'rne.' Grundtvig 'wine' (adopted by Wulcker and Heyne 5) ; Grein 1 'seme' (house); Thorpe 'beaime' (bosom). BEOWULF. 6 madma msenigo, \>a, him mid scoldon on fiodes teht feor gewitan. Nalses hi hine l^ssan lacum teodan, )7eod-gestreonum, ]7on[ne] fa, dydon, 45 ])e hine eet frum-sceafte for?5 onsendon senne ofer ySe^ umbor-we*sende Fol. 130» pa, gyt hie him asetton segen g[yl]denne heah ofer heafod, leton holm beran, geafon on gar-secg; him wees geomor sefa, 50 mumende mod. Men ne cunnon secgan to sotSe, sele-rjedenc^e, hseletS under heofenum, hwa )?tem hlssste onfeng. Da -wses on burgum Beowulf Scyldmga, leof leod-cyning, longe j^rage 55 folcum gefrfege (feeder ellor hwearf, aldor of earde), oj? Jiset him eft onwoc heah Healfdene; heold j^enden lifde, gamol ond giiS-reouw, glsede Scyldingas, Dffim feower beam forS gerimed 60 in worold wocun, weoroda rseswa Heorogar, ond HroSgar ond Halga til; hyrde ic, ]>set Elan cwen [Ongenj^eowes wses] 47. MS. defective at comer. 51. MS. 'sele rsedenne.' The emendation is Eemble's, following 1. 1346. 62. MS. 'hyrde io f elan cwen,' without any lacuna. Grundtvig suggested that elan is the last two syllables of Onelan, Onela being the son of OngenJ>eow, and that the name of the princess is lost. The emendation in the text is Ettmiiller's, 1—2 4 BEOWULF. HeaSo-Scilfingas heals-gebedda. JJa WEes HroSgare here-sped gyfen, 65 wiges weorS-mynd, ]?8et him his wine-magas geome hyrdon, ot5tS jjset seo geogoS geweox, mago-driht micel. Him on mod beam, fast heal-reced hatan wolde, *medo-8ern micel men gewyrcean, Fol. 130". 70 }'on[n]e yldo beam sefre gefrunon, end fieer on innan eall gedeelan geongum ond ealdum, swylc him God sealde, buton folc-scare ond feorum gumena. Da ic wide gefrsegn weorc gebannan 75 manigre m£eg|>e geond )»isne middan-geard, folc-stede frsetwan. Him on fyrste gelomp sedre mid yldum, ]>set hit weartS eal gearo, heal-sema mSst; scop him Heort naman, se ]>e his wordes geweald wide hsefde. 80 He beot ne aleh, beagas dselde, sine set symle. Sele hlifade heah ond hom-geap; heaSo-wylma bad laSan liges. Ne wses hit lenge J)a gen, J»set se ec^'-hete a]?um-swerian 85 sefter wael-nitSe wsecnan scolde. 63. See note on 1. 2453. For the form gebedda applied to a woman Heyne compares foregenga, applied to Judith's female attendant, ' ' Judith" I 127. See Sievers' 0. E. Grammar, § 278, Note. e 68. Eemble ' Jjiet [he] heal-reoed.' k 84. MS. 'seog hete'; Grein 'ecg-hete.' Cf. 1. 1738, and Seafarer 70.'^ MS. 'ajjum swerian': a)j«m= son-in-law, and Bugge suggested that- sSum-swerian is a compound belonging to the same class as the suhter- gefcederan of 1. 1164, and meaning 'son-in-law and father-in-law." This' makes excellent sense of an otherwise difficult passage, the reference being to Ingeld, who married Hrothgar's daughter Freawaru (1. 2022), and to the events referred to in 11. 2020 — 69. BEOWULF. 6 Da se ellen-g£est earfotSlice J^rage gejjolode, se ]>e in J^ystrum bad, )>8et he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde hludne in healle; ]>sev wses hearpan sweg, 90 swutol sang scopes. Ssegde se ]>e cupe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, *cwaeS ]j8et se ^Imihtiga eorSan ■worh[te], Fol. 132^ wlite-beorhtne wang, swa wseter bebugeS; gesette sige-hrej^ig sunnan ond monan 95 leoman to leohte land-buendum, ond gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum ond leafum ; lif eac gesceop cynna gebwylcum, )?ara Se cwice hwyrfal?. ^ Swa Sa driht-guman dreamum lifdon 100 eadiglice, oS Sset an ongan fyrene fre[m]man, feond on helle; wses se grimma gsest Grendel baten, msere mearc-stapa, se ]>e moras heold, fen ond faesten; fifel-cynnes eard 105 won-saeli wer weardode hwile, siJiSan him Scyppend forscrifen hsefde. In Caines cynne Jjone cwealm gewrsec See Drihten, ]>£es J»e he Abel slog. 86. Eieger 'ellor-gjest,' adopted by Earle; of. 11. 807, 1617, &o. 92. MS. defective at comer. 101. MS. defective at edge. Barle adopts Bugge's emendation of healle for helle, because it is "so simple, and gives so much relief"! On the other hand, in 1. 142 he adopts Ettmuller's hel-^egnes for heal- 'Segnet. Both changes are needless. 105. Almost all editions adopt the usual form won-sMig. 106—8. Sievers: forscrifen hsefde in Caines cynne (>on[n]e cwealm gewrceo ece Drihten), ) BEOWULF. Ne gefeah he ]>^re fsehtSe, ac he hiue feor forwraec, 110 Metod for fy mane, man-cynne fram. Danon untydras ealle onwocon, eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, swylce gi*gantas, ]>a, wis Gode wunnon Fol. l32^ lange frage; he him tSaes lean forgeald. 11. 115 Gewat Sa neosian, sy]?San niht becom hean hiises, hu hit Hring-Dene seffcer beor-]?ege gebun hsefdon. Fand ]>a, Sser inne 8e|»elinga gedriht swefan sefter symble ; sorge ne cuSon, 120 wonsceaft wera. Wiht unhselo, grim ond greedig, gearo sona wses, reoc ond rejie, ond on rseste genam ]7ritig ]?egna; ]7anon eft gewat huSe hremig to ham faran, 125 mid }»Eere weel-fylle wica neosan. Da wses on uhtan mid ser-dsege Grendles gutS-crseft guraum undyrne; )»a wses sefter wiste wop up ahafen, micel morgen-sweg. Msere Jjeoden, 130 8eJ»eling ^r-god, unbliSe sast, Jjolode Sry?5-swy?S, J^egn-sorge dreah, sySjjan hie ]>ees laSan last sceawedon, wergan gastes; wses ]?£et gewin to Strang, laS ond longsum. Nses hit lengra *fyrst, Fol. 133». 120. Sievei's 'wera[s].' BEOWULF. 7 135 ao ymb ane niht eft gefremede mor?5-beala mare ond no mearn fore fffihSe ond fyrene; wses to fsest on ]?am. pa wses eatJ-fynde, lf>e him elles hwter gerumlicor raeste [sohte], 140 bed aefter burum, tSa him gebeacnod wses, gessegd soSlice, sweotolan tacne heal-fSegnes hete; heold hyne sytSj^an fyr ond fsestor, se ]>^m feonde set wand. Swa rixode ond wiS rihte wan 145 ana wiS eallum, o3 J^set idel stod husa selest. Wses seo hwil micel; twelf wintra tid torn gefiolode wine Scyldin^a, weana gehwelcne, sidra sorga; for?Sam [syS|7an] weariS 150 ylda bearnum undyrne cutS, gyddum geomore, j?sette Grendel wan hwile wis Hro|7gar, hete-niSas waeg, fyrene ond fsehSe fela missera, singale ssece; sibbe ne wolde 155 wis manna hwone msegenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feo J>ingian, ne J7£er nsenig witena wenan jjorfte beorhtre bote to banart folmum. 139. Grein '[sohte]'; Wiiloker '[rymde].' No gap in MS. 146 — 7. Sievers : htisa selest (was seo hwll micel) twelf wintra tid : 147. MS. --xii..' 148. MS. 'soyldenda'; Thorpe 'Soyldinga.' 149. Kemble's emendation, required for the alliteration ; no gap in MS. 156. MS. 'fea'; Kemble 'feo.' 158. MS. 'banu'; Kemble 'banan.' 8 BEOWULF. *[Atol] EeglSca ehtende wses, ^°^- ^^^''* 160 deorc dea]7-scua, dugujje ond geogo]?e, seomade ond syrede, sin-nihte heold mistige moras; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-runan hwyrftum scri]7a8. Swa fela fyrena feond man-cynnes, 165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede, heardra hyntSa; Heorot eardode, sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtum ; no he )7one gif-stol gretan moste, majjSum for Metode, ne his mjme wisse. 170 pset wses wrsec micel wine Scyldinga, modes brectSa. Monig oft gesset rice to rune, rsed eahtedon, hwset swiS-ferhSum selest weere wi?S f8er-gryrum to gefremmanne. 175 Hwilum hie geheton set /icer^-trafum wig-weor])unga, wordum bsedon, Jjset him gast-bona geoce gefremede wis j?eod-)7reaum. Swylc wses ]7eaw hyra, hgj^enra hyht; helle gemundon 180 in mod-sefan, Metod hie ne cu]7on, dseda Demend, ne wiston hie Drihten God, *ne hie hum heofena Helm herian ne cu]?on, FoI. wuldres Waldend. Wa biS jjsem Se sceal is*'- J^urh sliSne niS sawle bescufan 159. MS. defective at corner. Thorpe '[Atol]'; Eieger '[ac se],' without a period. 167 — 9. Heyne punctuates : sweartum nihtum (no he >one gif-stol gretan moste, m&ySum for metode, ne his myne wisse)- 175, MS. 'hrjerg'; Gruudtvig 'hserg-.' BEOWULF. 185 in fyres faBj^m, frofre ne wenan, wihte gewendan; wel bits )7sem Tpe mot aefter deaS-dsege Drihten secean, ond to Fseder fse|?mum freotSo wilniau. III. Swa Sa mSl-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala seats ; ne mihte snotor hseletS wean onwendan; wses Jjset gewin to swyS, la]? ond longsum, ]7e on ?Sa leode becom, nyd-wracu nijp-grim, niht-bealwa msest. % .fc^.pset tram ham gefrsegn Higelaces J^egn, 195 god mid Geatum, Grendles deeda; se wses mon-cynnes msegenes strongest on ]7£em daege ]7ysses lifes, sej^ele ond eacen. Het him yS-lidan godne gegyrwan; cwsetS, he guS-cyning 200 ofer swan-rade secean wolde, mgerne J>eoden, J>a him wses manna Jiearf. Done siS-fset him snotere ceorlas lyt-hwon logon, *'peah he him leof wsere ; Fol. 134". hwetton hige-[r]o£Qe, hsel sceawedon. 205 Hsefde se goda Geata leoda cempan gecorone, l^ara J»e he cenoste findan mihte ; fiftena sum sund-wudu sohte; secg wisade, lagu-crseftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 204. MS. defective. Zupitza says: "rofne — only the lower part of the first letter left, which may have been r, J>, /, s, or w," 207. MS. ' •xV.'.' 10 BEOWULF. 210 Fyrst forS gewat; flota wses on ytSum, bat under beorge. Beomas gearwe on stefii stigon; streamas wundon sund wis sande; secgas bseron on bearm nacan beorhte frsetwe, 215 gu?S-searo geatolic; guman ut scufon, weras on wil-siS, wudu bundenne. Gewat ]>a, ofer wteg-bolm winde gefysed flota fami-beals fugle gelicost, ot5 feet ymb an-tid ojres dogores 220 wunden-stefna gewaden hsefde, ]73et Sa liSende land gesawon, brim-clifu blican, beorgas steape, side S8e-n£essas ; )7a wses sund liden eoletes set ende. panon up hra?Se 225 Wedera leode on wang stigon, see-wudu SEeldon; syrcan hrysedon, gutS-gew8edo ; Gode )7ancedon, ]>ses ]>e him yj»-lade eatSe wurdon. *pa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, Fol. 135>. 230 se J^e holm-clifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, fyrd-searu fuslicu ; hine fyrwyt brtec mod-gehygdum, hwset ]7a men wseron. Gewat him J»a to waroSe wicge ridan 218. Almost all editors read fdmig-heals, but tlie MS. form must be of significance for the pronunciation. 219. MS'. 'an tid." Grein's Glossary gives : "an-tid/. liora primal" Cosijn contends for an-tid=a'nd-tid or ond-tid, 'corresponding time, the same time,' so that the phrase would mean 'about the same hour of the second day.' So Heyne and Socin. Earle thinks "we ought to look rather at the phrase than at the words" (1), and objects to the hyphen. But without it we should expect ' ymb ane tid.' BEOWULF. 11 235 ]>egia HroSgares, ]7rymmum cwehte msBgen-wudu mundum, me)7el-wordum frsegn: "Hwset sjTidon ge searo-hsebbendra . i*-^:jjyrnum werede, ]>e jjus brontne ceol oMfc lagu-strsete Isedan cwomon, 240 hider oPer holmas [hringed-stefnan] ? ^ Ic wses ende-s^ta, Sg-wearde heold, ]>e on land Dena laSra nsenig mid scip-herge sceS]?an ne meahte. No her cuSlicor cuman ongunnon 245 lind-hsebbende ; ne ge leafnes-word guS-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, maga gemedu. Ntefre ic maran geseah eorla ofer eorjian, Sonne is eower sum, secg on searwum ; nis IjiBst seld-guma 250 WEepnum geweorSad, nsefme him his wlite leoge, ffinlic an-syn. Nii ic eower sceal frum-cyn witan, eer ge fyr *heonan, Fol. 135". leas[e] sceaweras, on land Dena fur)7ur feran. Nu ge feor-biiend, 255 mere-litSende, min[n]e gehyraS an-fealdne ge|>oht; ofost is selest to gecySanne, hwanan eowre cyme syndon." 240 — 1. MS. 'hider ofer holmas le wses'&c, without gap. Thorkelin and WiUcker read Jc for le, but Zupitza says: "le no doubt, not Ic." Various suggestions have been made for the missing half-line. That in the text is Wiilcker's. Heyne adopts EttmuUer's 'helmas baron,' but this is hardly felicitous after holmas. Bugge's emendation is in- genious : hider ofer holmas? [Hwlle ic on weal]le was ende-sffita. 250. MS. 'nasfre'; Kemble'naifne.' 253. MS. 'leas'; Ettmaier 'lease.' 255. MS. 'mine'; Kemble 'minne.' 12 BEOWULF. IV. Him se yldesta ondswarode, werodes wisa, word-hord onleac: 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geata leode ond Higelaces heortS-geneatas. Wses min feeder folcum gecy)?ed, sspele ord-fruma EcgJ^eow haten; gebad wintra worn, Sr he on weg hwurfe 265 gamol of geardum ; hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc wide geond eorj^an. We )7urh holdne hige hlaford ]7inne, sunu Healfdenes, secean cwomon, leod-gebyrgean ; wes )7u. us larena god. 270 HabbaS we to ]>^m mseran micel serende Deniga frean; ne sceal ]>^r dyme sum wesan, ]7ses ic wene. Ipn wast gif hit is, swa we soj^lice *secgan hyrdon, Fol. 136». ]?set mid Scyldingum sceatSona ic nat hwylc, 275 deogol dsed-hata, deorcum nihtum eaweS ]7urh egsan unciitSne niS, hynSu ond hra-fyl. Ic ]>ms HrotSgar mseg }»urh rumne sefan rjed gelseran, hu he frod ond god feond oferswySe)?, 280 gyf him ed-wendan Sfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, b5t eft cuman, ond ]7a cear-wylmas colran wurtSa)?; o33e a syJ'San earfoS-J?rage, 274. Zupitza Bays: "now only scea left." Only Thorkelin's first transcript has sceafSona. 275. Grein's Glossary gives : "d5d-hata m. der durch Thaten hasst Oder verfolgt? oder dSd-hata facinora spondens vel moliens?" Earle adopts the latter reading, and translates 'author of deeds.' BEOWULF. 13 J>rea-iiyd JjolatS, )7enden Jjser wunaS 285 on heah-stede husa selest." Weard maj^elode, Sser on wicge sset, omteht unforht: "^ghwsejjres sceal scearp scyld-wiga gescad witan, worda ond worca, se ]>e. wel J^encetS. 290 Ic ]>sst gehyre, ]7aet )>is is hold weorod frean Scyldinga. Gewita]? forS beran wSpen ond gewsedu, ic Sow wisige; swylce ic magu-J^egnas mine hate wis feonda gehwone flotan eowerne, 295 niw-tyrwydne nacan on sande, arum healdan, o]> J^set eft byreS ofer Iagu-strea*mas leofne mannan Fol. 136". wudu wunden-hals to Weder-mearce. God-fremmendra swylcum gifej^e biS, 300 ]>tet ]7one hilde-rses hal gedigetS." Gewiton him Ipa. feran; flota stille bad, seomode on sale sid-fsej'med scip, on ancre fsest. Eofor-lic scionon 299. Grundtvig's needless emendation gu'S-fremmendra is followed by some editors and by Earle. 301 — B. Heyneputs "flota fasst" in a parenthesis, with a semi- colon at the close. 802. MS. ' sole.' For the emendation cf. 11. 226, 1906, and 1917, and mod. " riding ore a hawser. " The MS. reading is not impossible. It is from sol, mod. Kent, sole, a muddy pool. 303 — 5. These lines have given rise to much discussion and many suggestions. Bugge takes eofor as the subject of heold, ferh- (tor feorh-) wearde, "life-guard," as the object, and Zic-sciomon, "of handsome form," as the dat. sing, of an adj. referring to Beowulf. 303. Grein's Glossary gives scionon as a second form of scinon, pret. pi. of scinan, "shine," but adds: "wenn letzteres nicht zu einem redupl. Verbum scanan sceon gehort." This supposition is quite needless; in 14 BEOWULF. ofer hleor-ber[g]an, gehroden golde, 305 fah ond fyr-heard; ferh wearde heold. GuJ^mod grummon, guman onetton, sigon Eetsomne, o]> ]?Eet hy [sjsel timbred, geatolic ond gold-fah, ongyton mihton; ]7aet wses fore-m£erost fold-buendum 310 receda under roderum, on Jjgm se rica bad; lixte se leoma ofer landa fela. Him ]>a, hilde-deor [b]of modigra torht getsehte, \>eet hie him to mihton gegnum gangan; guSS-beoma sum 315 wicg gewende, word ssfter cwseS: "Mael is me to feran; Faeder al-walda mid ar-stafum eowic gehealde si?Sa gesunde ! Ic to s® wille wis *wraS werod wearde healdan," Fol. 137". 320 Street wsbs staii-jS,h, stig wisode gumum aetgsedere. GiiS-bjnme scan heard hond-locen, hring-iren scir song in searwum, }>a hie to sele furSum in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwomon. 1. 3170 we find a pret. pi. riodan^ridon, "rode," of the same ablaut- class, showing the same effect of a-umlaut. Sievers § 376. 304. MS. 'hleor beran'; Grein 'hleor-beran,' dat. sg., visor?; Gering 'hleor-ber[g]an,' aco. pi., cheek-guards. 306. Kemble ' gu«-mod[e] . . 307. MS. 'aeltimbred'; Grein 'ssel timbred.' 312. MS. 'of,' in spite of the alliteration. BEOWULF. 15 325 Setton see-mej^e side scyldas, rondas regn-hearde, wiS JTffis recedes weal, bugon ]7a to bence; byrnan hringdon, gut5-searo gumena; garas stodon, sS-manna searo, samod setgasdere, 330 tesc-holt ufan grieg; was se iren-Jreat w^pnum gewurjiad. JJa SSr wlonc hteleS oret-mecgas sefter cB]>elum frjega: "Hwanon ferigeaS ge fsette scyldas, griege syrcan ond grim-helmas, 335 here-sceafta heap ? Ic eom HroSgares ar ond ombiht. 'Se seah ic el-]7eodige ]?us manige men modiglicran. Wen ic ]>set ge for wlenco, nalles for wr£ec-sitSum ac for hige-*j7rymmum, HroSgar sohton." Fol. IS?". 340 Him ]>Bb ellen-rof andswarode, wlanc Wedera leod word sefter spraec, heard under helme: "We synt Higelaces beod-geneatas ; Beowulf is min nama. Wille ic asecgan sunu Healfdenes, 345 mSrum {jeodne, min serende, aldre ]?inum, gif he lis geunnan wile, }>set we hine swa godne gretan moton." Wulfgar ma]?elode Q>Bst waes Wendla leod, wses his mod-sefa manegum gecySed, 350 wig ond wis-dom): "Ic )?8es wine Deniga, frean Scildinga, frinan wille, 332. MS. 'hselejjum' — evidently a scribal blunder due to the hmle^ of the previous line. Grein '£e>elum'; cf. 1. 392, and for the sense 11. 251—2. For aret- see Sievers § 48, N. 4. 338. Heyne reads Wen' for Wene. Cf. 11. 442 and 525. 344. The editors from Kemble downwards have adopted the more usual form of the dat., suna ; but see Sievers § 270. 16 BEOWULF. beaga bryttan, swa ]?u bena eart, }>eoden mEeriie, ymb ]7iDne siS, ond ]>e }?a ondsware sedre gecytSan, 355 3e me se goda agifan ]?encetS." Hwearf )>a hrsedlice, j^Eer HrotSgar sset eald ond unhar mid his eorla gedriht; code ellen-rof, J'set he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean; cuj^e he duguSe )>eaw. 360 Wulfgar matSelode *to his wine-drihtne : Fol. 138«. "Her syndon geferede, feorran cumene ofer geofenes begang, Geata leode; jjone yldestan oret-mecgas Beowulf nemnaS. Hy benan synt, 365 J»aet hie, );eodeii min, wifS jje moton wordum wrixlan; no ?Su him weame geteoh tSinra gegn-cwida, glsedman HroSgar. Hy on wig-getawum wyr?Se ]7incea?S eorla geaehtlan; hum se aldor deah, 370 se J'eem heaSSo-rincum hider wisade." VI. HroSgar maJ»elode, helm Scyldinga: "Ic hine cutSe cniht-wesende ; wses his eald fseder Ecg^jeo haten, 367. Thorkelin (B) and Eieger 'glsBdnian'; Grein and Wfllcker 'glsedman.' Kemble and Thorpe took gladman to be the oblique case of a noun glcedma, 'gladness.' Bugge supports the reading of the MS., and practically decides the sense in which it is to be taken, by quoting the gloss "Hilaris glsedman" (Somuer p. 74, ool. 2, ,1. 21). 373. MS. 'ealdfseder.' This compound meaning 'grandfather, an- cestor,' occurs in the forms ealdfceder, ealdefader; but its use here is BEOWULF. 17 tSsem to ham forgeaf Hrej^el Geata 375 angau dohtor; is his eafora nu heard her cumen, sohte holdne wine. Donne ssegdon J^set sse-lij'ende, )?a ?5e gif-sceattas Geata fyredon jjyder to }»ance, ]>set he |>rit*tiges Fol. 138''. 380 manna masgen-craeft on his mund-gripe hea]7o-rof hsebbe. Hine halig God for ar-stafum us onsende, to West-Denum, J»8es ic wen hsebbe, wis Grendles gryre; ic lj>^m. godan sceal 385 for his mod-j^rsece madmas beodan. Beo Su on ofeste, hat in gan seon sibbe-gedriht samod Eetgsedere; gesaga him eac wordum, jjoet hie sint wil-cuman Deniga leodum." [pa wiS duru healle 390 Wulfgar eodej word inne ahead; "Eow het secgan sige-drihten min, aldor East-Dena, )7£et he eower sej^elu can, a. strain to the meaning of the passage, and we may safely assume that the scribe has run two words into one, as in numerous other instances. JEald feeder makes excellent sense. 375. MS. 'eaforan'; Eemble 'eafora.' 378. Thorpe 'Geatum,' adopted by Bugge and Earle. The change is not absolutely necessary, because the genitive can have the same meaning, "for the Geats." 379. MS. • -xxx tiges.' 386. Heyne reads 'hat [hig] in gan' for metrical reasons (but see "Beitrage" x. 268), and takes sibhe-gedriht (i.e. the Danes) as the object of seon. But sibbe-gedriht certainly refers to Beowulf's company, as in 1. 729, and is the accus.-subjeot of in gan seon. The whole phrase may be rendered "bid the band of warrior-kinsmen go into the presence." Cf. 11. 396, 347, 365. 389—90. No gap in MS., though the lack of alliteration seems con- clusive as to a defect in the text. The emendation is Grein's. W. B. 2 18 BEOWULF. ond ge him syndon ofer sae-wylmas, heard-hicgende, hider -wil-cuman. 395 Nu ge moton gangan in eowrum gutS-geatawum, under here-griman, HroSgar geseon; IsetaS hilde-bord her onbidan, wudu, ■wsel-sceaftas, worda gej^inges." Aras ]7a se rica, ymb hine rinc manig, 400 ]7rytSlic Tpegna heap; sume ]7£er bidon, heaSo-reaf heoldon, swa him se *hearda behead. Snyredon retsomne, Jia secg wisode, tinder Heorotes hrof; [hyge-rof code,] heard under belme, J^aet he on heoSe gestod. 405 Beowulf maSelode (on him byme scan, searo-net seowed smi}?es or-)?ancum): " Wses ]>% HroSgar, hal ! Ic eom Higelaces mseg ond mago-tSegn; hsebbe ic mgeitSa fela ongunnen on geogoj^e. Me wearS Grendles J?ing 410 on minre ej7el-tyrf undyrne cuS; secgaS sae-liSend, l^set j^es sele stande, reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum idel ond unnyt, siSSan sefen-leoht under heofenes hador beholen weor)?e5. 415 pa me jjset gelserdon leode mine, 395. Ettmiiller 'gu«-getawum'; of. 11. 2636, 368. See also Sievers § 43, N. 4, and § 260, N. 403. No gap in MS. ; Greiu's emendation adopted. 404. Thorpe 'lieo[r]6e.' 407. Editors substitute W.S. wes for North, was. 411. MS 'J)ffis.' 414. Heyne and Sooiu 'ha'Sor.' The length of the a is uncertain. BSdor would mean 'brightness, serenity.' Grein's Glossary has : "hea«or, heador, hador (oder a, ea?) n. receptaculum ; dat. hafaU meo on headre Ed. 66'." BEOWULF. 19 pa, selestan, snotere ceorlas, ]?eoden HroSgar, j^set ic pe sohte, for];an hie msegenes crseft minfnje cu);on; selfe ofersawon, Sa ic of searwum cwom, 420 ^h from feondum, J^gr ic fife geband, ySde eotena cyn, ond on ySum slog niceras nihtes, nearo-]7earfe dreah, wraec *Wedera niS (wean ahsodon), Pol. 139''. forgrand gramum; ond nil wi?S Grendel sceal, 425 wis p&m aglsecan, ana gehegan Sing wis Jjyrse. Ic ]>e nu Sa, brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, eodor Scyldinga, anre bene, ]?set SO. me ne forwyrne, wigendra hleo, 430 freo-wine folca, nii ic )7us feorran com, J^aet ic mote ana [ond] minra eorla gedryht, pes hearda heap, Heorot fselsian. Haebbe ic eac geahsod, pset se seglSca for his won-hydum waepna ne recceS; 435 ic Jiset J^onne forhicge, swa me Higelac sie, min mon-drihten, modes bliSe, J^set ic sweord here o]?5e sidne scyld, geolo-rand to gufie; ac ic mid grape sceal fon wis feonde, ond ymb feorh sacan 440 laS wis lajjum ; Sser gelyfan sceal Dryhtnes dome se pe hine deaS nimeS. Wen ic j^set he wille, gif he wealdan mot, in jjsem giiS-sele Geatena leode 418. Grein 'iniii[n]e'; cf. 1. 255. 431 — 2. MS. ' ana minra eorla gedryht -j i>es' &o. Grein transposed the 7 [ond) from before ]>es to before minra. 443. MS. 'geotena.' 2—2 20 BEOWULF. etan unforhte, swa he *oft dyde Fol. 140«, 445 msegen HretS-manna. Na ]>u minne |?earft , hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile d[r]eore fahne, gif mec deaS nimeSS; byreS blodig wsel, byrgean j^enceS, eteS an-genga unmurnlice, 450 mearcaS mor-hopu; no tSu ymb mines ne jjearft lices feorme leng sorgian. Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime, beadu-scruda betst, J7set mine breost were?S, hrEBgla selest; ]7set is HreSlan laf, 455 Welandes geweorc, G^tS a wyid swa hio seel." VII. HroSgar ma)7elode, helm Scyldinga: "F[or w]ere-lyhtum ]?ii, wine min Beowulf, end for ar-stafum usic sohtest Gesloh ]7in feeder ^hSe mSste, "■^ ^ 460 wear]? he Heaj7olafe to hand-bonan mid Wilfingum; SSa hine Wedera cyn for here-brogan habban ne mihte. panon he gesohte SiiS-Dena folc ofer ytSa gewealc, Ar-*Scyldinga ; ITol. 140'. 465 ?5a ic furjjum weold folce Dem^ra, ond on geogoSe heold gimme-rice 454. MS. 'hr8eaian';,cf. 1. 1485. 457. MS. 'fera fyntum.' The reading in the text was suggested bj Grundtvig. 461. MS. 'gara'; Grundtvig 'Wedera.' See U. 225, 423, Ac. 465. MS. 'deninga.' See U. 155, 271, &a. BEOWULF. 21 hord-burh haelej»a. Da wses Heregar dead, min yldra mseg unlifigende, beam Healfdenes; se wses betera Sonne ic. 470 SiSSSan J?a fsehtSe feo Jjingode ; sonde ic Wylfingum ofer wisteres brycg ealde madmas; he me Spas swor. Sorh is me to secganne on sefan minum gumena sengum, hwifit me Grendel hafaS 475 hynSo on Heorote mid his hete-J^ancum, fter-niSa gefremed; is min flet-werod, wig-heap, gewanod; hie wyrd forsweop on Grendles gryre. God eajie mseg ]7one dol-sceaSan dseda getwajfan. 480 Ful oft gebeotedon beore druncne ofer ealo-wsege oret-mecgas, ]73et hie in beor-sele bidan woldon Grendles gupe mid gryrum ecga. Donne wses ]7eos medo-heal on morgen tid, 485 driht-sele dreor-fah, jjonne dajg lixte, eal *benc-]7elu blode bestymed, Fol. I4i». heall heoru-dreore ; ahte ic holdra ]>j Ises, deorre dugufSe, ]>e \sb deaS fornam. Site nu to symle ond onssel meoto, 490 sige-hreS secgum, swa \m. sefa hwette." pa wses Geat-msecgum geador setsomne on beor-sele bene gerymed ; 479. MS. 'so'=a'San,' the e in a different hand. 489 — 90. MS. ' on s8b1 meoto sige hreiS seogfi. ' This passage has given rise to much discussion; the conjectures are too numerous to be given here. Meoto is the chief difficulty. I have followed Heyne in adopting MiillenhoH's interpretation, taking meoto = meoto (with M-umlaut produced by inflectional u ; Sievers § 106. 3) = meto, pi. of met, ' thought ' ; cf. mstian, 'meditate upon,' Psalm 118. 174. 22 BEOWULF. |>£er s-witS-ferh]7e sittan eodon, jjrySum dealle. pegn nytte beheold, 495 se ]>e on handa bser hroden ealo-wSge, scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang hador on Heorote; ]>8er wses heelqISa dream, dugutS unlytel Dena end Wedera. VIII. Z7mfert5 ma]?elode, Ecglafes beam, 500 ]>e set fotum sset frean Scyldinga, onband beadu-rune (wffis him Beowulfes sVS, modges mere-faran, micel sef-J>unca, for]7on ye he ne u])e, J^eet senig 6t5er man sefre *m£er?Sa J>on ma middan-geardes Fol. 141'. 505 gehedde under heofenum Jionne he sylfa): "Eart ]7U se Beowulf, se f^e wis Brecan wunne, on sidne sse ymb sund flite, ^^i;^/ tSeer git for wlence wad a cunnedon, ond for dol-gilpe on deop weeter 510 aldrum ne)?don ? Ne inc senig mon, ne leof ne laS, belean mihte sorh-fullne siS, J>a git on sund reon; JiEer git eagor-stream earmum ]?ehton, mSton mere-strteta, mundum brugdon, 515 glidon ofer gar-secg; geofon yj^um weol, wintrys wylmf • Git on weeterea £eht 499. MS. 'HvNfer«.' 515—16. Grein-Wuleker: ' geofon-ySum "weol wintrys wylm.' Other editions needlessly change wylm to wylme or wylrraim. BEOWULF. 23 seofon niht swuncon; he ]?e set sunde oferflat, hsefde mare msegen. pa hine on morgen-tid on Hea]?o-KEemas holm up setbser; 520 Sonon he gesohte swSsne e?Sel, leof his leodum lond Brondinga, freotSo-burh fsegere, jjjer he folc ahte, burh ond beagas. *Beot eal wii5 J?e Pol. 142». sunu Beanstanes sotSe gelseste. 525 Donne wene ic to ]>e wyrsan gej^ingea, Seah )7u heatSo-rtesa gehwar dohte, grimi-e gtiSe, gif ]>vl Grendles dearst niht-longne fyrst nean bidan." Beowulf maj^elode, beam EcgJ^eowes : 530 " Hwset ! )»u worn fela, wine min f/nferS, beore druncen ymb Brecan sprjece, ssegdest from his si?Se. SoS ic talige, Jjset ic mere-strengo maran ahte, earfe)7o on yj'um, Sonne senig 6\>er man. 535 Wit )7set gecwsedon cniht-wesende ond gebeotedou (wseron begen ]>a, git on geogoS-feore), j^aet wit on gar-secg lit aldrum netSdon; ond jjajt gesefndon swa. Hsefdon swurd nacod, pa, wit on sund reon, 540 heard on handa; wit unc wiS hron-fixas werian J^ohton. No he wiht fram me flod-yjjum feor fleotan meahte, 519. MS. 'heajjorsemes.' 520. MS. 'swaasne ■ » •' The O.E. name of this runio character was SSel; hence the character is used here and in 1. 913 for the word SSel. 530. MS. 'hun fer«.' The initial is always h in the MS., although the word always alliterates with vowels. 534. There is this to be said for the emendation eajeiio, " strength," that it is a closer parallel to mere-strengo than the reading of the MS. 24 BEOWULF. hra|>or on holme; no ic fram him wolde. Da wit 8Bt*somne on sS wSron Fol. 142'". 545 fif nihta fyrst, o]> J'set unc flod todraf, wado Weallende; wedera cealdost, nlpende niht ond norj^an wind, heaSo-grim ondhwearf; hreo wSron y]?a. Wses mere-fixa mod onhrered; 550 Jiser me wi5 latSum lic-syrce min, heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede; beado-hrsegl broden on breostum Iseg, golde gegjT^wed. Me to grunde teah fah feond-scaSa, fseste hsefde 555 grim on grape; hwaelre me gyfe)7e wearS, ]78et ic agleecan orde geraehte, hilde-bille; hea)70-rffis fornam mihtig mere-deor Jjurh mine hand. Villi. Swa mec gelome laS-geteonan 560 )?reatedon }?earle. Ic him j^enode deoran sweorde, swa hit gedefe wses; nses hie tSeere fylle gefean hsefdon, man-ford^dlan, fast hie me )?egon, symbel ymb-sieton sS-grunde neah; 565 ac on mergenne mecum *wunde Fol. 143». be yS-lafe uppe Iffigon, 548. MS. '7hwearf'; of. 'yswarode,' 1. 258. Grein takes toear/ to be an adj., -whioli he glosses 'versatilis, volubilis,' and compares Icel. hverfr. BEOWULF. 25 sweo[r]dum aswefede, lj>3dt sySJian na ymb broatne ford brim-liSende lade ne letton. Leoht eastan com, 570 beorht beacen Godes ; brimu swajjredon, jpeet ic sae-nsessas geseon mihte, windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereS un^gne eorl, ]7onne his ellen deah. HwEE}»ere me gesSlde, Jieet ic mid sweorde ofsloh 575 niceras nigene. No ic on niht gefrffign under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, ne on eg-streamum earmraij mannon ; hwcB]?ere ic fara feng feore gedigde, sijies , w^rig. Da mec see ojjbaer, 580 flod sefter faroSSe, on Finna land, wadu weallendu. No ic wiht fram y& swylcra searo-niSa secgan hyrde, billa brogan ; Breca nsefre git set heaSo-lace, ne gehwsejjer incer, 585 swa, deorlice dsed gefremede fagum sweordum (no ic ]>sbs [fela] gylpe), ]7eah 5Q fiinum broSrum to banan wurde, heafod-msegum ; }>ses ]>u in *helle scealt Fol. us^. werhSo dreogan, peah. ]Jin wit duge. 590 Secge ic ]>e to so6e, sunu Ecglafes, ]>set nsefre Gre[n]del swa fela gryra gefremede, 567. MS., defective at corner, has only swe and part of o. Thorkelin A (first transcript) 'sweodum.' 578. MS. 'hwajpere.' 581. MS. 'wudu.' Seel. 546. 586. The emendation is Grain's ; Kluge suggested ' [geflites].' Heyne, followed by Harrison and Sharp, assumes the loss 'of two half lines after sweordum, with the unpleasant consequence that the numbers of his lines are one too many throughout the rest of the poem. 591. MS. 'gre del.' 26 BEOWULF. atol seglSca, ealdre )?inum, hynSo on Heorote, gif ]>m hige wffire, sefa swa searo-grim, swa ]?u self talast; 595 ac he hafaS onfunden, pset he ]>a fShSe ne fearf, atole ecg-Jjraece, Sower leode swiSe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga ; nymetS nyd-bade, nEenegum araS leode Deniga, ac he [on] lust wigetS, 600 swefetS ond sende];, secce ne wene)? to Gar-Denum. Ac ic him Geata sceal eafoS ond ellen ungeara nu guj>e gebeodan. Geej? eft se ]>e mot to medo modig, si}»]7an morgen-leoht 605 ofer ylda bearn ol^res dogores, sunne swegl-wered, suj^an scinetS." pa wses on salum sinces brytta, gamol-feax ond guS-rof; geoce gelyfde *brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Beowulfe Fol. 144». 610 folces hyrde fsest-rsedne gej^oht. Dser wses hselejja hleahtor, hlyu swynsode, word wjeron wyusume. Eode Wealhl^eow fortS, cwen HrotSgares, cynna gemyndig, grette gold-hroden guman on healle; 599. Kemble's emendation ; cf. 1. 618. 600. Thorpe 's£eece,' followed by most editors. Secce is a dialectal form ; see Sievers § 151. 601. Thorpe and Heyne suppress ic. Thorpe makes Geata (weak form) the subject, «a/o'S ond ellen the object, and is followed by Earle. Heyne takes ea/o'S ond ellen Geata as subject, gvfSe as object. He adds: "ic Geata, 'ioh der Geateu' oder 'ioh unter den Geaten,' ist bedenklich." Surely this is what Coleridge calls the "wilful ingenuity of blundering." "What is to prevent ic being taken as the subject, and eafo^ ond ellen Geata as the object? BEOWULF. 27 615 ond ]?a_fre6lic wif ful gesealde Eerest East-Dena ej^el-wearde, bsed hine bliSne aet J^sere beor-}»ege, leodum leofne; he on lust ge]>eah. symbel ond sele-ful, sige-rof kyning. 620 Ymb-eode ]>a. ides Helminga dugu}>e ond geogojje dSl seghwylcne, sinc-fato sealde, o\> j^ast seel alamp, Jjset bio Beowulfe, beag-hroden cwen, mode gejjungen, medo-ful setbser; 625 grette Geata leod, Gode J'ancode wis-fsest wordum, ]>^s Se hire se willa gelamp, )78et heo on tenigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frofre. He )jset ful gej^eah, wael-reow wiga, *8et Wealbjjeon, Fol. 144". 630 ond J7a gyddode guj's gefysed ; ^ Beowulf maJ?elode, beam Ecgjjeowes : "Ic ]>8et hogode, ]>Si ic on holm gestah, sS-bat gesset mid minra secga gedriht, jjait ic anunga eowra leoda 635 willan geworhte, oj^Se on wsel crunge feond-grapum fsest. Ic gefremman sceal eorlic ellen, o\>^e ende-dseg on J»isse meodu-healle minne gebidan." Dam wife J'a word wel licodon, 640 gilp-cwide Geates ; eode gold-hroden freolicu folc-cwen to hire frean sittan. pa WS6S eft swa ser inne on healle J»ryS-word sprecen, Seod on sjelum, sige-folca sweg, o]? J^aet semninga 645 sunu Healfdenes secean wolde gefen-raeste ; wiste J^eem ahlScan 28 BEOWULF. to ]?8em heah-sele hilde gejjinged, sitSSan hie sunnan leoht geseon [ne] meahton, oJiSe nipende niht ofer ealle, 650 scadu-helma gesceapu scritSan cwoman, wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras; grette fa, guma o}»erne, HroSgar Beowulf, ond him hsel ahead, win-semes *geweald, ond Jjset word acwsetS: Pol. 655 "Neefre ic ienegum men aer alyfde, l^S"- sijjSan ic hond ond rond hebban mihte, Sry|7-8ern Dena huton ]?e nii Sa. Hafa nu ond geheald husa selest, gemyne maer^o, msegen-ellen cytS, 660 waca wi?S wra]7um. Ne bitS ]>e wilna gad, gif ]>u Jjset ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." Da him Hro]7gar gewat mid his hselejia gedryht, eodur Scyldinga, ut of healle; wolde wig-fruma Wealh]>eo secan, 665 cwen to gebeddan. Hsefde kyning[a] wuldor Grendle to-geanes, swa guman gefrungon, 648. Thorpe's simple emendation, '[ne],' is now generally adopted. Bugge proposed, in addition, to regard o>^e (1. 649) as equivalent to ond, as in 1. 2475, and the suggestion is adopted by Heyne. Earle defends the usual meaning or : " There is something of alternative between twilight and the dead of night." 652. Grein-Wvilcker complete the first half line by ' [glsedmod],' Heyne by '[giddum].' 665. MS. 'kyning,' at end of line; there is room for an a, but no trace of one. BEOWULF. 29 sele-weard aseted; sundor-njrtte beheold ymb aldor Dena, eoton-weard ahead. Huru Geata leod georne truwode 670 modgan msagnes, Metodes hyldo. Da he him of dyde isern-byrnan, helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, irena cyst, ombiht-J^egne, ond gehealdan het hilde-geatwe. 675 Gespr^c ]>& se goda gylp-worda sum, Beowulf *Geata, ger he on bed stige: Fol. 145'. "No ic me an here-wsesmun hnagran talige gul^-geweorca Jjonne Grendel hine; for}?an ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680 aldre beneotan, Jjeah ic eal majge. Nat he fiara goda, jjaet he me ongean slea, rand geheawe, )?eah Se he rof sie nij7-geweorca ; ac wit on niht sculon secge ofersittan, gif he gesecean dear 685 wig ofer wsepen, ond si]7San witig God on swa hwsejiere hond, ihalig Drj^hten, meerfSo deme, swa him gemet J>ince." Hylde hine Jja heajio-deor, hleor-bolster onfeng eorles andwlitan, ond hine ymb monig 690 snellic sse-rinc sele-reste gebeah. Njenig heora ]7ohte, J>3et he Jjanon scolde eft eard-lufan sefre gesecean, folc oJ'tSe freo-burh, jjser he afeded wses: 668. Thorpe 'eoton (ace.) weard (mom.) abead'; Heyne 'eoton ((fat.) weard (ace.) ahead.' The difficulty of the uninflected accus. eoton-weard eeems less than those presented by these readings. 677. Thorpe ' wsestmum,' Greiu ' wSsmum.' 684. MS. 'het.' 30 BEOWULF. ac hie hsefdon gefrunen, jjset hie £er to fela micles 695 in Jjsein win-sele wael-deaS foraam, Denigea leode. Ac him Dryhten forgeaf wig-speda gewiofu, *Wedera leodum Fol. 146«. frofor ond fultum, J^eet hie feond heora ?Surh anes crseft ealle ofercomon, 700 selfes mihtum; sotS is gecyj^ed, Jjaat mihtig God manna cynnes weold wide-ferhS. Com on wanre niht scri?5an sceadu-genga. Sceotend swsefon, )?§, ]>set horn-reced healdan scoldon, 705 ealle biiton anum. pset wses yldum cuj?, )78et hie ne moste, ]>a, metod nolde, se syn-sca]?a under sceadu bregdan; ac he waeccende wraj^um on and an bad bolgen-mod beadwa gejiinges. XI. 710 Da com of more under mist-hleo]7um Grendel gongan, Godes yrre bser; mynte se man-scatJa manna cynnes sumne besyrwan in sele J>am hean. Wod under wolcnum, to J»8es J»e he win-reced, 715 gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse, fsettum fahne ; ne wses J^set forma siS, ]78et he Hro]7gares ham gesohte. Nsefre he on aldor-dagum ser *ne sijJtSan Fol. 146". heardran hsele, heal-Segnas fand. 702. Thorkelin 'ride'; "now nothing left but part of the perpen- dicular stroke of the first letter, " BEOWULF. 31 720 Com ]7a to recede rinc sitSian dreamum bedeeled; duru sona onarn, fyr-bendum fsest, sy]?5an he hire folmum [hr]an; onbraed ]?a bealo-hydig, Sa [he gejbolgen wiEs, recedes mu)?aii. RaJ^e sefter lj>on 725 on fagne flor feond treddode, eode yrre-mod; him of eagum stod ligge gelicost leoht unfseger. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, swefan sibbe-gedriht samod setgsedere, 730 mago-rinca heap. pa his mod ahlog; mynte j^set he gedselde, Sr J>oii dseg cwome, atol aglseca, am'a gehwylces lif wis lice, ]>a, him alumpen wses wist-fylle wen. Ne wses Jjset wyrd )7a gen, '735 ]78et he ma moste manna cynnes ?Sicgean ofer ]>a, niht. pryS-swyS beheold m^g Higelaces, hu se man-sca?Sa under fser-gripum gefaran wolde. Ne ]?3et se aglseca yldan J»ohte, 740 ac he ge*feng hraSe forman si8e FoL 131». sliependne rinc, slat unwearnum, bat ban-locan, blod edrum dranc, syn-snEedum swealh; sona hsefde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod, 722. MS. defective at edge. Zupitza's transliteration of the facsimile of the MS. has '[gehr]an.' There is room for two letters before hrdn, but there is no evidence for ge-. On the contrary, whilst hrlimn usually governs the dat., gehrlnan more commonly takes the accus. (pace Grein). 723. MS. faded at edge. Kemble, Grein- Wiiloker, and Heyne '[he] abolgen.' Zupitza says: "Now bolgen is still distinct, and before it I think I see traces of two letters of which the first seems to have been g ; but what preceded this is entirely faded." 32 BEOWULF. 745 fet ond folma. ForS near setstop, nam J?a mid handa hige-]?ihtigne rinc on rseste ; r^hte ongean feond mid folme; he onfeng hra]7e inwit-]jancum ond wiS earm gesset. 750 Sona ]>vet onfunde fyrena hyrde, )78et he ne mette middan-geardes, eor)?an sceatta, on elran men mund-gripe maran; he on mode wearS forht, on ferhtSe; no ]>y ser fram meahte. 755 Hyge wses him hin-fus, wolde on heolster fleon, secan deofla gedraeg;- ne 'waes his drohtoS }i£er, swylce he on ealder-dagum ser gemette. Gemunde fa, se goda maeg Higelaces Sfen-spreece, up-lang astod 760 ond him fseste wiSfeng; fingras burston; eoten wses ut-weard; eorl fur]?ur stop. Mynte se meera, *Aw£er he meahte swa, Fol. isi'. widre gewindan ond on weg ]7anon fleon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald 765 on grames grapum. pset wses geocor sitS, ■|78et se hearm-scaj'a to Heorute ateah. Dryht-sele dynede; Denum eallum wearS, ceaster-buendum, cenra gehwylcum, eorlum ealu-soerwen. Yrre weeron-begen 770 re]>e ren-weardas. Eeced hlynsode; 752. Many editors normalise to ' soeata.' See Sievers § 230. 762. MS. defective at comer. Ettmiiller, Wiilcker, Heyne '])Sr.' Zupitza's transliteration 'liw£er,' as if there were no^ doubt as to the reading, but his foot-note runs : " hwcer (hw -with anothej'ink, and crossed out in pencil) B, ...«)• A ; now only the lower part of r left." Cf . 1. 797. 765. MS. 'J>EBt he wffls.' Grein suggested the accepted emendation— the omission of fte. BEOWULF. 33 ]?a wses wundor micel, J»set se win-sele wiShsefde heaJ»o-deorum, Jjset he on hrusan ne feol, feger fold- bold; ac he ]>ses fseste wses innan ond litaii iren-bendum 775 searo-]7oncum besmijjod. peer fram sylle abeag medu-benc monig, mine gefrSge, golde geregnad, JJEer fa, graman wunnon; )7ses ne wendon eer witan Scyldinga, ]?8et hit a mid gemete manna Snig, 780 fcetlic ond ban-fag, tobrecan meahte, listum tolucan, nymj^e liges fsejim swulge on swaj»ule. Sweg *up astag Fol. 147». niwe geneahhe; NortS-Denum stod atelic egesa, anra gehwylcum, 785 jjara J»e of wealle wop gehyrdon, gryre-leo?S galan Godes ondsacan, sige-leasne sang, sar wanigean helle hsefton. Heold hine fseste, se ]>e manna ■wses msegene strongest 790 on Jjsem dsege ]?ysses lifes. XII. Nolde eork hleo senige yinga. ]7one cwealm-cuman cwicne forlEetan, ne his lif-dagas leoda Snigum 780. MS. 'hetlio'; Grundtvig 'betlio.' Cf. 1. 1925. 788. Zupitza "and others ' helle-hsefton, ' but nothing is gained by making them a compound. For -an of the weak declension, -on is not uncommon. Almost aU editors insert ' to' before ' fseste.' W. B. 3 34 BEOWULF. nytte tealde. pser genehost brsegd 795 eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, wolde frea-drihtnes feorh ealgian, mseres ]?eodiies, tSeer hie meahton swa. Hie )78et ne wiston, ]>a. hie gewin dragon, heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, 800 ond on healfa gehwone heawan ]7ohton, sawle secan : ]7one syn-sca?San senig ofer eorjfan irenna cyst, guS-billa nan, gretan nolde; ac he sige-waepnum *forsworen hsefde, Fol. 147''. 805 ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal on ?5£em dsege J^ysses lifes earmlic wurtSan, ond se ellor-gast on feonda geweald feor sitSian. Da ]7£et onfunde, se Ijie fela seror 810 modes myrSe manna cynne fyrene gefremede, he fag wis God, Jiset him se lic-homa ISstan nolde, ac hine se modega mseg Hygelaces haefde be honda; . wses gehw8e]7er oSram 815 lifigende laS. lac-sar gebad atol Eegl^ca; him on eaxle wearS syn-dolh sweotol; seonowe onsprungon, burston ban-locan. Beowulfe wear3 giitS-hreS gyfejte; scolde Grendel ]7onan 820 feorh-seoc fleon under fen-hleoSu, 811. Kemble first inserted ' wass ' after ' he.' Heyne has : ' (he icffl fag wi^ god),' which appears to me a distinct enfeeblement of the MS. reading. Fag comes at the beginning of a line in the MS., and Heyne says it cannot be settled whether or not wees stood before it. This is very misleading. "There was no room for wcss before fag" (iZupitza), as a glance at the facsimile suffices to show. BEOWULF. 35 secean wyn-leas wic; wiste Jje geornor, J>3Bt his aldres wses ende gegongen, dogera dseg-rim. Denum eallum wearS sefter J?am wsel-rSse willa gelumpen. 825 Hnefde ]>a. gefselsod, se Tpe aer feorran com, snotor ond swyS-ferhtS sele HroSgares, genered wis *mtSe ; niht-weorce gefeh, Fol. 148». ellen-mSr]7um. Haefde East-Denum Geat-mecga leod gilp gelsested, 830 swylce oncyJ^Se ealle gebette, inwid-sorge, jje hie jer drugon ond for Jirea-nydum Jjolian scoldon, torn unlytel. pset wses tacen sweotol, syJitSan hilde-deor bond alegde, 835 earm ond eaxle (j^aer waes eal geador Grendles grape) under geapne hr[6f]. XIII. Da wses on morgen, mine gefreege, ymb J>a gif-healle guS-rinc monig; ferdon folc-togan feorran ond nean 840 geond wid-wegas wundor sceawian, la]?es lastas. No his lif-gedal sarlic J»u.hte secga genegum, )>ara ye tir-leases trode sceawode, hii he werig-mod on weg J^anon, 845 niSa ofercumen on nicera mere, fsege ond geflymed, feorh-lastas b«r. 836. MS. defective at edge. Cf. 1. 926. 3—2 36 BEOWULF. Dser wses on blode brim weallende, atol y?5a geswing eal gemenged baton beolfre, *beoro-dreore, weol ; FoL 148'. 850 deaS-feege deog, sitSSan dreama leas in fen-freotSo feorh alegde, h8e]?ene sawle; ]>se.T him hel onfeng. panon eft gewiton eald-gesiSas, swylce geong manig of gomen-waj'e, 855 fram mere modge mearum ridan, beomas on blancum. Dser wses Beowulfes mserSo meened; monig oft gecwse'5, Jjsette suS ne norS be siem tweoaum ofer eormen-grund oj^er nsenig 860 under swegles begong selra nsere rond-hsebbendra, rices wyrSra. Ne hie huru wine-drihten wiht ne logon, glsedne HroSgar, ac J^set wses god cyning. Hwilum heajio-rofe hleapan leton, 865 on geflib faran, fealwe mearas, Seer him fold-wegas fsegere )?uhton, cystum cutSe. Hwilum cyninges j^egn, guma gilp-hlseden, gidda gemyndig, se ^e eal-fela eald-gesegena 870 worn gemunde, word oJ»er fand soSe gebunden. Secg eft ongan siS Beowulfes snyttrum *styrian, Fol. U9'. ond on sped wrecan spel gerade, wordum wrixlan; wel-hwylc gecwseS, 849. MS. 'hat on heolfre,' and so Wulcker. Grein 'hatan'=/io<(m in the text. The reading in the text ia much easier than that of the MS., and 1. 1423 turns the probability in its favour. 870 — 1. Bieger and Bugge put 'word.. .gebunden' in a parenthesis. BEOWULF. 37 875 ]>eet he fram Sigemunde[s] secgan hyrde ellen-d^dum, uncuj^es fela, Waelsinges gewin, wide siSas, jjara ]>e gumena beam gearwe ne wiston, fghSe ond fyrena, buton Fitela mid hine, 880 ]7onne he swulces hwset secgan wolde, earn his nefan, swa hie a wSron ffit niSa gehwam nyd-gesteallan ; hsefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum geseeged. Sigemunde gesprong 885 sefter deaS-dsege dom unlytel, syJ^SSan wiges heard wyrm acwealde, hordes hyrde; he under hame stan, 8Bj>elinges beam, ana genetJde frecne dsede; ne waes him Fitela mid; 890 hwae)7re him gesselde, Seet jjsefc swurd jjurhwod wrsetlicne wyrm, ]>aEst hit on wealle setstod, dryhtlic iren; draca mortSre swealt. Hsefde aglseca elne gegongen, Jjset he beah-hordes brucan moste 895 selfes dome; * see-bat gehleod, Pol. 149'. baer on bearm scipes beorhte frsetwa Waelses eafera; wyrm hat gemealt. Se wses wreccena wide mSrost ofer wer-]?eode, wigendra hleo, 900 ellen-dsedum ; he Jjses sei on?Sah. 875. MS. 'Sigemunde.' Grein's emendation ' Sigemundes' is good in itself, and is the more probable in that the next word begins with s. 880. Heyne normalises to ' swylces.' 895. Many editors normalise to ' gehlod.' Sievers § 392, N. 3. 897. Earle adopts Scherer's emendation 'hat[e],' with heat. 900. Cosijn's emendation 'aron 'Sah,' with honours throve, is adopted by Heyne and by Earle. For dron^arwm of. scypon 1, 1154, and heaf- 38 BEOWULF. SitSSan Heremodes hild sweSrode, eaidS ond ellen, he mid eotenuni wearS on feonda geweald forS forlacen, snude forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas 905 lemede to lange; he his leodum weartS, eallum sejjeiingum, to aldor-ceare. Swylce oft bemearn ^rran mEelum BwiS-ferh}>es sitS snotor ceorl monig, se ]7e him bealwa to h5te gelyfde, 910 ]?8et ]?aet Seodnes beam gej^eon scolds, feeder 3e]?elum onfon, folc gehealdan, hord ond hleo-burh, hselej^a rice, eSel Scyldinga. He j^ser eallum weartS, mSg Higelaces manna cynne, 915 freondum gefsegra; hine fyren onwod. Hwilum flitende fealwe streete mearum meeton. Da wses morgen-leoht scofen ond scynded. *Eode scealc monig Fol. 150", swiS-hicgende to sele J^am hean 920 searo-wundor seon; swylce self cyning of bryd-bure, beah-horda weard, tryddode tir-fsest getrume micle, cystum gecy]>ed, ond his cwen mid him medo-stig gemaet mseg}>a hose. don 1. 1242, and for the phrase of. weofS-myndum \>ah 1. 8. Nevertheless I cannot bring myself to abandon the clear reading of the MS., which makes at least as good sense as many another passage. 902. MS. 'earfo'S,' retained by WiUoker; cf. 1. 634. On the other hand, see 11. 602, 2349. 906. MS. ' sejjellingum.' 911. There appears to be no sufficient reason for making a com- pound fader-elum, here, as the editors do. Cf. 11. 21, 1479. 915. Some editors mark the close of this episode by a space between this line and tKe next. There is nothing more than a dot in the MS., not a fresh Une, nor even a capital to hwilum. BEOWULF. 39 XIV 925 HroSgar ma)7elode; he to healle geong, stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof golde fahne ond Grendles hond : "Disse ansyne Al-wealdan Jianc lungre gelimpe. Fela ic laj^es gebad, 930 grynna set Grendle; a mseg God wyrcau wunder setter wundre, wuldres Hyrde. Dset WEes ungeara, Jjset ic Snigra me weana ne wende to widan feore tote gebidan, jjonne blode fah, 935 husa selest heoro-dreorig stod; wea wid-scofen witena gehwylcne, tSara ]>e ne wendon, jjset hie wide-ferhS leoda land-geweorc laj^um beweredon *scuccum ond scinnum. Nu scealc hafatS Fol. 150". 940 ]>urh Drihtnes miht deed gefremede, Se we ealle ser ne meahton snyttrum besyrwan. Hwset ! j^set secgan mseg efne swa hwylc msegjia, swa 6one magan cende setter gum-cynnum, gyf heo gyt lyfatS, 945 ]>set hyre eald Metod este wsere beam-gebyrdo. Nil ic, Beowulf, }»ec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle freogan on ferhjje; heald forS tela niwe sibbe. Ne biS ]>e [njienigra gad 950 worolde wilna, ]>e ic geweald hsebbe. Ful oft ic for l^ssan lean teohhode, 945. Heyue ' eald-metod.' See note on 1. 1776. 949. MS. ' asnigre.' 40 BEOWULF. hord-weor]7unge, hnahran rince, ssemran aet ssecce. pu J>e self hafast dSdum gefremed, ]>aat J^in [dom] lyfatS 955 awa to aldre. Al-walda ]>ec gode forgylde, sw.a he nu gyt dyde !" Beowulf majjelode, beara Ec[g]J'eowes : "We )78et ellen-weorc estum miclum, feohtan fremedon, frecne geneSdon 960 eafotS uncuj^es; vi^e ic swij^or, Jjset Su hine selfne geseon moste, feond on frsetewum fyl-werigne. Ic hine hrsedlice *heardaii clammum Fol, 151». on wsel-bedde wrij^an )7ohte, 965 ]7set he for mwnd-gripe minum scolde licgean lif-bysig, butan his lie swiee; ic hine ne mihte, J»a Metod nolde, ganges getwEeman ; no ic him ]?ses georne setfealh, feorh-geniSlan ; wses to fore-mihtig 970 feond on ie]>e. Hwse]?ere he his folme forlet to lif-wra)?e last weardian, earm ond eaxle ; no ]>Sr senige swa ]>eah ^Tea-sceaft guma frofre gebohte ; no yf leng leofatS laS-geteona 975 synnum geswenced; ac hyne sar hafaS in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen, balwon bendum; Sser abidan sceal maga mane fah miclan domes, 954. Eemble's emendation. No gap in MS. 963. MS. 'him.' 965. MS. 'hand gripe.' Eemble's emendation is required for the sake of the alliteration. 976. MS. 'mid gripe'; Thorpe 'ni^-gripe'; Bugge 'nyd-gripe.' BEOWULF. 4il hu him scir Metod scrifan wille." 980 Da wses swigra secg sunu Ec[g]lafes on gylp-sprsece guS-geweorca, si]7?San aBjjelingas eorles crsefte ofer heanne hrof hand sceawedon, feondes fingras, foran Sghwylc; 985 wses steda nsegla gehwylc style gelicost, hsejjenes. hand-sporu, *hilde-rinces Fol. 151''. egl unheoru; seghwylc gecwaeS, ]>8et him heardra nan hrinan wolde iren gr-god, ]>set tSses ahlsecan 990 blodge beadu-folme onberan wolde. XV. Da wses haten hre]?e Heort innan-weard folmum gefragtwod; fela ]7^ra wses wera end wifa, ]>e J»8et win-reced, gest-sele, gyredon. Gold-lag scinon 995 web sefler wagum, wundor-siona fela secga gehwylcum, ]7ara ]>e on swylc staraS. Wses Jjset beorhte bold tobrocen swiSe, eal inne-weard iren-bendum fest, 984 — S. Suggestions too numerous to mention have been made for the emendation of these lines. Heyne adopts a fresh one with each new edition. Sievers considers the second half of 1. 984 metrically deficient, and proposes: feondes fingras: foran leghwylc wses stiiSra nsegla style gelicost. 986. MS. 'hilde hilde rinoes,' the first hilde being the last word on the page, the second the first word overleaf. In such cases italics in the text seem needless. For hand-sporu see Sievers § 279. 42 BEOWULF. heorras tohlidene; hrof ana genses 1000 ealles ansund, ]>d se aglteca fyren-daedum fag on fleam gewand, aldres orwena. '. No j^set ySe byS to befleonne, fremme se ]>e wille; ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra, 1005 nyde genydde, niJ>?Sa bearna, grund-buendra, gearwe stowe, ]7£er his lic-homa leger-bedde fsest swefe]? sefter symle. pa wass ssel ond msel, ]78et to healle *gang Healfdenes sunu ; Fol. 152'. 1010 wolde self cyning symbel J»icgan. Ne gefrsBgen ic fa, maegj^e maran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sel gebeeran. Bugon ]>a, to bence bleed-agende, fylle gefsegon ; fsegere gejisegon 1015 medo-ful manig magas Jjara, 1000. MS. '>e.' 1002 — 5. These lines, as given in Holder's edition, show the pmcipal emendations that have been suggested : No >ffit ySe by« to befleonne (fremme se J>e mLle!), ae geseoan soeal sawl-berendra [gehwa], n^de genydcd niJj'Sa bearna. 1013. Thorkelin A 'blsed agande,' B ' bltedagande.' The MS. now has only bleed left, and de on the next line, 1014 — 5. Bugge proposed to put these two lines in parentheses, be- cause of "the difficulty of finding an antecedent for Jjora." Eeyne (5th edition) and Earle adopt the suggestion. This can only be on the principle — of two difficulties choose the greater. What a master of the parenthesis- style the "scop" must have been, to keep his hearers waiting for the subject of bugon, past two other finite verbs with a diffe- rent subject, until four lines lower down I And what is to hinder the antecedent of t'Sra being implied in blad-agende, in speaking of a court BEOWULF. 43 swiS-hicgende, on sele Tp&m hean, HroSgar ond Hrojjulf. Heorot innan wses freondum afylled; nalles facen-stafas peod-Scyldingas J^enden fremedon. 1020 Forgeaf ]>a, Beowulfe heam Healfdenes segen gyldenne sigores to leane, hroden hilte-cumbor, helm ond byrnan ; mtere maSJjum-sweord manige gesawon beforan beorn beran. Beowulf ge}»ah 1025 ful on flette. No he J?sere feoh-gyfte for scotenum scamigan tSorfte; ne gefrsegn ic freondllcor feower madmas golde gegyrede gum-manna fela in ealo-bence oSrum gesellan. 1030 Ymb ]7ses helmes hrof heafod-beorge wirum bewunden wala utan heold, )7set him fela *lafe frecne ne meahton Fol. 152". where everyone was doubtless related to everyone else, as in a Scotch clan? 1020. MS. 'brand.' 1026. MS. 'seotenum'; Grein 2 'scoterum'; Wiilcker ' sceotendum,' for whioh of. 11. 703, 1154. Heyne quotes oxenum, nefenum, as examples of similar weak dat. pis. 1030 — 1. The MS. has 'heafod beorge wirum be wunden walan utan heold.' EttmiiUer 'wala,' adopted by Grein. If we leave the MS. read- ing unaltered, there is a choice of difBoulties. Either we must take walan as subject and heafod-heorge as object, with a striking violation of gram- matical concord in the verb heold; or we must (with Heyne and Socin) take heafod-beorge as a weak fern, noun in the nom. and walan as object, with considerable loss to the sense. The nom. pi. scur-beorge ("Euiu" 5) also tells against the latter view, which has no support from analogy. 1032. Thorkelin 'laf (now gone in the MS.)- On account of this reading, Bugge ("Beitrage" xii. 92) supports Thorpe's emendation meahte, confirming it by the form scur-heard in the next line, and by a reference to Sievers: "der erste halbvers ist naoh den untersuohungen 44 BEOWULF. scur-heard sceJ^tSan, )jonne scyld-freca ongean gramum gangan scolde. 1035 Heht Sa eorla hleo eahta mearas fieted-hleore on flet teon, in under eoderas; Jjara anum stod sadol searwum fah, since gewurj^ad; )>8et wses hilde-setl heah-cyninges, 1040 Sonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde ; neefre on ore Iseg wid-cu)>es wig, Sonne walu feoUon. Ond Sa Beowulfe bega gehwsej»res eodor Ingwina onweald geteah, 1045 wicga ond waepna; het hine wel briicaru Swa manlice msere )>eoden, hord-weard h8elej>a, hea}70-r£esas geald mearum ond madmum, swa hy neefre man lyhtS, se ]7e secgan wile soS sefter rihte. XVI. 1050 Da gyt seghwylcum eorla drihten, ]?ara ]?e mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah, on ]j£ere medu-bence maJ^Sum gesealde, yr*fe-lafe ; ond j^one senne heht Fol. 153». golde forgyldan, J'one Se Grendel £er 1055 mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde, Sievers' ("Beitrage" x. 455) metrisoh unriohtig." It is a curious com- mentary on this last reason, that Sievers himself quotes the line, with the form lafe, among the examples of his type A ("Beit." x. 273). 1051. MS. 'leade.' liJl4\jy\ Kjur . 45 nefne him witig God wyrd forstode, ond Sses mannes mod. Metod eallum weold gumena cynnes, swa he nu git deSS; for]7an bit5 andgit seghwEer selest, 1060 ferhSes fore-]?anc. Fela sceal gebidan leofes ond laj»es, se J^e longe her on Syssum win-dagum worolde bruceS. pser waes sang ond sweg samod setgaedere fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, 1065 gomen-wudu greted, gid oft wrecen, Sonne heal-gamen Hrojigares scop sefter medo-bence msenan scolde: "Finnes eaferum, Sa hie se fser begeat, hseleS Healf-Dena, Hnsef Scyldinga, 1070 in Fres-wsele feallan scolde. Ne huru Hildeburh herian ^mtite Eotena treowe ; unsynnum wear^ 1068 — 9. There are one or two difficulties here. aiyHfiyne, followed by Earle, makes the episode begin with 1. 1069. I agree \ith Wuloker and Bngge in regarding 1. 1068 as the commencement, partly.'beeause this helps to get rid of the difficulty of (2) the government of eaferum. Kemble '[be] Finnes eaferum'; Heyne and Sooin 'Finnes eaferum [fram].' I foUow Grein in regarding eaferum as an instr. pi., with reference to feallan scolde. (3) Bugge ("Eeitrage" xii. 29) has shown that the emendation Healfdenes for Healf-Dena is misleading, the latter being a tribal name, such as we find in 11. 1, 116, 383, 392. (4) I cannot follow Bugge, when he goes on to explain Jiale^ as aec. pi,, anticipated by hie in the previous line. This is to force hie from its natural and obvious meaning, as referring to eaferum. He quotes as a parallel the hit of 1. 1705 ; but the cases are not analogous, in that hit cannot possibly refer to anything gone before. I therefore take hcele'S, with Heyne and Earle, as nom. sing., Hncef Scyldinga being a parallel expression to hceWS Healf-Dena. 1070. MS. 'infr es wsele': "r altered from some other letter, after it a letter erased, then es on an erasure: that fres is all that the scribe intended to write, is shown by a line connecting r and e." — Zupitza. 46 BEOWULF. beloren leofum set ]>&m Zwd-plegan, bearnum ond brotSrum; hie on gebyrd hruron 1075 gare *wunde; jjset wees geomuru ides. Fol. 153', Nalles holinga Hoces dohtor meotod-sceaft bemearn, syjjtSan morgen com, Sa heo under swegle geseon meahte mor]?or-bealo maga, )>8er he[o] Eer mteste heold 1080 worolde wynne. Wig ealle fornam Finnes J^egnas, nemne feaum anum, ]7set he ne mehte on }>^m metSel-stede wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, ne ]7a wea-lafe wige for]7ringan 1085 ]7eodnes tSegne; ac hig him gej^ingo budon, )78et hie him oSer flet eal gerymdon, healle ond heah-setl, ]7set hie healfre geweald wis Eotena beam agan moston, ond set feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu 1090 dogra gehwylce Dene weor]7ode, Hengestes heap hringum wenede, efhe swa swLSe sinc-gestreonum ^ttan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn on beor-sele byldan wolde. '' 1095 Da hie getriiwedon on twa healfa fseste frioSu-WEere ; Fin Hengeste elne unflitme aSum *benemde, Fol. 154». J^aet he fa, wea-lafe weotena dome arum heolde, J^set SJer senig mon 1100 wordum ne worcum wSre ne brSce, ne J>urh inwit-searo ' sefre gemSnden, ?5eah hie hira beag-gyfan banan folgedon 1073. MS. 'hild'; emended for the alliteration. 1079. MS. 'he.' siir,oyv V lit: 47 tSeoden-lease, ]?§, him swa gejiearfod vuss; gyf ]?onne Frysna hwylc frecnan sprgce 1105 Saes mor)?or-hetes myndgiend wtere, jxinne hit sweordes ecg sySiSan scolde. AS wses gesefned, ond icge gold ahsefen of horde. Here-Scyldinga betst beado-rinca wses on bsel gearu; 1110 aet ]>^m ade wses ep-gesjne swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden, eofer iren-heard, 3e]?eling manig wundum awyrded; sume on wsele crungon. Het 5a Hildeburh set Hnsefes ade 1115 hire selfre sunu sweoloSe befsestan, ban-fatu bsernan ond on bsel don ; earme on eaxle ides gnornode, geomrode giddum. GuS-rinc astah. Wand *to wolcnum wsel-fyra msest, Fol. isii-. 1120 hlynode for hlawe; hafelan multon, ben-geato burston; tSonne blod setspranc laS-bite lices. Lig ealle forswealg, gsesta gifrost, J^ara 3e ];£er guS fornam bega folces; wses hira blsed scacen. XVII. 1125 Gewiton him Sa wigend wica neosian freondum befeallen, Frysland geseon, 1104. Zupitza's transliteration 'freonen sprsece'; Wuloker 'freo- nensprsece. ' 1118. Griindtvig 'gutS-reo' (but he read riuc for rinc in the MS.). Skeat supports this reading by 1. 3144, and Elene 795: "reo astigan," and compares gviS-rec with the compound wal-fyr in the next line. 48 BEOWULF. hamas ond hea-burh. Hengest Sa gyt wsel-fagne winter wunode mid Finn el[ne] un/litme; eard gemunde, 1130 )7eah ]>e he [ne] meahte on mere drifan hringed-stefnan ; holm storme weol, won wits winde; winter j]>e beleac is-gebinde, o]> Sset oj^er com gear in geardas, swa nu gyt de?S, 1135 ]>a. ^e syngales sele bewitiatS, wuldor-torhtan weder. Da wses winter scacen, fseger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca, gist of geardnm ; he to gym-wrsece swiSor *J»6hte, J»onne to sse-lade, Fol. 155», 1140 gif he torn-gemot Jjurhteon mihte, ]?88t he Eotena beam inne gemunde. Swa he ne forwyrnde worold-raedenne, ]7oniie him Hunlafing hilde-leoman, billa selest, on bearm dyde ; 1128—9. MS. 'mid finnel unHitme'; Heyne 'mid Finne unhlitme ( = unitedly) ' ; Eieger suggested the emendation in the text from 1. 1097, and has been followed by Grain and Wuloker. 1130. Grundtvig's emendation ; Grein read ne in place of he. Cf. 1. 648. 1142 — 4. In this difficult passage I have preserved the MS. reading. In 1. 1143, it has 'hun lafing,' which Zupitza transliterates 'hun-lafing.' We constantly find proper names divided into two parts in the MS., e.g. 'hrotJ gar,' 1. 339; 'hun lafing,' therefore, may stand ectually well for Hunlafing or for Hun Lafing. There is much in this whole episode which is still obscure and uncertain, and until more light is thrown upon it, I adhere to the MS. and to Grein's explanation of the text. While accept- ing generally MoUer's reconstruction of the Finn saga (for which see his "Das altenglische Volksepos"), I cannot adopt his emendation woroi- rSdenne, which- is accepted by Bugge (who, however, assigns to it a signification different from Moller's), Heyne and Socin, and Earle. For one thing, the form tvorod is unknown to O.E. poetry. With regard to this JDEjKJII kjue . 49 1145 ]>ses WEeron mid Eotenum ecge cuiSe. Swylce ferhtS-frecan Fin eft begeat sweord-bealo sliSen iBt his selfes ham, si]?tSan grimne gripe GuSlaf ond Oslaf seffcer s£e-si?Se sorge mSndon, 1150 setwiton weana dsel; ne meahte w^fre mod forhabhan in hrej^re. Da wses heal hroden feonda feorum, swilce Fin slaegen, cyning on cor]7re, ond seo cwen numen. Sceotend Scyldinga to scypon feredon 1155 eal in-gesteald eorS-cyninges, swylce hie aet Finnes ham findan meahton sigla, searo-gimma. Hie on sS-lade drihtlice wif to Denum feredon, Iseddon *to leodum." Leo(5 wses asungen, Pol. 155". 1160 gleo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft astah, beorhtode benc-sweg; byrelas sealdon win of wunder-fatum. J3a cwom Wealhj^eo fortS gan under gyldnum beage, ]>Sr ]?a godan twegen sseton suhter-gefaederan ; jja gyt wses hiera sib setgsedere, 1165 Eeghwylc oSrum trywe. Swylce ]>^r f/nfer)? ]>yle particular emendation and to the whole of Bugge's ingenious argumenta- tion (for which see "Beitrage" xii. 32 — 37) — wherein he surmises that Eun is identical with the Hun of " Widsith" 83, and that Lafing is the name of a sword which Hun laid upon Hengest's breast when the latter, the better to compass his revenge, "did not refuse to declare himself Finn's liegeman" (an interpretation which involves a material depar- ture from MoUer's reconstruction of the saga) — my opinion of all this is simply "not proven." And if not proven, it is much more complicated than Grein's explanation, and not a whit more consistent, as I think, with the accepted reconstructions of the whole saga. 1151. Bugge 'roden' ( = reddened). 1165. MS. 'hun ferK' W.B. ^ 50 BEOWULF. set fotum sset frean Scyldinga ; gehwylc Mora his ferhjie treowde, jjset he hsefde mod micel, J^eah ]>e he his magum neere ar-fsest set ecga gelacum. Sprsec ?Sa ides Scyldinga: "Onfoh Jjissum fuUe, freo-drihten min, 1170 sinces brytta; ]>u on sselum wes, gold-wine gumena, ond to Geatum spree mildum wordum, swa sceal man don. Beo wits Geatas glsed, geofena gemyndig; nean ond feorran ]>u nu [freotSo] hafast. 1175 Me man ssegde, Jjset *]>u Se for sunu wolde Fol. 156". here-ri[n]c habban. Heorot is gefeelsod, beah-sele beorhta; briic J>enden ]>vi mote manigra meda, ond Jiinum magum Igef folc ond rice, ]?onne tJu forS scyle 1180 metod-sceaft seon. Ic minne can glsedne Hrojjulf, Jjset he ]>a, geogotSe wile arum healdan, gyf ]>u. ser ]7onne he, wine Scildinga, worold oflsetest ; wene ic, ]7set he mid gode gyldan wille 1185 uncran eaferan, gif he }>3et eal gemon, hwset wit to willan ond to wor?5-myndum umbor-wesendum ser ama gefremedon." Hwearf ]>a, bi bence, J^ser hyre byre wseron, HretSric ond Hro?5mund, ond hselej^a beam, 1190 giogotS setgsedere; J^gr se goda sset, Beowulf Geata, be Jjsem gebrotSrum twsem. ; 1171. MS. 'sprffic' 1174. No gap in MS. Ettmiiller ' [fri«u],' wMoh I have spelt aa in 1. 188. 1176. MS. 'hereric' 1178. MS. defective at edge; AB ?inedo.' BEOWULF. 51 XVIII. Him waas ful boren, ond freond-la]?u wordum bewsegned, ond wunden gold estum geeawed, earni-[h]reade twa, 1195 hrsegl ond hrin*gas, heals-beaga mSst, Fol. 156". Jjara ]>e ic on foldan gefrsegen hsebbe. Nsenigne ic under swegle selran hyrde hord-madmum hselej^a, syJ'tSan Hama astwseg to ]>oere bjrrhtan byrig Brosinga mene, 1200 sigle ond sinc-fset; searo-nitSas tteah Eormenrices, geceas ecne rSd. pone bring bsefde Higelac Geata, nefa Swertinges, nyhstan siSe, siS}?an be under segne sine ealgode, 1205 wael-reaf werede; byne wyrd fornam. 1194. MS. 'earm reade'; Grein ' earm-[h]reacle.' 1199. MS. 'here'; Ettmuller '>ffire.' 1200. MS. 'fealh'; Leo, Grundtvig, Cosiju, Bugge 'fleah.' Bugge's argument is eonclusi-s^C'Beitrage" xii. 69 ff.). Feolan never governs an accua., a,B fleon does. "Fleah is confirmed by the fact, that according to the saga Hama in reility 'fled from the enmity of Eormenric'." 1201. Bngge says: "Ich verstehe geceas ecne rmd so: 'er wurde eiu frommer mann, so dass er, als er starb, zur seligkeit eingieng'." The cloister, to which Hama retired after he had fled from Eormenric, he thinks is referred to in \iSre byrhtan lyrig (1. 1199), for the Thidrekssaga says that Heime (Hama) brought much gold and sUver to the cloister. See "Beitrage" xii. 70, 71. Cf. also 11. 1759—60. 1205. Wiilcker 'Wyrd,' with a capital W, here and in 1. 477, but no- where else, not even in 1. 2814 (of. with 1. 477). Heyne uses a capital initial in 11. 455, 477, 2420, 2526, 2574, 2814, but not in this line. Neither of these editors ever uses a capital initial for the names of the Christian Deity. 4—2 52 BEOWULF. sy]??San he for wlenco wSan ahsode, t^hSe to Frysum. He }a, fr£etwe wseg, eorclan-stanas, ofer ySSa ful, rice Jjeoden; he under rande gecranc. 1210 Gehwearf ]>& in Francna fae^m feorh cyninges, breost-gewsedu ond se beah somod; wyrsan wig-frecan wsel reafedon setter gutS-sceare ; Geata leode ■ hrea-wic heoldon. Heal swege onfeng. 1215 WealhSeo majjelode, heo fore ]7£em werede sprsec : " Bruc Sisses beages, Beowulf leofa, hyse, mid hSle, *ond j^isses hrsegles neot, Fol. 157». )7eo[d]-gestreona, ond gej^eoh tela; can ]>ec mid craefte, ond Jjyssum cnyhtum wes 1220 lara lit5e; ic |»e Jjses lean geman. Hafast ]>n gefered, j^set Se feor ond neah ealne wide-ferh|> weras ehtigaS, efhe swa side swa see bebugeS windge [e]ard-weallas. Wes, lienden Jju Hfige, 1225 8e)»eling eadig; ic ]>e an tela sinc-gestreona. Beo ]7u suna minum dsedum gedefe, dream healdende. Her is seghwylc eorl o]?rum getrywe, modes milde, man-drihtne hol[d] ; 1230 ]7egnas syndon gej^wsere, J^eod eal gearo. 1212. MS. 'reafeden.' 1218. MS. 'teo ge streona.' 1224. MS. 'wind geard weallas'; Ettmiiller 'windige weallas,' of. 1. 572. The emendation in the text is Kemble's. 1225. Wiiloker puts a comma after ie\>eling, making it a vocative. It seems to me that such breaks in the half-line are to be avoided wherever possible. Cf. 11. 130, 2188, 2342. 1229. MS. 'hoi.' BEOWULF. 53 Druncne dryht-guman, doS swa ic bidde." Eode Jja to setle. peer wses symbla cyst, druncon win weras; wyrd ne cuj^on, geo-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen wearS 1235 eorla manegum. Sy]7?5an eefen cwom, ond him Hr6}>gar gewat to hofe sinum, rice t5 rseste, reced weardode unrim eorla, swa hie oft ser dydon. Benc-|7elu beredon ; hit geond-brteded wear?5 1240 beddum ond bolstrum. Beor-scealca sum fiis ond fsege flet-rseste ge*beag. Fol. 157". Setton him to heafdon hilde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan; lj>eev on bence wses ofer sej^elinge f]>-gesene 1245 hea]70-steapa helm, hringed byrne, J7rec-wudu j^rymlic. Wses |7eaw hyra, J>8et hie oft WEeron an wig gearwe ge set ham ge on herge, ge gehwsej^er ]7ara efhe swylce msela, swylce hira man-dryhtne 1250 ]?earf gesSlde; WEes seo J^eod tilu. XIX. Sigon fa, to slSpe. Sum sare angeald sefen-rseste, swa him ful oft gelamp, siJjSan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1234. MS. 'grimne'; Ettmiiller 'grimme.' 1247. MS. 'anwig gearwe'; Ettmiiller (adopted by Grein) 'anwig- geaxwe,' ready for single corribat. 1253. Zupitza : "warode MS. as well as AB ; the paronment under wa is rather thin, and besides there is a blot on the two letters." Hence the word has several times been misread farode. 54 BEOWULF. unriht sefnde, o]> Jjset ende becwom, 1255 swylt sefber synnum. pset gesyne wearj», wid-cu]7 werum, ]78ette wrecend J^a gyt lifde sefber lajjum, lange Jjrage sefber gu5-ceare; Grendles modor, ides, agleec-wif, jrm]>e gemunde, 1260 se ]>e waeter-egesan ■wnnian scolde, cealde streamas, siJ^San Cain -wearS to ecg-banan angan brejjer, fsederen-maege ; he l^a fag gewat, morjre gemearcod, *man-dream fleon, Fol. 158". 1265 westen warode. panon woe fela geo-sceaft-gasta ; waes JiSra Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetelic, se set Heorote fand waeccendne war wiges bidan. p^r him aglseca setgrsepe weartS; 1270 hw£ej>re he gemunde msegenes strenge, gim-fseste gife, Se him God sealde, end him to Anwaldan are gelyfde, frofre ond fultum; ?Sy he J^one feond ofercwom, gehnaegde helle gast. pa he hean gewat, 1275 dreame bedeeled, dea]7-wic seon, man-cynnes feond. Ond his modor J^a gyt gifre ond galg-mod gegan wolde sorh-fulne siS, suna dea^ wrecan; com ]?a to Heorote, tSser Hring-Dene 1280 geond ]>set sseld swEefun. pa Sser sona wearS ed-h-wyrfb eorlum, si]?San ione fealh 1261. MS. 'eamp.' 1271. Thorpe, Grein, Sweet ' gin-faeste.' For the change of n to m before lahials, of. hlim-ied, 1. 3034, and see Sievers, § 187, N. 1278. MS. 'sunu}>eod.' Ettmuller's emendation. BEOWULF. 55 Grendles modor. Wses se gryre Isessa efne swa micle, swa biS msegjja crseft, wig-gryre wifes, be weepned-men, 1285 jjonne heoru bunden, hamere gejjuren, sweord swate fah, swiu ofer helme ecgum *dyhtig andweard scire?S. Fol. iss'. Da wses on healle heard-ecg togen sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig 1290 hafen handa faest; helm ne gemunde, byman side, ]>a. hine se broga angeat. Heo WEBS on ofste, wolde lit )?anon feore beorgan, J»a heo onfunden wses; '^ hratSe heo aej^elinga anne hsefde 1295 fseste befangen; J^a heo to fenne gang. Se waes HroJ^gare h£ele|ja leofost on gesiSes had be ssem tweonum, rice rand-wiga, ]7one Se heo on rseste abreat, blsed-fsestne beorn. Nses Beowulf Saer, 1300 ac waes oj^er in aer 'geteohhod sefter ma)7?Sum-gife nigrum Geate. Hream wearS in Heorote ; heo under heolfre genam cape folme ; cearu wses geniwod, geworden in wicun. Ne wses j^aet gewrixle til, 1305 jjset hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum. J)a wses frod cyning, har hilde-rinc, on hreon *mode, I'd!. 159». sy?5}>an he aldor-]7egn unlyfigendne, )?one deorestan deadne wisse. 1310 Hraj7e wses to bure Beowulf fetod, sigor-eadig secg; samod ser-dsege 1291. Heyne, Sweet, and others emend 'Jje hine,' whom. This is ingenious, bnt not absolutely necessary. 56 BEOWULF. eode eorla sum, sej^ele cempa self mid gesiSum, ]78er se snotera bad, hw3e]7re him AZ-walda Sfre wille 1315 sefter wea-spelle wyrpe gefremman. Gang tSa sefter flore fyrd-wyr?Se man mid his hand-scole (heal-wudu dynede), ]?8et he j7one wisan wordum jiaegde frean Ingwina, frsegn gif him wsere 1320 softer neod-latSu niht getsese. XX. HrotSgar majjelode, helm Scyldinga: "Ne frin Jiu. sefter sselum; sorh is geniwod Denigea leodum. Dead is -iEschere, Yrmenlafes yldra broj^or, 1325 min run-wita ond min rsed-bora, eaxl-gestealla, tJonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, J^onne hniton fe]?an, eoferas cnysedan. *Swy[lc] scolde eorl Fol. 159". wesan, [se}>eliag] ser-god, swylc .iEschere wses. 1330 Wears him on Heorote to hand-banan wsel-gsest wsefre ; ic ne wat hwsecZer 1314. MS. 'alfwalda.' Cf. 11. 316, 955. 1817. MS. 'hand scale.' Cf. 1. 1963. There seems absolutely no authority or support for the form scale, which is retained by most editors. 1318. AB 'hnsBgde'; now de gone. The ft is prosthetic. "Wordum nffigan (negan) " occurs Elene 287, 569, Exodus 28, etc. 1320. Sweet 'neod-Ia«e'; but see Sievers § 253, N. 2. 1328. MS. defective at corner; AB 'swy scolde.' 1329. No gap in MS. 1331. MS. 'hw8B>er.' Toller gives three instances of hwcsder=hivider. BEOWULF. 57 atol sese wlanc eft-siSas teah, fylle gefrjegnod. Heo J^a ftehtSe wrsec, ]>& Jiu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest 1335 jjurh hsestne had heardum clammum, for]7an he to lange leode mine ■wanode ond 'wyrde. He set wige gecrang ealdres scyldig, ond nu opei cwom mihtig man-scaSa, wolde hyre maeg wrecan, 1340 ge feor hafaS i^hSe gesteeled, ]?!ss f»e jjincean mseg ]>egn.e monegum, se ]>e sefter sinc-gyfan on sefan greote]>, hre]7er-bealo hearde; nu seo hand ligeS, se ]>e eow wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. 1345 Ic ]73et lond-buend, leode mine, sele-rsedende, secgan hyrde, ]>set hie gesawon swylce twegen micle mearc-stapan moras healdan, ellor-gsestas ; tSsera oSer wses, 1350 ]>3ds ]>e hie gewislicost gewitan meahton, idese onlicnes; otSer earm-sceapen on weres wsestmum wraec-lastas *tr8ed, Fol. 160». nsefne he wses mara ]?onne senig man 6?5er, ]7one on gear-dagum Grendel nemdoTi 1355 fold-biiende ; no hie faeder cunnon, hwsej^er him senig wses ser acenned dymra gasta. Hie dygel lond warigeatS, wulf-hleoj'u, windige nasssas, frecne fen-gelad, tSeer fyrgen-stream 1360 under naessa genipu nijier gewitetS, 1344. Sweet 'seo J>e'; but cf. 11. 1887, 2685. 1351. MS. 'onlio nses'; Zupitza ' onlic-nffis ' ; Sweet 'onlio, waes.' 1354. MS. defective at edge; AB 'nemdod'; Zupitza 'nemdo[n].' 58 BEOWULF. flod under foldan. Nis )>8et feor heonon mil-g^mearces, J^set se mere stancZeS, ofer ]78em hongiaS hilmge bearwas, wudu wyrtum fsest, wseter oferhelmatS. 1365 pEer mseg nihta gehwtem niS-wundor seon, fyr on flode. No Ipies frod leofatS gumena beama, Jiset jjone grund wite. Deah Ipe hseS-stapa hundum geswenced, heorot horrnim trum, holt-wudu sece, 1370 feoiran geflymed, Sr he feorh sele?S, aldor on ofre, ser he in wille hafelan [hydan]. Nis ]?a3t heoru stow; Jionon yS-geblond up astigeS won to wolcnum, ]7onne wind styre]? 1375 laSS gewidru, dS Sset lyft drysma]?, roderas reotaS. Nu is se rgd gelang eft set *]>e anum. Eard git ne const, Fol. 160". frecne stowe, SSser J?u findan miht fela-sinnigne secg; sec gif J>u dyrre. 1380 Ic ]>e Ipa fffihtSe feo leanige, eald-gestreonum, swa ic ser dyde, wundwMm golde, gyf ]>u on weg cymest." 1362. MS. 'stan«e«.' 1363. MS. 'lirinde.' The emendation is based on the discovery by T>v Morris of the phrase hrlmige bearwas in the Bliokling Homihes (see the Preface vi, vii). 1372. No gap in MS. Thorpe's emendation. 1382. MS. 'wun' at end of line, 'dini' or 'dmi' on next line, "certainly not dum"; A 'dmi'; B 'dini'; Zupitza 'dini.' BEOWULF. 59 XXI. Beowulf maj^elode, beam Ecgj^eowes: "Ne sorga, snotor guma; selre bits seghwEem, 1385 lj>set he his freond wrece, ]7onne he fela murne. Ure Sghwylc sceal ende gebidan worolde lifes; wyrce se ]>e mote dome? aer dea]?e ; ]78et bi?S driht-guman unlifgendum sefter selest. 1390 Axis, rices weard ; uton hraj>e feran, Grendles magan gang sceawigan. Ic hit J'e gehate: no he on helm losa]?, ne on foldan fsej»m, ne on fyrgen-holt, ne on gyfenes grund, ga }»ser he wille. 1395 Dys dogor ]>u gel^yld hafa weana gehwylces, swa ic ]>e wene to." Ahleop ?Sa se gomela, Gode ]7ancode, mihtigan Drihtne, ]>8es se man ge*spr8ec. Fol. 161°. pa wses HrotSgare hors gebseted, 1400 wicg wunden-feax; wisa fengel geatolic gen[g]de; gum-fejja stop lind-hsebbendra. Lastas wSron sefter wald-swajpum wide gesyne, gang ofer grundas; gegnum for 1405 ofer myrcan mor, mago-J^egna beer 1390. Sweet 'ra>e,' for the sake of the alliteration; but see Sievers § 217, N. 1. 1395. Heyne "iSys dogor,' accus. of duration ; but the form %s lacks authority, and see Sievers § 289, and "Beitrage" x. 812. 1401. MS. 'gende.' 1404. Heyne adopts the emendation of Sievers, who considers the hne metrically deficient: '[j^ser heo] gegnum for." 60 BEOWULF. J'one selestan sawol-leasne, ]?ara ]7e mid HroSgare ham eahtode. "i Ofereode fa, sejielinga beam steap stan-hliSo, stige nearwe, 1410 enge an-paSas, unciiS gelad, Beowle nsessas, nicor-husa fela; he feara sum beforan gengde wisra monna wong sceawian, o]? ]7iBt he fEeringa fyrgen-beamas 1415 ofer hame stan hleonian funds, wyn-leasne wudu; wseter under stod dreorig ond gedrefed. Denum eallum wees, winum Scyldinga, weorce on mode to gej^olianne, Segne monegum, 1420 oncyS eorla gehwSm, syS]?an ^scheres on J>am holm-clife hafelan metton. Flod blode weol (folc to seegon), *hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song Fol. 161'. fuslic f[yrd]-leotS. Fe]7a eal gesffit; 1425 gesawon Sa aefter wsetere wyrm-cynnes fela, sellice sse-dracan, sund cunnian, swylce on nses-hleotSum nicras licgean, tSa on undern-msel oft bewitigaS sorh-fulne siS on segl-rade, 1430 wyrmas ond wil-deor ; hie on weg hruron bitere ond gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton, guS-horn galan. Sumne Geata leod of flan-bogan feores getwEefde, yS-gewinnes, ]>set him on aldre stod 1435 here-streel hearda; he on holme wses 1424. MS. defective at edge; B •£...'; Zupitza 'f[yrd]-,' adopting the emendation of Bouterwek (1859). BEOWULF. 61 simdes j^e seenra, Se hyne swylt fornam. Hr8eJ»e wearS on ySum mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyhtum hearde genearwod, niSa genseged ond on naes togen, 1440 wundorlic wieg-bora; weras sceawedon gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gew£edum, nalles for ealdre mearn; scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, sid ond searo-fah, sund cunnian, 1445 seo Se ban-cofan beorgan cu]?e, ]7set Mm hilde-grap hrejre ne mihte, eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceJ?San ; ac se hwita helm *liafelan werede, Fol. 102". se ye mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450 secan sund-gebland since geweor?5ad, befongen frea-wrasnum, swa hine fym-dagum worhte w^pha smiS, wundrum teode, besette swia-licum, jjset hine sj^tSjjan no brond ne beado-mecas bitan ne meahton. 1455 Naes ]>set ]7onne mgetost msegen-fultuma, J^set him on Searfe lah Syle HroSgares; waes fiEem haeft-mece Hrunting nama; Jiaet waes an foran eald-gestreona ; ecg waes iren, ater-tanum fah, 1460 ahyrded heajjo-swate ; naefre hit aet hilde ne swac manna ffingum, J7ara Ipe hit mid mundum bewand, se Se gryre-siSas gegan dorste, folc-stede fara; naes J>aet forma siS, 1439. Sweet 'ge[li]nffiged.' But see 1. 2206, where Toller (after Grein) wrongly gives the MS. reading as gehnSgdan. 1459. Heyne and Sooin adopt Cosiju'a emendation, dter-tearum, " with poison drops," which is supported by Sievers. 62 BEOWULF. ]7S6t hit ellen-weorc sefnan scolde. 1465 Hutu ne gemunde mago Ecglafes eafo]7es crseftig, J^set he £er gesprsec wine druncen, ]?a he ]>ees wSpnes onlah selran sweord-frecan ; selfa ne dorste under ySa gewin aldre gene]7aii, 1470 driht-scype dreogan; J»ser he dome forleas, el]en-*m£erSum. Ne wses J^sem oSrum swa, Fol. 162^ sySjjan he hine to gu3e gegyred hsefde. XXII. Beowulf ma^elode, beam Ecg}»eowes: "Gejienc iiu/«e mgera maga Healfdenes, 1475 snottra fengel, nu ic eom siSes fus, gold-wine gumena, hwset wit geo sprsecon: gif ic 3et J»earfe ]?inre scolde aldre linnan, jjset Su me a wsere forts gewitenum on feeder stsele. 1480 Wes ]>VL mund-bora minum mago-]7egnum, hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime; swylce J7u Sa madmas, ]>e \>u me sealdest, Hrot5gar leofa, Higelace onsend. Mseg )>onne on Jisem golde ongitan Geata dryhten, 1485 geseon sunu Hret^les, ]>omie he on ])iet sine staraS, ]7set ic gum-cystum godne funde beaga bryttan, breac J»onne moste. 1471. AB 'mterdam'; Thorpe 'mserSum'; Zupitza 'internum': "uro at the end of the word ig still distinct, and before um I think I see a considerable part of r'S." 1480. Heyne divides this line wrongly, after minum. 1485. MS. 'hrffidles.' BEOWULF. 63 Ond )7u ZTreferS Iset ealde lafe, wrsetlic wseg-sweord, wid-cu?Sne man 1490 heard-ecg habban ; ic me mid Hruntinge dom gewyrce, *o)??Se mec dea?S nimeS." Fol.i63». rafter ];£em wordum Weder-Geata leod efste mid elne, nalas ondsware bidan wolde; brim-wylm onfeng 1495 hilde-rince. Da wses hwil dseges, ser he Jione grund-wong ongytan mehte. Sona Jjset onfunde, se tSe floda begong heoro-gifre beheold bund missera, grim ond grsedig, Jjset J^eer gumena sum 1500(^l-wihta eard ufan cunnode. Grap |7a togeanes, gu3-rinc gefeng atolan clommum; no J>y eer in gescod halan lice; bring utan ymbbearh, Jiset beo J>one fyrd-hom Surhfon ne mihte, 1505 locene leotSo-syrcan, lajjan fingrum. Bser 'pa, seo brim-wyl[f], ]7a beo to botme com, bringa )?engel to bofe sinum, swa be ne mibte no (be '\>eah modig wses) wsepna ge weald an; ac bine wundra J^ses fela 1510 swe[n]cte on sunde, sje-deor monig bilde-tuxum bere-syrcan brsec, ebton aglsecan. Da se eorl ongeat, 1488. MS. 'hunfer«.' 1506. MS. 'brimwyl.' 1508. MS. 'i>sem'; Grundtvig (adopted by Heyne) 'Jjieb'; Grein 'Hah.' Grein's emendation makes admirable sense. I would retain the MS. reading in preference to >«!«, which Heyne supports by parallel passages. It is undeniable that i>ces is common enough with the meaning "so" (see 1. 1509); but what can be feebler than to be told, half way through the poem, that Beowulf is brave enough to wield his weapons? 1510. MS. 'swecte.' 64 _ BEOWULF. Jjset he [in] mS-sele nat-hwylcum wses, ]78er him nsenig wseter wihte ne scej^ede, 1515 ne him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte fser-gripe flodes ; *fyr-leoht geseah, Pol. IBS', blacne leoman beorhte scinan. '. Ongeat )?a se goda grund-wyrgenne, \ mere-wif mihtig; msegen-rses forgeaf 1520 hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofteah, ]7aet hire on hafelan hring-m^l agol greedig guS-leotS. Da se gist onfand, Jjset se beado-leoma bitan nolde, • aldre scej^tSan, ac sec ecg geswac / 1525 Seodne set ]?earfe; Solode ser fela hond-gemota, helm oft gescser, f^ges fyrd-hrsegl; Sa wses form^j^sitS deorum madme, J^set his (feia alseg. Eft wses an-rsed, nala§,..«tnes Iset, 1530 mffirSa gemyndig, ^'"In^g Hy[ge]laces. Wearp Sa wundew-mEel wrsettum gebunden yrre Qretta, Jjset hit on eorSan Iseg, stiS ond styl-ecg; strenge getruwode, mund-gripe msegenes. Swa sceal man don, 1535 jjonne he set guSe gegan JjencetS longsumne lof, na ymb his lif cearaJS. ^ Gefeng Jia be eaxle (nal^ for fgehSe meam) 1513. Thorpe ' [in].' Grein (followed by Heyne) 'nitS-sele,' aula in profundis; Sweet 'nl^-sele,' hostile hall. The line is of the same type as 482, and a long syllable is required for the scansion (see "Beitrage"x. 297). 1520. MS. 'hord swenge'; Sweet ' swenge bond,' without explanation. 1530. MS. 'hylaces.' 1531. MS. ' wundel mseL' 1537. Sweet adopts Eieger's emendation 'feaxe,' apparently for the sake of the alliteration — a wanton change/ for gefeng alliterates normally with faliTSe. \ ' BEOWULF. 65 GuS-Geata leod Grendles modor, brsegd ]?a beadwe heard, ]>a, he gebolgen wses, 1540 feorh-genitSlan, ]7set heo on flet gebeah. Heo him eft hra?5e hand-lean forgeald grim*man grapum, ond him togeanes feng; l^d- oferwearp ]>a. werig-mod wigena strangest, fej^e-cempa, ]>3db he on fylle wearS. 1545 Ofeset ]7a J>one sele-gyst, ond hyre seax geteah brad, brun-ecg, wolde hire beam wrecan, angan eaferan. Him on eaxle Iseg breost-net broden; ^aet gebearh feore, wis ord ond witS ecge ingang forstod. 1550 Hsefde Sa forsitJod sunu EcgJ^eowes under gynne grund, Geata cempa, nemne him heaSo-byrne helpe gefremede, here-net hearde, ond halig God geweold wig-sigor, witig Drihten, 1555 rodera Esedend hit on ryht gesced ySelice; sy]>5an he eft astod. 1541. Heyne and Sweet (who however glosses hand-lean alone) adopt Eieger's emendation and-lean, alliterating with eft. So, In 1. 2094, Heyne reads ond-lean for hond-lean, "mit Eiieksicht auf die Allitteration. " On the other hand, it is unfortunate that the alliteration is not decisive in the case of either line. Moreover, the phrase and-lean forgieldan, "to repay reward," is distinctly over-redundant, containing as it does the re- notion in both and- and for-, as well as in the word lean itself (here, also, in eft in the first half-line). Of. 11. 114, 1584. Thus no case is made out for setting aside the clear readings of the MS. 1545. MS, 'seaxe'; Ettmiiller (followed by Sweet) ' seax.' Geteon always takes an accus. ; of. 1. 2610 and brad, brun-ecg, 1546. 1546. Heyne 'brad [ond] briin-ecg,' on metrical and syntactical grounds. 1555. Wulcker has a colon after gesced and no stop after y^elice. W. B, 66 BEOWULF. XXIIL Geseah Sa on searwum sige-eadig bil, eald sweord eotenisc, ecgum ]?ylitig, ■wigena weor?S-mynd ; ]>set [wses] wsepna cyst, 1560 buton hit wses mare Sonne tenig men oSer to beadu-lace setberan meahte, god ond geatolic, giganta geweorc. He gefeng ]7a fetel-hilt, freca Scyldinga hreoh ond heoro-grim hring-m£el gebrsegd, 1565 aldres orwena ymnga *sl6h, Fol. 164>'. Jjset hire wis halse heard grapode, ban-hringas brsec; bil eal Surhwod fsegne fleesc-homan; heo on flet gecrong. Sweord wses swatig; secg weorce gefeh. 1570 Lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod, efne swa of hefene hadre scineS rodores candel. He sefter recede wlat, hwearf fa, be wealle ; wsepen hafenade heard be hiltum Higelaces Begn 1575 yrre ond an-reed. Nses seo ecg fracod hilde-rince, ac he hra]?e wolde Grendle forgyldan guS reesa fela, Sara Jie he geworhte to West-Denum oftor micle Sonne on senne siS, 1580 ]7onne he HroSgares heorS-geneatas sloh on sweofote, slsepende frset folces Denigea ^f-tyne men, ond oSer swylc ut offerede, laSlicu lac. He him Jjses lean forgeald, 1559. Kemble's emendation. BEOWULF. . 67 1585 Tepe cempa, to Sses Jje he on rseste geseah guS-werigne Grendel licgan, aldor-leasne, swa him ser gescod hild set Heorote. Hra wide sprong, syVSan he sefter dea?Se drepe }>rowade, 1590 heoro-sweng heardne; ond hine ]7a heafde becearf. Sona ]?set gesawon snottre *ceorlas, Fol. 165". ]?a ?Se mid HroSgare on hohn wliton, Jjset wees yS-geblond eal gemenged, brim blode fah. Blonden-feaxe 1595 gomele ymb godne on geador spriecon, |7set hig ]78Ps fe?5elinges eft ne wendon, |78et he sige-hreSig secean come mserne Jieoden, 'pa, Saes monige gewearS, )7set hine seo brim-wylf abroten haefde. 1600 Da com non dseges; nses ofgeafon hwate Scyldingas; gewat him ham |7onon gold-wine gumena. Gistas setan modes seoce, ond on mere staredon; wiston ond ne wendon, Jiaet hie heora wine-drihten 1605 selfne gesawon. Da ]?£Et sweord ongan sefter hea)70-swate hilde-gicelum, wig-bil wanian; Jjset wses wundra sum, Jjset hit eal gemealt ise gelicost, 1599. MS. ' abreoten.' 1602. MS. ' secan.' 1604. Kemble ' wiscton ' ; Sweet ' wyscton ' ; Cosijn (followed by Heyne and Socin) ' wiston ' = wiscton, wished. This last hypothesis lacks authority. Probably it is merely a case of the blending of two construc- tions; wiston, "knew," would require ne gesawon; ne wendon, "did not expect," requires gesawon only ; the latter construction prevails. It is possible, however, that ne has dropped out after the -ne of selfne ; in that case the meaning would be : " they knew, and did not merely expect, that they should not see their lord himself again." 5—2 68 . BEOWULF. ?Sonne forstes bend Fseder onlffiteB, 1610 onwindetS wsel-rapas, se geweald hafaS SEela ond mSla; Jiset is soS Metod. Ne nom he in |7£em wicum, Weder-Geata leod, matSm-iehta ma, J»eh he jJEer monige geseah, bliton J>one hafelan ond J^a hilt somod, 1615 since fags; sweord ser gemealt, forbam broden msel ; wses taet blod *to bass ^ol- hat, settren ellor-gsest, se ]78er inns swealt. Sona waes on sunde, se ]>e ser ast ssecce gebad wig-hryre wraSra, waster up J>urhdeaf; 1620 wseron yS-gebland eal gefeelsod, eacne eardas, J»a se ellor-gast oflet lif-dagas ond Jjas ISnan gesceaft. Com Jja to lande lid-manna helm swi5-m6d swymman, see-lace gefeah, 1625 masgen-byrjjenne ]?ara ]?e he him mid hsefde. '» Eodon him ]>a, togeanes, Gode Jjancodon, SSrySlic )7egna heap, Jjeodnes gefegon, l^aes lj>e hi hyne gesundne geseon moston. 1610. Sweet adopts Kemble's emendation, viSg-rdpas. Heyne has wcsl-rapas, and in his glossary: "of. wsell, wel, wyll. Quelle, Flut; — leax sceal on wsle mid seeote scriiSa'n, Gnom. Cott. 39." Sweet gives the same passage, in his " A.S. Eeader" xxviii. 39, marked wWle, and there is no doubt he is right (more's the pity he departs from the MS. reading here). Heyne identifies loisl with well, "a well" (more common as a weak noun). It is clear that he has confounded two words. In the Wright-Wiilcker Glossaries we find: "Fans, well, 178. 8; Gwges, wsel, 178. 13." The vowel of the latter word is long, as shown by the common Lancashire weel, noted by Somner in 1659, and still in use; so also in aU the cognate languages, e.g. in modern Plattdeutsch Weel, and Heyne himself, in the glossary to his Kleinere and. Denkmaler (1867) has: "uual (A.S. wH, (/urges), Abgrvmd," BEOWULF. 69 Da wass of ]7£em hroran helm ond byrne 1630 lungre alysed. Lagu drusade, weeter under wolcnum, wsel-dreore fag. Ferdon forS ]7onoii fejje-lastum ferhj7um fsegne, fold-weg mseton, cu]7e strsete, cyning-balde men; 1635 from )7£em holm-clife hafelan bseron earfo?Slice heora seghwaBjrum fela-modigra ; feower scoldon on J)£em wsel-stenge weorcum geferian to y^m gold-sale Grendles heafod, 1640 o]> tSeet *semninga to sele comon Fol. 166". frome, fyrd-hwate, feower-tyne Geata gongan; gum-dryhten mid, modig on gemonge, meodo-wongas treed. ©a com in gan ealdor ?Segna, 1645 dsed-cene mon dome gewurj?ad, hffile hilde-deor, HroSgar gretan. pa wses be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heafod, J'ter guman druncon, egeslic for eorlum ond J»^re idese mid; 1650 wlite-seon wraetlic - weras onsawon. XXIV. Beowulf majjelode, beam Ecg)7eowes: " Hwaet ! we J^e )?as sS-lac, sunu Healfdenes, leod Scyldinga, lustum brohton tires to tacne, ]>e Jiu her to locast. 1655 Ic )73Bt unsofte ealdre gedigde, wigge under wsetere weorc genef'de earfo?5lice; setrihte was 70 BEOWULF. guts getwEefed, nymSe mec God scylde. Ne meahte ic set hilde mid Hruntinge 1660 wiht gewyrcan, ]>eah. ]>set wSpen duge; ac me geiit5e ylda Waldend, )7set ic on wage geseah wlitig *hangian Fol. l66^ eald sweord eacen (oftost wisode winigea leasum), ]>3Bt ic ?Sy weepne gebrsed. 1665 Ofsloh 5a set jjsere ssecce, ]?a me sSl ageald, buses hyrdas. pa ]?8et hilde-bil forbam, brogden msel, swa J^set blod gesprang, hatost hea]?o-swata. Ic Jiset bilt j^anan feondum setferede, fyren-dseda wrsec, 1670 deatS-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedefe wses. Ic hit Ipe J70ime gehate, J»3et ]>vl on Heorote most sorh-leas swefan mid jjinra secga gedryht, ond J7egna gehwylc fiinra leoda, duguSe ond iogoj^e ; Ipset ]?u him ondrsedan ne );earft, 1675 Jjeoden Scyldinga, on ]7a healfe aldor-bealu eorlum, swa fu ser dydest." Da wses gylden hilt gamelum rince, harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, enta ser-geweorc; hit on seht gehwearf, 1680 sefter deofia hryre, Denigea frean, wundor-smij'a geweorc; ond fa, j^as worold ofgeaf grom-heort guma, Godes ondsaca, morSres scyldig, ond his modor eac, on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga 1685 Ssem selestan be *stem tweonum, Fol. 167». 1G81. Miillenhoff and Bugge reject ond as superfluous. It is certainly very unusual at the beginning of a sentence wbicb is only a parallel ex- pansion of what precedes. BEOWULF. 71 Sara ]>e on Sceden-igge sceattas dselde. HroSgar matJelode, hylt sceawode, ealde lafe, on Ssem wses or writen fyrn-gewinnes, syfSjjan flod ofsloh, 1690 gifen geofcende, giganta cyn; frecne geferdon ;' jjset wa3S fremde 'f'eod ecean Drj^htne; him ]>3ss ende-lean J)urh wseteres wylm Waldend sealde. Swa wses on Siem scennum sciran goldes 1695 Jjurh run-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted ond gessed, hwam ]7£et sweord geworht, irena cyst, serest wEere, wreoj^en-hilt ond wyrm-fah. Da se wisa sprsec sunu Healfdenes ; swigedon ealle : 1700 " p£et, la ! masg secgan, se jje soS ond riht fremeS on folce, feor eal gemon, eald eSel-weard, fxt Ses eorl wsere geboren betera. Blted is artered geond wid-wegas, wine min Beowulf, 1705 Sin ofer ]7eoda gehwylce. Eal J^ii hit gej>yldum healdest, msegen mid modes snyttrum. Ic ]>e sceal mine gelffistan freoSe, swa wit furSum spr^con ; 5u scealt to frofre weor]?an eal lang-twidig leodum j^inum, *h8eleSum to helpe. Ne weaiS Heremod swa ^g^t 1686. MS. ' scedenigge,' in one word. 1702. Bugge suggests ' J)set ^e eorl nSre.' 1707. Wuloier and Heyne 'freode,' taking that to be the reading of the MS. Zupitza : " I think the MS. has fre&Se, not freode; although the left half of the cross stroke in '8 has entirely faded, yet the place where it was is discernible, and the right half of it is left." 72 BEOWULF. 1710 eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum ; ne geweox he him to willan, ac to wssl-fealle ond to deatS-cwalum Deniga leodum; breat bolgen-mod beod-geneatas, eaxl-gesteallan, o]> )7Eet he ana hwearf, 1715 inEere J^eoden, mon-dreamum from. Deah ]>e hine mihtig God maegenes wynnum, eafe]7um, stepte ofer ealle men, forS gefremede, hwsej»ere him on f'erhJ7e greow breost-hord blod-reow; nallas beagas geaf 1720 Denum sefter dome; dream-leas gebad, J>set he Jjaes gewinnes weorc jjrowade, leod-bealo longsum. Du ]>e ISr be )7on, gum-cyste ongit ; ic J^is gid be ]>e awrsec wintrum frod. Wundor is to secganne, 1725 hii mihtig God manna cynne ];urh sidne sefan snyttru bryttaS, eard ond eorl-scipe ; he ah ealra geweald. •' Hwihim he on lufan lieteb' hworfan monnes mod-ge]7onc mSran cynnes, 1730 selet5 him on ej^le eorJ>an wynne, to healdanne hleo-burh wera, * gedeS him s wa gewealdene worolde djelas, Fol. 168». . side rice, Jjaet he his selfa ne mseg his unsnyttrum ende gej^encean. 1735 WunaS he on wiste; no hine wiht dweleS adl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh on sefa[n] sweorceSS, ne gesacu ohw^, 1734. Wiileker and Heyne 'for his unsnyttrum,' in the belief that /or has been lost at the defective edge of the MS. Zupitza's autotypes lend no support to this hypothesis. Of. Eletie 947. 1737. MS. defective at edge: Zupitza 'sefa[n].' BEOWULF. 73 ecg-hete, eoweS, ac him eal worold wendetS on willan. He ]>vdt wyrse ne con, XXV. 1740 o5 ]7aet him on innan ofer-hygda dffil weaxetS ond wiidaS, Jjonne se weard swefetS, sawele hyrde; biS5 se sleep to fsest, bisgum gebunden, bona swiSe neah, se ]>e of flan-bogan fyrenum sceote?S. 1745 ponne biS on hre)?re under helm drepon biteran streele ; him bebeorgan ne con worn wundor-bebodum wergan gastes; JjinceS him to lytel, J^set he lange heold; gytsatS grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleS 1750 iStte beagaSj___ond_h§ta, foyS-gesceaft forgvtSS^d fo rgymeS, J'lEsJ^him ^£G^^alde, wuldres *Waldend, weortS-mynda dSl. Fol. 168". Hit on ende-steef eft gelimpetS, ]?8et se lic-homa Itene gedreoseS, Grein ' ne gesaca {adversary) ohwier ecg-hete eowe^ {shows).' On the whole I prefer to abide by the MS. reading, although examples are wanting of eowan used intransitively, as its compound o^eowan frequently is. 1739. The MS. has a stop after con, the usual space with the number XXV, and then a large capital 0. But it seems impossible to begin a fresh sentence with o'S ]>cet "until," as Earle does. Grein makes the break in the middle of 1. 1739, Heyne after 1. 1744. 1747. Heyne 'worn'; of. 11. 1758 and 3073. But worn (Sievers § 295, N. 1) scans better and makes better sense. Bebeorgan takes ace. rei in 1758 ; but that passage alone is insufficient to settle its usual construction, and no other instance of its occurrence is known. 1748. Zupitza: "to imperfectly erased between Ae and Janje," It is inserted in the text of all the editions. 1750. MS. 'fsedde.' 74 BEOWULF. 1755 fsege gefealleB; feh8 ojier to, se J7e unmurnlice madmas daele]?, eorles ser-gestreon, egesan ne gymeS. Bebeorh J^e tSone bealo-niSS, Beowulf leofa, secg betsta, ond ]>e ]>aet seire geceos, 1760 See reedas; oferhyda ne gym, msere cempa. Nu is J^Ines msegnes blSd ane hwile ; eft sona bitS, Jiaet ]7ec adl ot53e ecg eafojjes getwSfeS, otStSe fyres feng, o5Se flodes wylm, 1765 otSSe gripe meces, o5?Se gares fliht, o'StSe atol yldo; o5?Se eagena bearhtm forsitetS ond forsworcefS; semninga bi?S, ]>3et ?5ec, dryht-guma, deaS oferswySetS. Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera 1770 weold under wolcnum, ond hig wigge beleac manigum msegj'a geond Jjysne middan-geard sescum ond ecgum, ];8et ic me senigne under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. Hwset ! me J^ses on ejjle edwenden cwom, 1775 gym sefter gomene, seo]76an Grendel wearS, eald gewinna, ingenga min; *ic ]7sere socne singales waeg Fol. 169'. mod-ceare micle. pees sig Metode Jjanc, ecean Dryhtne, Jjses Se ic on aldre gebad, 1780 )73et ic on ]>one hafelan heoro-dreorigne ofer eald gewin eagum starige, 1757. Grein 'egesan' (owner). 1774. MS. 'edweudan.' Cf. 11. 280, 2188. 1776. Most editors 'eald-gewinna.' I have avoided such compounds, except where clearly indicated by the absence of inflection in the adj. Cf. 11. 373, 945, 1781 fwhere no editor makes a compound of eald gewin), with 853, 1381, 2778. BEOWULF. V5 Ga nu to setle, symbel-wynne dreoh, wigge weor|'ad ; unc sceal worn f'ela ma|'ma gemienra, siJ^San morgen biS." 1785 Geat wses glssd-mod, geong sona t5, setles neosan, swa se snottra heht. pa wses eft swa ter ellen-rofum flet-sittendum fsegere gereorded niowan stefne. Niht-helin geswearc 1790 deorc ofer dryht-gumum. DuguS eal aras; wolde blonden-feax beddes neosan, gamela Scylding. Geat ungfemetes wel, rofne rand-wigan, restan lyste; sona him sele-J^egn siSes wergum, 1795 feorran-cundum, forS wisade, se for andrysnum ealle beweotecie ]7egnes ]7earfe, swylce ]>y dogore heaj^o-liSende habban scoldon. Reste bine ]>a, rum-heort; reced hliuade 1800 geap ond gold-fah; gsest inne swsf, o]> Jjset hrefn blaca heofones wynne bliS-heort bodode ; ,*Sa com beorht scacan Fol. 169'. [sunne ofer grundas]. Scajian onetton, 1783. Wiiloker '-wig-geweorjiad' ; Heyre (following Cosijn, who com- pares "Elene" 150) ' wigge-[ge]weorJ>ad.' I have followed the MS., for which of. "Elene" 1196. 1792. MS. unig/metes. 1796. MS. 'beweotene.' 1799. Heyne 'hllvade'; other editors 'hlifade.' Sievers § 194. 1803. No gap in MS. Wulokerhas: ^a com beorht [leoma] scacan [ofer scadu]. Heyne : ^a com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas]. There is the same objection to both these emendations, that they sup- 76 BEOWULF. wseron 8e]?elingas eft to leodum 1805 fuse to farenne; wolde feor J^anon cuma coUen-ferhS ceoles neosan. Heht ]7a se hearda Hrunting beran sunu Ecglafes, heht his sweord niman, leoflic iren; ssegde him Jises l^nes ]>anc, 1810 cwseS, he {'one gutS-wine godne tealde, wig-craeftigne ; nales wordum log meces ecge. paet wses modig secg. Ond ]>a, siS-frome, searwum gearwe, wigend WEeron, eode weortS Denum 1815 EeJ>eling to yppan, J^ter se o]7er vrssa,- hcele hilde-deor HrO?5gar grette. XXVI. Beowulf maj'elode, beam Ecg}>eowes: " Nu we sae-liSend secgan wyllatS feorran-cumene, jjset we fundia]? 1820 Higelac secan ; wteron her tela willum bewenede; ]>n us wel dohtest. pose two lacunae instead of one. To avoid this, I have interchanged suivm and scacan in Heyne's reading; of the consequent separation of adj. and noun there are frequent examples in the poem (cf. 1. 255). 1805. MS. ' farene ne.' [In reality, far is now gone ; but there is no doubt, from Thorkelin's transcript, what the MS. reading was. In all such cases, in order to avoid needless detail, I give the indubitable reading as that of the extant MS.] 1809. MS. 'leanes'; MuUenhoft 'lEenes.' It is possible that the passage means that Unferth gave his sword to Beowulf. (Jrein takes this view, for he glosses sunu (1808) as nom. ; and so apparently do Heyne and Socin (though they gloss sunu as aoous. I). But se hearda applies to Beowulf much better than to Unferth; of. 11. 401, 1963. 1816. MS. 'helle.' , BEOWULF. 77 Gif ic ]7orine on eorj^an owihte mseg Tfimre mod-lufan maran tilian, gumena dryhten, Sonne ic gyt dyde, 1825 guS-geweorca ic beo gearo sona. Gif ic ]?8et ge*fricge ofer floda begang, Fol. 170». ]78et jjec ymb-sittend egesan J'ywaS, swa ]>ec hetende hwilum dydon, ic 5e ]7usenda J>egna bringe 1830 h£elej»a to helpe. Ic on Higelace wat, Geata dryhten, Jieah Se he geong sy, folces hyrde, J^set he mec fremman wile wordum ond weorcum, |>3et ic }>e wel herige, ond )?e to geoce gar-holt bere, 1835 msegenes fultum, ]?8er 5e biS manna J^earf. Gif him ]7onne Hrejric to hofum Geata ge)?ingec^, J^eodnes beam, he mseg Jjffir fela freonda findan; feor-cyJ»Be beot5 selran gesohte, }»£em j^e him selfa- deah." •. 1840 HrotSgar majielode him on ondsware : "pe fa, word-cwydas wiitig Drihten on sefan sende ; ne hyrde ic snotorlicor on swa geongum feore guman jjingian; yu eart msegenes Strang ond on mode frod, 1845 wis word-cwida. Wen ic talige, gif ]>3st gegangetS, ]7set ^e gar nymeS, hild heoru-grimme, Hrejjles eaferan, adl o)>5e iren ealdor fSinne, folces hyrde, ond ]>u lj>m feorh hafast, 1833. MS. ' weordum 7W0reum,' probably a slip of the scribe. 1836. MS. 'lire)>rine.' Cf. 1. 1189. 1837. MS. 'getinged.' 1841. MS. 'wigtig.' 78 BEOWULF. 1850 ]7i3Bt ]7e *S8e-Geatas selran nasbben Fol. 170". to geceosenne cyning Eenigne, hord-weard hsele^ja, gyf ]>vi healdan wylt maga rice. Me ]7in mod-sefa licaS leng swa wel, leofa Beowulf. 1855 Hafast ]>vl gefered, J^set Jjam folcum sceal, Geata leodum ond Gar-Denum, sib gemsene, ond sacu restan, inwit-ni)>as, ]>e hie ser drugon; wesan, J»enden ic wealde 'widan rices, 1860 maj)mas gemSne; manig oj'erne godum gegrettan ofer ganotes bseS ; sceall hring-naca ofer heaj»u bringan lac ond luf-tacen. Ic ]>& leode wat ge wits feond ge witS freond fseste geworhte, 1865 Eeghwses untsele ealde wisan." Da git him eorla hleo inne gesealde, mago Healfdenes, majjmas twelfe, 1854. Bugge and Heyne 5 : 'leng swa sel ' {the longer the better)— a, tempting emendation. But if one finds gross anomalies in accidence in the "Beowulf," why should" one look for a flawless syntax? 1857. MS. ' ge msenum.' 1862. Kluge 'heafu'; cf. 1. 2477. Sievers supports this emendation on metrical grounds ("Beit." x. 245). A certain amount of deference is to be paid to metrical conclusions, but they should hardly suffice of them- selves to set aside an otherwise unexceptiona^ble MS. reading. But Sievers also calls heai>u " unverstiindlich " ("Beit." x. 235). None the less the evidence of its existence and meaning is not contemptible. The compound hea^o-liSend occurs in U. 1798 and 2955 (in the latter case parallel to s«- )Mim?i«m),andin "Andreas" 426; /jea^o-sijrcHn "Eiddles"72. 16. Sievers makes the first syllable short iu "Beowulf" 1798 and 2955 ("Beit." x, 300) ; if this means that he regards healSii, "war," as the first part of these com- pounds, his supposition goes far towards making the four above-cited < passages "unverstandlich." 1867. MS. '.XII-', BEOWULF. 79 het [h]ine mid J^aem lacum leode swcese secean on gesyntum, snude eft cuman. 1870 Gecyste ]?a cyning 3e)7elum god, >eoden Scyldinga, tSegn betstan, ond be healse genam; hruron him tearas blonden-feaxum. Him wses bega wen, ealdum, in-*fr6dum, 6]?res swiSor, Fol. 171». 1875 jjset h[i]e seotSSan geseon moston, modige on meple. Wses him se man to J^on leof, ]7set he )?one breost-wylm forberan ne mehte, ac him on hre}»re hyge-bendum fsest Eefter deorum men dyrne langaS 1880 beam wif5 blode. Him Beowulf )?anan, gutS-rinc gold-wlanc, graes-moldan trsed since hremig; sS-genga bad age[n]d-fiean, se ]>e on ancre rad. pa. wiES on gange gifu HrotSgares 1885 oft gesehted. pset wees an cyning Eeghwses orleahtre, o]? Jjaet hine yldo benam msegenes wynnum, se ]>e oft manegum scod. i 1868. MS. 'inne.' 1875. MS. 'he.' 1879—80. MS. 'beorn'; Grein 'beam.' Heyne takes dyrne langaV beam to mean "the hero secretly longeth" (he makes beorn nom., whereas langian is an impers. verb and takes an acous. of the person). Thorpe and Grein render : " a secret longing burnt." Neither rendering is free from objection. Beam is an unexampled form of the pret. of beornan (Sievers § 386, N. 2). But on the other hand, I can find no example of dyrne used as an adv. ; fcest agrees with langa'S much better than with beorn, even if the latter could be nom. ; the rare occurrence of a pres. tense amid a succession of preterites : these considerations seem decisive against Heyne's interpretation. 1883. MS., 'agedfrean.' 1885. A colon is usually placed after geiehted, audEarlc remarks that 80 BEOWULI". XXVII. Cwom ]>Bb to flode fela modigra hseg-stealdra ; hring-net bSron, 1890 locene leo5So-syrcaii. Land-weard onfand eft-sits eorla, swa he ser dyde ; no he mid hearme of hliSes nosan *gjes[tas] grettCj ac him togeanes rad, Fol. 171'. cwaetS Jjset wilcuman Wedera leodum 1895 sca]7aii scir-hame to scipe foron. pa wses on sande sse-geap naca hladen here-wsedum, hringed-stefna mearum ond mafSmum ; mpest hlifade ofer HroSgares hord-gestreonum. 1900 He )7£em bat-wearde bunden golde swurd.gesealde, Jiaet he sytS|)an wses on meodu-bence maj^me \>j weorjra, yrfe-lafe. Gcwat him on nacan drefan deop wseter, Dena land ofgeaf. what follows is " the gist of their talk as they went." I take it to be a reflection of the soop. How could the Geats say : "until old age deprived him, &c."? 1888 — 9. Wiilcker and Heyne ' fela-modigra/hseg-stealdra [heap]'; cf. 1. 1637. 1893. MS. defective at comer. A 'g£es' (followed by a blank space); Grundtvig 'gaBs[tas].' 1895. MS. defective at edge. A 'scawau' (so Heyne); B 'seaman' (so Zupitza and Wiilcker). The first syllable sea- is still perfectly distinct ; but the second syllable is missing at the beginning of the next line. The word scawa is not found elsewhere ; scai>an occurs with the same meaning as here in 1. 1803. 1902. MS. 'maj>ma >y weorJ>re,' which Thorpe emended. 1903. Grein ' [y'S-]nacan,' for the alliteration; Bieger 'naca' (nom.), 071 being then an adv. and capable of alliterating. BEOWULF. 81 1905 pa W3BS be maeste mere-hrsegla sum, segl sale fsest; sund-wudu J^unede; no J»^r weg-flotan wind ofer y?Sum siSes getwsefde; ste-genga for, fleat famig-heals forS ofer ySe, 1910 bunden-stefna ofer brim-streamas, J?aBt hie Geata clifu ongitan meahton, cnpe nsessas; ceol up gej^rang lyft-geswenced, on lande stod. HrsLpe wses set * holme hyS-weard gearii, Fol. 1T2K 1915 se ]>e ser lange tid leofra manna fus aet faroSe feor wlatode; sselde to sande sid-fsej^me scip oncer-bendum faest, ]>y lies hym y]7a tSrym wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. 1920 Het ]>a, up beran sel^elinga gestreon, frsetwe ond fSt-gold; nass him feor jjanon to gesecanne sinces bryttan, Higelac Hre];ling, ]78er set ham wunaS selfa mid gesiSum sse-wealle neah. 1925 Bold wses betlic, brego rof cyning, hea healle, Hygd swiSe geong, wis, wel Jjungen, feah ?5e wintra lyt under burh-locan gebiden hsebbe Hsere]7es dohtor; nses hio hnah swa J^eah, 1930 ne to gneaS gifa Geata leodum, majjm-gestreona. Mod DryiSo wseg, 1914. MS. ' geara.' 1918. MS. ' oncear bendnm.' 1923. Wulcker ' wunade.' Sievers regards this and the next line as oratio recta. But cf. the present tenses in 11. 1314, 1923. 1925. Gmndtvig 'brego-rof ' (so Heyne). W. B, 6 82 BEOWULF. fremu folces cwen, firen ondrysne; nsenig }>8et dorste deor genejian swEesra gesitSa, nefne sin frea, 1935 jjset hire an dseges eagum starede; ac him wsel-bende *weotode tealde Fol. 172'. hand-gewri|»ene ; hra]?e seo]?San wses sefter mund-gripe mece gej^inged, J^set hit sceaden-mSl scyran moste, 1940 cwealm-bealu cytSan. Ne bitS swylc cwenlic ]7eaw idese to efnanne, J^eah Se hio Snlicu sy, Jjsette freo?Su-wehbe feores onssece £6 iter lige-torne leofne mannan. Hiiru ]>adt onhohsnod[e] Hemminges mseg. 1945 Ealo-druicende oSer SEedan, \>set hio leod-bealewa Ises gefremede, inwit-nitSa, sySSan Srest wearS gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, 8e?Selum diore, sytSSan hio Offan flet 1950 ofer fealone flod be fseder lare 1932. Suohier ' firen-ondiysne.' We have elision of final c before a vowel in 11. 338 and 442. But perhaps the true explanation of the forms frofor inl. 698 ani firen here will be found in Sievers § 251, N. 1934. Heyne ' sin-frea. ' Z apitza transliterates ' sinfrea ' — presumably a misprint for ' sin-frea ' ; of. sin-nihte, 1. 161, etc. There is a distinct space between the n and /in the MS. 1935. Zupitza 'an-dseges,' apparently supporting Leo's dn-dieges, "the whole day." Suchier 'andUges' = andeges, "eye to eye.'' 1939. A most difficult line. Bugge 'sceaden mSl' (so Sachier and Zupitza). Suchier translates ("Beit." iv. 500 ff.): "damit die Klinge ofEenbaren moohte, es sei entschieden '' ; Bugge : " nachdem die Sache entschieden war," both making sceaden qualify hit. Sievers ("Beit." X. 813) supports the reading in the text. Heyne ' soea'Sen-mSl scyran,' hostile sword decide. The second hand in the MS. begins with vtosU. 1942. Bieger 'onsece' (so Suchier). 1944. MS. ' on hohsiiod hem niuges.' See "Beitrage" x. 501. BEOWULF. 83 siSe gesohte; Bser hio sytSSan well in gum-stole, gode mjere, lif-gesceafta lifigende breac, hiold heah-lufan witS lisele)?a brego, 1955 ealles mon-cynnes, mine gefreege, ]>one selestan bi seem tweonum, eormen-cynnes. FoitSam Offa *ws8S, Fol. 173". geofum ond guSum gar-cene man, wide geweorSod; wisdome heold 1960 eSel sinne. ponon Eomcer woe h8ele?5um to helpe, Hern[m]inges meeg, nefa Garmuudes, nl?5a orseftig. ,• XXVIII. Gewat him 8a se hearda mid his hond-scole sylf Eefter sande sae-wong tredan, 1965 wide waroSas; woruld-candel scan, sigel suSan fus; hi sitS drugon, elne geeodon, to Sees ]>e eorla hleo, bonan Ongen]7eoes burgum in innan, geongne gu3-cyning godne gefrunon 1970 hringas dselan. Higelace wses siS Beowulfes snude gecySed, ■|7set Seer on worSig wigendra hleo, lind-gestealla, lifigende cwom, heaSo-laces hal to hofe gongan. 1975 HraSe wses gerymed, swa se rica behead, fetSe-gestum flet innan-weard. Gesset ]>a, witS sylfne, se Sa saecce genses, 1956. MS. 'I'SBs.' 1960. MS. 'geomor'; Bachlechner 'Eomfflr'j Grein 'Eo-nni-.' 6—2 84 BEOWULF. mgg wi!S mtege, *6}55an man-dryhten Fol. ITS'-. Jjurh hleo?5or-cwyde holdne gegrette 1980 meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencutn hwearf geond ]7set heal-ieced HsereSes dohtor, lufode ?Sa leode, liS-wsege bser hseZum to handa. Higelac ongan sinne geseldan in sele j^am hean 1985 fsegre fricgcean, hyne fyrwet brsec, hwylce Sse-Geata sitSas wSron: "Hu lomp eow on lade, leofa Biowulf, ]7a Su fseringa feorr gehogodest ssecce secean ofer sealt wseter, 1990 hilde to Hiorote? Ac Su HroSgare wid-cutSne wean wihte gebettest, m^rum Seodne ? Ic tSaes mod-ceare sorh-wylmum seaS, si?Se ne truwode leofes mannas. Ic ?Se lange bifid, 1995 ]78et 5u Jjone wsel-gaest wihte ne grette, lete Su?S-Dene sylfe geweorSan gu?Se wis Grendel. Gode ic J^anc secge, ]>iBs Se ic Se gesundne geseon moste." Biowulf maSelode, beam EcgSioes: 2000* "p83t is undyme, drybten Higelac, Fol. 174". 1981. MS. 't>set"''."reced.' Zupitza: "Side added over the line in the same hand I think, but with another ink." Kemble : ' heal-reced. ' 1983. MS. 'hffi nu.' Zupitza :" between « and m a letter (I think ■!!) erased." Grein 'haBlnm.' Bugge defends 'Hfenum' (so HeyneandSooin), which he regards aa a contracted form meaning "dwellers on the heath" (of Jutland). But the fact that he identifies the "Geatas" with the Jutes inevitably discounts his opinion. 1985. Wiilcker ' (hyne fyrwet brsec) ' ; but 11. 232, 2784, show that these words have an interrogative force, and are therefore a true parallel to what precedes. 1991. MS. 'wi«'i Thorpe 'wid-.' BEOWULF. {^5 [m^re] gemeting, raonegum fira, hwylc [orleg-]hwil uncer Grendles wears on Sam wange, peer he woma fela Sige-Scyldingum sorge gefremede, 2005 yrmSe to aldre ; ic Sset eall gewrcec, swa [ne] gylpan J^earf Grendeles maga [ienig] ofer eorSan uht-hlem jjone, se ]>e lengest leofaS laSan cynnes f[eime] bifongen. Ic Saer furSum cwom 2010 to Sam hring-sele HrSSgar gretan; sona me se msera mago Healfdenes, sySSan he mod-sefan minne cuSe, wis his sylfes simu setl getsehte. Weorod wses on wynne; ne seah ic widan feorh 2015 under heofones hwealf heal-sittendra medu-dream maran. Hwilum mSru cwen, friSu-sibb folca, flet eall geond-hwearf, bffidde byre geonge; oft hio beah-wriSan secge *[sealde], ter hio to setle geong. Fol. 174". 2020 Hwilum for [dJuguSe dohtor HroSgares eorlum on ende ealu-wiege bser, J>a ic Freaware flet-sittende 2001. MS. defective at corner, and in 1. 2002. Greia '[miere].' 2002. Thorpe '[orleg-].' 2006. MS. defective at edge, and in II. 2007, 2009. Grein ' begylpan [ne].' In favour of this reading, A has 'swabe,' B 'swal,' and I can find no other instance of gielpan with an accus. ; against it, begielpan is found in no other edited text, and it supposes an omission where there is no gap in the MS. 2007. Eemble'[£enig].' 2009. A ' fse ' and u, blank ; B ' fer . . ' ; Kemble ' f ar-bifongen ' (so Wiilcker); Grundtvig 'fenne bifongen' (so Heyne). 2019. MS. defective at corner. MS. 'hie.* 2020. MS. defective at edge, and in U. 2023, 2024, 2020. 86 BEOWULF. nemnan hyrde, ]7ser hio [n8e]gled sine hselecSum sealde. Sio gehaten [is], 2025 geong, gold-hroden, gladum suna Frodan; [h]afatS ]rees geworden wine Scyldinga, rices hyrde, ond J^aet rSd talaS, J^set he mid ?Sy wife W3el-fseht5a dsel, ssecca, gesette. Oft, [no] seldan, hwser 2030 sefter leod-hryre lytle hwile bon-gar bugetS, J>eah seo bryd duge. — Mseg J>8es jjonne ofjjyncan Seoden Hea?5obeardna ond ]7egna gehwam ]?ara leoda, J>onne he mid fsemnan on flett gsetS, 2035 dryht-beam Dena duguSa biwenede; 2023. Grein's emendation. 2029. Heyne's emendation ; cf. 1. 3019, and Ps. Ixxiv. 4. Oft ends a line in the MB., whicli is defective at the beginning of the next line, the « ot seldan being gone. "I do not think there was before seldan room enough for no." — Zupitza. Kolbing and Wiileker think there was. 2032. Kemble ' Seodne.' In his favour, oft>yncan always takes a dat. pers., and ^eoden is not a defensible dat. form ; against, '^Seoden is the clear reading of the MS., and he would be a bold man who should correct all its grammatical anomalies. 2035. This is the MS. reading of this difficult line. Grein emended hi werede, "among the company," making di~yht-bearn explanatory of M in the previous line. But it is natural to take he, as Heyne does, to refer to the iSeoden of 1. 2032. He retains the MS. reading and renders: "[while] a noble scion of the Danes attended upon the knights." It is much more satisfactory to assume the omission of the conjunction i>cet at the beginning of 1. 2035, correlative with Jjffis in 2032, to take diigu^a as nom. to biwenede, and to regard this as one of the frequent instances in O.E. poetry of a plural subject with a singular verb in a, subordinate clause. Cf. 11. 2164, 1051, 2130, 2251, &a. The gain to the sense is immense: "It displeased the prince of the Heathobards, [that] his doughty warriors should attend on a noble scion of the Danes." For the omission of >«« cf. 1. 801, and see the note on 1. 2206, a parallel passage; the explanation there suggested applies with equal force here, where }ponne (2032) is correlative with >onme (2034). BEOWULF. 87 on him gladiaS gomelra lafe heard ond hring-niEel, HeaSobear[d]na gestreon, ]7enden hie ?5am wsepnum wealdan moston, [XXIX.] oK Saet hie forlEeddan to tSam lind-plegan 2040 swsese gesiSas ond hyra sylfra feorh. ponne cwiS fet beore, se 8e beah *gesyh?5, Fol. 175". eald sesc-wiga, se Se call gem[an], gar-cwealm gumena (him biS grim sefa), onginneS geomor-mod geong[um] cempan 2045 J)urh hreSra gehygd higes cunnian, wig-bealu weccean, ond Jjset word acw^iS : 'Meaht Sii, min wine, mece gecnawan, J»one J»Ln fseder to gefeohte bser under here-griman hindeman siSe, 2050 dyre iren, ]>^r hyne Dene slogon, weoldon wtel-stowe, syStSan Wi?5ergyld Iffig, sefter hselej^a hryre, hwate Scyldungas ? Nil her )?ara banena byre nat-hwylces frsetwum hremig on flet gSS, 2055 mortSres gylpe[?S], ond )7one maSj^um byretS, ]>one J»e Sii mid rihte rsedan seeoldest.' ManatS swa ond myndgaS mtela gehwylce 2037. MS. 'heafSa bearna.' 2039. The MS. has a large capital at the beginning of this line, such as one finds elsewhere only at the beginning of a new fit. (Cf. 1. 1740.) But the number xxix is wanting, and the next break is at 1. 2144, where the number is xxxi. Wuloker makes the 29th fit begin with 1. 2014, and the 30th with 1. 2067. Heyne makes one break instead of two, and that after 1. 2031. 2042. MS. defective at corner and edge, here and in II. 2044, 2055. 2051. MS. 'wi'Ser gyld.' Heyne 5 '(syStSan wiSer-gyld lag),' when vengeance failed. But cf. IKidsiS 124. 88 BEOWULF. sarum wordum, oS Sset sSl cyme?S, ]78et se leemnan ]?egn fore feder dSdum 2060 sefter billes bite blod-fag swefeJS, ealdres scyldig; him se otSer jjonan losa?S * [li]figende, con him land gears. Fol. 175\ ponne biocS brocene on ba healfe atS-sweord eorla, [sytSjSan Ingelde 2065 weallaS wsel-nltSas, ond him wif-lufan ssfter cear-weelmum colran weorSatS. py ic HeaSobear[d]na hyldo ne telge, dryht-sibbe dsel, Denum unfsecne, freond-scipe fsestne. — Ic sceal forS sprecan 2070 gen ymbe Grendel, Jiset Sii geare cunne, sinces brytta, to hwan sySSan wearS hond-rses hseleSa. SyStSan heofones gim glad ofer grundas, g£est yrre cwom, eatol Sfen-grom, user neosan, 2075 Sser we gesunde ssel weardodon. '. pffir wses Hondscio hild onsjege, feorh-bealu fiegum; he fyrmest Iseg, gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearS, maerum magw-J^egne, to miiS-bonan, 2080 leofes mannes lie call forswealg. 2062. MS. defective at corner and edge here and in two following lines. A 'figende'; Thorkelin 'wigende' (so most editors); Heyne 'lifigende' (so Zupitza). 2063. AB 'orocene' (B with a stop before it); Kemble '[ajbrocene' (so Zupitza) ; other editors as text. 2064. Zupitza 'a'SsweoriS.' His foot-note runs :" There is a stroke through d in swcord, but without the usual head, nor is it quite distinct." 2067. MS. 'healSo bearna.' 2076. MS. 'hilde.' In support of Eieger's emendation of. 1. 2483. 2079. MS. 'm£erumagu(i.e. magum) Jjegne.' But see U. 293, 408, etc. The mistake is due to "repetition." In 1. 158 we have the opposite error of "anticipation." BEOWULF. 89 No 6y Eer ut tSa gen idel-hende bona bl6dig-to5, bealewa gemyndig, of SSani gold-sele gongan wolde; ac he msegnes rof mm costode, 2085*grapode gearo-folm. Glof hangode Fol. 170°. Sid end syllic, searo-bendum fest; sio wses or?Soncum eall gegyrwed deofles crseftum ond dracan felliira. He mec JjSr on innan unsynnigne, 2090 dior dajd-fruma, gedon wolde manigra sumue ; hyt ne mihte swa, sytSSan ic on yrre upp-riht astod. To lang ys to reccenne, hu i[c S]am leod-sceaSan yfla gehwylces bond-lean forgeald; 2095 pSr ic, J^eoden min, ]?ine leode weorSode weorcum. He on weg losade," lytle hwile lif-wynna br[ea]c; hwaejTe him sio svviSre swaSe weardade hand on Hiorte, ond he hean Sonan, 2100 modes geomor, mere-grund gefeoll. Me J>one wael-rEes wine Scildunga fsettan golde fela leanode, manegum matSmum, syStSan mergen com, ond we to symble geseten hsefdon. 2 105 pEer wses gidd ond gleo. Gome*la Scilding, Fol. fela fricgende, feon-an rehte; l'^^"- hwilum hilde-deor hearpan wynne, gomew-wudu grette, hwilum gyd awraec so5 ond sailic; hwilum syllic spell 2085. MS. 'geareo.' 2093. MS. defective at edge here and in line 2097. A 'hiiicdam.' 2108. MS. 'gomel.' 90 BKOWULF. 2110 rehte sefter rihte rum-heort cyning ; hwilum eft ongan eldo gebunden, gomel gu'S-wiga gioguSe cwiSan hilde-strengo ; hre?5er inne weoll, ,]7onne he wintrum frod worn gemnnde. 2115 Swa we ■|78er irme ondlangne daeg mode naman, o5 Sset niht becwom oSer to yldum. pa wses eft hraSe gearo gym-wrsece Grendeles modor, sitSode sorh-full ; sunu deaS fornam, 2120 wig-hete Wedra. Wif unhyre h3rre beam gewrsec, beom acwealde ellenlice ; Jiser wses ^schere, frodan fyrn-witan, feorh uS-genge. NotSer hy bine ne moston, sySSan mergen cwom, 2125 deaS-w5rigne Denia leode, bronde forbseman, ne on bsel hladan leofne mannan ; * hio ]j£et lie setbser Fol. 177". feondes f8eS[mtim un]der firgen-stream. past wses Hr6?Sgare hi-eowa tornost, 21.30 Jjara fe leod-fruman lange begeate. pa se ?Seoden mec Sine life healsode hreoh-mod, ]?set ic on holma gej^ring eorl-scipe efade, ealdre geneSde, meertSo fremede; he me mede gehet. 2135 Ic 8a Sses wselmes, ]>e is wide cuS, grimne, gryrellcne grund-hyrde fond. 2126. MS. 'b?l' {=bffil). 2128. Grein's emendation. Zupitza 'fas^runga [un]der,' and in a foot-note: "fcBdr. ...■with unga wiitten over the dots with another ink B; now nothing preserved but ftglS and part of a letter which may have been r, m, or n ; the word has been torn asunder." 2136. MS. 'grimme.' BEOWULF. 91 pser unc hwile waes hand-gem sene ; holm heolfre weoll, ond ic heafde becearf in 5am [grund-]sele Grendeles modor 2140 eacnum ecgum; unsofte )?onan feorh otSferede; nses ic fsege fa. gyt; ac me eorla hleo eft gesealde mai5ma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. XXXI. Swa SB Seod-kyning fesm^nm lyfde; 2145 nealles ic ?Sam leanum forloren hsefde, msegnes raede, ac he me *[maSma]s geaf, Fol. Bunu Healfdenes, on [minjne sylfes dom, 177". Sa ic Se, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, estum geywan. Gea is call set Se 2150 lissa gelong; ic lyt hafo heafod-maga nefiie, Hygelac, 3ec." Het 6a in beran eafor, heafod-segn, heatSo-steapne helm, hare byman, guS-sweord geatolic, gyd aefter wra3C : 2155 ' Me Sis hilde-sceorp HroSgar sealde, snotra fengel ; sume worde het, J»3et ic his ^rest Sa est gessegde ; cwseS J»oet hyt haefde Hiorogar cyning, leod Scyldunga, lange hwile ; 2137. Wiilcker and Heyne 'hand gemsene,' but cf. Ger. handgemein. 2139. No gap in MS. Grnndtvig's emendation. 2146. MS. defective at corner here and in next line. 2147. Grundtvig '[sin]ne.' 2152. Zupitza and most editors 'eafor-heafod-segn.' But, as com- pounds of three -words are as rare in O.B. poetry as compounds of two words are common, it seems better to make two parallels. 2157. This line has constantly been mangled (see Heyne or Wiilcker) through misreading the 'est' of the MS. as eft. Cf. I. 2165. 92 BEOWULF. 2160 no 'Sy £er suna sinum syllan wolde, hwatum Heorowearde, ]>eah he him hold wSre, breost-gewsedu. Bruc ealles well." Hyrde ic, ]net )>am frEetwum feower mearas lungre gelice last weardode, 21C5 seppel-fealuwe ; he him est geteah meara end matSma. S^¥a sceal *mffig don, Fol. 178». nealles inwit-net otSrum bregdon, dymum craefte deaS ren[ian] hond-gesteallan. Hygelace wiBS 2170 niSa heardum nefa swytSe hold, end gehwseSer oSrum hro]?ra gemyndig. Hyrde ic, ]78et he Sone heals-beah Hygde gesealde, wrsetlicne wundur-maSSum, SSone ]>e him Wealh- Seo geaf, 3eod[nes] dohtor, J>rio wicg somod 2175 swancor end sadol-beorht ; hyre sySSan wses, sefter beah-tSege, br[e]ost geweortSod. Swa bealdode beam EcgSeowes, guma giiSum cuS, godum dsedum, dreah sefter dome, nealles druncne slog 2180 heorS-geneatas ; nres him hreoh sefa, ac he man-cynnes mSste crsefte gin-fsestan gife, ]>e him God sealde, heold hilde-deor. Hean wses lange, swa hyne Geata beam godne ne tealdon, 2185 ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrSne *drihten wereda gedon wolde ; Foi. l78^ swySe [wen]don, J^set he sleac wffire, seSeling unfrom. Edwenden cwom 2168. MS. defective at edge here and in 1. 2174. 2187. MS. defective at edge. Grein's emendation; see "Crist" 309. BEOWULF. 93 tir-eadigum menn torna gehwylces. ', 2190 Het Sa eorla hleo in gefetian, hea?5o-r6f cyning, HreSles lafe golde gegyrede; nses mid Geatum Sa sinc-inaSJ>um selra on sweordes had; ]7set he on Biowulfes bearm alegde, 2195 ond him gesealde seofan |>usendo, bold ond brego-stol. Him wses bam samod on Sam leod-scipe lend gecynde, eard, eSel-riht, oSrum swiSor side rice, ]?am Ster selra wses. 2200 Eft Jjset geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlsemmum, sySSan Hygelac Iseg, ond Hear[dr]ede hilde-meceas under bord-hreoSan to bonan wurdon, Sa hyne gesohtan on sige-J'Sode 2205 hearde hilde-frecan, HeaSo-Scilfingas, niSa geniegdan nefan Hererices — sySSan * Beowulfe brade rice Fol. 179». 2202. MS. 'hearede.' But see 1. 2375. 2206. All editors put a full stop at the close of this line, leaving the sense of "Jjjet geiode etc." very lame or very obscure. I take the con- struction of the passage to be as follows ; \>(et (1. 2200), as in many other passages in the poem (of. 11. 1846, 1591), has a forward reference like mod. "this," and is anticipatory of a substantive clause, which usually begins with u, correlative J><8t; this substantive clause is contained in 11. 2207 — 8 (first half), but the conjunction is omitted here, as in 1. 2035, perhaps because sj/S5a?i (2207) is correlative with ss/SiSora (2201). 2207. The folio that begins here (179') with the word "beowulfe" takes rank with the last folio of aU (198'') as the most defective and illegible portions of the MS. Zupitza says : "All that is distinct in the facsimile in fol. 179 has been freshened up by a later hand in the MS." Sometimes the later hand has altered the original reading, and not for the better ; e.g. in 1. 2209, wintra has been changed to whuru. Zupitza transliterates the readings of the later hand. 94 BEOWULF. on hand gehwearf. He geheold tela fiftig wintra (wses 5a frod uyning, 2210 eald ejjel-weard), oS Sset an ongan deorcum nihtum draca rics[i]an, se Se on hea[uni] hlSwe herd beweotode, stan-beorh steapne; stig under Iseg eldum uncuS. pEer on innan giong 2215 niSa nat-hwylc ::::::: gefeng hseSnum horde hond :::::::: 2210. Later hand ' on.' Cf. 1. 100. 2211. AB ' riosan,' now gone. 2212. MS. very indistinct; nothing iu AB between hea and hard. Zupitza ' hea['5o]-blffiwe,' and in a foot-note: "what is left of the two letters after hea justifies us in reading them 'So." As I can assign no satisfactory meaning to heaiSo-hl^we, I have emended as in the text. Grein suggested 'heare hWSe' (so Heyne). 2213. Later hand ' stearne.' 2215 — 2231. Here I have closely followed Zupitza's transliteration, except iu one particular. Much is very doubtful — readings, punctuation, division into lines. Zupitza gives only the lines of the MS., without division into verse lines, except that he marks with an asterisk and numbers every fifth line of the poem. In illegible passages he employs "as many colons as letters seem to have been lost." I differ from Zupitza, as well as from Grein and Heyne, in the division and numbering of these lines, and with good reason. Between /aft ne and i>eofe8 they make two lines and a half, 2217 (2) — 2219 ; I make it one line and a half, as in the text. Zupitza's arrangement of these two and a half lines (using exactly the number of letter spaces he gives in his transliteration) would be this : 2217 ne he J>ffit sylJSan 2218 : : : ; ! )>[eah] «[e he] 2219 slffipende be syre ; : : : de Compare this with the text and it will be seen that the material, which comfortably fills a line and a half, is hopelessly inadequate for two and a half. On the other hand, in U. 2220 and 2230 they make the first sceapen conclude the first half of 2229 and the second sceapen come in the first half o.' 2230. But, bebiJes the improbability of the same word being re- BEOWULF. 95 : : : : : since fah nel he Jjset sytJSan : : : : : )7[eah] ■S[e he] slsepende be syre : : : : de ( Jjeofes crsefte ]>set sie 5Iod : : : : : 2220 : : : : folc beorna ]>^t he gebolge[n] wses. peated in two following lines, Zupitza puts forty dots between sceapen and sceapen, and this is certainly below rather than above the number of missing letters, for the first sceapen comes at the beginning (all but a space for f onr- letters) of the last line of fol. 179° in the MS., and the second sceapen closes the first line of fol. 179'' (of. U. 2295 — 7, where sdre and utan- stand in exactly the same relative positions in two following folios). Hence the arrangement of 11. 2228 — 30 in the text, which makes my line- numbers again correspond with those of Grein. In this rearrangement I have been anticipated by Bugge (see below), although I arrived at the same conclusion quite independently. Innumerable emendations of this passage have been suggested (see Wulcker), of which I give only a very few. I have punctuated only where the connected sense is tolerably certain. 2217. Zupitza: "/oft originally /ac, but 7i written over c." Heyne 5 'faone'; Wiiloker 'fahne.' 2218. Zupitza: "The traces left between J) and sUepende I think justify us in reading i>eah 'Se he." The letters within square brackets here and in 11. 2225, 2227, 2228, 2230, he omits, however, in his trans- literation, although suggesting them in foot-notes. "syre — I do not see any trace of the first letter having ever been/." — Z. 2219. Zupitza puts nine colons between ^iod and folc, but it is im- possible to say how they are to be divided between this and the next line. 2220. "n in bolgen faded."— Z. Grein's reconstruction of U. 2214 ff. is as follows : peer on innan giong 2215 niiSa nat-hvfylc, se neodn gefeng hse^num horde: hond-bollan hwyloue since fahne he )>a3r sy^an genam readan goldes, >8Bt bereafod wear's slaepende be fyre sinces hyrde (2220) >eofes crsefte : >£et siSSan Jieoden oufand, 2220 bealu-leas folc-biorn, i>set he gebolgen wses. This may be compared with the text. In some respects it is preferable to Bugge's more recent reconstruction, which I append : 96 BEOWULF. XXXII. Nealles mid gewealdum •wyrm-horda craefb [sohte], sylfes willum, se Se him sare gesceod; ac for Jrea-nedlan J»[eow] nat-hwylces hseleSa bearna hete-swengeas fleah, 2225 [semes] ]7earfa, ond Sser inne iealh, secg syn-bysig. Sona 5'etid[d]e, Jjset : : : : : 5am gyst[e gryre-Jbroga stod ; pffir on innan giong 2215 ni'S'Sa nat-hwylc, neode to gefeng hffl'Snum horde; hond setgenam sele-ful since fah; I ne he >set sy^an ageaf, >eah '5e he slspende besyrede hyrde \ Jjeofes orsefte : J>£et se ISioden onfand, 2220 by-folc beorna, l^aet he gebolgeu w£es. 2221. "weoldum the later hand instead of wealdum, the a being still recognisable. Nothing after horda [i.e. between it and cr«;/t]."^Zupit7,a. 2222. Grein's emendation. No gap in MS. 2223. Zupitza ' Jj[egn],' and in a foot-note : "the traces of three letters between J> and nat justify us in reading egn {\>egn K.)." So Grein. On the other hand, Thorpe, who made a careful collation of the MS. in 1830, three years before Kemble's first edition, leaves a blank. As i>egn seems from the whole context to be an impossible name for the " fea-sceaftum men " (1. 2285), I read }peow with Wiilcker and Heyne 5. 2224. Later hand 'fleoh.' 2225. " To judge from what is left, the second word of this line was cernes." — Z, AB 'weall.' "Now only weal left, but w stands on an original/, which is still recognisable ; and what seemed to be another 2 in Thorkelin's time may have been the remnant of an original h." — Z. 2226. Grein '[Waes] sona in >a tide.' Thorpe 'inwlatode' (so Heyne 5). Zupitza "mwatide, no doubt, the second hand." What did the second hand mean? My own conjecture is given in the text. 2227. " The indistinct letter after gyst seems to have been e. The traces of the third word allow us to read gryre," — Z. BEOWULF. 97 hwseSre [earm-]sceapen * Fol. 179". 2230 .... sceapen [}>a hyne] se fser begeat, sinc-fset [geseah]. paer waes swylcra fela in tJam eor?S-[hu]se ser-gestreona, swa hy on gear-dagum gumena nat-hwylc, eormen-lafe sej^elan cynnes, 2235 )7anc-hycgende J^ser gehydde, deore maSmas. Ealle hie deatS fornam Eerran mSlum, ond se an Sa gen leoda dugutSe, se Seer lengest hwearf, wearS wine-geomor, wende J»8es yldan, 2240 ]>iBt he lytel fsec long-gestreona brucan moste. Beorh eall gearo wunode on wonge wseter-ySum neah, niwe be nsesse, nearo-crseftum fest; )>£er on innan bser eorl-gestreona 2245 hringa hyrde hard-fyrc?ne dsel, 2228. "According to the traces left, the first word [i.e. in the MS. line] may have been earm." — Z. 2230. " i>a Mm before se 1 "— Z. Wiilcker 'fffis.' Zupitza: "/ibs freshened up, but s seems to stand on an original r. " 2231. After the first line of the new folio, the illegibility is confined to the edges of the next three lines. Heyne's emendation. Wiilcker ' scir ' or ' seah,' thinking there is not room for geseah, I think there is. Zupitza has six dots. 2237. " Si the later hand, but i seems to stand on an original e." — Z. 2239. B 'weard' (so Wiilcker and Heyne); Zupitza 'weartS' (almost the only instance in which he transliterates the reading of the first hand). " The last letter of the first word was originally "S, although the later hand has not freshened up the stroke through the d."—Z. "rihde the later hand, but wende the first." — Z. Wiilcker 'wisote.' 2244. "innon the later hand, but o stands on an original a." — Z. 2245. Zupitza 'hard-wyrSne,' and in a foot-note : "w (or/?) and the W.B. 7 98 BEOWULF. fiSttan goldes, fea worda cweeS: " Heald ]>vl nu, hruse, nii hseletS ne mostan, eorla eehte. Hwset ! hyt ser on Se gode begeaton; guS-deaS fornam, 2250 feorh-bealo frecne, fyra gehwylcne, leoda minra, J^ara SSe J^is [lif] ofgeaf; gesawon sele-dream. * Nah hwa s weord wege, Fol. oStSe fe[o]r[mie] fseted wtege, 180'. drync-fset deore; dug[u!S] ellor scoc. 2255 Sceal se hearda helm [hyr]sted golde fsetum befeallen; feormend swefatS, J»a Se beado-griman bywan sceoldon; ge swylce seo here-pad, sio set hilde gebad ofer borda gebrsec bite irena, 2260 brosnaS sefter beorne ; ne mseg byrnan bring sefter wig-fiuman wide feran hffileSum be healfe. Nis hearpan wyn, stroke through d in wyrlSne not freshened np.'' Though adopting its reading, I am suspicious of the later hand. The form hard occurs nowhere else in "Beowulf." 2246. "fee later hand, but originally /ea." — Z. 2247. "miestan later hand, but I think I see an original o under the (E; a also seems to stand on another vowel (u or o?)." — Z. 2250. " reorh bealc later hand, but the first r stands on an original /, and c on an original o." — Z. MS. 'fyrena.' 2251. "]>ana later hand, no doubt ; nor do I see any sign of the third letter having originally been r." — Z. 2252. Zupitza ' sele-dream : : ' 2253. MS. defective at corner and edge here and in 11. 2254, 2255, and 2268. Grein's emendation, supported by Zupitza, who says that the re- maining traces of the word in the MS. make fetige impossible. Cf . 1. 2256. 2254. MS. 'seoc' 2256. MS. 'feor mynd.' Of. 1. 2761. 2262. MS. 'niES' (so Heyne). Cf. 11. 1923, 2486, where I have kept the MS. reading. But here the change of tense is too harsh. BEOWULF. 99 gomen gleo-beames, ne god hafoc geond sael swinge??, ne se swifta mearh 2265 burh-stede beatetS. Bealo-cwealm hafa?S fela feorh-cynna forS onsended." Swa giomor-mod giohSo msende an sefter eallum, unbliSSe hwe[op] dasges ond nihtes, oS fSaet deaSes wylm 2270 hran set heortan. Hord-wynne fond eald uht-scea'Sa opene standan, se 5e byrnende biorgas secetS, nacod niS-draca, nihtes fleogetS fyre befangen; hyne fold-buend^ 2275*[swit5e ondrEe]da[S]. He geseeean sceall Fol. 180". [ho]r[d on] hrusan, Jj^er he haeSen gold waraS wintrijm frod; ne by?S him wihte tSy sSl. Swa se ■5eod-sc^aSa "^]>rec) hund wintra heold on hrusan hord-Eerna sum 2280 eacen-craeftig, o?S ?5ast hyne an abeal/i mon on mode ; man-dryhtne bser fseted w£ege, frioSo-vvsere bsed hlaford sinne. Da wses hord rasod, onboren beaga hord; bene getiSad 2285 fea-seeaftum men. Frea sceawode fira fym-geweorc forman siSe. 2266. A B ' feor« ' ; Zupitza ' for«. ' He says : "There is a dot under e, which is besides very indistinct." Underdotting is equivalent to erasure. Heyne considers 1. 808 conclusive in favour of his reading 'feorr.' 2275 — 6. MS. defective and illegible at top and corner. Zupitza's emendations. 2279. MS. 'hrusam.' 2280. MS. 'abealoh.' 2284. Bugge suggests 'beaga dSl' on the ground that the repetition of hard is a mistake of the scribe. 7—2 100 BEOWULF. pa se wyrm onwoc, wroht wses geniwad; stone Ba sefter stane, stearc-heort onfand feondes fot-last; he to fortS gestop 2290 dyrnan craefte dracan heafde neah. Swa mseg unfsege eaSe gedigan wean ond wraec-siS, se Se Waldendes hyldo gehealde]?. Hord-weard sohte georne sefter grunde, wolde guman findan, 2295 }>one ]>e him on sweofote sare geteode; hat ond hreoh-mod *hl^w oft ymbehwearf foI. ealne utan-weai-dne ; ne 5ser senig men 181". on )?8em westenne. HwaiSre hilde gefeh, bea[du]-weorces ; hwilum on beorh sethwearf, 2300 sinc-fset sohte; he Jjset song! onfcLnd, Ssst hsefde gumena sum goldes gefandod, heah-gestreona. Hord-weard onbad * earfot5lice, o5 Seet sefen cwom ; wees Sa gebolgen beorges hyrde, 2305 wolde se laSa lige forgyldan drinc-fset dyre. pa wses daeg sceacen wyrme on willan; n5 on wealle leng bidan wolde, ac mid bsele for, fyre gefysed. Wses se fruma egeslic 2310 leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre wearJJ on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod. 2296. MS. 'hlaswu'; Gruudtvig 'hlSw nu' (so Wiilcker andHeyne). 2298. B 'J)iEre'; Aablank; Greiu ' hS^Se,' for tlie alliteration; "now nothing but the lower part of the perpendicular stroke of J> left" (Z.). Heyne '[wses] on >ffire westenne.' Greiu inserts wees after ne In the previous line. 2299. MS. defective at edge. 2305. MS. 'fela «a'; Bugge 'se laBa.' 2307. MS. 'Iteg'; Thorpe 'leng.' BEOWULF. 101 XXXIII. Da se gspst ongan gledum spiwan, beorht hofu baemaii; bryne-leoma stod eldura on andan; no Seer aht cwices 2315 laS lyft-floga Isefan *wolde. Fol. 181". Wses ]78es wyrmes wig wide gesyne, nearo-fages niS nean ond feorran, hu se guS-scea?Sa Geata leode hatode ond hynde. Hord eft gesceat, 2320 dryht-sele dyrnne, ser dasges hwile ; hffifde land-wara lige befangen, bsele ond bronde; beorges getruwode, wiges ond wealles; him seo wen geleah. J7a waes Biowulfe broga gecySed 2325 snude to so?5e, J^set his sylfes ham, bolda selest, bryne-wylmum mealt, gif-stol Geata. past Sara godan wees hreow on hreSre, hyge-sorga msest; wende se wisa, J^aet he Wealdende 2330 ofer ealde riht, ecean Dryhtne, bitre gebulge ; breost innan weoll J^eostrum ge)?oncum, swa him gejjywe ne wa;s. Hsefde lig-draca leoda fsesten, ea-lond utan, eortS-weard Sone, 2335 gledum forgrunden; him Sses guS-kyning, Wedera J»ioden, wrsece leomode. Heht him fa, gewyrcean wigendra hleo eall-irenne, eorla dryhten, wig-bord wrsetlic; *wisse he gearwe, Foi. 182". 2325. MS. 'him' (so Wiiloker) ; Oonybeare 'ham.' 102 BEOWULF. 2340 J73et him holt-wudu he[lpaii] ne meahte, lind wis lige. Sceolde Icen-daga a-Jjeling ter-god ende gebidan, worulde lifes, ond se wyrm somod, ]7eah Se hord-welan heolde lange. 2345 Oferhogode Sa hringa fengel, fpet he |»one wid-flogan weorode gesohte, sidan herge; no he him ])d ssecce ondred, ne him J>£es wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafoS ond ellen, forSon he «r fela, 2350 nearo neSende, niSa gedigde, hilde-hlemma, sySSan he HroSgares, sigor-eadig secg, sele fselsode, ond 3Bt guSe forgrap Grendeles mEegum laSan cynnes. No Jjset Ijesest wees 2355 hond-gemot, ]>^v mon Hygelac sloh, sySSan Geata cyning guSe reesum, frea-wine folca Fres-londum on, HreSles eafora, hioro-dryncum swealt' bille gebeaten; ]?onan Biowulf com 2360 sylfes crajffce, sund-nytte dreah ; hasfde him on earme *[ana] Jrittig Fol. 182>'. hilde-geatwa, ]?a he to holme [st]ag. Nealles Hetware hremge ]7orf[t]on 2340. MS. defective at corner. 2341. MS. '>end'; Eemble '15n.' Cf. 1. 2591. 2347. MS. ')ja'(=)jam). Wiilcker retains the MS. reading and defends it in a note, which one can only suppose to be a misprint: "Da on mit dat. ebenso wie mit acous. verbunden wird." Saxc is fem. (Sievers § 258. 1). 2356. Zupitza 'gu^e-rffisum.' Not one of the sixty odd compounds of guS is formed in this way. 2361. MS. defective at corner, here and in two following lines. Zupitza ' . . . XXX.' Grein's emendation. BEOWULF. 103 feSe-wiges, If/Q him foran ongean 2365 linde baeron; lyt eft becwom fram ]7am hild-frecan hames niosan. Oferswam ?Sa sioletSa bigong sunu EcgSeowes, earm an-haga, eft to leodum, ]>sev him Hygd gebead hord oud rice, 2370 beagas ond brego-stol; bearne ne truwode, |?8et he wis sel-fylcum e)7el-st6las healdan cuSe, 5a wses Hygelac dead. No ?Sy eev fea-sceafte findan meahtoii set Sam seSelinge ^nige Singa, 2375 ]7aet he Heardrede hlaford waere, oSSe ]7one cynedom closan wolde ; hwaeSre he hine on folce freond-larum heold, estum mid are, oS Sset he yldra weaiS, Weder-Geatum weold. Hyne wreec-msecgas 2380 ofer sse sohtan, suna Ohteres; hsefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, J>one selestan sS-cyninga, ]7ara Se in Swio-rice sine brytnade, mierne *)7eoden. Him j^set to mearce wcarS; Fol. 2385 he ]7«r orfeorme feorh-wunde hleat 183». sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelaces. Ond him eft gewat OngenSioes beam hames niosan, sySSan Heardred Iseg, let Sone brego-stol Biowulf healdan, 2390 Geatum wealdan; ]>set wses god cyning. 2377. MS. 'hi' (=him); Thorpe 'hine.' 2383. MS. "Se «e,' the first at the end of a line, the second at the be- ginning of the next. 2385. Grein 'on feorme'; MoUer 'for feorme' (so Hejne 5). 104 BEOWULF. XXXIV. Se ?58es leod-hryres lean gemunde uferan dogrum ; Eadgilse wear?S fea-sceaffcum freond, folce gestepte ofer sfe side sunu Ohteres, 2395 wigum ond wsepnum; he gewraec sySSan cealdum cear-sitSum, cyning ealdre bineat. Swa he niSa gehwane genesen hsefde, sliSra geslyhta, sunu EcgtSIowes, ellen-weorca, oS Sone anne dseg, 2400 ]>e he wi?S |7am wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewat ]?a twelfa sum, torne gebolgen, dryhten Geata dracan sceawian; hsefde J>a gefrunen, hwanan sio faehS aras, bealo-niS bioma ; him to bearme *cwom Fol. 183*. 2405 maS]7um-f8et msere Jturh Sees meldan hond. Se wses on 5am tSreate ]?reotteo]7a secg, se Sees orleges or onstealde ; hseft hyge-giomor^ sceolde hean tSonon wong wisian. He ofer willan giong, 2410 to 5ses Se he eortS-sele anne wisse, hlsew under hrusan holm-wylme neh, ytS-gewinne, se wses innan full wrsetta ond wira. Weard unhiore, 2393. Heyne 'feond, folce gestepte,' with a different interpretation of the whole passage: sunu (2394) nom., cyning (2396)=Eadgils. With the MS. reading, retained in the text, sunu is aeous., and cyning =One\a,. By supporting the exiled Eadgils against Onela, Beowulf obtains his revenge on the Swedes. See Bugge, "Beit.'' xii. 11 ff., and Eadgils in Index of Persons and Places. 2401. MS. '.XII.' BEOWULF. 105 gearo gutS-freca, gold-ma?Smas heold, 241 5 eald under eortSaii ; nafis ]7set ySe ceap to gegangenne gumena Snigum. Gesctt Sa on nsesse niS-heard cyning, J^enden h^lo ahead heopS-geneatum; gold-wine Geata. Him wses geomor sefa, 2420 waefre ond wsel-fus, wyrd ungemete neah, se Sons gomelan gretan scedde, secean sawle hord, sundur gedslan lif wi?S lice ; no Jjon lange wses feorh sej^elinges flaesce bewunden. 2425 Biowulf ma]7elade, beam EcgtSeowes: "Fela ic on giogo?Se guS-rssa genses, orleg-hwila; ic J^aet eall gemon. *Ic wses syfan-wintre, J>a mec sinca baldor, Fol. frea-wine folca, set minum fseder genam; 184». 2430 heold mec ond hsefde HreSel cyning, geaf me sine ond symhel, sibhe gemunde; nses ic him to life la?5ra owihte heom in hurgum Jjonne his bearna hwylc, Herebeald ond HseScyn, o5Se Hygelac min. 2435 Wses J»am yldestan ungedefelice mgeges dsedum mor]7or-bed stred, sytSSan hyne HseScyn of hom-bogan, his frea-wine, flane geswencte, miste mercelses ond his mseg ofscet, 2440 broSor oSerne, blodigan gare. j7set wses feoh-leas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad, hreSre hyge-meSe; sceolde hwseSre swa )?eah seSeliog unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2421. Wulcker 'seo.' Wyrd is fern, elsewhere in the poem; but of . U. 1314, 2685. 106 BEOWULF. Swa bis geomorlic gomelum ceorle 2445 to gebidanne, ]?8et his byre ride giong on galgan; ]7onne he gyd wrece, sarigne sang, ]7onne his sunu hangaS hrefne to hroSre, ond he him helpan ne mseg, eald ond in-frod, eenige gefremman. 2450 Symble bi?5 gemyndgad morna gehwylce *eaforan ellor-siS ; oSres ne gymeS Fol. isi*. t5 gebidanne burgum in innan yrfe-weardas, ]7onne se an hafaS ]7urh deaSes nyd dseda gefondad. 2455 GesyhS sorh-cearig on his suna biire win-sele westne, wind-gereste, reote berofene ; / ridend swefaS, hseleS in hoSman; nis ]?ser hearpan sweg, gomen in geardum, swylce Ster iu waeron. ; XXXV. 2460 GewiteS |7onne on sealman, sorh-leoS gfele?5 an sefter anum; |»uhte him eall to rum, wongas ond wic-stede. Swa Wedra helm jefter Herebealde heortan sorgo weallinde wEeg; wihte ne meahte 2465 on Sam feorh-bonan fseghSe gebetan ; no Sy Eer he Jjone heaSorinc hatian ne meahte laSum dsedum, J>eah him leof ne wses. He Sa mid ]?£ere sorhge, ]>e him sio sar belamp, gum-dream ofgeaf, Godes leoht geceas; 2448. Kemble ' helpe.' There is no other certain instance of the weak form than this. Possibly the scribe was thinking of the infinitive. 2453. For gen. sing, iu -as see Sievers § 237, N. 1. Cf. 11. 63, 2921. BEOWULF. 107 2470 eaferum Isefde, swa deS eadig mon, lond ond leod-byrig, ]ja he of life gewat. pa *wi3es synn ond sacu Sweona ond Geata, Fol. ofer [w]id waster wroht gemsene, iSo". here-Di8 hearda, sySSan HreSel swealt; 2475 oStSe him OngenSeowes eaferan w^rau frome, fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosnabeorh eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. past mjeg-wine mine gewraecan, 2i80 fffihSe ond fyrene, swa hyt gefrsege wass, J?eah Se 6i5er his ealdre gebohte, heard an ceape; HsetScynne wearS, Geata dryhtne, guS onsSge. pa ic on morgne gefrsegn mseg otSerne 2485 billes ecgum on bonan staelan, jJEer Ongenjjeow Eofores nIosa?5 ; gu5-helm toglad, gomela Scylfing hreas [heoro-]blac ; bond gemunde fiehtJo genoge, feorh-sweng ne ofteah. 2490 Ic him |»a ma?5mas, J>e he me sealde, geald set guSe, swa me gifeSe wses, leohtan sweorde; he me lond forgeaf, eard, eSel-wyn. Nses him aenig J^earf, jjset he to GiftSum, o5Se to Gar-Denum, 2495 oS3e in Swio-rlce, secean ]7urfe * wyrsan wig-frecan, weorSe gecypan ; Fol. IBS'", symle ic him on feSan beforan wolde, 2473. MS. defective at corner. 2478. MS. 'ge ge fremedon.' Of. 11. 986 (see note), 2383. 2486. Grain 'niosade'; but of. 11. 1923, 1928, etc. 2488. No gap in MS. Grein's emendation. 108 BEOWULF. ana on orde, ond swa t5 aldre sceall ssecce fremman, Jjenden )>is sweord ]>6[&^, 2500 ]7aet mec ser ond sitS oft gelSste, sySSan ic for dugeSum Dseghrefne wearS to hand-bonan, Huga cempan. Nalles he tSa freetwe Fres-cyning[e], breost-weorSunge, bringan moste, 2505 ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, Be]?eling on elne; ne wses ecg bona, ac him hilde-grap heortan wylmas, ban-hus gebraec. Nix sceall biiles ecg, bond ond heard sweord, yrab hord wigan." 2510 Beowulf maSelode, beot-wordum spraec, niehstan siSe: "Ic gene?Sde fela guSa on geogo?5e; gyt ic wylle, frod folces weard, t£eh?Se secan, mserSum fremman, gif mec se man-sceat5a 2515 of eorS-sele lit geseceS." Gegrette Sa gumena gehwylcne, hwate helm-berend, hindeman siSe, swsese gesiSas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, WEepen to wyrme, *gif ic wiste hu Foi. 186». 2520 wis tSam agltecean elles meahte gylpe wiSgrlpan, swa ic gio wiS Grendle dyde; ac ic Ster heaSu-fyres hates wene, [o]reSes ond atfcres; forSon ic me on hafu 2503. MS. ' frescyning.' 2505. MS. 'cempan.' 2514. Kemble 'mfflrtSo,' supported by Bugge on the analogy of 11. 2134. 2645. But the argument from analogy may be pushed too far, and it is even possible th&t fremman is intrans., as in 1. 1003. 2523. MS. 're'Ses yhattres'; Heyne 'retSes and-hattres,' fierce heat coming against one. Greiu's emendation in text. Cf . 1. 2557. BEOWULF. 109 bord ond byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard 2525 oferfleon fotes trem, ac unc sceal weorSan set wealle, swa unc wyrd geteo?5, Metod manna gehwses. Ic eom ou mode from, jjset ic wis J?one gutJ-flogan gylp ofersitte. Gebide ge on beorge byrnum werede, 2530 secgas on searwum, hwseSer sel msege sefter wsel-rtese wunde gedygan uncer twega. Nis Jjset eower si?S, ne gemet mannas nefn[e] min anes, pcet he wis aglsecean eofoSo dSle, 2535 eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, oSSe guS nimeS, feorh-bealu frecne, frean eowerne." Aras Sa bi ronde rof oretta, heard under helme, hioro-sercean baer 2540 under stan-cleofu, strengo getruwode anes mannes; ne biS swylc earges siS. Geseah Sa be wealle, *se Se worna fela, Fol. 186". gum-cystum god, guSa gedigde, hilde-hlemma, jjonne hnitan feSan, 2545 sto[n]dan stan-bogan, stream tit J»onan brecan of beorge; w£es ]>£ere human wselm heaSo-fyrum hat; ne meahte horde neah unbyrnende genige hwile deop gedygan for dracan lege. 2525. This line is metrically deficient. EttmuUer '[feond] oferfleon' (so Grein), but this still leaves the second half-line defective. Heyne considers that the second half- line is wanting, and supplies /eomd unhyre. 2533. MS. defective at edge. 2534. MS. ' wat.' 2545. MS. 'stodan.' 110 BEOWULF. 2550 Let Sa of breostum, Sa he gebolgen wees, Weder-Geata leod word ut faran, stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom heatSo-torht hlynnan under harne stan; hete woes onhrered, hord-weard oncniow 2555 mannes reorde; nses Sser mara fyrst freode to friclan. From Srest cwom oruS aglfficean ut of stane, hat hilde-swat; hruse dynede. Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswaf 2560 wits 5am gryre-gieste, Geata dryhteu; Sa wses hring-bogan heorte gefysed saecce to seceanne. Sweord £er gebrsed god guS-cyning, gomele lafe, ecgum unslaw ; aeghwseSrum wses 2565 bealo-hycgendra *broga fram oSrum. Fol. 187'. StitS-mod gestod witS steapne rond winia bealdor, tSa se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne; he on searwum bad. Gewat Sa byrnende gebogen scrKan, 2570 to gescipe scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg life ond lice ISssan hwile mierum ]?eodne, jjonne his myne sohte, tSjer he ]>j fyrste forman dogore wealdan moste, swa him wyrd ne gescraf 2575 hretS «t hilde. Hond iip abrsed 2564. MS. 'un/glaw.' "A letter erased between I and a in that it was e is not quite certain." — Z. As there is all the appearance of an uncompleted alteration, I have adopted Bugge's emendation. 2570. MS. 'gsoipe.' Heyne adopts Miillenhoff's emendation, 'scritSan to,/gescife scyndan,' shoving himself, advancing, which the latter bases on a gloss, "per praeceps, niSersci/e [?], niarg. ni^ersceotende" (Haupt jx. 468 b). BEOWULF. Ill Geata dryhten, gryre-fahne sloh incge lafe, ]?8et sio ecg gewac brun on bane, bat unswiSor, J^onne his fSiod-cyning ];earfe hsefde, 2580 bysigum gebseded. pa wses beorges weard sefter heatSu-swenge on hreoum mode, ■wearp WEel-fyre; wide sprungon hilde-leoman. HretS-sigora ne gealp gold-wine Geata; gu3-bill geswac 2585 nacod set niSe, swa hyt no sceolde, iren fer-god. Ne wa?s Jiaet &Se siS, ]>sBt se miera maga Ecg?5eowes grund-wong ]7one ofgyfan wolde ; sceolde [ofer] willan wic eardian 2590 elles hwergen, swa *sceal seghwylc mon Fol. 187''. alStan Isen-dagas. Nses tSa long to ?Son, |?aet ?Sa agleecean hy eft gemetton. ; Hyrte hj-ne hord-weard, hrecSer ffiSme weoll, niwan stefne ; nearo Srowode 2595 fyre befongen, se Se ^r folce weold. Nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan, setSelinga beam, ymbe gestodon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum weoll 2600 sefa wiS sorgum; sibb Sfre j^e mseg wiht onwendan, ]7am Se wel J>ence5. 2577. MS. 'incgelafe.' Thorpe 'Incges'; of. "Ing," King of the East-Danes {Rune-poem 67), and "Ing-wine" in this poem. 2589. No gap in MS. Eieger 'ofer willan' (cf. 1. 2409); Grein 'wyrmes willan' (cf. 1. 3077). 2596. MS. 'heand,' 112 BEOWULF. XXXVI. Wiglaf wres haten, Weoxstanes sunn, leoflic lind-wiga, leod Scylfinga, mseg ^Ifheres; geseah his mon-dryhten 2605 under here-griman hat J>r6wiaii; gemunde Sa t5a are, J7e he him hjr forgeat^ wic-stede weligae WSgrnundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his fseder ahte; ne mihte i5a forhabban, bond roiid gefeng, 2610 geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteah. pset wses mid eldum Eanmundes laf, *suna Ohtere[s], j^ara aet ssecce weart5, Fol. 18S'. wr8ecca[n] wine-leasum, Weohstaw bana meces ecgum, ond his magum setbser 2615 brtin-fagne helm, hringde byrnan, eald sweord etonisc, ]?8et him Onela forgeaf, his gaedelinges gutS-geweedu, fyrd-searo fuslic; no ymbe ?5a fsehSe sproec, f>eah Se he his broSor beam abredwade. 2620 He frsetwe geheold fela missera, bill ond byrnan, otS Saet his byre mihte eorl-scipe efnan swa his ser-feeder; geaf him Sa mid Geatum guS-gewJeda seghwses unrim, ]?a he of ealdre gewat 2625 frod on forS-weg. pa wses forma siS geongan cempan, J?set he guSe rses mid his freo-dryhtne fremman sceolde; ne gemealt him se mod-sefa, ne his ranges laf 2612. MS. 'ohtere.' 2613. MS. defective at corner. MS. ' weohstanes. ' 2628. MS. 'mffigenes'; Ettmiiller 'miBgea.' BEOWULF. 113 gewac set wige; ]>cet se wyrm onfand, 2630 sySSan hie togsedre gegan ha-fdon. Wiglaf maSelode word-rihta fela, ssegde gesiSum (him wajs sofa geomor): " Ic tSset *mSl geman, Jjjer we medu Jjegun, FoI. ]7onne we geheton ussum hlaforde i^s"- 2635 in bior-sele, Se us Sas beagas geaf, Jioet we him Sa gutS-getawa gyldan woldon, gif him jjyslicu Jjearf gelumpe, helmas ond heard sweord. De he usic on herge geceas to Syssum siS-fate sylfes willum, 2640 onmunde usic mSrSa, ond me ];as mat5mas geaf, ]?e he usic gar-wigend gode tealde, hwate helm-berend, j^eah Se hlaford us J»is ellen-weorc ana aSohte to gefremmanne, folces hyrde, 2645 forSam he manna msest mterSa gefremede, dseda doUicra. Nu is se dseg cumen, J^set ure man-dryhten msegenes behofaS godra guS-rinca; wutun gongan to, helpan hild-fruman, ]7enden hyt sy, 2650 gled-egesa grim. God wat on mec, J'set me is micle leofre, jjset minne lic-hanian mid minne gold-gyfan gled faeSmie. Ne ]7ynce3 me gerysne, jjset we rondas beren 2629. MS. '>a'; Thorpe 'Jjset.' 2645. MS. 'for«a'; Zupitza'foi«an.' So also I. 2741. 2652. MS. and Zupitza 'ffe^mi^'; hence Wuleker 'felSmise' (cf. 1. 2126, and Sievers § 361). In "rgced" (1. 1981) Zupitza is not sure that the mark under the e is not a mere flourish. It is used to convert e into rowian, gesigan set ssecce ; urum sceal sweord ond helm, 2660 byrne ond byrdu-scrud, bam gemsene." Wod )7a ]7urh J»one wael-rec, wig-heafplan biEr frean on fultum, fea worda cwsefS: "Leofa Biowulf, l^st call tela, swa 8d on geoguS-feore geara gecwiede, 2665 Ipaet Su ne alsete be Se lijfigendum dom gedreosan; scealt nu daedum rof, aeSeling an-hydig, ealle msegene feorh ealgian; ic t5e ful-lsestu." ^fter Sam wordum wyrm yrre cwom, 2670 atol inwit-gsest, 6'Sre siSe fyr-wylmum fah fionda mos[i]an, laSra manna. Llg-ytSum forbom bord wis rond; byrne ne meahte geongum gar-wigan geoce gefremman; 2G75 ac se maga geonga under his mseges scyld 2655. The numbers of the folios are given as they stand in the MS. Fol. 131 follows fol. 146. " The old number of this leaf is 197 ; but now it stands between 188 and 189, and the old number has been changed to 189 in pencil."— Z. • sceal • tS 2659. MS. ' urii :'; Zupitza 'urum soeal,' and in afoot-note: " sceal within dots and with a 'S before it added in the left margin, whereas a ^ over a colon with a comma under it marks the place in the line where it is to be inserted." Prom a misunderstanding of this device have arisen the frequent misreadings of this line. 2671. MS. defective at edge, here and in 11. 2676, 2678. BEOWULF. 115 elne geeode, ]>a, his agen ^[ses] gledum forgrunden. pa gen guS-cyning m[£er5a] gemunde, msegen-strengo sl5h hilde-bille, j^set hyt on heafolan stod 2680 m)7e genyded; Nsegling forbserst, geswac set ssecce sweord Biowulfes, *gomol ond grseg-mEel. Him Jjaet gifetSe ne wjes, FoI. ]>set him irenna ecge mihton ^^T"- helpan set hilde ; wses sio hond to strong, 2685 se 3e meca gehwane, mine gefriege, swenge ofersohte, ]7onne he to ssecce bser wsepen wund[r]um heard ; nses him wihte t5e sel. JJa wses ]7eod-sceaSa ];riddan si6e, frecne fyr-draca, f^htSa gemyndig, 2690 rsesde on tSone rofan, fa, him rum ageald, hat ond heaSo-grim, heals ealne ymbeleng biteran banum; he geblodegod wearS sawul-driore ; swat y5um weoU. XXXVII. Da ic set ]7earfe [gefrsegn] ]7eod-cyninges 2695 andlongne eorl ellen cySan, crseft ond centSu, swa him gecynde webs; ne hedde he J^ses heafolan (ac slo hand gebarn modiges mannes, J»ser he his mseges healp), 2678. Eemble's emendation. 2687. MS. 'wundu'; Wiilcker 'wundum.' Thorpe 'wundrum' — a convincing emendation; cf. wundrum wrcetllce "Phoenix" 63, wundrum heah "Wanderer" 98. 2694. No gap in MS. Kemble's emendation. See 11. 2484, 2752, etc. 2698. MS. ' msegenes ' (so Wfiloker) ; cf. 1. 2628 and foot-note. See also 1. 2879. 8—2 116 BEOWULF. J>aet he ]7one niS-gsest nioSor hwene sloh, 2700 secg on searwum, Jjset Sset sweord gedeaf fah ond fseted, J»aet tSset fyr ongon sweSrian syt55an. pa gen sylf cyning geweold his gewitte, wsell-seaxe gebrsed biter ond beadu-scearp, ]>SBt he on byrnan wseg; 2705 forwrat Wedra *helm wyrm on middan. Fol. 189". Feond gefyldan, - _ ferh ellen wrsec, - - ond hi hyne ]>a. begen abroten hsefdon, sib-asSelingas ; swylc sceolde secg wesan, Jiegn set tSearfe. past tSam ]?eodne waes 2710 sitSas[t] sige-hwile sylfes deedum, worlde geweorces. Da sio wund ongon, ]>e him se eor?S-draca cer geworhte, swelan ond swellan; he ]78et sona onfand, ]7set him on breostum bealo-ni?S weoll, 2715 attor on innan. Da se setJeling giong, ]78Bt he bi wealle wis-hycgende gesaet on sesse, seah on enta geweorc, hu 5a stan-bogan stapulum fseste ece eorS-reced innan healde. 2720 Hyne ]>a, mid handa heoro-dreorigne, Jjeoden maerne, ]>ega ungemete till, wine-dryhten his, waetere gelafede hilde-saedne, ond his hel[m] onspeon. Biowulf majjelode : he ofer benne sprsec, 2725 wunde wsel-bleate ; wisse he gearwe, 2710. Grundtvig's emendation. Kemble 'srSes sige-hwil'; Grein 'si'Sast sige-hwila.' 2719. Heyne 'heoldon.' For the tense of. 11. 1923, 1928, 2486; and for the sing, verb with pi. subject in a subordinate clause cf. 1. 2164, and see the note on 1. 2035. 2723. MS. defective at edge, here and iu 1. 2727. BEOWULF. 117 J>Eet he daeg-hwila gedrogen hiefde eorSan wyiin[e]; Sa wses eall sceacen dogor-gerimes, dea?S ungemete neah ; '. " Nu ic suna minum syllan wolde 2730 gutS-gew£edu, ]?«r me gifetSe swa Eenig 3rrfe-*weard sefter wurde Fol. 189''. lice gelenge. Ic Sas leode heold fiftig wintra; nses se folc-cyning ymbe-sittendra Snig Sara, 2735 ]>e mec guS-winum gretan dorste, egesan 5eon. Ic on earde bad mffil-gesceafta, heold mia tela, ne sohte searo-niSas, ne me swor fela aSa on unriht. Ic Sses ealles mseg 2740 feorh-hennum seoc gefean habban ; forSam me witan ne Searf Waldend fira morSor-bealo maga, j^onne min sceacetS lif of lice. Nu Su lungre geong herd sceawian under harne stan, 2745 Wiglaf leofa, nu se wyrm ligeS, swefeS sare wund, since bereafod. Bio nil on ofoste, )?iEt ic Sr-welan, gold-seht ongite, gearo sceawige swegle searo-gimmas, ]?set ic Sy seft mtege 2750 aefter mat5t5um-welan min alaetan lif ond leod-scipe, );one ic longe heold." XXXVIII. Da ic snude gefrsegn sunu Wihstanes sefber word-cwydum wundum dryhtne hyran heatSo-siocum, hring-net beran. 118 BEOWULF. 2755 brogdne beadu-sercean, under beorges hrof. Geseab tSa sige-hre?Sig, ]7a he bi sesse geong, mago-J>ega *iQodig matStSum-sigla fealo, Fol. 190«. gold glitinian grunde getenge, wundur on wealle, ond J'ses wyrmes denn, 2760 ealdes iiht-flogan; orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu, feormend-lease, hyrstum behrorene. JJjer wses helm monig eald ond omig, earm-beaga fela searwum geseeled. Sine eaSe mseg, 2765 gold on grund[e], gum-cynnes gehwone oferhigian, hyde se Se wylle. Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden heah ofer horde, hond-wundra m^st, gelocen leoSo-crseftum ; of Sam leoma stod, 2770 )?8et he ]>one grund-wong ongitan meahte, wrseie giondwlitan. Naes tSses wyrmes J^aer onsyn Benig, ac hyne ecg fomam. Da ic on hlaewe gefraegn hord reafian, eald enta geweorc, anne mannan, 2775 him on bearm hladon biinan ond discas sylfes dome; segn eac genom, beacna beorhtost. Bill £er gescod 2755. MS. 'urder.' 2757. Most editors normalise to 'fela' or 'feola.' But see Sievers §§ 275 and 150, 3). 2765. MS. defective at edge. 2766. Grein '[hord] oferhigian' (surpass). No gap in MS. 2769. MS. «leomari,' 2771. MS. ' wrsece,' here and in 1. 3060. Thorpe ' wroste ' in both places. 2775. MS. 'hlodon.' For infin. in -on of. 11. 308, etc., and see Sievers § 363, 1). 2777. MS. 'fflrge seod.' Kemble ' ^i-gesaod,' brass-shod, sheatlied in BEOWULF. 119 (ecg wses iren) eald-hlafordes ]7am Sara maSma mund-bora wses 2780 longe hwile, lig-egesan wseg hatne for horde, hioro-weallende middel-nihtum, *o3 J^set he morSre swealt. Fol. Ar WSBS on ofoste, eft-siSes georn, 190". frsetwum gefyrtSred; hyae fyrwet braec, 2785 hwseSer coUen-ferS cwicne gemette in Sam wong-stede Wedra J»eoden, ellen-siocne, jjter he hine ser forlet. He 6a mid ]?am matSmum mjerne j^ioden, dryhtea sinne, driorigne fand 2790 ealdres set ende; he hine eft ongon wseteres weorpan, o3 ]>gdt wordes ord breost-hord Jjurhbrsec. [Beowulf matSelode,] gomel on gioASe gold sceawode : "■ "Ic Sara frsetwa Frean ealles Sane, 2795 Wuldur-cyninge, wordum secge, Scum Dryhtne, J»e ic her on staric, ]>ses Se ic moste minum leodum brass. This has the support of Thorpe and Grein, but lacks analogy; for the reading in the text cf. 1. 1587, and U. 1615, 2562, and 2973. 2778. Eieger 'eald-hlaforde' ( = the dragon), supported by Earle. The MS. reading, ' eald-hlafordes, ' is understood by Bugge and Heyne of Beowulf, by MUUenhofi and Wulcker of the former possessor of the hoard. The reading of the latter is : "segu eao genom, beacna beorhtost, bill sergescod (ecg WSBS iren) ealdhlafordea, |)am etc." It is obvious that 11. 2779—2782 refer to the dragon. Whether ' eald- hlafordes ' be taken to mean Beowulf or the former owner will probably depend on the interpretation accepted for ' cerge sood.' 2792. No gap in MS. 2793. MS. ' giogoSe ' ; Thorpe ' glohSe.' 120 BEOWULF. Sr swylt-daege swylc gestrynan. Nil ic on maSma hord mine bebohte 2800 frode feorh-lege, fremmaS gena leoda Jjearfe; ne mseg ic her leng wesan. HataS heaSo-meere hlsew gewyrcean beorhtne sefter bsele set brimes nosan; se seel to gemyndiim minum leodum 2805 heah hlifian on Hrones naesse, J'set hit S£e-liSend sySSan hatan Biowulfes biorh, Sa ?Se brentingas ofer *fl6da genipu feorran drifa??." Fol. 191°. Dyde him of healse bring gyldenne 2810 Jiioden J>rist-hydig ; J^egne gesealde, geongum gar-wigan, gold-fahne helm, beah ond byrnan, het hyne brucan well, "pu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, Weegmundinga ; ealle wyrd forsweop 2815 mine magas to metod-sceafte, eorlas on elne; ic him sf'ter sceal." pset WEBS ]?am gomelan gingseste word breost-gehygdum, ser he bael cure, hate hea?5o-wylmas ; him of hretSre gewat 2820 sawol secean soSfsestra dom. 2799. MS. 'minne.' 2800. Thorpe 'ge nu'; so Grein and Heyne. Why? 2814. MS. 'for/speof.' Kemble 'forsweof (so Grein and Heyne). But when the MS. reading is certainly wrong, it is surely better, by a change of two letters, to obtain the pret. of a verb already used in this poem (1. 477), and found in the past part, in " Genesis " 391, than, by a change of one letter only, to set up a verb, of whose existence there is no other evidence. 2819. MS. 'hwse^re.' Kemble's emendation. 2820. No number in the MS. after this line, but there is a space, and 1. 2821 begins with a large capital. BEOWULF. 121 [XXXIX.] y)a, wses gegongen gumaw unfrodum earfoSlice, Jjsefc he on eorSan geseah Jjone leofestan lifes set ende bleate gebEeran. Bona swylce Iseg, 2825 egeslic eorS-draca ealdre bereafod, beahve gebsded. Beah-hordum long wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne moste, ac hhie irenna ecga fornamon, hearde, heaSo-scearde homera lafe, 2830 jjset se wid-floga wundum stille hreas on hrusan hord-Eerne neah; nalles *aefter lyfte lacende hwearf Fo). 19]". middel-nihtum, ma?Sm-8ehta wlonc ansyn ywde, ac he eorSan gefeoll 2835 for Bses hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Huru jjset on lande lyt manna tSah msegen-agendra, mine gefriJege, ]>eah. Se he dSda gehwses dyrstig wsere, J»set he witJ attor-sceaSan oreSe gertesde, 2840 oS6e hring-sele hondum styrede, gif he waeccende weard onfunde buon on beorge. Biowulfe wearS drj'ht-maSma dSl deaSe forgolden; hsefde gghwseSer ende gefered 2821. MS. 'gumu unfrodu,' doubtless another instance of "anticipa- tion"; in 1. 158 the MS. has 'banu folmu.' 2828. MS. 'him'; so Heyne and Wiilcker. In all other instances forniman governs the aecus. 2844. MS. ' esgh-wse'Sre' ; Kemble ' SBghwse^er.' Grein 'SghwasSre {ace. pi.) ende (mom.).' But cf. 1. 3063; besides, ^ghw(ElSer ia found no- where else in the pi. 122 BEOWULF. 2845 Isenan lifes. Nses 8a lang to tJon, Jjaet Sa hild-latan holt ofgefan, tydre treow-logan tyne setsomne, Sa ne dorston ser dareSum lacan on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan Jjearfe; 2850 ac by scamiende scyldas bseran, gut5-gew£edu, J^Ser se gomela liseg; wlitan on Wi[g]laf. He gewergad sset, feSe-cempa, frean eaxlum neah, wehte hyne wsetre; him wiht ne speow. 2855 Ne meahte he on eorSan, Seah he uSe wel, on Sam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, ne Sses Wealdendes [willan] wiht oncirrau. Wolde dom *Godes dsedum reedan Fol. 192«. gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen deS. 2860 pa waes set tSam geongum grim ondswaru e3-begete, J^am Se £er his elne forleas. Wiglaf maSelode, Weohstanes sunu, sec[g] sarig-ferS seah on unleofe : "pset la! mseg secgan, se Se wyle soS specan, 2865 J>8et se mon-dryhten, se eow Sa maSmas geaf, eored-geatwe, ]>e ge ]?2er on standaS, ]7onne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde heal-sittendum helm ond byrnan, Jjeoden his J^egnum, swylce he j^ryc'^licost 2870 ower feor oSSe neah findan meahte, 2852. MS. 'wilaf.' 2854. MS. 'speop.' 2857. Thorpereads'willan' for'wiht'(so Wiilcker). Heyne's emenda- tion in text. It is easier to believe that the scribe omitted a word, than that he wrote wiht for willan. ' 2863. MS. 'sec' 2869. MS. 'J>rydlicost.' BEOWULF. 123 J?8et he genunga gutS-gew^du ■wratSe forwurpe, 5a hyne wig beget. Nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum gylpan ]?orfte; hwisSre him God uSe, 2875 sigora Waldend, ]7set he hyne sylfne gewrsec ana mid ecge, ]?a him wses elnes )7earf. Ic him lif-\vrat5e lytle meahte setgifan set guSe, ond ongan swa J^eah ofer min gemet mseges helpan. 2880 Symle wses ]>j seemra, j?onne ic sweorde drep ferhS-geniSlan ; fyr unswiSor weoll of gewitte. Wergendra to lyt J7rong ymbe J^eoden, J»a hyne sio *J>rag FoI. becwom. 192''. NvL sceal sinc-Jiego ond swyrd-gifu, 2885 eall eSel-wyn, eowrum cynne, liifen alicgean ; lond-rihtes mot yeeie meeg-burge monna Sghwylo idel hweorfan, sySSan seSelingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, 2890 dom-leasan dted. DeatS biS sella eorla gehwylcum ]?onne edwit-lif," XL. Heht Sa J^aet heaSo-weorc to hagan biodan 2881. MS. 'fyrun ("« altered from a") swi'Sor.' Grein 'fyr ran swiSor.* This makes Beowulf, instead of the dragon, the subject of wees (2880), and spoils the passage. For "unswrSor," cf. I. 2578. 2882. MS. 'fergendra.' 2884. MS. 'hu.' 124 BEOWULF up ofer e£f-clif, J^ser ]?3et eorl-weorod morgen-longne daeg mod-giomor sset 2895 bord-hsebbende, bega on wenum, ende-dogores ond eft-cymes leofes monnes. Lyt swigode niwra spella, se Se nses gerad, ac he soSSlice seegde ofer ealle: 2900 "Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leoda, dryhten Geata, dea?S-bedde fjBst, wunatS wsel-reste wyrmes dgedum. Him on efn ligeS ealdor-gewinna siex-bennum seoc; sweorde ne meahte 2905 on ?5am aglsecean senige j^inga wunde gewyrcean. Wiglaf siteS ofer Biowulfe, byre Wihstanes, eoA ofer oSrum unlifigendum, healdetS hige-mseSum *heafod-wearde Fol. 193". 2910 leofes ond laSes. Nu ys leodum wen orleg-hwile, sy?SSan under[ne] Froncum ond Frysum fyll cyninges wide weorSeS. Wses sio wroht scepen beard wis Hugas, sySSan Higelac cwom 2915 faran flot-herge on Fresna land, )7£er hyne Hetware hilde gehnsegdon, elne geeodon, mid ofer-msegene, \>iBt se byrn-wiga biigan sceolde, feoll on feSan; nalles frsetwe geaf 2920 ealdor dugoSe. Us wses a sytSSan 2893. MS. 'eog clif' ; Kemble 'eg-elif.' Cf. 1. 577. Bc^ is used only of weapons in 0. E. 2909. Sievers 'liige-me«e'; cf. 1. 2442. 2911. MS. 'under.' Grein's emendation. Cf . L 127. BEOWULF. 125 Merewioingas milts ungyfetSe. Ne ic to Sweo-Seode sibbe ot5Se treowe wihte ne wene; ac wses wide cuS, ]>sette OngentSio ealdre besnySede 2925 HffiScen Hrejjling wiS Hrefna-wudu, )>§, for onmedlan serest gesohton Geata leode GuS-Scilfingas. Sona him se froda fseder Ohtheres, eald ond eges-full, ondslyht ageaf, 2930 abreot brim-wisan, bryd aheorde, gomela io-meowlan golde berofene, Onelan modor ond Ohtheres, ond Sa folgode feorh-geni?Slan, oS Saet hi otSeodon earfoSlice 2935 in Hrefnes holt hlaford-lease. Besset tSa sin-herge sweorda lafe wundum werge ; *wean oft gehet Fol. 193". earmre teohhe ondlonge niht; cweeS, he on mergenne meces ecgum 2940 getan wolde, sum[e] on galg-treowu[m] [fuglum] to gamene. Frofor eft gelamp sarig-modum somod Eer-dsege, sySSan hie Hygelaces horn ond byman 2921. Wulcber ' MerewJoinga.' See note on 1. 2453. 2922. MS. 'te.' 2929. MS. ' bond slyht,' here and in 1. 2972. The change in the text is necessary, unless one admits that h can alliterate with vowels. Such cases as this and that of the name "Unferth,"' always HunferS in the MS. but alliterating with vowels, tempt strongly to the abandonment of the rule. Cf. 1. 1541 (and note), and see Sievers § 217, N. 1. 2930. MS. and Zupitza 'bryda heorde.' 2940 — 1. MS. ' sum on galg treown to gamene.' Thorpe ' sume ' and 'fuglum,' comparing Judith 297: "fuglum to frofre." 126 BEOWULF. gealdor ongeaton, ]>a, se goda c5m 2945 leoda dugoSe on last faran. XLI. Wses sio swat-swatSu Sw[e]ona ond Geata, w£el-r®s weora, wide gesyne, hu Sa folc mid him feehSe towehton. Gewat him Sa se goda mid his gsedelingum, 2950 frod, fela-geomor, fsesten secean, eorl Ongenjjio ufor oncirde; hiefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, wlonces wig-crseft; wiSres ne truwode, ]7set he sEe-mannum onsacan mihte, 2955 heaSo-liSendum, hord forstandan, beam ond bryde; beah eft jjonan eald under eor3-weall. pa waes teht boden Sweona leodum, segn Hige]ace[s] ; freotSo-wong }»one fort?' ofereodon, 2960 sytSSan HreSlingas to hagan ]>T\mgon. j7aer wearS Ongen?Siow ecgum sweorda, blonden-fexa, on bid wrecen, jjset se J^eod-cyning 8afian sceolde 2946. MS. 'swona.' 2958. Grein and Heyne retain the MS. reading; the latter explains: "Das auf der Pluoht entrissene Banner der Sohweden kam in Hygelaos Hiinde." But it is a far cry from giving chase to the capture of the banner, not to mention the violent zeugma in boden. Bugge supports Kemble's emendation, adopted in the text: "Das erhobene banner ist das merkmal der verfolgung." 2959. MS. 'ford.' Heyne thinks ^ecSo-worej may be a proper name. Would it, in that case, be followed by ISoneJ 2961. MS. 'Eweordu.' BEOWULF. 127 Eafores *anne dom. Hyne yrringa foi. 194' 29G5 Wulf Wonreding wiepne geraehte, ]78efc him for swenge swat ledrum sprang forts under fexe. JSTaes he forht swa Seh, gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hratJe wyrsan wrixle 'wsel-hlem ]7one, 2970 sySSan tSeod-cyning ]?yder oncirde. Ne meahte se snella sunu Wonredes ealdum ceorle ondslyht giofan, ac he him on heafde helm ser gescer, ^jset he blode fah bugan sceolde, 2975 feoll on foldan; nses he fsege J^a git, ac he hyne gewyrpte, Jieah ?Se him wund hrine. Let se hearda Higelaces J'egn brad[n]e mece, J>a his broSor Iseg, eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm 2980 brecan ofer bord-weal ; Sa gebeah cyning, folces hyrde, wses in feorh dropen. Da wseron monige, ]>e his mmg writSon, ricone areerdon, Sa him gerymed wearS, J^aet hie wael-stowe wealdan moston, 2985 ]»enden reafode rinc 6?5erne, nam on Ongen?Slo iren-byrnan, heard swyrd hilted ond his helm somod; hares hyrste Higelace bser. He tS[am] frsetwum feng, ond him fsegre gehet 2990 leana [for] *leodum, ond gelseste swa ; Pol. 194*. 2964. Heyne ' Eofores.' But see 1. 2757 (note), aud of. eafor, 2152. 2972. See note on 1. 2929. 2978. MS. 'brade.' 2989. MS. defective at comer, here and in the next line. 2990. A word is missing in the MS. in the first half of this line. 128 BEOWULF. geald ];one guS-rses Geafca dryhten, HretSles eafora, )»a he to ham becom, lofore ond Wulfe mid ofer-maSmum, sealde hiora gehwseSrum bund )>usenda 2995 landes ond locenra beaga ; ne Sorfte him Sa lean oSvvitan mon on middan-gearde, syS5a[n] hie Sa meeiSa geslogon ; ond tSa lofore forgeaf angan dohtor, ham-weor?Sunge, byldo to wedde. pset ys sio fsehtSo ond se feond-scipe, 3000 W8el-nif5 wera, Sees 5e ic [wen] hafo, ]>e us seceafS to Sweona leoda, sy8San hie gefricgeatS frean liserne ealdor-leasne, ]7one Se £er geheold wis hettendum hord ond rice 3005 iEfter hseleSa hryre, hwate Scil/ingas, folc-red fremede, oSSe furSur gen B has two dots, Zupitza three. Eemble ' on.' For for leodum cf. "Daniel" 720: "he for leodum lygeword gecwjeS." MS. 'gelsBsta.' 2996. MS. ' sy««a.' 3000. No gap in MS. Kemble's emendation. Cf. 1. 383. 3001. Heyne 'leode.' For the pi. leoda see Wulfstan (ed. Napier) 106. 23, and Ps. 71. 10. 3005. MS. ' Scildingaa.' Miillenhoff considered this line a eanekss repetition of 1. 2052. It is the easiest way out of the difficulty. Thorpe ' Scyldingas,' and in a footnote: "Hence it would appear that Beowulf, in consequence of the fall of Hrothgar's race, was called to rule also over the Danes (Scyldings)." The punctuation in the text allows Scylfingas to be taken in apposition with hie in 1. 3002, which is intolerably forced, or parallel with hord ond rice in 1. 3004. I favour the latter interpretation, if the line is to be kept, and can only suppose that the term "Scylfingas" could be applied equally, on the ground of common ancestry, to both Swedes and Geats. See I. 2603, where Wiglaf is called "leod Scylfinga." BEOWULF. 129 eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ofost betost, ]7iBt we )7eod-cyning JjSr sceawian, ond Jjone gebringan, ]?e us beagas geaf, 3010 on ad-fsere. Ne seel anes hwset meltaa mid J?am modigan, ac ^siv is matSma hord, gold unrime, grimme gecea[po]d, ond nu set siSestan sylfes feore beagas [geboh]te; )7a sceall brond fretan, 3015 ^led J?eccean, *nalle3 eorl wegan Fol. 195". matStSum to gemyndum, ne msegS scyne habban on healse hring-weorSunge, ac sceal geomor-mod, golde bereafod, oft, nalles sene, el-land tredan, 3020 nu se here-wisa hleahtor alegde, gamen ond gleo-dream. ForSon sceall gar wesan, monig morgen-ceald, mundum bewunden, haefen on handa, nalles hearpan sweg wigend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn 3025 fus ofer fsegum fela reordian, earne secgan hu him set sete speow, )7enden he witS wulf wsel reafode.'' Swa se secg hwata sec^'ende wses laSra spella; he ne leag fela 3030 wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras ; eodon unbliSe under Eama nses, wollen-teare, wundur sceawian. Fundon Sa on sande sawul-leasne hlim-bed healdan, |7one J^e him hringas geaf 3007. MS. 'meis.' Kemble's emendation. Me is is a possible reading. 3012. MS. defective at corner, here and in 1. 3014. 3028. Grein and Zupitza ' secg-hwata. ' MS. ' secg gende,' probably due to "repetition." But seeSievers§ 216, N. 1. 3034. Grrein (after Grimm) 'hlln-bed.' See note on 1. 1271. W. B. 9 130 BEOWULF. 3035 ffirran indium; ]>a, wses ende-d«g godum gegongen, J^set se gu?S-cyning, Wedra Jjeoden, wundor-deaSe swealt. .^r hi J>ffir gesegan syllicran wiht, wyrm on wonge wifSer-rsehtes ]>seT 3040 laSne licgean ; wses se leg-draca, grimlic gryr[e], *gledum beswffiled. Fol. 195". Se wses fiftiges fot-gemearces lang on legere ; lyft-wynne heold nihtes hwilum, nySer eft gewat 3045 dennes niosian; wses Sa deaSe fest, haefde eortS-scrafa ende genyttod. Him big stodan bunan ond orcas, discas lagon ond dyre swyrd, omige, ]7urh-etone, swa hie wi?S eorSan fsetSm 3050 ]7usend wintra Jiser eardodon; J»onne waes ]7set yrfe eacen-crseftig, iu-monna gold, galdre bewunden, ]7set ?Sam hring-sele hiiuan ne moste gumena Snig, nefne God sylfa, 3055 sigora SotS-cyning, sealde ]>s,m Se he wolde (he is manna gehyld) herd opeuian, efne swa hwylcum manna, swa him gemet Suhte. 3035. MS. 'ffirrun' ("« altered from a by erasure."— Z.) Sievers § 304, N. 2. 3041. MS. defective at corner. Heyne 'gryre-gsst' (of. 1. 2560), based on Kolbing's statement that there is room for from four to six letters on the missing corner. This seems more than doubtful. B 'gry...'; Zupitza 'gryr[e]' simply. It would appear from the facsimile that the corner of the folio was defective from the very first and that certainly not more than one letter is missing. This is confirmed by the fact, that if the corner had been perfect there had been ample space for two or three letters after laiSne at the end of the bottom line but one. BEOWULF. 131 XLII. pa. wses gesyne, Jitefc se siS ne Sah ]7am Se unrihte inne gehydde 3060 wraete under wealle. Weard ^r ofsloh feara sumne; fa, sio fsehS gewearS gewrecen wraSlice. Wundur hwar jjonne eorl ellen-rof ende gefere lif-gesceafta, }»onne leng ne ma^g 3065 mon mid his [majgum medu-seld buan. Swa wses Blowulfe, *J»a. he biorges weard Fol. 196». sohte, searo-niSas ; seolfa ne cu6e, )7urh hwset his worulde gedal weorSan sceolde. Swa hit otS domes dseg diope benemdon 3070 J?eodnas msere, ]>a, tSset ]>^r dydon, J>set se secg wtere synnum scildig, hergum geheaSerod, hell-bendum faest, wommum gewitnad, se Sone wong strade. Nses he gold-hwa^; gearwor haefde 3075 Agendes est ser gesceawod. Wiglaf maSelode, Wihstanes sunu: "Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan wrsec adreogaTO, swa us geworden is. Ne meahton we gelseran leofne ]>eoden, 3080 rices hyrde, ried Eenigne, J^set he ne grette gold-weard J^one, 3060. MS. 'wrffioe'; Thorpe 'wr£ete.' Cf. 1. 2771. 3065. MS. defective at corner. Wiiloker has a question-mark after iUan. 3073. MS. 'strade.' Cf. 1. 3126. 3074. MS. 'gold-hwiete.' Thorpe and Wuloker 'gold-hwffite'; Grein (after Bugge) 'Nses ("not") he gold-hwsete (agreeing with est] gearwor etc' Sievers ' gold-hwastes ' (agreeing with agendes). 3078. MS. 'a dreoge«.' 9—2 132 BEOWULF. lete hyne licgean, )?£er he longe wses, ■wicum -wunian oS woruld-ende ; heold on heah gesceap. Hord ys gesceawod, 3085 grimme gegongen; wses fast gifetSe to swiS, ]>e Sone [j^eod-cyning] jjyder ontyhte. Ic wses j^Sr inne ond ]7set eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, jia, me gerymed waes nealles swseslice, sit5 alyfed 3090 inn under eor8-weall. Ic on ofoste gefeng micle mid mundum msegen-byrSenne hord-gestreona, hider *ut setbser Fol. ige''. cyninge minum ; cwico wses ]>& gena, wis ond gevvittig. Worn eall gespraec 3095 gomol on gehSo, ond eowic gretau het, bsed J»3et ge geworhton aefter wines dsedum in bsel-stede beorh J'one hean, micelne ond mserne, swa he manna wses wigend weortS-fullost wide geond eorSan, 3100 ]7enden he burh-welan brucan moste. Uton nu efstan oSre [siSe] seon ond secean searo-gejraec, wundur under wealle; ic eow wisige, 3084. MS. 'heoldon,' or not impossibly 'heold on.' Heyne ' Heoldon heah gesceap,' wir erhielten ein schweres Schicksal. Wuloker ' woruld- ende, / healdan heah-gesceap.' These appear to me equally unsatisfactory, and I have therefore suggested an emendation, which, if it lacks analogy, yet seems to give the sense required: "We could not dissuade him; he held (on) to his high fate, or he held on {adv.) his high fate." Grein and Toller give several instances of the intrans. use of healdan, and of on used adverbially. See also Matzner's 0. E. Diet., p. 405, col. 1 ; among other passages there quoted is; "hald hardiliche o -jJ tu haues bigunnen," St. Kath. 676. 3086. No gap in MS. Grein's emendation. Grundtvig ')>eoden,' 3101. No gap in MS. BEOWULF, 133 J»8et ge genoge neon sceawiaS 3105 beagas ond brad gold. Sie sio bger gearo Eedre gesefned, fonne we ut cymen, ond ]7onne geferian frean userne, leofne mannan, f^r he'longe sceal on Saes Waldendes wsere gejjolian." 3110 Het tSa gebeodan byre Wihstanes, hsele hilde-dior, hseleSa monegum, bold-agendra, Jiset hie bjel-wudu feorran feredon, folc-agende, godum togenes: "Nu sceal gled fretan 3115 (weaxan wonna leg) wigena strengel, )?one fSe oft gebad isern-scure, jjonne str^la storm strengum gebseded scoc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heold, fec^er-gearwum fus flane full-eode." 3120 Huru se snotra sunu Wihstanes acigde of corSre *cyni[n]ges }»egnas Fol. 198». syfone [setjsomne, fa. selestan, eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof ; hilde-rinc sum on handa bser 3125 Sled-leomaUj se 5e on orde geong. Nags !Sa on hlytme, hwa Jjset hord strude, sySSan orwearde senigne dsel secgas gesegon on sale wunian, 3104. Heyne ' nean. See Sievers § 150. 3. 3119. MS. 'feeder gearwu.' Kemble's emendation. 8121. This folio, the last, is terribly mutilated with tears and holes. MS. 'cyniges.' 3122. Zupitza '[to]-sonmie,' and in a foot-note: "now to entirely gone.' That "now" is misleading, for apparently it was just as entirely gone in Thorkelin's time. In the absence of evidence in its favour, I read cetiomne with Grein ; cf. 1. 2847. 134 BEOWULF. Isene licgan; lyt senig mearn, 3130 jjeet hi ofostlic[e] lit geferedon dyre maSmas. Dracan ec scufun, wyrm ofer weall-clif, leton weg niman, flod fsetSmian, frsetwa hyrde. f)£er wees wunden gold on wsen hladen, 3135 Sghwces unrim ; sejjelingf boren, bar bilde[-rinc], to Hrones neesse. XLIII. Him ?5a gegiredan Geata leode ad on eorSan unwaclicne, helm[um] bebongen, bilde-bordum, 3140 beorbtum bymunij swa be bena wa3s; alegdon Sa tomiddes mierne )jeoden baeleS biofende, blaford leofne. Ongunnon fa. on beorge bzel-fyra mast wigend weccan ; ■wud[u]-rec astah 3145 sweart ofer swioSole, swogende leg wope bewunden (wind-blond gelteg), 3130. MS. defective at edge. 3134. MS. 'p.' Thorpe 'pffir.' 3135. MS. 'aej)elinge.' 3136. MS. 'hilde to.' " I am unable to decide whether there is an erasure of one letter after hilde or an original blank." — Z. Thorpe's emendation. 3139. MS. ' helm.' Grein's emendation. 3144. Hole in MS. 3145. MS. ' BwiclSole.' A difficult word. Toller gives two or three instances of swiee, swicc (?), "scent, smell." Skeat suggests "smelling fir-wood," from O.E. ^ol(l), loel. i>ollr, "a thole, » peg," originally "fir- tree." Grein connects with swalSul (1. 782). See glossary. MS. 'let'; Thorpe 'leg.' BEOWULF. 135 oS Jjjet he 5a ban-hus gebrocen hoefde, hat on hretSre. Higum unrote mod-ceare msendon mon-dryhtnes cw[e]alm ; 3150 swylce glomor gyd *[sio geo-]meowle Fol. igs". [b]unden heorde . . . sorg-cearig sselSe geneahhe, )j8et hio hyre ::::::: gas hearde : : : : ; de wsel-fylla wonn : : : : des egesan 3155 hySo : h : : : : : d. Heofon rece swe[a]lg. 3149. MS. torn at foot. 3150. "Almost all that la legible in this page freshenecl up in a late hand."— Z. 3150 — 5. I have treated these six mutilated lines in the same way as U. 2214 — 20, that is to say, the text is an accurate reproduction of Zupitza's transliteration of the MS. The only changes are the division into verse-lines, and the addition of length-marks, etc.; the letters in square brackets also are added from Zupitza's foot-notes. For the most part it is needless to give the foot-notes themselves. The division into lines is not absolutely certain, but again I agree with Bugge, and again I arrived at the same conclusion as he quite independently — that this passage contains six verse-lines and not seven, as in Heyne, Wiilcker, etc. For example, Heyne makes two half-lines between egesan and heofon, where, according to Zupitza, there is room in the MS. for only twelve letters. Similarly, Wuloker makes a whole line between wonn and hy^o. Since the rearrangement and renumbering in the text are confirmed by the alliteration and by Bugge's restoration below, they may be considered proven. This makes the total number of lines in the poem one less— 3182 (WiUcker 3183, Heyne 3184). With respect to'geo-meowle'Zupitza says: " This reading is confirmed by the word written over meowle, which is neither con nor on, but, without any doubt, (the Latin) anus." 8153. "The first two letters after hearde look like on or an, the letter before de may have been e, as the stroke that generally connects e with a following letter is preserved." — Z. 3155. Bugge's reconstruction of this passage (see "Beit." x. 110 — 11) is, apart from the last half-line, hardly to be improved upon : 3150 swylce giomor-gyd sio geo-meowle 136 BEOWULF. Geworhton 8a Wedra leode hl[£ew] on [h]li5e, se wses heah ond brad, [w8e]g-lit5endum wide g[e]syiie, ond betimbredoQ on tyn dagum 3160 beadu-rofes been; bronda lafe wealle beworhton, swa hyt weorSlIcost fore-snotre men findan mihton. Hi on beorg dydon beg ond siglu, eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ser 3165 niS-hedige men genumen hasfdon; forleton eorla gestreon eorSan healdan, gold on greote, ]>^r hit nu gen lifaS eldum swa unnyt, swa hi[t £ero]r wses. pa ymbe hlsew riodan hilde-deore 3170 sejjelinga beam ealra twelfa, woldon [ceare] cwiSan, kyning meenan, word-gyd wrecan, ond ymb w[er] sprecan; ffifter Beowulfe bunden-heorde song sorg-cearig, s^de geneahhe, J>Eet faio hyre heanu-dagas hearde ondrede, wael-fylla worn, 'wigendes egesan, hyn^o ond hseft-nyd, heof on rice wealg. He adds: " For the whole passage of. 11. 3016 — 20. Beowulf s aged widow (geo-meowle) was perhaps Hygd; of. 11. 2369 ff." 3157. Zupitza 'hi:: onli'Se,' and in a foot-note; "I am unable to make out hUew after leode : the two last letters seem to me to be rather eo." See 1. 3169. Thorpe 'hlitSe.' 3158. The remainder of this page is frequently illegible or defective, both at the edges and elsewhere. 3160. Heyne: "be Idfe — so MS. nach Zupitza." This is an error; Zupitza has no be. 3168. Zupitza 'hi : : : : r.' Kemble's emendation. 3171. Zupitza '::;:'; Grein 'ceare.' Possibly the missing word is wope, as in "Gen." 996. 3172. Zupitza 'w:;'; Grein 'wer.' BEOWULF. 137 eahtodan eorl-scipe, ond his ellen-weorc duguSum demdon, swa hit ge-de[fe] biS, 3175 l^set mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, ferhtSum freoge, ]7onne he forS scile of lic-haman [Isene] weortSan. Swa begnornodon Geata leode hlafordes [hiy]re, heortS-geneatas ; 3180 cwEedon ]7set he wsere wyruld-cyning, manna mildust ond mon-pwjserusfc, leodum liSost, ond lof-geornost. 3174. Hole in MS. 3177. Zupitza: " laehaman MS., but there can be little doubt that lac instead of lie is owing only to the late hand." Zupitza '::::'; Kemble ' Isne.' 3179. Zupitza ' : : : re'; Thorpe 'hryre.' 3181. MS. torn at foot. For a list of the words and syllables, the vowels of which are marked long in the MS., see the Preface, APPENDIX. TELE PIGHT AT FINNSBURG*. (See -"Beowulf" 11. lOGSff.) « * * [hor]nas byrna'S nsefre?" HleoSrode \>S, heaSo-geong oyuing: "Ne •Sis ne dagalS eastan, ne her draca ne fleogeS, ne her 'Sisse healle hornas ne byrnaiS, 5 ac fer fori; bera'S, fugelas singa^, gylle^ grffig-hama, gu'S-wudu hlynne'S, seyld soefte oncwy^. Nu scyneiS \>ea mona watSol under wolonum ; nu arlsaS wea-dseda, ■Se tSisne folces niS fremman willa'S. 10 Ac onwacnigeaS nu, wigeud mine, habbalS eowre linda, hicgea^ on ellen, winua'S on orde, wesa^ on mode." pa aras mcsnig gold-hladen ^egn, gyrde hine his swurde; \th to dura eodon drihtliee cempan, 15 Sigefer^ and Eaha, hyra sword getugon, and set ofirnm durum Ordlaf end Giijjlaf and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste. pa gyt Garulf Gu^ere styrode, * "Fragment! poetioi singulare folium, in codiee MS. homiliarura Semi-Saxoniearum qui extat in Bibliotheca Lambethana." Hiekes t, 192. The MS. is now lost. Hiokes's readings are denoted by H., but they are given only when they have been considerably altered in the text. 2. ' hearo geong ' H. 3. ' eastun ' H. 5. 'her'H. 11. ' landa ' H. ' hie gea> ' H. 12. ' windalS ' H. APPENDIX. 139 J>£et hie swa freolio feorh forman si))e 20 to BSre healle durum hyrsta ne bSran, nu hyt mjpa, heard anyman wolde ; ao he frsegn ofer eal undearninga, deor-mod hieletS, hwa ^a duru huolde. " Sigeferjj is min nama (owe15 he), ic eom Secgena leod, 25 wreooea wide oulS. Fela ic weana gebad, heardra hilda ; 'Se is gyt her ■witod, swiB'Ser tSu sylf to me seoean -wylle." pa wses on wealle wsel-slihta gehlyu, seeolde cellod bord cenum on handa, 30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-IJelu dynede, SS [hffit] set ^ffire gutSe Garulf gecrang, eah-a Srest eor'S-buendra, GuSlafes sunu, ymbe hyne godra fela. Hwarf [fjlacra hrlew hrsefen, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-briin; swurd-leoma stod swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu wSre. Ne gefrsegn ic nSfre wurjilioor at wera hilde sixtig sige-beoma sel gebSrau, ne nffifre swanas swetne medo sel forgyldan, 40 ISonne Hntefe guldau his hsg-stealdas. Hig fuhton fif dagas, swa hyra nan ne feol driht-gesfiSa, ao hig 'Sa duru heoldon. pa gewat him wund hseleU on wseg gangan, siede })£et his byrne abrooen ware, 45 here-sceorp unhror, and eao wses his helm ^yil. Da bine sona fraegn foloes hyrde, hu ISa wigend hyra wunda genSson, o'S'Se hwsetjsr iSisra hyssa * + * 19. 'he'H. 25. ' wreoten ' H. ' f fflla ' H. ' weuna ' H. 26. ' heordra ' H. 28. 'heaUe'H. 29. ' seeolde Celces bor^ genumon handa ' 11. 34. ' Hwearflaora hrser ' H. 39. ' ne nefre swa noo hwitne medo ' H. 45. ' here sceorpum hror ' H. GENEALOGICAL TABLES. (1) THE DANISH E.OYAL FAMILY. Soef or Soeaf Soyld Beowulf (not the hero) Healfdene f T 1 1 Heorogar HrffSgar^Wealhljeow Halga Ongen)>eow(?)=Elan(?) II I ]4t(mi^.u-€eow=Elan (?) r~ ' ' — = 1 Onela Ohthere Eanmund Eadgils PERSONS AND PLACES. Abel, slain by Cain, 108. JElfhere. Wiglaf is called " kinsman of iElfhere," 2604. JEsoliere, Hrothgar's dearest counsellor and comrade in arms, slain and carried off by Grendel's dam in revenge, for her son, 1294 — 1340, 2120—2130. Ar-Scyldlngas, 464, Honour-Scyldinga, a name of the Danes ; see Scyl- dingas. Beanstan, Breca's father, 524. Beorht-Dene, 427, 609, Bright-Danes ; see Dene. Beowulf the Dane (not the hero of the poem), 18, 53, an ancestor of the Danish king Hrothgar. Beowulf the Geat (the second scribe, who begins in the MS. in 1. 1939, favours the spelling Biowulf, 1987, 1999, etc.; gen. Blowulfes, 2194, 2631, 2807 ; dat. Biowulfe, 2324, 2842, 2907, 3066), the hero of the poem, first mentioned in 1. 194, as " Hygelao's thane," first named in 1. 343. He is the- son of Ecgtlieow ; his mother's name is not given, but she was the daughter of Hrethel, king of the Geats, and therefore sister of Hygelao. The whole poem is a record of Beowulf's hfe, exploits, death, and burial ; but a few facts deserve special mention. After his seventh year he was brought up at the court of his grand- father, Hrethel, with his uncles, Herebeald, Hiethcyn, and Hygelao (2423— 34). In his youth, he was for a long time despised as slothful and unwarlike (2183 — 9), but when he grew up his hand had the strength of thirty other men's (379). It is therefore as a "hand- slayer" (2502) that he attains his chiefest fame (2684 ff.). He accompanied Hygelac in his fatal expedition against the Hetware, and saved his own life, after the fall of the Geat king, by swimming home across the sea (2359 fi.). He refused the throne, offered him 142 BEOWULF. by Hygelao's widow (23G9 fi.) ; acted as guardian and protector to Hygelac's son Heardred (2377), and on the death of the latter became king of the Geats, whom he ruled for fifty years (2209), Beowulf is a hero worthy of our only great English epic, a warrior " sans peur et sans reproche." His love of fighting, his eagerness for praise (3182), his touch of braggadocio, were far from being faults in the eyes of the " scop," and he has some of the qualities of true greatness : in the closing words of the poem he is called the mildest, gentlest, and kindest of men. The Beowulf who took part in Hygelao's historical expedition against the Hetware is probably historical too ; but the BeowuH of the four great exploits of the poem, the swimming match with Breca, and the contests with Grendel, with his dam, and with the dragon, has probably stepped into the place of the mythical Beowa of the Old English royal genealogies. Breca, son of Beanstan (524), and a chief of the Brondings (521). Beowulf s swimming-match with Breca is the subject of Unferth's taunt (II. 506 it.). Brondingas; 521, see Breca. Brosinga mene (loel. Brisinga men), the famous Brising necklace or collar. " This necklace is the Brisinga-men — the costly necklace of Freyja, which she won from the dwarfs and which was stolen from her by Loki, as is told in the Edda." — Kemble. The circlet given to Beowulf after the slaughter of Grendel can only be compared to the Brosings' (or Brisings') necklace which Hama carried ofi when he fled from Eormenrio (11. 1195 ff.). See Bugge in "Beitrage " xii. Cain is the ancestor of Grendel (111, 1265). Daeghrefn (dat. 2501), a brave warrior of the Hugs, seems to have killed Hygelao in the battle (cf. 11. 1207—11 with 2503—4). Beowulf was his "hand-slayer" (2502). Dene {gen. Dena 242, Deniga 271, Denia 2125), the Danes, the subjects of Hrothgar. They dwell in the Scede-lands (19), in Sceden-ig (1686), "between the seas" (1685). They are called by various other names in the poem: Beorht-Dene, Gar-Dene, Hring-Dene, in supposed allusion to their warlike character ; East-Dene, Nor'S-Dene, Su'S Dene, West-Dene, in supposed allusion to their wide distribution ; Soyldingas, etc., Ingwine, and HreSmen, all of which see. Eadgils, younger son of Ohthere. What is told of the brothers Eadgils and Eanmund in the poem, as in the case of the other allusions and episodes, must have been PERSONS AND PLACES. 143 originally intended for hearers who were supposed to know all about them. For us, the order and nature of the events referred to are sometimes by no means clear, especially when we can get little help from external sources. In this particular instance, however, it is not difficult to read between the lines, and put together a complete story, and we have the Scandinavian accounts to help us. Eanmund and Eadgils are banished from Sweden for rebellion (2379 ff.), and take refuge at the court of the Geat king, Heardred. The fact of their finding an asylum with his hereditary foes (see Ougentheow) seems to have so enraged the Swedish king Onela, their uncle, that he invades Geatland (2202 ff.) and succeeds in slaying Heardred (2384 ff.), but allows Beowulf to succeed to the Geat throne unmolested (2389 — 90). Heardred is the second Geat king (see Hsethcyn) who had fallen by the hands of the Swedes, and Beowulf at a later time (2392) balances the feud by supporting Eadgils in his subsequent invasion of Sweden, in which the latter slew the king, his uncle Onela (2391 ff.). This version of the story is confirmed by reference to the Norse accounts, in which A^ils (= Eadgils) slays Ali ( = Onela) on the ice of Lake Wener (see 1. 2396). Heyne (followed unfortunately by Brooke) seems to pervert and distort this simple story almost beyond belief. He says (the square brackets are mine) : ' The relations of Ohthere's sons to Hygelac's son appear according to the text to be as follows. Ohthere's sons, Eanmund and Eadgils, have revolted against their father (2381) [why their father rather than Onela?], in consequence of which they have to quit Sweden (2379) and come to Heardred (2380). One of them kills the latter under mysterious circumstances (2385) [2385 does not say so] ; it must have been Eanmund, whom Weohstaii slays on the spot therefor, of. 2612. Eadgils escapes to his home (2387, for " Ongen>Ioes beam" here means his grandson Eadgils, for " beam " can be used in the sense of descendant, cf. Daniel 73 : " Israela beam") [special pleading! "Israela bearn" = the children of Israel. What possible inference can there be from this to the meaning "grandson"? And why go to Daniel, in preference to referring to the seven instances of this use of " beam " in his own glossary to Beowulf? How much better to take "beam" to mean son, as in every other case of its singular use in the poem I], where in the meantime his father Ohthere seems to have died [I]. After Beowulf has become king of the Geats (2389), his thoughts turn to taking his revenge on Eadgils (2391) ; he becomes his enemy [the MS. has "freond " II]. Eadgils invades the land of the Geats (2393—4 ; read 144 BEOWULF. "gestepte" from "gesteppan," and not "gestepte" from "gestepan"), but is killed by Beowulf (2396) [then "Beowulf" is the subject of " weartS " (2392), " sunu Ohteres " (2394) is the subject of " gestepte," and " he " (2395) again refers to Beowulf 1 And Eadgils has mean- time become king of Sweden (2396)].' See also Eanmuud. I have treated this question thus fully in the hope of ending a mis- interpretation, which has obtained some vogue. Eafor (gen. 2964). See Eofor. Eanmund, 2611, elder son of Ohthere; see Eadgils. He is slain by Weohstan (2612 ff.), who strips him of the armour given him by his uncle Onela (2616). Weohstan " spake not about the feud, although he had slain his (Onela's) brother's son (2618 — 9)." These words accord much better with the supposition that Weohstan had slain a " friendless exile " (2613) in a, private quarrel, of which he was half ashamed, than that he had avenged Heardred's death upon his murderer. Earua-nses, 3031, Eagles-ness, near the scene of Beowulf's fight with the dragon. East-Dene, 392, 616, East-Danes ; see Dene. Ecglaf, 499, father of Unferth. EogJ'eow (BogJ>eo, 373; gen. EcgKoes, 1999) father of Beowulf the Geat ; married the only daughter of Hrethel, king of the Geats and father of Hygelao (373 — 5). Having slain Heatholaf, the Wylfing, Eogtheow seeks protection at the court of Hrothgar in the early days of his kingship ; Hrothgar accepts his fealty, and settles the feud by a money-payment (459 ff.). Ecgwela, 1710 : " the descendants of Ecgwela, the Honour-Scyldings," i.e. the Danes. Grein takes him to be the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, which ended in Heremod. Elan, 62 (see note), daughter of Healfdene, sister of Hrothgar, and wife of Ongentheow (?), king of the Swedes. Eofor {dat. lofore, 2993, 2997), a Geat warrior, son of Wonred, brother of Wulf, and son-in-law of Hygelac. He comes to the aid of his brother Wulf in his single combat with Ongentheow, and slays the latter, thus avenging the death of Hsethcyn. Hygelac liberally rewards both the brothers, and gives his only daughter to Eofor (2484 ff., 2961 ff.). Eomser, 1960, son of Qffa and Thrytho (q. v.). Eormenric, 1201, king of the Ostrogoths ; see Brosinga mene. Eotenas, 1072, 1088, 1141, 1145, the people of Finn, king of Friesland. Finn (Fin 1096, 1146, 1152 ; gen. Finnes 10G8 etc.), king of Friesland PERSONS AND PLACES. 145 (1126), Bon of Folowalda (1089); his queen is Hildeburh. The some- what obscure Finn episode in "Beowulf" (11. 1068 — 1159) is evidently part of a Finn saga, of which only the merest fragment, called the Fight at Finnsburg (see Appendix), is extant. Tarious attempts have been made to reconstruct the saga from these materials, the chief point wherein they differ being as to the relative places of the "Fight" and the Finn episode in the restored connected story. Bugge, in accordance with his interpretation of 11. 1142 — 4 (see note), follows Grein in arguing that the night attack described in the "Fight" took place when Hnsef was killed, before the events de- scribed in the "Beowvilf " episode, i.e. before 1. 1068. Moller, on the other hand, contends that the proper place of the " Fight " is between lines 1144 and 1145. His outline of the story is briefly as follows : Finn, king of the Frisians, had carried off Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc (1076), probably with her consent. Her father Hoc seems to have pursued the fugitives, and to have been slain in the fight which ensued on his overtaking them. After the lapse of some twenty years Hoe's sons, Hnffif and Hengest, were old enough to undertake the duty of avenging their father's death. They make an inroad into Finn's country and u, battle takes place in which many warriors, among them Hnsef and a son of Finn (1074, 1079, 1115), are killed. Peace is therefore solemnly concluded, and the slain warriors are burnt (1068—1124). As the year is too far advanced for Hengest to return home (II. 1130 ff.), he and those of his men who survive remain for the winter in the Frisian country with Finn. But Hengest's thoughts dwell constantly on the death of his brother Unset, and he would gladly welcome any excuse to break the peace which had been sworn by both parties. His ill concealed desire for revenge is noticed by the Frisians, who anticipate it by themselves taking the initiative and attacking Hengest and his men whilst they are sleeping in the hall. This is the night attack described in the " Fight." It would seem that after a brave and desperate resistance Hengest himself falls in this fight at the hands of Hunlafing (1143), but two of his retainers, Guthlaf and Oslaf, succeed in cutting their way through their enemies and in escaping to their own land. They return with fresh troops, attack and slay Finn, and carry his queen Hilde- burh oil with them (1125—1159). Fiunas, 580, the Finns. The sea washed Beowulf up on their land, Finland, at the end of his swimming-match with Breca. W. B. 10 146 BEOWULF. Fitela, 879, 889 (loel. Sinfiotli), son of Sigemund by his sister Signy, and therefore also his nephew (881). See Sigemund. Folowalda, 1089, the father of Finn. Francan, 1210, see Froncan. Freawaru (ace. Freaware 2022), daughter of Hrothgar and Wealhtheow, and wife of Ingeld. See Ingeld. Fresan, 1093, 2915, see Frysan. FrSs-cyning, 2503, the king of the West Frisians ; see Fryaan (2). Fr€s-lond (pi.), 2357, the land of the West Frisians. See Frysan (2). Fres-W39l, 1070, the North Frisian field or place of battle, where Hnsf fell. See Finn. FrSda, 2025, father of lugeld (ii. v.). Froncan {gen. Franona 1210), the Franks. Hygelao was defeated and slain, in his historical invasion of the Netherlands, by a combined army of Frisians, Franks, and Hugs (1202 fi., 2912 ff.). Frysan {gen. Fresena 1093, Frysna 1104, Fresna 2915), the Frisians. There are (1) the North Frisians, the people of Finn (q. v. ; 1068 fi.) ; (2) the West Frisians, who combined with the Franks and Hugs against Hygelao (1202 B., 2912 ff.). The land of the former is called "Frys-land" in 1. 1126, that of the latter "Fres-lond" (pi.) in 1. 2357. Frys-land, 1126, the land of the North Frisians. See Frysan (1). Gar-Dene, 1, 1856, Spear-Danes ; see Dene. Garmund, 1962. Eomser is said to be the "grandson of Garmund," who was therefore the father of Offa (q. v.). He is the Wsermund of the genealogies of the Chronicle, in which Offa and Eomser also appear ; see Parker MS. 626 and 755 a.d. Geat, 640, 1301, 1785, 1792, the Geat (i.e. Beowulf). GSata (weak form or gen. pi.?), 374, 1191, 1202, etc. Geatas (0. Norse Gautar, Swed. GStar ; gen. Geatena 443), the Geats, the people to whom the hero Beowulf belonged. They lived in South Sweden, between the Danes on the south and the Swedes on the north. They are also called Gu^-Geatas, Hre^lingas, SS-Geatas, Weder-Geatas, and Wederas. Bugge identifies them with the Jutes. GSat-mecgas {dat. Geat-mtecgum 491, gen. Geat-mecga 829), Geat men, referring to the fourteen Geats (207) who accompanied Beowulf to Heorot. GifUas, the Gifths, (supposed to be) the Gepidae ; see 1. 2494. Grendel {gen. Grendles 195, 2002, etc., Grendeles 2006, 2118, 2139, 2853 ; dat. Grendle 666, 2521, etc.), the famous monster, slain by Beowulf. See Argument. He is of the kindred of Gain (1265 ff.). His father is unknown (1355). PERSONS AND PLACES. 147 Grendles modor (Grendeles modor 2118, 2139), Grendel's mother or dam, tlie slaying of whom ia Beowulf's second great exploit. See Argu- ment. She is sometimes spoken of as a male, sometimes as a female; of. 11. 1260, 1379, 1392, 1394, 1497, 2136 with 1292 ff., 1339, 1504 ff., 1541 ff. GUIS -Geatas, 1538, War-Geats ; see Geatas. GIlBlaf, 1148, a Danish warrior under Hntef and Hengest. See Finn. GalJ-Scilflngas, 2927, War-Soylfings ; see Soylflngas. Hsere«, 1929, 1981, the father of Hygd, Hyg'elao's wife. HJeBcyn (HselSceu 2925, dat. HS^oynne 2482), second son of Hrethel, king of the Seats. He accidentally kills his elder brother Herebeald with a bow and arrow during his father's lifetime (2435 ff.) ; succeeds to the throne at his father's death (2483), but falls in battle at Eavenswood at the hand of the Swedish king Ongentheow (2923 ff.). Halga, 61, " the good " (til) , younger brother of Hrothgar. He is thought to be the father of Hrothulf (1017, etc.), because he is identified with the historical Helgi, the father of Eolf Kraki (=Hrothulf). Hama, 1198 ; see Broslnga mene. Healfdene, 57, king of the Danes, son of Beowulf the Soylding, and father of Hrothgar, " the son of Healfdene " (189, etc.). Healf-Dene, Half-Danes, the tribe to which Hntef belongs ; see 1. 1069. Heardred, son of Hygelac and Hygd. While still under age (2370) he succeeds his father as king of the Geats, so that Beowulf for a time acts as his counsellor and protector (2377). He is slain by Onela (2200 ff., 2385 fi.). HeatSo-Beardan {gen. Hea'So-Beardna 2032 etc.), Heathobards, Lombards, the tribe to which Ingeld (q. v.) belongs. HeaUolaf, 460, a warrior of the Wylfings, slain by Eogtheow, the father of Beowulf. Hea'Bo-K^mas, 519, Heathoremes, the people on whose shores Breca is cast after his swimming-match with Beowulf. HeaSo-Sellflngas {gen. sg. HeatSo-Scilfingas 63), 2205, Battle-Scylfings ; see Soylflngas. Helmlngas, 620, Helmings. Hrothgar's queen, Wealhtheow, is "a woman of the Helmings." Hemming, 1944, 1961. "Kinsman of Hemming" describes both Offa (q. V.) and his son Eomser. Hengest, 1083, 1091, took command of the Danes after Hnsef s fall. See Finn. Heorogax (Heregar 467, Hiorogar 2158), 61, eldest son of Healfdene, and elder brother of Hrothgar (468). He did not leave his armour to his 10-2 148 BEOWULF. son; but Hrothgar gives it to Beowulf, and Beowulf gives it to Hygelac (2155 ff.). Heorot (Heort 78, dat. Heorute 766, Hiorte 2099), the hall Heorot or Hart, which Hrothgar built (67 ff.)- I* was deserted for twelve years because of Grendel's ravages (145 ff.). Beowulfs encounter with the monster takes place in the hall, on the roof of which his arm is afterwards exhibited as a trophy (710 ff.). Heoroweaj:d, 2161, son of Heorogar (q. v.). Herebeald, 2434, 2463, eldest son of the Geat king Hrethel, accidentally killed with an arrow by his brother Hsethcyn (2435 ff.). Heremod, 901, 1709, a Danish king (see Ecgwela), is twice introduced as a kind of stock example of a bad and cruel king. In the end he is betrayed into the hands of his foes (903). Hereric, 2206. Heardred is called " Hererices uefa." Possibly he was the brother of Hygd. Here-Scyldingas, 1108, the Army-Scyldings ; see Soyldingas. netware, 2363, 2916, the Hattuarii, the tribe against whom Hygelac made the raid in which he met his death. HUdeburh, 1071, 1114, daughter of Hoc (1076), and wife of Finn. See Finn. Hnaef, 1069, 1114, fell in the fight with Finn on the "Pres-wsel" (1070). See Finn. Hoc, father of Hildeburh (1076); see Finn. Hondscio, 2076, the one of Beowulfs fourteen comrades, in his expedi- tion to the Danish kingdom, that Grendel devoured before attacking Beowulf (740 ff., 2076 ff.). Hrefna-wudu, 2925, Eavenswood, where Ongentheow slew Htethoyn. Also called Hreflies-holt, 2935. See above. Hreosna-beorh, 2477, the scene of Onela and Ohthere's marauding in- vasions of Geatland after the death of Hrethel. HreVel {gen. weak foi-m HretSlan 454, gen. HrelSles 1485), king of the Geats; he was son of Swertiug (1203), father of Hygelac, and grandfather of Beowulf (373 ff.J, to whom he left his coat of mail (454). He died of grief at the loss of his eldest son Herebeald (2435 ff.), who was accidentally shot by his own brother Hsethcyn. HreSling, son of Hrethel; applied in 1. 1923 to Hygelac, and in 1. 2925 to Haethcyn. HreSUngas, 2960, the people of Hrethel, the Geats. See Geatas. HreS-men, 445, "triumph-men," a name of the Danes ; see Dene. HreSrIc, 1189, 1886, elder son of Hrothgar. PERSONS AND PLACES. 14i9 Hring-Dene, 116, 1279, Eing-Danes ; see Dene. Hrones-uses, 2805, 3136, "Whale's Ness." Beowulf, in his dying speech, names this place as the site of the barrow which is to hold his ashes and perpetuate his name. HroBgar, king of the Danes, second son of Healfdene. For his family see the genealogical tables on p. 140. He is one of the chief persons in the poem, the builder of the hall Heorot which Grendel ravages ; thus he prepares the way for the coming of the hero. See Argument. HrolSmund, 1189, younger son of Hrothgar. HrolSulf, 1017, 1181, probably the son of Hrothgar's younger brother Halga (q.. v.). He lived at the Danish court. Wealhtheow expresses the hope that he will be good to their children in return for their kindness to him, if he survives Hrothgar (1180 ff.). It would seem that this hope was not destined to be fulfilled (1164 — 5). Hrunting, 1457, 1490, 1659, 1807, the sword of Unferth (q. v.), which he lends to Beowulf for his fight with Grendel's mother. Hflgas, 2502, 2914, the Hugs; see Froncan. Hflnlafing, 1143, the son of Hunlaf; the warrior of Finn who slew Hengest. See Finn, and the note on 11. 1142 — 4. Hygd, 1926, 2172, 2369, daughter of Ha3re« (1929), wife of Hygelac (q. v.), and mother of Heardred. See 1926 ff., and Hygelac. Hygelac {usually spelt Higelao, 435, etc.; Hygelac 2151, etc.; gen. Hyge- laces 1530, 23S6, 2948, Higelaces 194, etc.; dat. Hygelace 2169, Hige- lace 452, etc.), the reigning king of the Geats during the greater part of the action of the poem ; see Argument. He is the third son of Hrethel, and uncle to Beowulf ; see genealogical tables. When his brother Hsthcyn was defeated and slain by Ongentheow at Eavenswood (2924), Hygelac came quickly in pursuit (2943) and put Ongentheow to flight (2949); but though, as the leader of the attack, he is called " Ongentheow's banesman" (1968), the actual slayer was Eofor (q. v.), whom Hygelac rewards with the hand of hia only daughter (2977 ff.). At the later time of Beowulf's return from his expedition against Grendel, Hygelac, who is still young (1831), is married to Hygd, who is herself "very young" and has not long been queen (1926 — 8) ; she would seem then to have been his second wife. Hygelac came by his death in his historical invasion of the Netherlands, which is four times referred to in the poem (1202 ff., 2354 ff., 2501 ff., 2914 ff.), and occurred between 512 and 520 a.d. Ingeld, 2064, son of Froda (2025), and prince of the Heathobards. Beowulf tells Hygelac that Hrothgar's daughter Freawaru is promised 150 BEOWULF. in marriage to Ingeld, and that the Danish king hopes thereby to terminate the fend between the two peoples (2024 ff.). Beowulf goes on to foretell that these hopes will prove vain (2067 — 9). That this was actually the case we learn from Widsi^ 45 — 49 : "Hro^wulf and Hro^'gar heoldon lengest sibbe setsomne suhtorfsdran, si^^an hy forwrffioon Wicinga oynn and Ingeldes ord forbigdan, forheowan set Heorote Hea'Sobeardna J>rym." Grein's Bibliothei, i. 252. Ingwlne, 1044, 1319, "friends of Ing," Ingjevones, a name of the Danes. See Dene. Of Ing we read in the Rune-poem, 67—3 (ed. Wulcker) ; " (Ing) w£ea jerest mid Eastdenum gesewen seoguu." \ He has been identified with Soeaf and Frea. ' lofor, 2993, 2997, see Eofor. merewlolng {gen. Merewioingas 2921), the Merwing or Merovingian king of the Franks. Nsegling, 2680, the name of the sword Beownlf used in his encounter with the dragon. NorU-Dene, 783, North-Danes; see Dene. Offa, 1949, 1957, king of the Angles (" Offa weold Ongle," WidsiS 35) ; son of Garmund, husband of Thrytho (q. v.), and father of Eomser. Ohthere {geii. Ohteres 2380, 2394, 2612, Ohtheres 2928 etc.), son of the Swedish king Ongentheow, and father of Eanmund and Eadgils. Onela, 2616, 2932, brother of Ohthere, and king of Sweden at the time of the rebellion of Eanmund and Eadgils. He invades the land of the Geats, slays Heardred (2387), and then retreats before Beowulf. At a later time Beowulf avenges his late king by supporting Eadgils in an invasion of Sweden, in which Onela is slain (2391 ff.). See Eadgils. Ongen>§ow {nam. Ongenl>eow 2486, Ongenjjio 2924, 2951, Ongen>iow 2961; gen. Ongen>eowes 2475, Ongen>eoes 1968, Ongen>Ioes 2387; dat. OngenKo 2986), king of the Swedes, and father of Onela and Ohthere. The early strife between the Swedes and Geats, which centres round his name, is told in 11. 2472 ff., and more fully in 11. 2910 — 98. In retaliation for the marauding invasions of Onela and Ohthere (2475), Hsetheyn invades Sweden, and takes Ongentheow'a queen. Elan (? 62), prisoner. Ongentheow then invades the land of her captor, whom he slays, and rescues his wife; but in his hour PERSONS AND PLACES. 151 of triumph ha is attacked in his turn by Hygelao near Eavenswood, and falls by the hand of Eofor (q. v.). Osiaf, 1148, associated with Gu^laf (q. v.) in avenging Hnsef's death. See Finn. Sse-Geatas, 1850, 1986, Sea-Oeats ; see Geatas. Soede-laud (pi.), 19, = Soeden-ig (q. v.). Sceden-Ig [dat. Sceden-igge 1686; 0. Norse Skaney), Soandia, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danes; here used as a name for the whole Danish kingdom. Soefing, i, son of Scef or Sceaf, i.e. Soyld (q. v.). Soyld, 4, 19, 26, son of Sceaf, and the mythical founder of the Soylding dynasty. See 11. 1 — 52. Scyldlng (SoOding 2105), 1792, the Soylding, i.e. Hrothgar. Scyldlngas (Soylduugas 2052; gen. Scildunga 2101, Scyldunga 2159, Scyldinga 30, etc.), 58, etc., the Scyldings, descendants of Scyld (q. v.), the name of the reigning Danish dynasty, commonly extended to include the Danish people. They are also called Ar-Scyldingas, Here-Scyldingas, Sige-Scyldingas, and peod-Soyldingas (q. v.). See Dene. Scylflng (Soilfing 2968), 2487, the Soylfing, i.e. Ongentheow. Scylflngas, 2381, the Soylfings, the name of the reigning Swedish dynasty, extended to the Swedish people in the same way as " Scyldings" to the Danes. They are also called Gu^-Soylfingas, Hea'So- Scylflngas (q. v.). If the MS. reading of 1. 2603 is correct, Beowulf's kinsman Wiglaf belongs to the family of the Soylfings as well as to that of the Wffigmundings (2814). In that case the relations rnay be those suggested in the following table : Scylf Wffigmund OngenJ>eow Ecg>eow Weohstan Beowulf Wiglaf Sigemund, 875, 884, son of Wtels, and father and uncle of Fitela. In our poem Sigemund slays the dragon ; in the famous later versions of the Volsunga Saga and the Nibelungenlied, it is Sigemund's son, Sigurd or Siegfried, who does the deed. See 11. 874 — 900, and the Slge-Scyldingas, 597, 2004, Victory-Soyldings, a name of the Danes; see Scyldlngas. 152 BEOWULF. SatS-Dene, 463, 1996, South-Danes ; see Dene. Sweon, 2472, 2946, 2958, 3001, the Swedes, called also " Sweo-heod," and their country " Swio-rice." They are ruled by the Soylfing dynasty. Their home was in Sweden, north of the Geats. Sweo-J>eod, 2922,=Sweou (q. v.). Swerting, 1203. Hygelac is called " grandson (nefa) of Swerting." SwIo-rlce, 2383, 2495, the land of the Swedes, modern Svea Bike. See Sweon. peod-Scyldingas, 1019, People-Scyldings, a. name of the Danes; see Scyldingas. pi^Uo, 1931, wife of the Angle king Offa, and mother of Eomser, ig introduced in contrast to Hygd, in much the same way as Heremod is a foil to Beowulf. She is at first the type of a cruel, unwomanly queen. But by her marriage with Offa (who seems to be her second husband) she is subdued and changed, until her fame even adds glory to hia. See 11. 1931—62. Unfer«, 499, 530, 1165, 1488 (his name is always "Hunfer'S" in the MS., but alliterates with vowels), son of Ecglaf, and spokesman (1165, 1456) of Hrothgar, at whose feet he sits (500, 1166). He is of a jealous disposition (503 — 5), and is twice spoken of as the murderer of his own brothers (587, 1167). Por his "flyting'' with Beowulf see 11. 506 — 606. He afterwards lends his sword Hruuting for Beowulf's encounter with Grendel's mother (1455), but it fails the hero at need (1522, 1659). Beowulf returns it to its owner (1807). Wfflgmundingas, 2607, 2814, Wajgmundings, the family to which both Beowulf and Wiglaf belong. See Soylflngas. ■Wsels, 897, father of Sigemuud. Wselsing, 877, son of Wsels, i.e. Sigemund. Weam|>30w, 612 (Wealhheo, 664, 1162, 1215 ; dat. Wealh>eon 629), of the family of the Helmings (620), Hrothgar's queen, and the mother of his children. Mention is made of her queenly hospitality to Beowulf (612, 1188, 1215). Wederas {gen. Wedera 225 etc.; but the second scribe uses the contracted gen. Wedra everywhere but in 1. 2336; see 11. 2120, 2462 etc.), =Weder-Geatas, a name of the Geats. See Geatas. Weder-Oeatas, 1492, 1612, 2379, 2551 ; see Wederas. Weder-mearc, 298, Wedermark, apparently a name for the land of the Weders or Weder-Geats, i.e. the Geats. Weland, 455 (the "Tolund" of the Edda), the famous smith of Germanic legend, the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail. (See the Franks' casket in the British Museum, and cf. Wayland Smith's forge in Berkshire.) PERSONS AND PLACES. 153 Wendlas, 348, possibly the Vandals; Wulfgar (q. v.) is a "chief of the AVeudlas." Weohstan, 2613 {gen. Weohstaues 2862, Weoxstanes 2602, Wihstanes 2752 etc.), father of Wiglaf, and slayer of Eanmund (q. v.). West-Dene, 383, 1578, West-Danes ; see Dene. Wiglaf, son of Weohstan. He is a kinsman of Beowulf (2813), a Wn3gmunding (2814), and a "chief of the Scylfings" (2603). He was chosen with ten others (2401, 2847) to accompany Beowulf on his expedition against the dragon (2638 ff.), and he alone justified the choice. Taking shelter under Beowulf's shield (2675), he showed the utmost valour, and was the first to wound the dragon in a vulner- able part (2694 ff.). To him alone Beowulf made his dying speech, and gave his dying bequests (2809 fi.). He upbraids the coward thanes and deprives them of their land-right (2886), and gives fitting orders for the burial of the hero, as he himself had directed (2802, 3094 ad fin.). WiCergyld, 2051, the name of a Heathobard warrior. Wonred, 2971, father of Wulf and Eofor (q. v.). Wonreding, 2965, son of Wonred, i.e. Wulf (q. v.). Wulf, 2965, 2993, son of Wonred and brother of Eofor (q. v.). In the battle between the forces of Hygelao and Ongentheow, Wulf attacks the latter and is disabled by him, but his brother Eofor comes to his aid and slays Ongentheow single-handed (2964 ff.). Wulfgar, 348, 360, 390, a chief of the Wendlas (348) ; an official of Hrothgar's court, who is the first to greet the Geats (331 ff.), and introduces them to Hrothgar. Wylfingas {dat. Wilfingum 461, Wylfingum 471), the Wylfings. Heatholaf, who was slain by Ecgtheow, father of Beowulf, was a warrior of this tribe. Yrmenlaf, 1324, younger brother of JSschere, whom Grendel's mother carried off. PLAN OF GLOSSARY. The order of words is strictly alphabetical, except in the ease of compound verbs, which will be found under their simple verbs. Past participles compounded with ge- are usually glossed under the simple verb (Sievers § 366), but there are some marked exceptions; e.g. gegongen is the pp. of gongan in 822, 3036, but of gegongan in 893, 3085. SB comes between ad and af. V and )> are treated as identical, and come after t. Numerous cross references are given, especially for unusual forms, but not as a rule for mere flexional forms which a knowledge of grammar should suffice to trace, such as parts of verbs. All words are glossed under forms which actually occur in the poem, not under normalised forms. When divergent forms of the same word occur and cross references are not given, io (both initial and final) should be sought under eo, y •> J, a (before nasals) „ o. Dative and Instrumental are not distinguished, except when they have different forms, as in the singular of adjectives and of some pronouns. Small capitals are used for modern renderings which are directly or almost directly descended from the Old English words. The following abbreviations alone req.uire explanation : St. strong pi. plural w. weak subj. subjunctive m. masculine part. participle f. feminine pp. past participle neut. neuter conj. conjunction n. noun esp. especially V. verb OU. oblique Bg. singular GLOSSAEY. N.B. All compound verbs must be sought under their simple verbs. a, adv., aye, ever, always, 455, etc. ac, conj; but, 740, 773, etc. ac, adv. int eiT., = lia,t. iionne, used to mark a question, 1990. ad, St. m., funeral pile, pyre, 1110, etc. ad-faru, st. /., [pyre-EARing] way to the funeral pile, 3010. adl, St. /., illness, sickness, disease, _ 1736, etc. aedre, st. /., stream, canal, vein; dat. pi. swat Sclrum sprong, "blood sprang in streams," 2966; blod edrum dranc, "drank blood in streams," 742. sedre, adv., quickly, 354. jefen, st. m., even, evening, 1235. Sfen-grom, adj., [EVKN-angry] fierce in the evening, night- enemy, 2074. SBfen-leolit, st. nexit., even-light, _413. aefen-rsest, st. /., even-rest, 1252. iefen-sprlec, st. /., even-speech, speech in the evening, 759. sefnan, see efnan. Sfre, adv., bveb, always, 70, etc. sefter, prep., after, 85, 119, 931, 1320, 2816, etc.; after, for, con- cerning, 832, 1342, 1879, 2461; along, among, 140, 944, 995, 2832 (through), etc.; in accord- ance with, according to, 1049, 1720, 2179, 2753, etc.; on ac- count of, in consequence of, 1606, 1943. Special passages: tefter beorne, "after (the death of) the hero, warrior," 2260-1; setter maSSum-welan, "after ob- taining wealth of treasure," 2750; a;fter faroSe, "with the tide," 680. sefter, adv., aeter, afterwards, 12, 1389, 315 (back), etc. sef-|>uaca, w. m., mortifioation, vexation, annoyance, 502. aeg-hwa, Sg-hwat, pron., each, every one, every man, etc., 1384, 2624; gen. Sghwaes, "of each kind," 3135. SBg-hwses, gen. veut. used ad- verbially, in every respect, alto- _ gether, 1865, 1886. sag-hwaer, adv. everywHERE, 1059. fflg-hwsetSer, pron., either, each (usu, of two), 2564, 2844. Special passages: fflghwce^res sceal scearp soyldwiga gescad witan, worda ond worca, "a sharp shield- warrior must know the difference between words and works," 287; earf o'Sliee heora Sghwse^rum , "with diiBculty for each one of _ them, "1636. SBg-hwylo, (1) pron., each, everyone, 1165, etc. ; with gen. 1050, etc. ; (2) adj., each, every, 621. fflglasca, see aglSca. seg-weard, st. /., sea- ward, watch by the sea-coast, 241. seht, St. /., owning, possession, power, 42, 516. SBht, St. /., pursuit, chase, 2957. -sehted, see eahtlan. Sled, St. m., fire, 3015. 156 BEOWULF. Eeled-lioma, w. m., fire-gleam, torch, 3125. sel-fylce, st. neut., alien folk, foreign nation, 2371. sel-militig, adj. ( = eal-mihtig), al- mighty ; weak Be ^Imihtiga, 92. sel-wilit, St./. , [alien-wiGHT] strange _ monster, 1500. sene, adv., ONce, onoe only, 3019. SBuig, adj.-pron. , any, anyone, 474, 503, etc.; notn. ntes se folc-oyn- ing ymbe-sittendra Suig 'Sara J>e, "among neighbouring folk-kin ga there was not one that," 2734. For ffinige >inga see ting. aen-llc, adj., [one-like] unique, peerless, 251, 1941. Senne, see an. Eeppel-fealu, adj., apple-fallow, apple or reddish yellow, 21G5. XI, adv., EKE, erst, before, formerly, 15, 642, 718, 2595, etc.; earlier, 2500; first, 30.38^ Special pass- ages ; no i>y £er, "none the sooner," 754, etc.; ffii- he feorh sele'S.,.ffir he, "he ayIU sooner give up life than he," 1370. £6ror, comimr, , before, foi mer- ly,_first, 809, 2654. arest, superl., [^est] first, 6, _ 2157, etc. 3Br, prep., with dat, eke, before, _ 1388, etc. ser, coHJ., EEE, before: usu. with subj. 262, etc. ; with indie. 2019. Correl. with ssr adv. (q. v.), 1371. Mr )>on, conj., ebe, 732. aer-daeg, st. m., [eke-day] morning twilight, day-break, 126, etc. Grande, st. neut. , ekeand, 270, etc. Mrest, see £er. ar-faeder, st. m., [eke-patheb] _ father, 2622. sarrgestreon, st. neut., [EEE-trea- sure] ancient treasure, former _ gain, 1757, 2232. ser-geweorc, st. neut., [ebe-wokk] ancient work, 1679. rer-god, adj., [bke-good] good be- fore others, very good, 130, 989, etc. sern, st. neut., house, 2225. Srra, compar. adj. (fcrrmed from adv. sir), earlier, former: dat. pi. ffirran mielum, "in former times," 907, 2237, 3035. ser-wela, st. m., [eke-weal] ancient wealth, 2747. SB8, St. neut., carrion, carcase, corpse: dat. atol Sse wlanc, "the dire carrion-proud creature (Grendel's mother exulting over iEschere's corpse)," 1332. sesc, St. m., [ash] spear, 1772. sesc-holt, St. neut., [ash- wood] spear, 330. sesc-wiga, w. m., [ASH-warrior] spear-warrior, 2042. xi,prep. with dat., at, in, of time and place, 32, 45, 81, 1089, 1110, 1337, 2270, 3013, 3026, etc.; from, 629, 2860, etc. Special passage : nu is se rffid gelaug eft ffit >e anum, "now is the rede _ again along of thee alone," 1377. set, St. m., EATing, meal, 3026. set-gaedere, adv., together, 321, etc.; after samod, 387, etc.; gaias stodon samod setgsedere, "the spears stood all together," 329^ set-grsepe, adj., GKOping after, grasping at, at grips with, 1269. set-rmte, adv., almost, 1657. aet-somne, adv., together, 2847, 3122, etc. ssttren, adj., poisonous, 1617. febele, adj., noble, 198, 263, etc. Ee|>ellng, st. m., atheung, noble, prince, 3, 33, 118, 888, 1225, 1294, 1804, 2888, etc. 8e)>elu, St. neut. (always pi. in " Beo- wulf"), noble descent, lineage, 332, etc. ; dat. pi. fasder ajj^elum, " his father's preeminence," 911; ffitelum god, diore, "good, dear, _ by virtue of lineage," 1870, 1949. aeSm, st. m., breath, 2593. agan, sf.-a;. v., pres. ah, pret. abte : own, possess, have, 1088, 1727, etc. ; absolutely 31. Neg. form nah=ne-t-ah, 2252. GLOSSARY. 157 agen, ndj. (pp. of agan), own, _ 2676. Agend, st. vu, OwNer, God, 3075. agend-&ea, jo. m., owNing lord, owner, _1883. aglSBca, seglaeoa, to. m., monster, monster-tighter, warrior, cham- pion, 159, 739, etc. ; ace. sg. aglJEcan, 556; gen. dat. aglffioan, 1512 (or nom. pi.?), 425; agla;- cean, 2557, 2520, etc.; ahliecan, 989, 646; nom. pi. agltecean, 2592. Used of Grendel, 433, 1269, etc.; of the dragon, 2535, etc.; of a sea-monster, 556; of Sigemund, 893 ; of Beowulf, 1512 (or sea-monsters?); of Beowulf and the dragon, 2592. aglieo-wlf, st. neut., monster-wiFE, monster of a woman ; nom. Grendles modor, ides, aglSe-wIf, 1259. ah, ahte, see agan. ahsian, w. v., endure, suffer, 423, 1206. ge-ahslau, w. v., learn by ask- ing, learn, hear ; pp. geahsod, 433. aht ( = a-wiht, q. v.), st. neut., AUQHT; with gen. aht owiees, " aught living," 2314. aider, see ealdor. Al-walda, Al-wealda, w. m., the ALL-wiELDer, God, 928, 955, 1314. al-walda, w. adj., ALL-wiELcing, all-ruling, 316. an, 1225, pres. sg. 1st of rinnan, q. V. an, prep., see on. an, num. (adj. and pron.), ace. sg. m. anne and ienne: (1) OHE, AN, A, 100, 135, 428, 699, 2280, 3077, etc.; with the def. art. 1053, 2237; emphatic, some- times perhaps demonstrative, 1458, 1885, 2410, 2774. Special pass- ages : on senne siS, "once," 1579 ; gen. pi. anra gehwylces, gehwyl- cum, " of, to, each one," 732, 784 ; ( = Lat. alter) an setter anum, "the one for the other," 2461. (2) oNly, aloNE (more usual with the weak form ana, q. v.), 46, 1377, 2901 (sole); gen. anea hwset, "a part only," 3010. ana, w. adj., ONly, aloNE, 145, 1081, 2361, 2657. ancor, st. m., anohok, 303, 1883. anda, w. m. (1) indignation, defiance; dat. wrajjum on andan, "in indigna- tion against the wroth foe," 708. (2) mischief, horror, 2314. and-glt, St. neut., understanding, intelligence, 1059. aud-long, see ond-long. and-rysno, st.f. , etiquette, courtesy , attention due, 1796. and-weard, adj. : ace. neut. sweord swate fah swin ofer helme...and- weard scive'S, "the blood-stained sword cuts the boar standing on the opposed (foe's) helmet," 1287. and-wlita, w. m., face, countenance, 689. an-feald, adj., onefold, plain, 256. anga, w. adj., ONly, sole, 375, 1262, 1547, 2997. an-geng(e)a, w. m., [oNE-goer] one who goes alone (of Grendel), 165, 449. an-haga, w. m., a solitary, 2368. an-hydlg, adj., ONE-minded, re- solute, 2667. an-pae15, st. m., [one-path] lone- some path, or single track, 1410. an-rMd, adj., [one-kede] resolute, 1529, 1575. an-sund, adj., sound, 1000. an-ayn, see on-syn. an-tid, St. /., 219 (see note). anunga, adv., ONce for all, 634. An-walda, 'w. m., [on-wieldee] God, 1272. ar, St. m., messenger, 336, 2783. ar, St. /., honour, kindness, benefit, favour, grace, 2378, 2606, 1272 ; gen. pi. arna, 1187 ; dat. pi. arum healdan, "hold in (with) honour," 296, 1099, 1182. ar-faest, adj., [honour-PAST] up- right, dutiful, 1108. 158 BEOWULF. arlan, w. v., with dat., spare, 598. -am, see -leman. ar-stsef, st. m., favour, mercy, kind help, 317, 382, 458. atelic, adj., dreadful, horrible, du-e, 784. ater-tan, st. m., poison-twig, 1459. atol, eatol, adj., dire, terrible, fearful, horrible, 159, etc.; dat. pi. atolan, 1502. attor, St. neut., poison, venom, 2715 ; gen. sg. attres, 2528. attor-scea'Sa, w. m., [poison- scATHer] poisonous foe, 2839. §,■8, St. m. , OATH, 472, etc. atS-sweord, st. n., OAiH-swBABing, oath, 20C4. alSum-swerian, w. m. pi., father- in-law and son-in-law; dat. a'Sum-swerian, 84. awa, adv., aye, ever ; in awa to aldre, "for ever and ever," 955. B. baedan, w. v., beset, press, press hard, oppress, urge, incite, en- courage, 2018; pp. gebffided, 2580, 2826; strengum gebieded, " sent by the striugs," 3117. iJSBl, St. neut, fire, burning, 2308, 2322; the fire of the funeral pile, funeral pile, pyre, 1019, etc. ijSBl-fyr, St. neut., fiee of the funeral pile, 3143. bffil-stede, St. m., pyre-STEAD, place of the funeral pile, 3097. bsel-wudu, st. m. , pyre-woon, wood for the funeral pile, 3112. t>Sr, st.f., EiEK, 8105. -baran, w. v. ge-bseran, w. v., beau oneself, behave, fare, 2824; loith two comparatives, ne gefrtegen ic \>a, mffigbe maran weorode...sel ge- bffiran, "I heard not that that people in greater numbers ever bore themselves better," 1012. bsernan, w. v., trans., burn, 2318. bsBtan, w. v., bridle, bit; ^p. gebffited, 1399. bseS, st neut., bath, 1861. baldor, see bealdor. balu, adj., BALEful; dat. pi., bal- won, 977. ban, St. neut., bone, 2692 (of the dragon's teeth). bana, see bona. ban-cofa, w. m., [bonb-oove] body, 1445. bau-fset, st. neut., [bone-vat] body; ace. pi. ban-fatu, 1116. ban-fag, adj., BONE-dight, adorned with bones or antlers, 780. ban-bring, st. m., bone-bing, ver- tebra, 1507. ban-htls, st. neut., bone-house, body, 2508, 3147. ban-loca, w. m,, BONE-LooKer, flesh, 818. bannan, st. v. ge-bannan, st. v., order; ijif. tSa io wide gefrsegu weorc geban- nan maaigre mxgjpe, "then I learnt that orders for the work were given widely to many a tribe," 74. bat, St. m., BOAT, 211, etc. bat-weard, st. m., [boat-waed] cap- tain, 1900. be, bl, prep., with dat., by in its various meanings, originally and usu. local, more rarely instru- mental (nearer in meaning to Ger. bei than Eng. by) : BEside, near, by, 36, 814, 1191, 1537, 1722, 1872, 1905, 1950, 2219, 2243, 2588, 2717,2756; by, along 5G6(rest), 1188 (motion), 1573 ;by (in "I'll do my duty by you"), in connexion with, 1728. Follow- ing its case, him big, 8047. Specialpassages : wspen hafenade heard be hUtum, "raised the sharp weapon by the hilt," 1574; be tSe lifigendum, "during thy life," 2665; wffis se gryre Iffissa efne swa micle, swa bi'S msEgJia cr£eft...be wSpned-men, "the terror was less even by so much. GLOSSARY. 159 as is women's power beside (in comparison with) a man, or, as women's power is [accounted less] by a man," 1284. be (M) sffim tweonum=be- tweonum eeem, "between the seas," 858, 1297i 1685, 1956. , beaoen, st. neut., beacon, sign, monument, 570; nom. been, 3160. beacnlan, w. v., [beckon] indicate; pp. gebeaonod, 140. beado, beadu, st. /., battle, war, 709 ; gen. beadwe, 1539. beado-grlma, w. m., battle-maslr, helmet, 2257. beado-brssgl, st. neut., [battle-KAiL] war-dress, coat of mail, 552. beado-leoma, w. m., [battle-ray] sword, 1523. beado-mece, st. m., battle-sword, 1454. beado-rino, st. m,, [battle-]warrior, 1109. beadu- folm, st.f., battle-hand, 990. beadu-lac, st. neut., battle-play, battle, war, 1561. beadu-rof, adj., battle-strong, mighty in war, 3160. beadu-rdn, st. /., [battle-BUKE] quarrel, 501. beadu-scearp, adj., battle-SHAKP, 2704. beadu-scrtld, st. neut., [battle- sheoud] coat of mail, 453. beadu-serce, w. /., battle-sABK, coat of mail; ace. sg. beadu-sercean, 2755. [Sievers § 159. 1.] beadu-weorc, st. neut., battle-woBic, battle, 2299. beag, beab, st. m., ring, circlet (armlet, necklace, etc.) ; often = money, treasure; 1211,80,523, etc.; ace. pi. beg, 3163. beag-^rfa, w. m., ring-oiver, 1102. beag-hroden, adj. (pp.), ring-adorn- ed, adorned with diadem, brace- lets, or rings, 623. beab-bord, st. neut., ring-HOAED, 894, etc. beah sele, st. m. , ring-hall, hall in which rings were given, 1177. beah-t«egu, St. /., ring-receiving, 2176 (referring to Hygd's receiv- ing from Beowulf the wonderful necklace which Wealhtheow gave him). beab-wriSa, w. m., ring-wreath, circlet, 2018. bealdian, w.v., bear oneself BOLnly, 2177. bealdor, balder, St. m., prince, lord, 2428, 2567. bealo, bealu, st. neut., bale, evil, ruin, 2826; gen. pi. bealwa, 909, bealuwa, 281, bealewa, 2082. bealo-cwealm, st. m., BALEful or violent death, 2265. bealo-bycgeude, adj. (pres. part.), [EAiiE-thinking] intending evil, 2565. bealo-bydlg, adj., [BALE-minded] intending evil, 723. bealo-nH5, st. m., [BALE-envy, -hate, -mischief] baleful envy, malici- ous hatred, 1758, 2404; poison, venom, 2714. bearbtm, st. m. (1) brightness, 1766. (2) sound, 1431. bearm, st. m., [baem] lap, bosom, 35, 1137, 2404 (possession). beam, st. neut., baien, child, son, 150, 469, 3170, etc.; pi. ylda beam, 605, gumeua beam, 878, ni-S-Sa bearn(a), 1005, "the children of men." beam-gebyrdo, st. /., EAiEN-BiEth, child-bearing; gen. 946. bearu, st. m., grove, wood, 1363. beatan, st. v., beat, smite, paw, 2265; pp. gebeaten, 2359. been, see bSaoen. bed(d), St. neut., bed, 140, 1240, etc. be-foran, adv. , beeoee ; of place, 1412, of time, 2497. be-foran, prep., with ace, befoee, 1024. beg, see beag. begen, m., ba, /. and neut., num. and adj.-pron., both, 536, 1305, 2196, etc.; gen. bega folces, "of 160 BEOWULF. tlie folk of both [peoples]," 1124; bega wen, " expectation of both things" (Beowulf's return hbme and revisiting the Danes; see 11. 1868—9), 1873. 'be-gong, tie-gang, st. m., extent, expanse, compass, circuit, 362, 860, etc.; aec. bigong, 2367. belgan, st. v., swell with anger, anger oneself; pp. gebolgen "swollen," 2401, "swollen with anger, enraged," 723, 1539, 2220; pi. gebolgne, 1431. a-ftelg'an, st. v., anger; pret. abealh, 2280. ge-helgan, st. v., with dat., anger; pret. suhj. gebulge, 2331; ben, St. /., [bene] boon, request, 428, 2284. bena, w. m., suppliant, 352, 364; nom. swa he bena wses, "as he had begged," 3140. lieno, St. /., BENCH, 327, etc. benc-sweg, st. m., BENOH-sound, noise from the benches, 1161. l)eno-)>8l, St. neut., [eench-thill] bench-board, bench, 486, 1239. ftend, st.m.f., band, bond, 977, 1609. ben-geat, st. neut., wound-GATE, opening of a wound, 1121, Ijenn, st. /., wound, 2724. beodan, blodan, st. v. (1) announce, 2892. (2) offer, give, 385, 1085, 2957. a-beodan, st. v., announce, 390; offer, 668. Special pas- sages : pret. him htel ahead, "bade him hail, wished him health," 653; hffilo ahead, "bade fareweU," 2418. be-beodan, st. v., bid, com- mand, order, 401, 1973. ge-beodan, st. v. (1) bid, command; inf. het t>a gebeodan byre Wihstanes...hiB- leiSa monegum, "then the son of Weohstan ordered that com- mand should be given to many heroes," 3110. (2) proclaim, offer, give, 603, 2869. b§od-geneat, st. m., board-com- rade, table-companion, 343, 1713. been, irrefj. v., be, usu. with a Jut, sense, 183, etc. ; be, happen, 1762, etc. ; pres. sg. Srd hVS, 186, etc., hfS, 1002, 2277; pi. beo«, 1838, bio«, 2063 ; imperat. sg. beo, 386, etc., bio, 2747. beor, St. neut., beer, beer-drinking, 480, 2041, etc. beorgan, st. v., with dat., defend, protect, save, 1445, etc.; pret. pi. burgan, 2599. be-beorgan, st. v., with refl. dat. and ace. or dat. rei, defend, protect (oneself) against, 1746 (see note on 1747), 1758. ge-beorgan, st. v., with dat., protect, save ; pret. gebearg, 2570, gebearh, 1548. ymb-beorgan, st. o., [about- proteet] surround and protect, 1503. beorh, blorh, beorg, st. m., hill, mountain, mount, baeeow, grave- mound, 211, 2241, 2524, 2529, 2807. beorht, adj., eeight, light, shining, splendid, 158, 231, etc.; weak forms, beorhte, 997, byrhtan, 1199, etc. beorhtost, superl., bbightest, 2777. beorhte, adv., EEiGHTly, 1517. beorhtian, w. v., in«r«TO.,BEiGHTEN, sound clearly, 1161. beorn, biorn, st. m., hero, warrior, 1024, 2404, 2559, etc. beornan, st. v., intrans., bxibn, 2280 (see note) ; pres. part, byrnende, 2272. for-beornan, st. v., intrans., pret. forbarn, forborn : burn up, 1616, 2672, etc. ge-beoman, st. v., intrans., EUKN, be burnt, 2697. beom-oynlng, st. m., hero-KiNO, warrior-king, 2148. beor-scealo, st. m., BEEB-senesCHAL, steward, 1240, GLOSSARY. 161 beOT-sele, Mor-sele, st. m., beeb- hall, 482, 2635, etc. beor-j4gu, st. /., [BEEB-tating] beer-drinking, 117, 617. beot, St. neut., boast, promise, 80, 523. beotian, w. v. ge-beotlan, w. v., boast, make a boastful promise, 480, 536. beot-word, st. neut., [boast-woED] boastful word, 2510. beran, st. v. (1) BEAB, carry, wear, 48, 437, 2055, 2281, etc.; pres. sg. Srd, byre^, 296,_eto. ; pret. pi. bseron, 213, etc., bseran, 2850. (2) BEAK, give birth to ; pp. gebo- ren, boen, 1703. set-beran, st. v., beab to, carry to, bear, 28, 519, etc. for-beran, st. v., foebeab, re- strain, 1877. on-beran, st, v. , beae off, plun. der, injure, destroy, 990, 2284. o^-beran, st. v., beab to, bear, 579. berian, w. v., bare, clear, 1239. berstan, st. v., intrans., boest, 760 (crack), 818, 1121. for-berstan, st. v., intrans., BUEST, break in pieces, snap, 2680. bStan, w. v. ge-betan, w. v., amend, make good, requite, 1991, 2i65; pp. pi. gebette, 830. betera, adj. compar. (o/god) , eettek, 469, 1703. betost, betst, superl., best, 458, 3007, etc. ; weak forms betsta, 947, betstan, 1871. betllc, adj., excellent, splendid, 780, 1925. bl, see be. bi-, see be-, blcgan, see bycgan. bid, sS. neut., Bioing, tarrying, de- lay, 2962. bldaa, st. v., with gen. or abso- lutely, bide, abide, remain, await, wait for, 87, 400, 709, etc. W, B, a-bidan, si. D., «.'i(7ijen., abide, await, 977. ge-bldan, st. v. (1) usu. with ace. or governed clause, bide, abide, endure, ex- perience, 264, 929, 1618, 1720, 2445, etc. ; pp. gebiden, 1928; im- perat. absolutely, gebide ge, 2529. (2) with gen., wait for; dat. inf. o1Sres...td gebidanne...yrfewear- das, "to wait for anotber heir," 2452. on-bldan, st. v., with gen., aBiDE, await; inf. IsstatS bilde- bord her onbidan...worda ge>iu- ges, "let your battle-boards here abide the issue of words," 397. or-bldan, st. v., asiDE, wait, tarry, 2302. blddan, st. v., [bid] ask, beg, pray, 29, 176, 1994, etc. ; pret. sg. bied hine blrSne, "begged him to be blithe," 617; with acc.pers. and gen. rei, ic J'e...biddan wille... anre bene, "I will ask of thee one boon," 427. big, see bl. bU(I), St. neut., bill, sword, 40, 1567, 2777, etc. bindan, st. v., bind: pp. bunden, 216, 1285 (see 11. 1531, 1900), 1900 ; gebunden, 871, 1531, 1743, 2111. ge-bindan, st. v., bind, 420. on-bindan. st.v., unbind ; pret. sg. onband beadu-riine, "open- ed a quarrel," 501. bisgu, blsigu, see bysigu. bitan, St. v., BITE, cut, 742, 1454, etc. bite, St. m., BITE, 2060, 2259. biter, adj., bittee, cutting, sharp, furious, 1431, 1746, 2704; dat. pi. biteran, 2692. bltre, adv., BiiTEEly, 2331. biac, adj., BLEAE, bright, brilliant, 1517. blsao, adj., black, 1801. blSd, St. m., breath, life, pros- perity, renown, 1124, 18, 1703, 1761. 11 162 BEOWULF. Wsed -agende, adj. {pres. part.), abundanoe-owKing, prosperous, 1.013. blsBd-fsest, adj., prosperous, re- nowned, 1299. blanca, w.m.,a white horse, 856. bleate, adv., miserably, pitifully, 2824. Wloan, St. v., shine, gleam, 222. blHSe, adj., blithe, joyous, 617; gracious, with gen., 436. MlB-heort, adj., blithe of hbakt, joyful, 1802. Mod, St. neut., blood, 742, etc. Wodegian, w. v., make bloody ; pp. geblodegod, 2692. blod-fag, adj. , BLooD-stained, 2060. blodlg, adj., BLOODY, 2440, etc. Wodig-toti, adj., BLooDY-xooTHed, 2081. ■blod-reow, adj., BLOOD-fierce, Wood- thirsty, 1719. blonden-feax, ad;.,[BLENDed-haired] gray-haired, 1594, 1791, 1873; loeak nom. sg. blonden-fexa, 2962. bodlau, w. v., [bode] announce, 1802. bolca, to. m., gangway, 231. bold, St. neut., building, 997, 1925, etc. bold-agend, st. m. {pres. pa7-t.), house-owNer, 8112. bolgen-mod, adj., [bnlged-Moon] angry in mind, enraged, 709, etc. bolster, St. m., bolster, 1240. bona, bana, w. m., bane, banes- man, slayer, 158, 1968, 2506, etc. bon-gSr, St. m., BANE-spear, deadly spear, 2031. bord, St. neut., [boakd] shield, 2524, etc. bord-bsebbende, adj. {pres. part.), [EOABD-HAving] shield-bearing, 2895. bord-hreoSa, w. m., [BOARD-cover] shield, 2203. bord-raud, st. m., [B0A£D-]shield, 2559. bord- weal, st. m., [boakd-wall] wall of shields, 2980. bord-wndu, st. m., [boakd-wood] shield ; ace. pi. 1243. bot, St. /., boot, remedy, help, com- I)ensation, 158, 909, etc. botm, St. m., BOTTOM, 1506. brad, adj., broad, wide, ample, 2207, 2978, 3105, etc. brsedan, w. v., broaden. geond-brSdan, w. v., over- spread, 1239. breatan, st. v. a-breatan, st. v., break up, kill, 2930. brecan, st. v. (1) trans., break, 1100, 1511 (in- jure), 2980; pp. pi. 2063. Special passages: hiue fyrwyt brceo, "curiosity tormented him (as to)," 232, 1985, 2784. (2) intrans., break, 2546. ge-brecan, st. v., break, crush, shatter, 2508. to-brecan, st. v., break to pieces, knock about, 780, 997. )>urli-brecan, st. v., break TUEOUGH, 2792. breo)), St. f. , BEEAKing, grief, 171. -bredwian, w. v. a-bredwian, w. v., overthrow, slay, 2619. bregdan, st. v., with ace. or dat. (1) brandish, cast, whirl, drag, draw, 707, 794, 1539 (throw); pret. pi. mundum brugdon, "brandish- ed your hands," 514 ; pp. brodea, brogden mal, "drawn {or decor- ated?) sword," 1616, 1667. (2) BEAiD, weave; inf. bregdon, 2167; pp. broden, 652, 1518; ace. sg, f. brogdne, 2755. a-bregdan, st. v., draw, lift; pret. sg. abrSd, 2575. ge-bregdan, st. v., with ace. or dat. (1) draw; pret. gebrffigd, gebrSd, 1564, 1664, 2562, 2703. (2) EEATD, weave; pp. gebroden, 1443. on-bregdan, st. v., burst open; pret. sg. onbrffld, 723. brego, St. m,., prince, lord, king, GLOSSARY. 163 427, etc.; nom. brego rof cyning, "the prince [was] a brave kins," 1925. brego-stol, st. m., [princerSiooL] throne, dominion, 2196, 2370, 2389. breme, adj., [brim] renowned, 18. brenting, st: m., high ship, 2807. teeost, St. neut., ebjbast, 552, etc. breost-gehygd, st. neut., breast- thought, thought of the heart, 2818. breost-gewaedUjSi. nexit.pl., [breast- weeds] coat of mail, 1211, etc. breost-hord, st. neut., [beeast- hoabd] breast's treasure, mind, thought, 1719, 2792. breost-net, st. neut., breast-net, coat of chain-mail, 1548. breost-weofSung, st. /., breast- adornment, 2504 (see 11. 1202 ff.). breost-wylm, st. m., [breast-WELL- ing] heaving of the breast, grief, 1877. breotan, st. v., break, kill, 1713. a-breotan, st. v., break up, de- stroy, kill, 1298, 1599, 2707. brim, St. neut., [brim] surge, billow, sea, mere, ocean, 28, 570, 847, 1594, 2803. brim-ollf, st. neut., [brim-cliff] sea-cliff, 222. brim-lad, st. /., ocean- way, 1051. brlm-llSeud, st. m. (pres. part.), sea-farer, 568. brim-stream, st. m., sea-STREAir, 1910. brim-wisa, w. m., [sea-wiSEJ sea- leader, sea-king, 2930. brim-wylf, st. /., she mere-woLF, 1506, 1599. brim-wylm, st. m., mere-WELLing, surge, 1494. brlngan, st. v., bring, 1829, etc. ge-brlngan, st. v., bring ; suhj, pres. pi. gebringan, 3009. broden, see bregdan. broga, w. m., terror, 1291, etc^ gen. sg. 583. brond, st. m. , brand, burning, fire, sword, 1454, 2126, 2322, 3014, 3160. bront, adj., high, 238, deep, 568. brosnian, w. v., crumble, perish. 2260. br5)>or, St. m., brother, 1324, etc.; gen. bro'Sor, 2619. brilcan, st. v., with gen., brook, use, enjoy, 1062, 1178, 1953; witliout expressed olnect, 1045. 1487, etc. brOn, adj., brown, 2578. brtln-ecg, adj., BRowN-EDoed, 1546. brlln-Elg, adj., BEowN-coloured, of brown hue, 2615. bryd, St. /., BRIDE, wife, 2031 ; ace. sg. bryd, 2930, bryde, 2956. bryd-bflr, st. neut., bride-bower, woman's room, 921. bryne-leoma, w. m., BUENing-ray (the dragon's vomit of fire), 2313. bryne-wylm, st. m., [BCRNing-wELL- ing] surge of fire, 2326. brytnian, w. v., distribute; pret. sg. brytnade, 2383. brytta, w. m., distributer, giver, 35, 607, etc. bryttian, «•. v., distribute, bestow, 1726. ■ bflan, St. V. (1) intrans., dwell; inf. buon, 2842. (2) trans., dwell in, inhabit, occupy, 3065 ; pp. gebun, 117. bUgan, St. v., bow, bend, stoop, 327, (lie at rest) 2598, 2918, 2031, etc.; pret. sg. beah, 2956; pp. gebogen, 2569. 5,-bflgan, St. v., [bow away] give way, start, 775. be-bflgan, st. v., [bow about] encompass, 93, 1223. ge-bflgan, st. v., pret. gebeag, (1) intrans., bow, bend, fall, 1540, 2567, 2980. (2) trans., bow to; pret. sg. sele- reste gebeah, "lay down on his bed in the hall," 690; so 1241. bunden-heorde, adj., with hair 11—2 164 BEOWULF. BOUND up, 3151 (see note on 3155). tunden-Bteflia, w. m., eotjnd stem, bound prow, ship, 1910. bflne, w. /., cup, drinking-vessel, 2775, 8047. bftr, St. neut., boweb, room, 140, etc. Tawcg, burh, st. /., boegh, fortified place, castle, palace, city, 53, 523, 1968, 2433; dat. byrig, 1199 (see note on 1200). l)ttrli-loca,«i.m.,BnEGH-LoCK, castle- look, barrier of a castle or city, 1928. burh-stede, st. m., bckgh-stead, courtyard, 2265. burh-wela, w. m., [bdkgh-weal] wealth of a castle or city, 3100. bume, le. /., burn, stream, 2546. btlton,jn-(2)., with dat., but, except, 73, 657, 705. bflton, bUtan, conj. (1) with subj., unless, 966. (2) with indie, ■withouT, but that, except, 1560 ; in elliptical sen- tences, 879, 1614. bycgan, blcgan, w. v., but, 1305. be-bycgaa, w. v., sell, 2799. ge-bycgan, w. v., buy, obtain, 973; pret. his ealdre gebohte, "paid for [it] with his life," 2481 ; pp. pi. 3014. byldan, w.v., emBoij)EN, encourage, 1094. byme, w.f., trumpet; gen. 2943. byrdu-scrild, st. neut., shield-cover- ing, shield, 2660. byre, st. m., son, boy, youth, 1188, 2018, 2058, etc. byrele, st. m., cup-sEAKer, 1161. byre?, see beran. byrgean, w. v., taste, 448. byrht, see beorbt. bytig, see burg. byman, see beoman. byme, w. /., bteny, coat of mail, 405, etc. bym-wiga, w. m., btent- warrior, mailed warrior, 2918. byslgu, St. /., [Business] trouble, affliction ; mom. bisigu, 281 ; dat. y^.-bisgum, 1743, bysigum, 2580. byfl, see bion. bywan, w. v., prepare, adorn, 2257. C. camp, St. m., battle, 2505. can, see cunnan. candel, st. /., candle, 1572 (of the sun). ceald, adj., cold, 1261, etc. cealdost, superL, coldf-st, 546. ceap, St. m., [chap] bargain, pur- chase, 2415, 2482. ceaplan, w. v., [cheapen, chop] purchase; pp. geceapod, 3012. cearian, w. v., care, take care, 1536. cear-sI'S, st. m., [oAEE-joumey] journey fraught with care, ex- pedition that brings sorrow, 2396 (see Eadgils in "Persons and Places "). cearu, st. /., cake, sorrow, 1303, 3171. cear-wylm, -waelm, st. m., [oaee- wELLing] surge of care, wave of sorrow, extreme grief, 2821, 2066. [Sievers § 159, 2.] coaster-biiend, st.m., castle-dweller, denizen of a city, 768. cempa, w. m., champion, fighter, 1312, etc.; dat. 20ii. cene, ad,j., keen, bold, brave, 768. cenost, superl., keenest, bold- est, 206. cennan, w. v. (1) beget, bear, bring forth, 12, 943. (2) declare ; imperat. sg. refi. cen ))ec, 1219. a-cennan, w. v., beget, bear, 1356. cenVu, St. /., EEENness, boldness, 2696. ceol, St. m., KEEL, ship, 38, etc. ceorfan, st. v., caeve. be-ceorfan, st. v., with ace. pers. and dat. rei, cut off, 1590, 2138. GLOSSARY-. 165 caorl, St. m., chuiil, man, 202, 2444, 2972, etc. ceosan, ciosan, st. v., choose, ac- cept, 2376, 2818; pp. pi. geoo- rone, 206. ge ceosan, st. v., choose, 1201 (see note on 1200), 1758, 2469, etc.; dat. inf. geceosenne, 1851. cigan, w. V. a-clgan, w. v., call, summon, 3121. cirran, w. v. on-cirran, w. v. (1) trans., turn, change, 2857. (2) intrans., turn, return, 2951, 2970. oUf, St. neut., CLIFF, 1911. clomm, clamm, st. m., clasp, grip, 963, 1335, 1502. cnawan, st. v. ge-cnawan, s«. w., know, recog- nise, 2047. on-cnawan, st.v., know, recog- nise, 2554. cnllit, St. m., [knioht] boy, 1219. oniht-wesende, adj. (pres. part.), being a boy or youth, 372, 535. cnyssan, w. v., crash, clash; pret. pi. cnysedan, 1328. col, adj., COOL. c51ra, compar., cooler, 282, 2066. ooUen-ferliS, -ferS, adj., [swollen- minded] of proud spirit, high- minded, bold-mmded, 1806, 278^ con, const, see cunnan. coriSer, st. neut., troop, guard, crowd, 1153, 3121. costian, w. v., with gen., try, prove, 2084. craeft, st. m., might, strength; skill, CKiFT ; 699, 982, 2168, 2221 (mass), etc.; dat.pl. deofles crsef- tum, "with devil'sdeviees,"2088. crseftig, adj., [ceafiy] strong, powerful, 1466, 1962. cringan, st. v., cbinoe, fall, 635, 1113. ge-cringan, st. v., ceinge, fall; pret. sg. georong, 1568, 2505, gc- craug, 1337, gecrano, 1209. cuma, w. m. , ooMer, 1806. cuman, st. v., pret. c(w)om: comk, 23, 376, 430, 569, 731, 1382, 2058, etc. ; subj. pres. pi. cymen, 8106; pret.pl. cwomon, 239, etc., cwoman, 650; pp. pi. cumene, 361. Often with foil. inf. (which is sometimes best translated by a pres. part.), 268, 710, etc. be-cuman, st.v., pret. bec(w)om : (1) ooME, 115, 192, 2992, etc. (2) with. ace. pers., befall, 2883. ofer-cuman, otekcome; pret, sg. oferowom, 1273; pi-et. pi. oferoomon, 699 ; pp. 845. cumbol, St. m., standard, banner, 2505. cunnan, st.-w. v., pres. sg. 1st, Srd, con, can, 2nd, const: (1) loith ace. or clause, know, be acquainted with, 359, 372, 392, 418, 1180, 1377, 1739, etc.; with ace. and clause, 1355. (2) with inf., know how to, be able to, 50, 90, 182, 1746, etc. ounnian, w. v., with ace. or gen., try, make trial of, explore, 508, 1426, 1444, 1500, 2045. cti'S, adj. [pp. of cunnan), known, well known, famous, 150, 867, 1912, etc. clllSlice, adv., openly. cQlS-Ucor, compar., more open- ly, 244. cwealm, st. m., [QUELLing] murder, death, 107, 3149. cwealm bealu, st. neut., death-BALE, deadly evil, 1940. ewealra-cuma, w. m., murderous ooMer, 792. cweccan, w. v., [quake] brandish, 235. owellan, w. v., quell, kill, 1334. a-owellan, w. v., quell, kill, 886, etc. owen, st.f, QUEEN, wife, 62, etc. cwen-Hc, adj., queenlt, womanly, 1940. cweSan, st. v., say, speak, 2041; pret. owseiS, "quoth," 31.5, etc. £,-owetSan, st, v., say, apeak; 166 BEOWULF. pres. sg. aowyS, 2046; pret. sg. aowEe'S, "QUOTH," 654. ge-cweVan, st. v., say, speak, 535, 2664; pret. sg. gecwse'S, "QUOTH," 857, etc. cwic, cwico, adj., quick, living, alive, 98, 2314, 3093, etc. cwitSan, st. v., with ace, lament, mourn, 2112, 3171. -cwy^S, see -cwelSan. cyme, st. m. , coMing ; pi. 257. cymen, see cuman. cym-llce, adv. cym-llcor, coinpar., in more COMELY fashion, more fitly, 38. cyn(n), st. neut., kin, race, 98, 107, 421, etc. cyne-dom, st. m., KiNgnoM, 2376. cyning, kynlng, st. m., king, 11, 619, 3171, etc. cyning-bald, adj., [king-bold] roy- ally bold, 1634. cynn, st. neiit., only in pi. {of adj. cyn(n), "aKiN, suitable"), customs, courtesies, etiquette, 613. cypan, w. v., sell. ge-cypan, w. v., buy, purchase, hire, 2496. cyssan, to. v. ge-cyssan, ?«. v., kiss, 1870. cyst, St. /., [choosing] choice, choiceness, choice quality, ex- cellence, pick, 673, 802, 867, 923, etc. oylSan, w. v., make known, show, 669, etc.; pp. gecy'Sed, "made known, famed," 262, 700, 1971, etc. ge-cS^5an, w. v., make known, 257, 354. D. died, St. /., DEED, act, 181, etc.; ace. died, 585, etc., deede, 889; gen. pi. hafa'S...dffida gefondad, "has experienced deeds (of viol- ence?)," 2454. dEBd-cene, adj., [deed-keen] bold in act, 1645. d»d-truma, w. m., [DEED-chief] doer of deeds, 2090. dsed-hata, w. m., [oEED-HATer] one who shows his hatred in deeds, 275. daeg, St. m., day, -197, 485, 3159, etc. dseges, gen. of dieg used ad- verbially, by day, 1935, 2269. dseg-hwil, st. /., day- while, day; ace. pi. he dseg-hwila gedrogen hsefde eor'San wynne, "he had spent his days of earth's joy," 2726. dasg-rlm, st. neut., [day-mme] num- ber of days ; nom. dogera diEg- rim, "the number of his days," _823. dBBl, St. m., DEAL, part, portion, _share, 621, 1740, 2843, etc. dselan, iv. v., deal, divide, distri- bute, share, 80, 2534, etc. be-dffilan, w. v., with dat. rei, deprive, bereave, 721, 1275. ge-dSlan, w. v., dead out, 71; divide, part, 731, 2422. dare's, &t, m., daut, javelin, 2848. dead, adj., dead, 467, etc. deagan, st. v., dye ; pret, dealS-fffige deog, "the doomed one dyed [the mere]," 850. deah, see dugan. deaU, adj., proud, 494. dear, dearst, see durran. deals, St. m., death, 441, 2269, 2843, etc. dea'S-bedd, st. neut., death-bed, 2901. deaV-cwalu, st. /., [DEAiH-queUing] violent death, murder, 1712. deaS-cwealm, st. m., [DEATH-quel- liug] violent death, slaughter, 1670. dea'S-dseg, st. m., death-day, 187, 885. deaS-fSge,a4/.,[DEATH-EEY]doomed to death, 850. deaV-sctla, lo. m., DEATH-sbadow, deadly sprite, 160. dea'S-wSrig, adj., death-weaby, dead, 2125. GLOSSARY. 167 deaS-wIc, st. neiit., [deatu-wick] dwelling of death, 1275. deman, w. v., deem; adjudge, 687; appraise, 3174. demeud, st. m., judge, 181. denn, st. neut., den, 2759, 30-15. deofol, St. m., deyil, 756, etc. deogol, see dygeL deop, St. neut., deep, 2549. deop, adj., deep, 509, 1904. deor, dior, adj., bold, brave, dire, 1938, 2090. deorc, adj., dabk, 160, 275, etc. deore, see djhre. deor-llo, adj., bold, 585. dels, see don. -digan, see -dygau. diope, adv., deepIj-, 3069. diore, see dyre. disc, St. m., DISH, 2775, 3048. dogor, St. neut., day, 219, 2200, 2573, etc. ; dat. sg. dogore, 1797, dogor, 1395 (see note) ; gen. pi. dogora, 88, dogera, 823, dogra, 1090. dogor-gerlm, st. neut., number of days, 2728. dohtor, St. /., DAUGHTEE, 875, etc. dol-gilp, St. m., [DOLtish telp] foolish boast, 500. dol-Uc, adj., rash, desperate, au- dacious, 2646. ' dol-sceaVa, w. m., DOLtish sCATner, foolish or rash foe, 479. dom, St. m., doom, judgment, 441, 1098, etc. ; free-wiU, choice, 895, 2147, etc. ; glory, 883, 2666, etc. Special passages: aefter dome, "according to custom, or merit," 1720; dreah sefter dome, "lived, employed himself, according to right, or honour," 2179. dom-leas, adj., [glory-LESs] inglo- rious, 2890. ion,irreg. v., no, make, take, esteem, put, lay, 444, 1116, 1828, etc.; pres. sg. de^S, 1058 ; pret. sg. dyde, etc., 44, 1676, 2809, etc. Special passages: him Hunlafing hilde- leoman ... on bearm dyde, " the son of Hunlaf thrust the sword into his [Hengest's] breast," 1144 (see note); ne liim boes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafo'S ond ellen, "he esteemed the worm's war- fare as naught, its strength and courage," 2848. ge-don, St. v., do, make, put, esteem, 2090, 2186; prcs. sg. gedeS, 1732. dorste, pret. of durran. draca, w. m. (1) DBAKE, dragon, 892, 2088; (2) the drake or dragon, the slay- ing of which forms Beowulf's third great exploit, 2211, etc. -drsedan, st. v. on-drsdan, st. v., deead, 1674, 2275; pret. ondred, 2347. dreah, see dreogan. dream, st. m., [deeam] joy, mirth, 88, 99, etc. dream-leas, adj., jojless, 1720. drefan, K). v., trouble, stir, 1904; pp. gedrefed, 1417. dreogan, st. v., [deee] do, go through, experience, endure, suffer, enjoy, 589, 1470, 2179 {see dom), etc. ; imperat. sg. dreoh, 1782 ; pret. sg. dreah, 131; pret. pi. dvngon, 798, 1966; pp. gedrogeu, "spent," 2726. Spe- cial passage: sund-nytte dreah, "(did swimming-office, i.e.) swam," 2360. a-drSogan, st. v., endure, 3078. dreor, st. m., blood, 447. dreor-fSh, adj., blood-stained, 485. dreorlg, driorig, adj., [deeaey] bloody, 1417, 2789. dreosan, st. v. ge-dreosan, st. v., fall, sink, fail, decline, 1754, 2666. drepan, st. v., strike, hit; pret. sg. drep, 2880; pp. drepen, 1745, dropen, 2981. drepe, st. v., stroke, blow, 1589. drlfan, st. v., deive, 1130, 2808. to-drlfan, st. v., deive asunder, 545. drlht-, see dryht-. drihten, see dryliten. drlncan, st. v. dkink, 742, 1233, 168 BEOWULF. 1945, etc. ; pp. druncen, " drunk, having drunk (mot necessarily intoxicated)," 531, etc. ; pi. drunone, 480, etc. drinc-fsBt, see dryno-fset. drohtoV, St. m., way of life, calling, 756. dropen, see drepan. drtlsian, w. v., become turbid?, sub- side?, 1630. dryht-beam, st. neui., [noble baiem] noble youth, noble scion: ace. 2035. dryhten, drihten, st. m. (1) lord, chieftain, 1484, 1050, etc.; dat. dryhtne, 2482, etc., dryhten (?), 1831. (2) Lord (of the Deity), 108, etc. dryht-gmna, driht-guma, w. m., [clansman] warrior, noble war- rior, noble man, 99, 1790, etc. dryht-llc, driht-llc, adj., lordly, courtly, royal, noble, excellent, 892; weak neut. drihtlice wif, 1158. dryht-maSum, st. m., lordly trea- sure, splendid treasure, 2843. [dryht-,] driht-scype, st. m., [war- rior-SHip] heroic deed, 1470. drySt-sele, drihtsele, st.m., lordly hall, warrior-hall, 485, etc. dryht-sibb, st. /., troop-peace, peace between bands of warriors, 2068. drync-fset, drlnc-fset, st. n., [deink- vat] drinking-vessel, 2254, 2306. drysmian, w. v., darken, grow dark, 1375. d&fan, St. v., dive. ge-dflfan, st. v., dive into, sink into ; pret. sg. gedeaf, 2700. turh-dtlfan, st. v., dive THEOUGH, swim through; pj-et. sg. Jjurhdeaf, 1619. dugan, st.-w. v., pres. sg. indie. deah, 369, etc.; pres. sg. suhj. dnge, 589, etc. ; pret. sg. dohte, 1344, 1821, etc.: be Donanty, avail, 369, 573, etc., with gen. 526; treat (with dat.), 1821; rely. 1839. duguW, St. /. , DoUGHtiness, the DouGHtT, doughty warriors, noble warriors, 498, 2020, etc.; often coupled with geogo'5, "the youth- ful", 160, etc. ; nom. pi. dugutJa, 2035; dat. pi. for duge^um, "in virtue of doughtiness, by dint of doughty deeds," 2501; dugu-Sum, "doughtily, or to the doughty," 3174. *durran, st.-w. v., dabe; pres. sg. dear, dearst, 684, 527 ; pres. su^. dyrre, 1379; pret. sg. dorste, 1462, 2848, etc. duru, st.f., DOOE, 888, 721. dwellan, to. v., mislead, deceive, hinder ; pres. sg. dweleS, 1735. dyde, dydon, see don. dygan, lo. v. ge-dygaa, ge-dlgan, w. «., survive, escape, endure, 300, 578, 661, etc. dygel, deogol, adj., secret, hidden, 275, 1357.- dyhtig, adj., doughty, 1287. dynnaa, w. v., din, resound; pret. sg. dynede, 767, etc. dyre, deore, adj., dear in both senses, costly and beloved, 560, 1528, 1879, etc.; nom. diore, 1949 ; gen. sg. f. deorre, 488. deorest, stiperl., deabest, 1309. dyme, adj., secret, hidden, 271, 1879, etc. Ayne, see durran. dyrstig, adj., daring, bold; with gen. 2838. E. eac, adv., eke, also, 97, etc.; once ec, 3131. eaoen, adj. {pp. of *eacan), [Eimd] great, extensive, mighty, power- _ ful, 198, 1621, 1663, 2140. eacen-craeftig, adj., enormously strong, immense, 2280, 3051. eadlg, adj., rich, prosperous, 1225. 2470. eadlg-llce, adv., happily, 100. eafor, see eofor. GLOSSARY. 169 eafora, eafera, w. m., child, sou, 12, 375, etc.; pi. descendants, successors, 1710: dat. pi. eafe- ran, 1185. eafoV, St. neut,, strength, might, 902, etc.; ace. pi. eofo«o, 2534; dat. pi. eafelSum, 1717. Special passage: ic him Geata sceal eafoS ond ellen...giitie gebeodan, " I shall proclaim to him in war the strength and courage of the Geats," 602 (see note). eage, w. neut., eye, 72u, etc. eagor-stream, st. m., water-sTBEAM, 518. eahta, num., eight, 1035; gen. eahta sum, "one of eight, with seven others," 3123. eahtian, w. v., consider, deliberate about, esteem, watch over, rule: pres. pi. ehtiga^, 1222 ; pret. sg. eahtode, 1407 ; pret. pi. eahtedon, 172, ealitodan, 3173 ; pp. geseh- ted, 1885. eal(l), adj., all, 111,528, 652, 705, 914,2739; mom. sg. f. eal, 1738; neut. pi. eal, 486; uninflected, 2042, 3164. In some instances it is impossible to say certainly whether the word is an adj. or an adv.: 11, 1280, 1567, 1620, 2241. Substantively, sg. and pi. : 145, 649, 2162, 2794, 1727 (all things), 2461 (everything) ; gen. pi. ealra, "in all," 8170; loith gen. 744, 835, 1057, 1122, 2149, 2727. eal, adv., all, 1708, 680 (see >eah). ealles, adv. (gen. o/'eall), all, altogether, 1000, 1129. eald, adj., old, 72, 357, 1776, etc.; acc.pl.neut.ea,lde,23S0. Special passages: eald Metod, "our God of old, ' ' 945 ; gold-ma'Smas heold eald under eortSan, "the old [dragon] held gold-treasures under the earth," 2415. yldra, compar., eldek, older, 468, etc. yldesta, weak superl., eldest, oldest, 258, etc. ealder-, see under ealdor-. eald-gesegen, st. /., old saga, old tradition, 869. eald-gesW, st. m., old comrade, 853. eald-gestreon, st. neut., old trea- sure, 1381, etc. eald-hiaford, st. m., old lobd (Beo- wulf), 2778. ealdor, aldor, st. m., [aldek- in alderman] chief, lord, prince, sovereign, 56, 346, 3G9, 1644, 1848, 2920, etc. aldor-Ieas, adj., princeLEss, without a chief, 15. aldor-^egu, st. m., [prince- thane] chief thane, 1308. ealdor, aldor, st. neut., life, 1371, 1442, etc.; vitals, 1434. Special phrases: to aldre, "for life, for ever, always," 2005, 2498; awa to aldre, " for ever and ever," 955. aldor-bealu, st. neut., life-BAis, death, 1676. aldor-cearu, st. /., life-cABE, 906. aldor-dseg, ealder-dseg, st. m., life-DAY, day of life, 718, 757. aldor-gedal, st. neut., life-part- ing, death, 805. ealdor-gewinna, w, m., [life-wiN- Ner] life-adversary, 2903. ealdor-leaa, aldor-leas, adj., life- LESs, 1587, 3003. eal-fela, adj., [ALL-many] very many, with gen., 883; ace. eal- fela... worn, " a very great num- ber," 869. ealgian, w. v., defend, protect, 796, 1204, etc. eaU, see eal. eal(l)-gylden, adj., all-golden, 1111, 2767. eall-irenne, adj., all-ieon, 2338. ealo-benc, ealu-benc, st. /., ale- bench, 1029, 2867. ealo-drinceud, st. m. (pres. part.), ALE-DBiNKer, 1945. ea-Iond, st. neut., water-LAUD; ace. ea-lond utan, "the sea-board," 2334. 170 BEOWULF. ealo-W33ge, ealu-waege, st. neut., ALB-stoup, ale-can, tankard of ale, 481, 495, 2021. ealu-scerwen, st.,f., ALE-dearth, terror as of a dearth of ale, great terror, 769. earn, st. m., ["eme" Spenser] uncle, mother's brother, 881. eaxd, St. m., country, estate, home, abode, dwelling, 56, 104, 1621 (expanses), 1727, 2198, 2493, 2736, etc. eardian, w. v. (1) intrans., dwell, rest, 3050. (2) trans., inhabit, 166; ivf. wic eardian, "take up his abode," 2589. eard-lufu, w. /., home-LovE, dear home?, 692. [Sievers § 279, N. 1-] eai'd-weall, st. m., land- wall, 1224. earfoV, st. neut., hardship, hard battling, endurance ; ace. pi. earfe«o, 534. carfo^S-lIce, adv., hardly, with difficulty, 86, etc. ; with trouble, sorrowfully, 2822. earfo15-))rag, st. /., time of stress, time of tribulation, 283. earg, adj., cowardly; gen. abso- lutely, earges siiS, "coward's way," 2541. carm, st. m., akm, 513, etc. earm, adj., wretched, 2368, 2938; weak f em. earme, 1117. eanura, compar. , more wretch- ed, 577. earm-beag', st. m., AKM-ring;, arm- let, 2763. earm-hread, st. /., ABM-ornament, 1194. earm-llo, adj., wretched, miserable, 807. earm-sceapen, adj. (pp.), wretched- SHAPEK, miscreated, miserable, 1351, 2228. earn, st. m., eagle, 3026. eart, abt, 352, 506, 2nd sg. pres. indie, ojfwesan (q. v.). eastan, adv. , from the east, 569. eatol, see atol. eaXe, ySe, adj., easy, pleasant, 223, 1002, etc.; once eUe, 2586. ea*e, adv., easily, 478, etc. ea«-fynde, adj., easy to find, 138. eawan, see ywan. eaxl, St. /., [axle] shoulder, 835, etc. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., shoulder- comrade, bosom friend, 1326, 1714. ec, see eac. See, adj., eternal, 108, etc. ecg, St. /., EDGE (of a weapon), sword, 1106, 2506, etc. ecg-bana, w. m., [edge-bane] slayer witha weapon, sword-slayer, 1262. ecg-bete, st. m., edge-hate, sword- hate, hatred leading to war, 84, 1738. eeg-)>raou, st.f., EDGE-onset, sword- onset, armed attack, 596. ed-hwyrft, st. m., return, change, reverse, 1281. edre, see adre, st. f. ed-wenden, st. /., return, change, 1774, 2188. edwit-llf, St. neut., life of reproach, life of infamy, 2891. efn, adj., even. on efti, with dat., even with, beside, 2903. efnan, sefnan, w, v., achieve, per- form, accomplish, do, make, 1041, 1254, etc.; pp. geoefned, 3106; a'iS waes gesefned, "the oath was sworn," 1107. ge-sefuan, w, v., perform, etc., 538. efne, adv., even, 943, etc. efstan, id. v., hasten, 1493, etc. ["Beitrage," x. 506.] eft, adv., AFTer, afterwards, again, back, 56, 135, 123, 296, etc. eft-cyme, st. m., baok-coMing, re- turn, 2896. eft-sit!, St. m., back-journey, return, 1332, etc. Sg-ollf, St. neut., sea-OLiFF, 2893. egesa, st. m., fear, terror, '784, etc.; ace. egsan, 276. eges-full, adj., terrible, 2929. GLOSSARY. 171 eges-llc, adj., terrible, 1649, etc. egl, St. /., [AiL = a spike or awn of barley] claw, 987. egsa, see egesa. egsian, lo. v., cause terror, affright; pret. egsode eorl, "the earl caused terror," 6. eg-stream, st. m., water-stream, ocean current, 577. eMan, w. v., with gen., pursue, 159, 1512. ehtlgaV, see eahtian. elde, see ylde. eldo, see yldo. el-land, st. veut., alien land, strange land, 3019. ellen, st. m. neut., strength, courage, bravery, 573, 893, 2706, etc.; dat. sg. elne, sometimes best rendered hy an adv., "courage- ously," 2676 ; sometimes with strictly adverbial force,"qmck\.y," 1967, "absolutely," 1097, "al- together," 1129. eUen-dsed, st. /., [strength-DEEn] deed of strength or courage, 876, 900. _ ellen-gaest, st. m., [strength- ghost] powerful sprite, 86. ellen-llce, adv., mightily, courage- ously, 2122. ellen-mierlSu, st. /., [might-great- ness] fame for strength or cour- age, feat of strength, 824, 1471. ellen-rof, adj., courage - strong, famed for strength or courage, 340, 1787, etc. ellen-sloc, adj., [strength - sick] strengthless, 2787. ellen-weorc, st. neut., strength- WOKE, deed of might or courage, 661, etc. elles, adv., else, otherwise, 138, etc. eUor, adv., ELsewhithEn, 55, etc. ellor-gast, eUor-gsst, st. m., [else- whither-OHosT] sprite living else- where, alien sprite, 807, 1349, 1617, 1621. ellor-slS,sf. 7)1., journey elsewhither, death, 2451. elne, see ellen. elra, adj. {compar. o/*ele), another, 752. el-J>30dig, adj., of alien nation, foreign, 336. ende, st. m., end, 822, 1734, etc. ; ace. hsefde eor^-scrafa ende ge- nyttod, "had had the last of his earth-oaves," 3046; dat. eorlum on ende, "to the earls at the end (of the high table?, i.e. the noblest)," 2021. ende-dseg, st. m., end-day, day of death, 637, etc. ende-dogor, st. m., END-day, day of death, 2896. ende-laf, st. /., [ENo-LEAving] last remnant, 2813. ende-lean, st. neut., END-reward, final reward, 1692. ende-sfflta, w. m., [END-sitter] coast- guard, 241. ende-stsef, st. m., [end-stapf] end ; ace. on ende-stsef, "towards, in, the end," 1753. endlan, w. v. ge-endian, w. v., end ; pp. geendod, 2311. enge, adj. , narrow, 1410. ent, St. m., giant, 1679, etc. eutisc, adj., gigantic, 2979. eode, eodon, see gan. eodor, st. m. (1) fence, barrier ; ace. pi. under eoderas, "under the barriers, into the house," 1037, (2) protector, lord, prince, 428, etc. ; nom. eodur, 663. eoter, eofor, st. m., boar, figure of a boar upon a helmet, 1112, 1328 ; ace. eafor, 2152. eofer-spreot, st. m., boar-spear, 1437. eofor -lie, St. neut., boar-LiKEness, figure of a boar upon a helmet ; pi. 303. eofoS, see eatoS. eolet, St. m. or neut., sea (?) ; gen. J>aw£es sund liden eoletes (et ende, "then was the sound traversed at the far side of the sea," 224. 172 BEOWULF. eom, AM, see wesan. eorclau-stan, st.m., precious stone, 1208. eoredgeatwe, st. f. pi, troop- trappings, military equipments, eorl, St. m., eabl, noble, warrior, 6, 248, etc. eorl-gestreon, st. neut., eabls' treasure, 2244. eorl-gewaide, st. neut., [eael- weeds] armour, 1442. eorllc (=eorl-lie), adj., eakl-like, noble, 637. eorl-scipe, st. m., eaelsuip, cou- rage, heroic deeds, 1727, 2133, etc. eorl-weorod, st. neut., [BAKL-host] warrior-band, 2893'. eormen-cynn, st. neut., [extend- ed, enormous kin] mankind, 1957. eormen-grund, st. neut., [enormous gbound] the whole broad earth, 859. eormeu-laf, st. neut., [enormous LEAving] immense legacy, 2234. eorr^, see yrre. eofS-eynlng, st. m., earth-king, earthly king, 1155. eoiBdraca, w. m., eahth-dbake, earth-dragon, 2712, etc. eortJe, w. /., eaeth, world, 92, 2834, etc. eoiU-hlls, St. neut., eabth-house, 2232. eoitS-reced, st. neut., EAKTH-house, earth-hall, 2719. eorS-scrsef, st. neut., EAETH-cave; gen. pi. eortS-scrafa, 3046. eoi8 sole, St. m., EAETH-hall, 2410, etc. eoiS-weall, st. m., eakth-wall, 2957, etc. eorlS-weard, st. m., EABTH-posses- sion, land-property, locality, 2334. eoten, eotou, st. m., eoten, giant, monster, enemy, 112, 421, 668, 761, 902, etc. eotenlsc, eotonisc, adj., gigantic, of a giant, 1558, 2979 ; ace. etonisc, 2616. eoten- weard, st. /., [eoten- wabd] ward or watch against a monster; ace. eoten-weard ahead, "offered watch against Grendel," 668 (see note), eow, pers. pron., ace. anddat.pl. (of t-'u), YOD, 391, 2865, etc. eowan, 'see ywan. iower, pers. pron., gen.pl. (o/J)ii), of Yon, 248, etc. eower, 2)oss. adj., youb, 257, etc. eowlo, pers. pron., ace. pi. (o/J>u), Yon, 317, 3095. est, st.f., favour, grace, 958, 2165, etc. ; aec. }pxt ic his Srest ^e est gessegde, " that I should first give thee his kiudly greeting," 2157 ; dat. pi. estum, toith adverbial force, "graciously, gladly, kindly," 1194, 2149, 2378. este, adj., gracious; with gen. byre . . .este vvSre bearn-gebyrdo, " was gracious to her in her child- bearing," 945. etan, st. v., eat, 444, 449. )>urh-etan, St. v., eatieboubh; pp. pi. >urhetone, 3049. etonisc, see eotenlsc. SS-begete, adj. , [easy-BEOoiten] easily got, 2861. eSe, see eatSe. eSel, St. m. , native land, fatherland, land, estate, 520, 1730, etc. iSel-riht, st. neut., land-KiOHT, 2198. tVel-stol, St. m., [fatherland-sTooi;] native seat ; pi. country, 2371. eSel-turf, st.f., native xubf, native soil; dat. e'Sel-tyrf, 410. eflel-weard, st. m., fatherland- wAEDen, guardian of his country, 616, 1702, 2210. eflel-wyn, st. /., land-joy, home joy, 2885; ace. eSel-wyn, 2493. eS-gesyne, y^S-gesene, adj., [easy-] manifest, easily visible (not seen, pp.), 1110, 1214, GLOSSARY. 173 F. filoen-stsef, st. m., treachery, 1018. fsec, St. neut., period of time, 2240. f33der, St. m., tatheb, 65, 316 (of God), ete^; gen. feeder, 911. fsedcren-msD^, st. m., father's kinsman, kinsman on the father's _side, 1263. faage, adj. pet, doomed, 846, etc. fsegen, adj., fain, glad, 1638. fsBger, adj., faik, beautiful, 522, etc. fsegere, faegre, adv., FAmly, be- comingly, courteously, 1014, 1788, etc. -fSgon, see -feon. fsehlS, trnhVo, st. f. , feud, hostility, 2403, 2999 ; ace. fffihlSe, 153, etc., _f£egh«e, 2465, ftehlSo, 2489. fslsian, w. v., cleanse, 432, etc.; pp. gefffilsod, 825, etc. famne, w. /., bride, lady, 2034, 2059. ter, St. neut., craft, vessel, 33. fasr, St. TO., FEAE, sudden danger, 1068, 2230. fSr-gTlpe, St. m., feak-gbip, sudden grip, 738, etc. iSr-gryre, st. m., [FEAK-terror] sudden terror, terror of sudden danger, 174. farlnga, adv., suddenly, 1414, etc. fjer-nlS, st. rn., [FEAH-malice] sud- den mischief, sudden horror, 476. fsest, adj., FAST, 303, 1742, etc.; often with dat. 1290, 1878, etc. fsestan, w. v., fasten. be-fsestan, w. o., commit to, 1115. fseate, adv., fast, 554, etc. fsestor, compar., faster, 143. fsesten, st. neut. , FASTness, strong- hold^ 104, etc. fsest-rsed, adj., [fast -rede] firm- purposed, steadfast, 610. fsBt, St. m., VAT, vessel, flagon, 2761. ffflt, St. neut., plating, gold-plate, 716, 2256. fSted, fStt, adj. {pp.), plated, gold- plated, 333, etc. fated-Meor, adj., with bridle covered with plates of gold, 1036. faet-gold, sL neut., plated gold, 1921. fstt, see fseted. tsdVm, St. m., [fathom] embrace, bosom, lap, 185, 188, 1393, etc. ; power, 1210. fseSmlan, w. v., embrace, 2652, etc. tag, fah, adj., stained, coloured, variegated, bright, shining, 305, 1615, 1631, 2217, 2701, 420 (blood-stained), 1038 (bedecked), 2671 (flashing), etc.; acc.sg.m. fagne, fahne, 725, 446, etc. laii, fag, adj. : (1) hostile, 554; nom. he fag wi'S God, "he a foe to God," 811. Substantively, foe ; ace. sg. m. fane, 2655; gen. pi. fara, 578, 1463. (2) guilty, outlawed, 978, 1001, 1263. fahne, see mg, fah. faml(g)-heals, adj., roAMY-necked, 218, 1909. fandian, see fondlan. fane, see iBh, fag. -fangen, see -fon. ta,ia,, see fS.h, tag. faran, st. v., fake, go, 124, 1404, 1895, etc.; dat. inf. farenne,1805. ge-faran, st. v., fare, 738. faroS, St.- m., tide, stream, flood, 28, etc. lea, pi. adj., few; ace. {with gen.) fea worda, 2246, 2662; gen. fe- ara, 1412,3061; doe. feaum,1081. -feata, see -feon. fealli, see feolan. feaUan, st. v., fall, 1070, etc. pret. sg. feol(l), 772, 2919, etc. be-Ieallan; pp. befeallen, "de- prived, bereft," 1126, 2256. ge-feallan, st. v. (1) intrans., fall, 1755. (2) trans., fall to, fall on to, 2100, 2834. fealo, see fela. fealu, adj. , fallow, yellow, dun ; ace. sg. m. fealone, 1950; /. fealwe, 916 ; ace. pi. fealwe, 865. fea-sceaft, adj., wretched, desti- tute, 7, etc. 174 BEOWULF. feax, St. neut., hair, hair of the head, 1647; dat. fexe, 2967. fedan, w. v., feed. 5,-fSdan, w. u., hring up, 693. -{Sgon, see -feon. -fell, Bee -feon. fehV, see fon. fel, St. /. , FILE ; gen. pi. fela lafe, "leavings of files, i.e. swords," 1032. fela, St. neut., indecl., much, many, 586, 2106. Vsu. with gen. sij. or pi. 164, 809, 876, 929, 992, 1060, 1888; fealo, 2757 ; see also worn. Used as an aAj. qualifying worn (q. v.), 530, etc. fela, adv., much, greatly, 13S5, 2102, 3025, 3029, 694 (see mioel). fela-geomor, adj., very sad, 2950. fela-hror, adj., very vigorous, 27. fela-modlg, adj., [very moody] very brave, 1637. fela-synnlg, adj., very siNful, 1379. fell, St. neut., fell, skin, 2088. fen(n), st. neut., fen, moor, 104, 2009, etc. feu-freoSo, st.f., FEN-refuge, 851. feng, St. m., clutch, grasp, 578, 1764. feng, see fon. fengel, st. to., prince, 1400, etc. fen-gelad, st. neut., FEN-path, 1359. fen-MiS, St. neut., FEN-slope; pi. fen-hleo«n, 820. fen-hop, St. neut., FEN-retreat, "sloping hollow with a fenny bottom" (Skeat), 764. feoh, St. neut., fee, property, money; dat. sg., feo, 156, etc. feoh-gift, -gyft, st. /., fee-gift, gift of money, valuable gift, 21, 1025, etc. feoh-leas, adj., fee-less, not to be atoned for with money, 2441. feohtan, st. v. ge-feohtan, st. c, fight, 1083. feohte, w. /., fight, 576, 959. feolan, st. v., penetrate; 'pret. sg. fealh, 1281, 2225. aet feolan, st. v., cleave, stick; pret. ffitfealh, 968. -feon, St. V. ge-feon, st. v., rejoice; pret. sg. gefeah, 109, etc.^gefeh, 827, etc.; pret. pi. gefsBgon, 1014, gefegon, 1627. feond, St. m., fiend, foe, 101, 164, etc. feond-grap, st. /., PiEND-grip, foe's grasp, 636. feond-sca'Sa, w. m., [FiEND-scATner] dire foe, 554. feond-8Cipe, st. m., fiendship, en- mity, 2999. feor, adj., fab, 1361, 1921. feor, adv., fab, afar, 42, 542, 808, 1221, etc.; once feorr, 1988; of time, "far back," 1701. fyr, feor, compar., farther, 143, 252, 1340. feor-bflend, st. m. (pres. part), fab dweller, dweller afar ; pi. 254. feor-cySB, st. /., fab country; pi. ieox-oyMe, 1838. feorh, St. m. neut., life, 73, 439, 1152 (bodies), 1210, 2040, etc.; gen. feores, 1433, etc. ; dat. feore, 1843, etc.; dat. pi. feorum, 73, etc. Special passages : ace. ferh {see wrecan), 2706; wees in feorh dropen, "was mortally wounded," 2981 ; widan feorh, "ever," 2014 ; dat. to widan feore, "ever," 933. feorh-bealu, -bealo, st. neut., life-BALE, deadly evil, 156, 2077, etc. feorh- benn,st./., life-wound, deadly wound, 2740. feorb-bona, w. m., [life-BANE] mur- derer, 2465. feorh-cynn, st. neut., life-KiN, gene- ration or race of men, 2266. feorh-genlBla, w. m., life-foe, deadly foe, 969, etc. feorh-last, st. m., life-step, 846. feorb-legu, st. /., LAYing down of life; ace. nil ic on ma'Sma hord mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, "now that in exchange for the hoard of treasures I have sold the laying down of my old life," 2800. GLOSSARY. 175 feorh-seoo, adj., life-siOK, mortally wounded, 820. feorli-sweng, st. m., [life-blow] deadly blow, 2489. feorh-wund, st. /., life-wouND, deadly wound, 2385. feorm, st. /., food, sustenance, 451. feonuend, st. m. (pres. part.), polisher; pi. 2256. feormend-leas, adj., polisher-LEss, wanting the furbisher, 2761. feonuian, w. v. (1) polish; suhj.pres. 2253. (2) eat, devour; pp. gefeormod, 744. feorr, see feor. feorran, adv., from aFAH, (1) of space, 361, etc. (2) of time, 91, 2106 (of old times). feorran-cund,a(y., come from aPAB, 1795. feor-weg, st. m., pak way, distant land, 37. feower, num., rouB, 59, 1637, etc. feower-tyne, num., fourteen, 1641. fSran, w. v., fare, go, 27, 839, etc.; sabj. pres. pi., foran, 254. ge-feran, ro. o. (1) trans., go to, reach, gain, bring about, 1221, 1855, 2844, 3063. (2) intrans., fare, behave; pret. pi., frecne geferdon, "they be- haved daringly," 1691. ferh, 2706, see feorH. ferh, St. m., [pakeow] boar, figure of a boar on a helmet, 305. ferhV, St. m., heart, mind, etc., 754, 1166, 3176, etc. ferhS-frec, adj., bold-minded, 1146. ferhB-genltSla, w.m., life-foe, deadly foe, 2881. ferian, w. v., [febrt] bear, carry, bring; pres. pi. ferigea^, 333; pret. pi. feredon, 1154, etc., fy- redon, 378 ; pp. pi. geferede, 361. SBt-ferlan, w. v., bear off, 1669. ge-feriau, w. v., bear, bring, 1638, etc.; imperat. pi. 1st, ge- ferian, "let us bear," 3107. of-ferian, w. v., bear off, 1583. oS-ferlan, w. v., bear away, save, 2141. fetel-hilt, st. neut., belted hilt, 1563. fetian, w. v., fetch; pp. fetod, 1310. ge-fetlan, w. v., fetch, bring, 2190. feSa, w. m., troop on foot, troop of warriors, troop, 1327, 1424, 2544, etc. teVe, St. neut., movement, pace, 970. fe?e-oempa, w. m., foot-ohampion, foot-warrior, 1544, etc. feSe-gest, st. m., foot-GUEST, 1976. fe'Be-last, st. m., [movement-track] foot-track, 1632. felSer-gearwa, st. f. pi., peathek- GEAB, 3119. feSe-wIg, St. VI. , foot- war, battle on foot, 2364. fex, see feaz. f If, num., FIVE, 545 ; inflected, fife, 420. flfel-cynn, st. neut., monster-KiN, race of monsters, 104. flf-tene, nuvi., fifteen; ace. fyf- tyne, 1582; inflected gen., fif- tena sum, ' ' with fourteen others , ' ' 207. nftlg, num., fifty; as adj. 2209; with gen. 2733 ; inflected gen. sg. fiftiges, 3042. findan, st. v., find, 7, 207, etc. ; obtain, prevail, 2373 : inf. swa hyt weor'Slicost fore-snotre men findan mihton, "as very wise men could most worthily devise it," 3162. on-findan, st. v., find out, per- ceive, observe, discover, 750, 1293, 1890, etc. finger, st. vi., fingek, 760, etc. nras, St. m. pi., men, 91, etc. ; gen. pi. fyra, 2250. ["Beitrage" x. 487.] firen, fyren, st. /., crime, violence, 137, 915, etc.; ace. fyrene, 153, 2480, etc., firen, 1932. dat. pi. fyrenum, "by crimes. 176 BEOWULF. criminally, maliciously," 1744, 2441. fyren-dsed, st. /., crime-EEED, deed of violence, 1001, 1669. fyren-ISear^ st. /., [crime-need] dire distress, 14. firgen-, see f^gen-. flffiso, St. neut., flesh, 2424. flssc-homa, w. m., flesh- covering, body, 1568. flan, St. m., arrow, barb, 2438, 3119. flinboga, w. m., arrow-Bow, 1433, etc. fleah, see fleon. fleam, st. m., flight, 1001, etc. fltogan, St. ■»., FLT, 2278. fl.on, St. v., FLEE, 755, etc.; pret. sg., with ace, fleah, 1200 (see note), 2225. be-fleon, st. t/., 2uith ace, flee, escape from ; dat. inf. no Jiset ytSe byS to befleonne, "that (fate or death) -will not be easy to escape from," 1003. olef-fleon, st.v., flee from ; inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleon fotes trem, "I will not flee from the barrow's warden a foot's space," 2525. fleotan, st. v., float, swim, 542, etc. flet, St. neut., floor, floor of a hall, hall, 1025, 1086, 1540, etc. flet-rsBst, St. /., floor-KEST, bed in a hall, 1241. flet-slttend, st. m. (pres. part.), floor-sitter,hall-sitter, 1788, 2022. flet-vrerod, st. neut., [floor-host] hall-troop, 476. ftibt, St. m., FLIGHT, 1765. flitan, St. v., [Sc. flite] contend, strive, 916; pret. sg. 2nd, 507. ofer-flltan, st. v., ovEECome, 517. flod, St. m., FLObD, 545, etc. flod JC, st.f., FLooD-wave, 542. flor, St. m., FLOOK, 725, etc. flota, w. m., [FLOATer] bark, ship, 210, etc. flot-here, st. m., [FLOAT-army] fleet, 2915. flyman, w. v., put to flight; pp. geflymed, 846, etc. -foh, see -fon. folc, St. neut., folk, nation, people, warriors, army, 14, 55, 262, 1855, 2393, etc. The plural is sometimes used with the same meaning as the singular, 1422, etc. ; cf. leod, leode. folc-agend, st. m. {pres. part.), [FOLK-owNer] folk-leader, 3113. folo-cwen, st.f., folz-queen, 614. folo-cynlng, st.m., folk-kino, 2733, etc. folc-red, st. m., folk-rede; ace, folc-red fremede, "did what was for the public good," 3006. folc-rilit, St. neut., folk-bight, public right, 2608. folo-scaru, st.f., folk-shaee, public property?, 73. folc-stede, st. m., folk-stead, 76 (Heorot); ace. folc-stede fara, "the field of battle," 1463. folc-toga, w. m., FOLK-leader, 839. fold-t)Old, St. neut., earth-building, hall on the earth, 773. fold-bHend, st. m. {pres. part.), earth-dweller, 309; pi. fold- buend, 2274, fold-buende, 1355. folde, w. /., earth, ground, world, 96, 1196, 2975. fold-weg, St. m., earth-wAY, 866, etc. folglan, w. v., FOLLOW, pursue, 1102, 2933. folm, St. f. , hand, 158, etc. fon, St. v., seize, take, receive, grapple, clutch, 438; pres. 3rd, feh^ 65er to, "another suc- ceeds," 1755; pret. feng, 1542, with dat. 2989. be-fon, bl-fon, st. v., seize, seize on, embrace, encircle, en- compass; pp. befongen, 977, 1451, 2274, etc., bifongen, 2009, befangen, 1295, etc. ge-fon, St. v., with ace, seize; pret. gefeng, 740, 1563, 2215, 2009, 3090, etc. on-fon, St, v., usu, with dat., GLOSSARY. 177 receive, take, seize, 911; im- perat. fg. onf'oh, 11C9; pret. on- feng, 52, 1214, etc.; he oufeng hraiSe inwit-Jiancum ond wi'S earm gesast, "he (Grendel) quick- ly seized [Beowult] with hostile intent and sat on, fixed, came down on, his arm" {or, as Grein, "Beowulf quickly received the malignant monster, and sup- ported himself on his arm"), 748. burh-fon, st. v., with ace, [seize thkough] penetrate, 1504. wlt!-fon, St. v., loith dat., grapple with ; pret. wi^-feng, 760. ymlie-ton, st. v., with ace, [seize ahout] encircle, enclose; pret. ymhefeng, 2691. toudian, fandian, w. v., with gen., search out, prove, experience ; pp. gefandod, 2301, gefoudad, 2454. for, prep. (1) with dat., before, 358, 1026, 1120, 2020, 1649, 2990; before or because of, 169, 2781; fok, out of, from, through, because of, on account of, about, 110, 338-9, 383, 308, 832, 951, 965, 1442, 1515, 2501 (in virtue of), 2549, 2926, 2966, etc.; for (pur- pose), 382, 458. (2) with ace, foe, instead of, as, 947, 1175, 2348. foran, adv., beFOKE, to the fore, forwards, 984, 1458. Special passage: i>e him foran ongean linde bSron, "who bare their linden-shields forwards against* him," 2364. ford, St. m., fobd, 568. toie, prep., with dat., beFOEE, 1215; for, through, because of, 136, 2059^ of, about, 1064. toie-mxie, adj., [roBE-great]. fore-mserost, superl., most famous of aU, 309. fOTe-znlhtlg, adj., [foee-miqhit] over-powerful, 969. fore-snotor, adj. [FOKE-prudent] very wise, 3162. W. B. fore-banc, st. m., roBEthought, 1060. forht, adj., fearful, afraid, 754, 2967. forma, ndj. superl. {of fore), first, 716, etc. forst, St. m,, FEOST, 1609. forlS, adv., foeth, forward(s), away, on, 45, 210, 745, 1718, 1793, 2289 {see to, adv.), 3176, etc.; of time, henceforth, from now, 948, 2069. for-flam, for-Bau, for-flon, adv., I'OB THAT, therefore, 418, 1957, 2645, 2741, 3021, etc. for-t>on be, conj., because, 503. for¥-gesceaft, st. /., [FOEXH-orea- tion] future world or destiny, 1750. for-bon, see for-9am. forS-weg, St. m., foeih-wat, way forth, 2625. fSt, St. m., FOOT, 500, 7405, etc. fot-gemearc, st. neut., foot-maek, foot-length, foot; gen. sg. fif- tiges fot-gemearces lang, "fifty feet long," 3042. fot-last, St. m., pooT-track, 2289. fracod, adj., worthless, 1575. -frsegen, see -frignan. frsegn, see frignan. iTEstwa, frsetwe, st. f. pi., [feet-] adornments, jewels, fretted ar- mour, 3, 37, 896, 1208, 2163, etc.; dat. frsetwura, 2054, etc., frffltewum, 962. fraetw(l)an, w. v., [feet] adorn, 76; pp. gefraetwod, 992. ge-fraetw(i)an, w. v., adorn; pret. sg, gefra^twade, 96. fram, see from. frea, w. m., lord, 271, etc.; of tlie Deity, the Lord, 27, 2794. frea-drihten, st.m,., lord and master, 796. frea- wine, st.m., lord-friend, friend- ly ruler, 2337, etc.; ace. 2438._ frea-wrasn, st. /., lordly chain, noble chain, 1451. freca, w. ni., wolf, bold man, war- rior, 1563. 12 178 BEOWULF. freone, adj., [Sc. fkaok] daring, audacious, 889, 1104, 268'J; dangerous, dread, fearful, 1359, 1378, 2250, 2537. frecne, adv., daringly, fiercely, 959, 1032, 1691. fremde, adj., foreign, 1691. freme, adj., forward, strenuous, 1932. fremman, w. v., teame, do, per- form, aooomplish, bring about, try, 3, 101, 1003, 2514 (see note), etc. ; further, support, 1832 : pret. fremede, 3006, etc. ; pp. ge- fremed, 954, etc., ace. f. gefre- mede, 640. ge-fremman, w. v., fbame, do, work, etc., 174, 636, 1315, 2449, etc.; pret. hinemihtig God...fortS gefremede, "him mighty God ad- vanced," 1718. freo-burli, st. /., feee bueqh, free city, noble city, 693. fr§od, st.f., friendship, 2476, 2556. freo-dryhten, st. m., noble lord, 1169, 2627. freogan, w. v., love, 948, 3176. fireo-lic, adj., [rBEE-LiKE] noble, 615; fern, freolicu, 641. freond, st. m., feiend, 915, etc. freond-lar, st. /., feiend-loke, friendly counsel, 2377. freona-la)>u, st. /., PEiENDly in- vitation, 1192. freond-Uoe, adv. freondllcor, compar., in a more FEiENDLY Way, in friendlier wise, 1027. freond-scipe, st. m., feiendshif, 2069. freo-wlne, st. m., noble friend, 430. freo'So, St. /., protection, peace; ace. freo«o, 188, 1174; freolSe, "compact," 1707. freoBo-liurli, st. /., protecting BUEOH, peaceful city, city of re- fuge, 522. freoSo-wong, et. m., peace-plain, field of peace, 2959. freoBu-webtie, w-f., peaoe-WEAver, 1942. frloSo-waer, frioBu-wser, st. /., peace-compact, treaty of peace, 1096, 2282. frilSu-sibb, st. /., peace-kin, peace-bringer, 2017. fretan, st. v., [fuet] devour, con- sume, 1581, etc. fricgean, w. v., ask; inf. fricgcean, 1985 ; pres. part, fricgende, 2106. ge-frlcgeaji, to. v., learn, 3002; pres. subj. 1826, 2889. fiiclan, w. v. , seek for, 2556. frlgnan, frlnan, st. v., ask, in- quire, 351 ; imperat. sg. frin, 1322 ; pret. sg. fraegn, 236, etc. ge-frignan, st. v., learn, hear of; pret. sg., gefrsegn, 194, etc., gefrsBgen, 1011; pret. pi. gefru- non, 2, etc., gefiungon, 666; pp. gefriineu, 694, etc., gefrsegen, 1196. Often followed by ace. and inf. 74, 19B9, etc. frlnan, see frlgnan. frlcBo-, friolSu-, frilSu-, see freoflo-. frod, adj., old, wise, 1306, 279, etc. frofor, St. /., solace, comfort, 14, etc.; ace. frofre, 7, etc., frofor, 698. from, adj., forward, keen, bold, 1641, etc.; rich, 21. from, fram, prep., with dat., feom, away from, 420, 541, 1635, 2565, etc.; of, concerning, 532, 581, etc. Following its case, 110, etc. from, fram, adv. , away, forth, 754, 2556. fruma, w. m., beginning, 2309. frum-cyn, st. neut., [first kin] liu- . eage, origin, 252. frum-gar, st. m., [first-spear, c/. Lat. primipilus] chieftain, 2856. frum-sceaft, st. /., first creation, beginning, 45, etc. -frilnen, -ftungon, -frOnon, see -frlgnan. fugol, St. m., FOWL, bird, 218, etc. ful, adv., FULL, very, 480, etc. ful(l), St. neut., cup, beaker, 615, etc.; ace. yiSa ful, "the waves' cup, i.e. the sea," 1208. full, adj., FULL, 2412. GLOSSARY. 179 fultum, St. m., help, aid, 698, 2662, etc. fuudian, w. v., hasten, intend, strive to go, 1137, 1819. furSum, adv., first, 323, etc.; at first, formerly, 1707. furSur, adv., i'urthek, 254, etp. Ids, adj., ready, eager, longing, 1241, 1475, etc.; hastening, in- clined, 1966 ; iiom. leofra manna fus, "longing for the dear men," 1916. fas-lie, adj., ready, prepared, 1424, etc. ; neut. pi. fusliou, 232. f^f-tyne, see fif-tene. fyU, St. m., FALL, 1544, 2912. fyUan, w.v. a-fyUan,M;.«.,i'iLLup,fill, 1018. lyilan, w. v. ge-£jrllan, w. v., fell, 2655; pret. pi. gefyldan, 2706. fyilo, St. /., FILL, 562, 1333, etc. fyl-werlg, adj., fall-weary, weary to the point of faUing, 962. ft?r, see feor, adv. lyr, St. neut., tibe, 185, etc. fyras, see firas. tyr-bend, st. m. /., FmE-BAUD, 722. ^d-gestealla, w. m., army-com- rade, 2873. tsTd-Iiom, St. m., army-coat, coat of maU, 1504. tyrd-hrsegl, st. iwut., [army-BAiL] armour, 1527. fyrd-liwset, adj., [army-active] war- like, brave; pi. fyrd-hwate, 1641, 2476. ^d-leCB, St. neut., army-lay, war- song, 1424. ^-draca, w. m., fibe-dbake, fire- dragon, 2689. ^d-seaxtt, st. neut., [army-] ar- mour, 2618; pi. 232. fyrd-wyriSe, adj., [army-woEiny] war- worthy, distinguished in war, 1316. lyren, see firen. fyrgen-beam, st. m., [mountain- beam] mountain-tree, 1414. fjrgen-liolt, st. m., mountain-HOLi, mountain wood, 1393. fyrgen-stream, flrgen-strSam, st. TO., mountain - sieeam, 1359, 2128. fyr-heard, adj., pibe-haed, fire- hardened, 305. fjrrlan, see ferlan. fyr-leoht, St. neat., fieelioht, 1316. ^mest, adv. superl. (o/fore), foee- MOST, first, 2077. fym-dagas, st. vi. pi., former days, days of old, 1451. fyrn-geweorc, st. neut., former woEK, ancient work, 2286. fym-gewinn, st. neut., former strife, ancient strife, 1689. fyrn-mami, st. m., former man, man of old, 2761. fyrn-wlta, w, m., former counsellor, old counsellor, 2123. fyrst, St. m., time, space of time, 76, 545, etc. fyrBran, w. v., fuethee; pp. frset- wum gefyrSred, "furthered by, fraught with, jewels," 2784. fyr-wet, -wyt, st. neut., curiosity, 232, etc. fyr-wylm, st. m., FiEE-wELLing, surge of fire, 2671. fysan, w. i'„ make ready, prepare ; pp. gefysed, 630, etc. ; winde gefysed, "impelled by the wind," 317. From fus. G. gad, St. neut., lack, 660, etc. gssdellng, st. m., relative, comrade, 2617, 2949. gsest, see gist. gsBSt, see gast. gfeli, see gan. galan, st.v., sing, sound, 786, 1432; pres. sg., gsele^, 2460. a-galan, st. v., sing, ring; pret. agol, 1521. galdor, see gealdor. galga, w. m., gallows, 2446. galg-mod, adj., [sad-Moon] sad in mind, gloomy, 1277. galg-treow, st. neut., qallows-ieee, 2940. 12—2 180 BEOWULF. gamen, gamol, see gomen, gomol. gan, irreg. v., go, ii95, etc. ; pres. indie. 3rd, gffiS, 4.55; pres. suhj. ga, 1394; pret. eode, 358, 493, etc. ; imperat. ga, 1782 ; pp. By^tSan hie togsdre gegan lisBf- doD, "after they had closed in strife," 2C30. (See also gongan, ) full-gan, st.v.,withdat.,{o\\ow and aid; pret. sceft...flane full- code, " the shaft followed and aided the barb," 3119. ge-gan, st. v., pret. geeode, geiode (2200): (1) 00 (intrans.), 1967, 2676. (2) GO {trans.), make, venture, 1277, 1462. (3) gain (by going), obtain, 1535 ; with dependent clause, 2917. (4) happen, 2200. ofer-gan, st. v., with ace, go OVER, 1408, 2059. o*-gan, St. 11., GO (to), 2934. ymb-gan, st. v., with ace, go about, go around, 620. gang, St. m., going, track, 968, 1391, etc. ganot, St. m., gannet, diver, 1861. gar, St. m., spear, javelin, 328, etc. gar-cSne, adj., spear-KEEN, spear- hold, 1958. gax-cwealm, st. m., [spear-quelling] death by the spear, 2043. gar-holt, St. neut., spear-HOLT, spear- shaft, spear, 1834. gar-secg, st. m., [spear-man, cf. Neptune] ocean, 49, etc. gar-wlga, w. m., spear-warrior, 2674, etc. gar-wlgend, st. m. {pres. part.), spear-warriox, 2641. g5,st, St. m., GHOST, sprite, devil, 133, 1747, etc.; gen. pi. gasta, 1357, gcesta, 1123. gast-bona, w. m., [ghost-bame] soul-slayer, the devil, 177. ge, conj., and, 1248, 1340; with swylce, 2258; correl. ge...ge, "both.. .and," 1248, 1864. ge, pers. pron. (pi. of J>ii), te, you, ,237, etc. geador, adv., Iogetheb, 835; with astsomne, 491. on geador, toGEiHEE, 159S. ge-sehtla, w. m., or ge-aehtle, w. /., high esteem, 369. geald, see gyldan. gealdor, st. neut. : (1) sound, blast, 2943. (2) incantation; dat. galdre, 3052. gealp, see gilpan. geap, adj., spacious, extensive, roomy, 836, 1800. gear, st. neut., tear, 1134. geara, gen. pi. (in adverbial sense), of yoee, formerly, 2664. geard,sS. m., yaed ; always pi. in "Beowulf," courts, dweUing- plaoe, 13, 265, 1134', etc. gear-dagas, st. m. pi., yobe-dais, days of yore, 1, 1354. geare, see gearwe. gearo, gearu, adj., yaee, ready, prepared, 77, 1109, 1914, etc.; with gen. 1825 ; ace. sg. f. gearwe, 1006 ; pi. gearwe, 210, etc. gearo, adv., well, 2748. gearo-folm, adj., ready-handed, 2085. gearwe, geare, well, 265, 2656, etc.; with ne, "not at all," 246. gearwor, compar. , more readily, 3074. gearwost, superl., best, 715. -geat, see -gitan. geato-llc, adj., stately, splendid, 215, 1401, etc. geatwa, st.f.pL, garniture, 3088. ge-bedde, w.f., BEn-fellow, 665. ge-brsc, st. neut., [bbeak] crash, 2259. ge-'bioHoT, ge-broSru, st. m. pi., BBOTHEES, 1191. ge-byrd, st. neut., fate, 1074. ge-cynde, adj., [kind] natural, he- reditary, 2197, 2696. ge-dal, St. neut., severance, parting, 3068. ge-dgfe, adj., meet, fitting, 561, etc.; friendly, 1227. ge-draeg, st. neut., [dbat= squirrel's nest ?] band, tumult, 756. GLOSSARY. 181 ge-dryht, ge-drlht, st. neut., band, troop, 118, 431, etc. ge-fs8gra, compar. adj., more fair?, more dear; nom. he. ..wear's... freondum gefegra; liine fyren onwod, "lie (Beowulf) became more dear to hia friends ; him (Heremod) crime assailed," 915. -gefan, see -glfan. ge-fea, w. m., joy, 562, etc. ge-feoM, St. neut., fight, 2048, etc. ge-fllt, St. neut., "ELiiing," contest, match, 865. ge-frsige, adj., renowned, notorious, 55,_2481. ge-frsege, st. neut., hearsay; dat. (instr.) sg. mine gefrffige, "as I have heard or learned," 776, etc. ge-friegnian, w. v., make famous; pp. gefrSgnod, 1333. gegn-ewide, st. m., reply, 367. gegnum, adv., forwards, straight, direct, 314, 1404. gehUo, see gioh'iSo. ge-hwa, pron., with gen., each, each one; ace. gehwone, gehwane, 294, 2397, etc. ; dat. m. gehwam, gehwffim, 88, 1420, etc. ; dat. f. gehwEere, 25. Masc. form with dependent gen. of fern, or neut. n. 800, 1365, 2838, 2765. ge-hwser, adv., everywHEEE, 526. ge-hwselSer, pron., eiTHEE, 584, etc.; nom. neut. an wig gearwe ge set ham ge on herge, ge gehw£Ej>er Jiara efne swylce msela, "ready for war both at home and in the field, and either (i.e. both) of them even at such times," 1248. ge-liwylc, ge-hwelc, adj. -pron., with gen. pi, each, 98, 148, 732, 805, 1090, 1705, etc. ge-hygd, St. neut,, thought, 2045. gehyld, st. neut., protection, 3056.. ge-lac, St. neut., play, 1040, etc. ge-lad, St. neut., [lode] path, 1410. gelang, see ge-long. ge-lenge, adj., belonging to, 2732. ge-Uc, adj., LIKE, 2164. ge-lloost, superl., likest, most like, 218, 1608, etc. ge-lome, adv., frequently, 559. ge-long, ge-lang, adj. ; gelong (ge- lang) Eet Jie, " aLONG of, dependent on.Jhee," 1376, 2150. ge-msene, adj., common, in com- mon, 1784, etc. ge-mede, st. neut , consent, 247. ge-met, st. neut., measure, power, ability, 779, etc. ge-met, adj., meet, 687, etc. ge-meting, st.f., meeting, 2001. ge-mong, st. m., troop, 1643. ge-mynd, st. /., reiiiNner, memo- rial, 2804, etc. ge-myndlg, adj., MiNcful, 613, etc. gen, adv., aoAiN, yet, still, 734, 2070, 3006, etc.; often with J>a, nil, 83, 2859, etc. gena, adv., still, 2800, etc. ge-neahhe, adv., enough, 783; fre- quently, 3152; genehost, superl., very often. Special passage : genehost braegd eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, "many an earl of Beowulf s etc.," 791. gengde, see gongan. ge-nlp, St. neut., mist, 1360, etc. ge-nog, adj., enough, 2489, etc. genunga, adv., wholly, utterly, 2371. geo, :gIo, lu, adv., formerly, 1476, 2459, 2521. geoc, St. /., help, 177, etc. geocor, adj., dire, sad, 765. geofon, gifen, gyfen, st. neut., ocean, 362, 1394, 1690, etc. geofu, see gifu. geogoS, glogoK, St. f.. TOTITH, time of youth, 160, 2426, etc.; gen. iogolSe, 1674. geogoS-feorh, st. neut., YOUTH-life, days of youth, 537, etc. geolo, adj., yellow, 2610. geolo-rand, st. m., yellow buckler, yellow shield, 438. geo-meowle, w. /., former virgin, bride, spouse, 3150 ; ace. io-meow- lan, 2931. geomor, glomor, adj., sad, 49, 3150, etc. ; /. geomuru, 1075. gcomore, ado., sadly, 151. 182 BEOWULF. geomorllc, adj., [sad-LiKE] sad, 2444. geomor-mod, glomor-mod, adj., [sad-MooD] sad-minded, sorrow- ful, 2044, 2267, etc. geomrian, lo. v., lament, 1118. geomuru, see geomor. geond, prep., with ace, [tond] throughout, 75, etc. geong, ^ong, adj. ,iovs6, 13, 2446, etc.; dat. sg., geongum, 2044, etc., geongan, 2626. glngsest, superl., 'YonNOEST, last ; weak, 2817. geong, 2743, see gongan. geong, see gongan. geom, adj., YEAENlng, eager, 2783. geome, adv., eagerly, gladly, 66, etc. ; well, 968. geomor, compar., more surely, 821. geo-sceaft, st. f., [former shaping] fate, 1234. geosoeaft-gast, st. m., [former- shaping-GHOsi] demon sent by fate, 1266. geotan, st. v., pour, rush, 1690. ge-rad, adj., skilful, 873. ge-rOm-Uce, adv., koomilt. ge-rtUnllcor, compar. , more roomily, more at large, 139. ge-rysne, adj., befitting, 2653. ge-saca, w. m., adversary, 1773. ge-sacu, St. /., strife, 1737. ge-scad, st. neut., difference, 288. gescaep-hwll, st. /., [sHAPed while] fated hour, 26. ge-sceaft, st.f., [shaping] existence, 1622. ge-sceap, st. neut., shape, 650; destiny, 3084 ge-sclpe, St. neut., fate, 2570. ge-selda, w. m., hall-fellow, com- rade, 1984. ge-siS, St. m., comrade, 29, etc. ge-slyht, St. neut., slaying, encoun- ter, 2398. ge-streon, st. neut., possession, treasure, 1920, 3166, etc. gest-sele, st. m., ouEax-hall, 994. ge-sund, adj., sound, safe and sound, 1628, etc. ; vrith gen. sfSa gesunde, " safe and sound on your journeys," 318. go-swing, St. neut., swing, eddy, 848. ge-syne, adj., evident, visible, 1255, etc. ge-synto, st. /., souNnness, health, 1869. -getj_see -gitan. ge-taase, adj., quiet, pleasant, 1320. getan, w. v., slay, destroy; inf. owaatS, he on mergenne meces eo- gum getan wolde, sume on galg- treowum fuglum to gamene, ' ' quoth, he would destroy [them] in the morn with the edges of the sword, [hang] some on gal- lows-trees for a sport for birds," 2940. ["Beitrage" x. 313.] ge-tenge, adj., touching, lying on, 2758. ge-trum, st. neut., troop, 922. ge-trywe, adj., tkue, faithful, 1228. go-Mng, St. neut. : (1) terms, pi. 1085. (2) issue, 398, 709; gen. pi. ge- Jiingea, "fates," 525. ge-|>3ht, St. m., THOUGHT, resolu- tion, 256, 610. ge-|>onc, St. m., thought, 2332. ge-|>rlng, st. neut., eddy, whirlpool, 2132^ ge-bwsere, adj. gentle, 1230. ge-|>yld, st.f., patience, 1395, etc. ge->ywe, adj., [THEwy] wonted, customary, 2332. ge-wSde, st. neut., [weeds] armour, 292. gewealc, st. neut., [walk] rolling, 464. ge weald, st. neut., wiELoing, power, control, 79, 808, 2221 {see mid), etc. ge-wealden, adj. {pp.), subject, 1732. ge-wef, St. neut., web, woof; pi. gewiofu, 697. ge-weorc, st. neut., wobk, 455, etc. ge- wider, st. neut., weather, storm, tempest; pi. 1375. GLOSSARY. 183 ge-win(n),«t. neut., strife, struggle, 133, etc. ge-wlnna, w. m., striver, foe, 1776. ge-wlofu, see ge-wef. gewls-Hce, adv. gewls-Ucost, superl., most cer- tainly, 1350. ge-witt, St. neut., wit(s), senses, 2703; head, 2882. ge-wittlg, adj., [witty] conscious, 3094. ge-wxiile, st. neut, exchange, 1304. ge-wyrht, st. neut., desert, merit; pi. 2657. gld{a), gyd(d), St. neut., glee, lay, dirge, 151, 868, 1065, 3150, etc. glf, gyf, conj., IF, 442, 944, etc.; if = whether, 272, etc. gifan, glofan, st. v., pret. geaf, geafon, pp. gyfen : give, 49, 64, 1719, etc. a-glfan, st. v., give back, 355, 2929. set-gifau, st. v., give (to), ren- der, 2878. for-glfan, st. v., give, 17, etc. of-gl&a, of-gyfiin, St. v., GIVE up, leave, 1600, 2251, 2588, etc.; pret. pi. ofgefau, 2846. gifen, see geofon. glfeSe, gyfeSe, adj. , given, granted, 299, 555, etc. giieVe, neut. used as a noun, thing granted, fate, 3085. gif-heall, st. f. , GiFt-HALL, 838. glfre, adj., greedy, 1277. gifrost, superl., greediest, 1123. glf-sceatt, st.m., oiFt-tribute, trea- sure, valuable gift, 378. glf-st51, St. m., GiFt-STOOL, throne, 168, etc. gifu, St. /., QiFt, 1173, 1271, etc. ; gen. pi. gifa, 1980, geofena^ 1 173 ; dot. pi. geofum, 1958. gigant, St. VI., giant, 113, etc. ["Beitrage" x. 501.] gilp. eylp. »*• »»•> [telf] boast, 829, 1749, etc. gllpan, gylpan, st. v., [tf.lp] boast, 586, 2006, 2583, etc. gilp-cwide, st. m., [YELP-speeoh] boasting speech, 640. gllplilseden,ad;'.(j)p.),[TELP-LADBN] vaunt-laden, 868. gylp-sprSc, St. /., [yelp- bpeech] boasting speech, 981. gylp word, st. neut., [yelp- woed] boastful word, 675. glm, St. m., gem, 2072. gim-fsest, see gln-fsest. glmme-rloe, adj. , gem-EiOH, rich in jewels, 466. gln-fsest, glm-fsest, adj., [wide- fast] ample and lasting, 1271 (see note), 2182. gingsest, see geong. -ginnan, st. v. on-glnnan, st. v., beoiN, under- take, attempt, 244, 409, 2878, etc.; pret. sg. ongan, 100, etc.; ongon, 2790. glo, see geo. glofan, see gifan. giogoU, see geogoS. glob'So, st, f., sorrow, care; dat. gioh'So, 2267, giohlSe, 2793, gehlSo, 8095. glomor, see geomor. glong, see geong. -glredan, see -g^yrwan. gist, gyst, gaest, st. m., guest, stranger, 102, 1138, 2228, etc. git, pers. pron. [dual of J>u) , ye two, 508, etc. git, gyt, adv., YET, still, hitherto, 536, 944, 956, etc. -gitan, St. v., pret. -geat, -geaton. au-gitau, see on-gitan. be-gitan, st. v., get, get at, seize, befaU, 1068, 2249, etc.; pret. sg. beget, 2872; pret. subj. (sg. for pi.) begeate, 2130. Spe- cial passage: ferh'S-frecau Fin eft begeat sweord-bealo sli^en, "dire sword-bale afterwards be- feU the bold-minded Finn," 1140. for-gytan, st, v., fobget, 1751. on-gitan, on-gytan, st. v. (1) GET hold of, seize ; pret. sg. angeat, 1291. (2) get hold of with the mind, 184 BEOWULF. perceive, 14, 1431, 1723, 2748, etc.; inf. ongyton, 308. gladian, w, v., glisten, 2036. glaed, adj., [glab] gracious, 58, 2025, etc. glsed-man, adj., benignant, court- eous, 367 (see note). glsed-mod, adj., glad of mood, 17G5. gled, St. /., GLBDB, ember, fire, 2312, etc. gled-egesa, w. m., OLEDE-terror, terror of fire, 2650. gi:o, St. neut., GLEE, 2105. gleo-beam, st. m., [qlee-beam] harp, 2263. gleo-dxeam, st. m., [glee-dkeam = joy] mirth, 3021. gleo-mann, st. m., gleeman, min- strel, 1160. glldan, St. v., glide, 515, etc. to-glldan, St. v., [glide asun- der] fall to pieces, 2487. glitinian, w. v., GLiiter, glisten, gleam, 2758. glof, st.f., GLOVE, 2085. gueatS, adj., niggardly, 1930. gnorn, st. m., sorrow, 2658. gnornian, w. v., mourn, 1117. be-gnornian, w, v., with ace, bemoan, 3178. God, St. m., God, 18, etc. god, adj., good, 11, etc.; pi. gode, "good men," 2249. With gen., wes t>u us larena god, "be thou good to us in guidance," 269. god, St. neut., good, goodness, good thing, good gift, 20, 1952, etc.; dat. pi. manig 6J>erne godum ge- grettau, "many a one [shall] greet another with good things," 1861. god-fremmend, st, m. (pres. part.), [GOOD-EiiAMing] framer of good, one who acts well or bravely, 299. gold, St. neut., gold, 304, etc. gold-ieht, St. /., treasure in gold, 2748. gold-tag, -fall, adj., ooLEen-hued, adorned with gold, gold-bro- caded, 991, 1800, 2811. gold-gyfa, w. m., GOLD-Giver, 2652. gold-hroden, adj. (pp.), gold- adorned, 614, etc. gold-hwset, adj., [ooLD-aotive] greedy for gold, 3074 (see note). gold-maWum, st. m., ooLD-treasure; 2414. gold-sele, st. m., GOLD-hall, 715, etc. gold-weard, st. m., [qold-waud] guardian of gold, 3081. gold-wine, st. m., ooLD-friend, prince, 1171, etc. gold-v7lano, ac?/. , gold proud, 1881. gombe, w. /., tribute, 11. gomen, gamen, st. neut., game, mirth, joy, 1160, 2459, etc. gomen-wa^5, st. /., [GAME-path] joyous journey, 854. gomen-wudu, st. m., [qajie-wood] harp, 1065, etc. gomol, gomel, gamol, adj., old, gray, aged, ancient, 58, 2112, 3093, etc.; weali gomela, gamela, 1792, 2105, etc.; gen.pl. gomeira lafe, "the heirlooms of their late [fathers]," 2036. gamol-teax, adj., gray-haired, 608. gongan, gangan, st. v., [gang] go, 314, 1974, etc.; imperat. geong, 2743; pret. geong, 925, etc., giong, 2214, etc.; gang, 1009, etc.; gengde, 1401, 1412; pp. gegongen, 822, 3036; inf. gan- gan owomon, "came going, marching," 324; so 711, 1642, 1974. (See also gan.) a-gangan, st. v., go forth, be- fall, 1236. ge-gangan, ge-gongan, st. v. : (1) gain (by going), obtain, 2536; pp. gegongen, 3085, with depend- ent clause, 893; dat. inf. gegan- nenne, 2416. (2) come to pass, happen, 1846; pp. gegongen, 2821. graedig, adj., geeedt, 121, etc. grag, adj., quay, 330, etc. grEBg-miil, adj., marked, etched, or coloured with gkat, 2682. GLOSSARY. 185 grses-molde, w. /., oEAss-earth, grass-plain, 1881. gram, adj., angry, fierce, 424, 765, etc. grap, St. /., grasp, claw, 438, 836, etc. grapian, w. v., gbope, gripe, grasp, 1566, 2085. grBot, St. m., grit, earth, 3167. greotan, st. v., [Sc. okeet] weep, 1342. gretan, w. ii., pret. grette: gkeet: (1) salute, 347, etc. (2) approach, seek out, attack, touch, 168, 803, 1995, 2736, 3081, etc. ge-gretan, w. v., gbeet, 1980, etc.; inf. gegrettan, 1861. grim(m), adj., geim, 121, etc.; dot. pi. grimman, 1542. grim-helm, st. m., viaored nEniet, 334. grim-lIc, adj., gbim[-like], 3041. grimman, st. v., snort, rage, hurry ; pret. pi. gxnmmon, 306. grimme, adv., GEmly, terribly, 3012, etc. grindan, st. v. for-grindan, st. v., gmnd down, grind to pieces, ruin, destroy; with dat., 424; with ace. 2335, 2677. gripan, st. v., guipe, grasp, seize, 1601. for-grlpan, st. v., with dat., geip[e] to death, 2353. wifl-grlpan, st. v., geipe at, oppose; in/. wHS Sam aglseeean... gylpe wilSgripan, "maintain my boast against the monster (lit. with boast oppose)," 2521. gripe, St. m., gkip, 1148, etc. grom-heort, adj., fierce-HEABied, hostile-hearted, 1682. grom-hydlg, adj., angry-minded, hostile-minded, 1749. growau, St. v., geow; pret. sg. greow, 1718. grund, st, m., gbound, earth, bot- tom, 1367, 1404, etc. grund-Mend, st. m. (pres. part.). [GEouND-dweller] inhabitant of earth, 1006. grund-hyrde, st. m., [ground-heed] guardian of the bottom (of the mere), 2136. gnmd-sele, st m., GKouND-hall, hall or cave at the bottom (of the mere), 2139. grund --wong, st. m., GKOUND-plain, plain, floor (of a cave), bottom (of a mere), 1496, 2588, 2771. grund-wyrgen, st.f., [GEocND-she- wolf] she-wolf at the bottom (of a mere), 1618. gryn, st.neut., snare ( = 0.E. grin), oj- sorrow ( = 0.E. gyrn,q.v.),930. gryre, st. m. , terror, terrible deed, 384, 591, 3041, etc. gryre-broga, id. m., oEisly terror, horror, 2227. gryre-filh, adj., [onisly-stained] horribly bright, 2576. gryre-geatwa, st. f. pi., GEisly trappings, warlike trappings, 324. gr3rre-giest, st. m., GEisly quest, terrible stranger, 2560. gryre-leoS, st. neiit., GEisly lay, terrible song, 786. gryre-llc, adj., geisly, terrible, 1441, etc. gryre-sltj, st. m., geisIv journey, terrible expedition, 1462. guma, w. m., man, 73, 652, 2821, etc. gum-cynu, st. neut., [man-iciN] race, tribe, or nation of men, 260, 944. gum-cyst, st.f., manly virtue, 1728, etc. ; dat. pi, gum-cystum godne, "munificent," 1486. gum-dream, st m., joy of men, 2469. gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men, 1642. gumfetSa, w. m,, troop of warriors on foot, 1401. gum-mann, st, m,, [man-]MAN, 1028. gum-stol, st, m,, [geoom-stooi.] throne, 1952. gflU, st, /., war, battle, 483, etc. ; dat,, 603, etc. 186 BEOWULF. glWJ-teom, St. m., war-hero, 314. g^fl^-bill, St. neut., war-BiLL, 803, etc. gtllS-byrne, w. f., war-BTENY, coat of mail, 321. ' gflS-cearu, st. /., war-OAEE, war- sorrow, 1258. gtiV-cnsIt, St. m., war-CEAFT, war- might, 127. gillS-cyiiiug, -kynlng, st. m., war- KiNG, 199, 1969, etc. giHS-deai!, st. ro., war-DEATH, death in battle, 2249. gtl'S-flogra, w. m., war-i-Lier, 2528. gfllS-freca, w. m., war-wolf, 2414. gtLS-fremmend, st. m. {pres. part.), war-EBAMer, warrior, 246. gUS-geatwa, -getawa, st.f. pi., war- raimeut, war-gear, war-equip- ments ; ace. gu'S-getawa, 2636 ; dat. gu^-geatawum, 395. [Sievers § 43, K 4.] gtHS-gewsede, st. neut., war-wEEDs, armour, 2623, etc. ; nom. pi. gu-S-gewtedu, -gewiedo, 227, 2730, etc. gtlS-geweorc, st. neut., war-woEK, battle-work, warlike deed, 678, etc. gfltS helm, St. m., war-HELMet, 2487. gfllS-horn, st. neut., war-HOEN, 1432. gtllS-hreS, st.f., war-fame, 819. gflCkynlng, see gUB-cynlng. gas-ISO's, St. neut., war-lay, battle- song, 1522. gfl'S-mod, adj., [war-Moon] of war- like mind; pi. gfl'S-mod, 306. gfllS-rfflS, St. m., [war-EACE] attack in war, storm of battle, 1577, etc. gll15-reo(u)'w, adj., war-fierce, 58. gtlS-rinc, St. m., warrior, 838, etc. gflS-rof, adj., war-famed, 608. gll'S-soear, st. m., [war-SHAKE] slaughter in battle, 1213. gflS-sceaBa, w. m., war-scATHer, battle-foe, 2318. g^B'Searo, st. neut., war-armour, 215, 328. gfl'B-sele, St. m., war-hall, 443. gtHS-s'weord, st. neut., war-swoED, 2154. glUS-werlg, adj., war-WEAKT, dead, 1586. gflK-wiga, w. m., warrior, 2111. gfl'S-'Wlne, «{. m., [war-friend] sword, 1810, 2735. gyd(d), see gld(d). gyddlan, w. v., recite, chant, 630. gyf, see gif. gyfan, see gifan. gyfen, n., see geofon. gyfen,^p., see gifan. gyfe^Se, see gifeSe. gyldan, st. v., pret. geald : yield, pay, repay, 11, 1184, 2636, etc. a-gyldan, st. v., offer (oneself, itself); pret. t>a me sSl ageald, "when the opportunity offered itself to me," 1665 ; so 2690. an-gyldan, st, v., pay for, 1251. for-gyldan, st. v., repay, re- quite, atone for, 114, 956, 1054. gylden, adj., golden, 47, etc. gylp, see gilp. gylpan, see gUpan. g^man, w. v., with gen., heed, care, incline to, 1757, 1760, 2451. for-gyman, w. v., with ace, neglect, despise, 1751. gyii(n), adj., wide, spacious j ace. m. sg. gynne, 1551. gyrdan, w. v., gied, 2078. gyrede, etc., see gyrwan. gym, St. neut., sorrow, 1775. gym-'wracu, st. /., revenge for harm, 1138, 2118. gyrwan, w. v., pret. gyrede, pp. gegyr(w)ed: qeak, prepare, equip, adorn, 994, 1472, 2087, etc.; pp. pi. gegyrede, 1028, etc. ge-gyrwan, to, v., geae, pre- pare, 38, 199 ; pret. pi. ge- giredan, 3137. gyst, see gist. gystra, adj., testee, 1334. gyt, see git. gytsian, w, v., be greedy, covet, 1749, GLOSSARY. 187 H, habban, to. v., pret. hafde: have, 383, 658, etc. ; often as auxiliary, 106, etc. Pres. 1st, hafu, 2523, hafo, 2150, 3000; 2nd, hafast, 953, etc. ; 3rd, hafa*, 474, etc. Negative form of mbj. pres. pi. nsebben, 1850. for-babban, w.«., keep back, re- tain, refrain, 2609 ; inf. ne meahte wsefre mOd forhabban in hre}>re, i.e. he was dying, 1151. ■wiS-habban, w. v., wiiHstand, resist, 772. bad, St. m., [-hood] condition, quality, manner, ■wise, 1297, 1335, etc. liador, St. m., retreat?, 414 (see note). bador, odj., clear-voiced, sonorous, 497. badre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1571. baef, St. neut., sea, mere; pi. heafo, 2477. hsefen, see bebban. bseft, St. m., captive, 2408. bsetta, w. m., captive ; ace. hsefton, 788. baeft-mece, st. m., [HAri-sword] hUted sword, 1457. basg-steald, st. m., bachelor, liege- man, young warrior, 1889. bSl, st.f.: (1) HEALth, good luck, 653, 1217. (2) omen, 204. bS9le, St. m., man, hero, warrior, 1646, etc. ; ace. pi. 719. bseleV, St. m., man, hero, warrior, 52, etc. bSlo, st.f., HEALth, HAii, farewell, 2418. bserg-trsef, st. neut., idol-tent, heathen fane, 175. bsest, adj., violent, 1335. bfflBen, adj., heathen, 179, 852, etc. bSSen, St. m., heathen, 986. bfflSstapa, w. m., HEATH-STEpper, stag, 1368. bafa, imperat. sg. o/babban. hafela, bafala, beafola, w, m., head, 446, 672, 2679, etc. bafeu, see bebban. bafenlan, w. v., heave, uplift; pret. hafenade, 1574. bafo, bafu, see babban. bafoo, St. m., hawk, 2263. haga, w. m., [haw] hedge, enclosure, entrenchment, 2892, 2960. hal, adj., whole, hale, safe and sound, 300, etc. Speeialpassages: wes...hal, "hail," 407; with gen. healSo-laces hal, "safe and sound from the strife," 1974. ballg, adj. holy, 381, etc. bals, see beals. bam, St. m., home, 717, 2325, etc.; locative, to ham, "at home," 374. bamer, see bomer. bam-weorSung, st. /., noME-adorn- ing, that which graces a home, 2998. band, see bond, banglan, see bouglan. bar, adj., hoak, hoary, gray, 887, etc.; gen. hares hyrste, "the old man's (Ongentheow's) harness," 2988. bard-, see beard-, bat, adj., hot, 2781, etc.; dat. sg. baton, 849; nom. wyrm hat ge- mealt, "the dragon melted in its heat," 897. batost, superl., hottest, 1668. hat, St. neut., heat, 2605. batan, st. v. : (1) order, command, bid, 293, 386, etc.; pret. sg. heht, 1035, etc., het, 198, etc.; pp. hawses haten hrej>e Heort innan-weard folmum gefrsetwod, "then it was commanded that the inside of Heorot should quickly be adorned by hands," 991. (2) name, oaU, 102, etc.; subj. pres. pi. hatan, 2807. ge-batan, st. v., usu. with ace, promise, vow, 1392, 2024, etc.; with gen. 2989; pret. gehct, 175, 2937, etc. 188 BEOWULF. liatlan, w, v., with ace, hate, pursue with hatred, 2319, 2466; pres. part, swa jieo hetende hwilum dydon, "as they, hating thee, Tvhilom did," 1828. he, heo, Mt, pers. pron., he, she, IT, 7, 1215, 3167, 2377, 1875, etc. Less usual forms are : f. hio, 2019, etc.; neut. hyt, 2248, etc.; ace. m. hyne, 28, etc. ; dat. f. hyre, 2175, etc. ; pi. hi, 28, 3163, etc., hig, 1085, etc., hy, 307, etc.; gen. pi. hiora, 2599, etc., hyra, 2040 ; dat. pi. hym, 1918. Used reflexively, 26, 301, 2948, 2949, 2976, etc. Alliterating, he, 505. Possessive dat. 40, etc. hea, see heah. hea-hurh, st. /., hiuh buboh, city, 1127. heafo, see hsef. heafod, st. neut., head, 48, etc. ; dat. pi. heafdon, 1242. heafod-beorg, st. /., BEAD-protec- tion ; ace. sg. 1030 [see wala). heafod-m^g, st. m., HEAB-kinsman, near relative, 588 ; gen.pl. heafod- maga, 2151. heafod-segn, st. neut., HEAD-sign, 2152 (see note). heafod-weard, st. /., head-wakd, guard over the liead, 2909. heafola, see hafela. heah, adj., hish, 57, etc. ; ace. sg. m. heanne, 983- gen. dat. hean, 116, 713; dat. sg. m. heaum, 2212; pi. hea, 1926. Denoting position, heah ofer horde, "high above the hoard," 2768. heah-cynlng, st m., high king, 1039. heah-gestreon, st. neut., high trea- sure, splendid treasure, 2302. beah-lufu, w. /., high love, 1954. heah-sele, st. m., high hall, 647. heah-setl, st. neut., high settle, high seat, throne, 1087. heaU-stede, st. m., high stead, high place, 285. lieal{l), St. /., HAM., 89, etc.; pi. hcallo, 1926, beal-sem, st. neut., HALL-house, 73. nealdan, st. v., with ace., pret. heold, 2183, etc., hlold, 1954: HOLD, keep, guard, protect, have, possess, inhabit, 103, 230, 296, 788, 948, 1079, 1227, 1705, 2377 (support), 2389, 2430, 2909, 3043, 3166, etc. ; rule, 57, 1852 ; subj. s<;./6rpi. 2719 (holdup). Special passages : 1031 (see wala) ; Geata leode hrea-wlo heoldon, "the corpses of the Geats covered the field," 1214; 3084 (see note); sceft nytte heold, "the shaft did its duty," 3118. he-healdan, st. v., with ace, HOLD, guard, 1498. Special pas- sages : (sundor-)nytte beheold, "minded,attendedto,the (special) service," 494, 667; \>ifS-svrfS beheold maeg Higelaoes, "Hy- gelao's kinsman beheld great distress," or "great distress pos- sessed Hygelac's kinsman (as to)," 736. for-healdan, st. v., with ace, rebel against, 2381. ge-healdan, st, v., with ace., HOLD, have, keep, guard, rule, 317, 658, 911, 2293, 2856, 3003, etc.; pret. he geheold tela, "he ruled [it] well," 2208. healf, St. /., HALF, side, 800, etc. heaJf, adj. , half ; gen. sg. f. healf re [healle], 1087. haal-gamen, st. neut., hall-game, mirth in hall, 1066. heal-reoed, st. neut, HALL-house, palace, 68, 1981. heals, St. in., neck, 1872, etc. ; dat. sg. halse, 1566. heals-beag, -heah, st.m., neck-ring, caroanet, 1195, 2172. heals-gehedda, w. m. /., beloved EED-fellow, wife, 63. liealsian, w. v., entreat, 2132. heal-sittend, st. m. {pres. part.), HALL-siTTer, 2015, etc. healjogn, st. m., hall-thane, 142, etc. heal-wudu, st. m., hall-wood, 1317. GLOSSARY. 189 hean, adj., abject, ignominious, despised, 1274, 2183, etc. bean, heanue, see heah. beap, St. m., heap, band, company, 335, 400, etc. heard, adj., hahd, hardy, strong, brave, cruel, severe, 166, 322, 342, 432, 540, 1574, 1807, etc.; dot. pi. heardan, 963 ; gen. pi. "of the brave," 988. With gcii. "brave in," 886, 1539,eto. Special passage : J>iEt hire wi'5 halse lieard grapode, " so that the hard [sword] griped at her neck," 1566. ieardra, compar., haedek, 576, etc. hard-iyrde, adj., haed to carry, heavy, 2245. hearde, adv., habd, 1438. heard-ecg, adj., HARr-EDOEd, 1288. heard-Mcgende, adj. {pres. part.), [hard -thinking] brave-minded, bold of purpose, 894, etc. hearm, st. m., harm, insult, 1892. heaxmsoalSa, w. m., [HARM-scATHer] harmful foe, 766. bearpe, w./., habp, 89, etc. heaSeiiau, w. v., restrain, confine; pp. hergum gehealSerod, "con- fined in idol-fanes (-groves), i.e. accursed," 3072. beaSo-, see heatSu-. beaSo-'byme, w. /., battle-BYENY, coat of mail, 1552. beatSO'deor, adj., battle-brave, bold in fight, 688, etc. beaSo-fyr, bealSu-fyr, st. neut., battle-riEE, 2522, 2547. heaUo-grim, adj., battle-cEiM, 548. beaBo-lac, st. neut., battle-play, 584, etc. beaBo-maere, adj. , battle-great, f am- ous in war, 2802. beaUo-ries, st. m., [battle-BAOE] rush of battle, 526, etc. bea'So-rSaf, st. neut., battle-dress, armour, 401. heaVo-rlnc, st. m., warrior, 370, 2466. bea'So-rof, adj., battle-strong, war- renowned, 381, 861. beaSo-sceard, adj., battle-notched, battle-gashed, 2829. beaSo-seoo, adj., battle-sicic, wound- ed in battle, 2754. bealSo-steap, adj., [battle - steep] towering or bright in battle, 1245, 2153. bea'So-swat, st. m., battle-swEAT, blood shed in battle, 1460, etc. beaSo-torbt, adj., battle -bright, clear in battle, 2553. beaSo-wSd, st. /., [battle-wEEDs] battle-dress, armour, 39. beaSo-weorc, st. neut., battle- work, 2892. beaSo-wylm,sf.m., [battle- WELLing] flame-surge, surging of fire, 82. 2819. beaSu, st. /., sea, ocean, 1862. heatSo-lItSend, st. m. (pres. yari.), ocean-farer, sea-farer, 1798, 2955. beaSu-sweng, st. m., [battle-swing] battle-stroke, 2581. beawan, st. v., hew, 800. ge-heawan, st. v., hew, cleave, 682. bebban, st. v., pp. hafen, hsefen : HEAVE, raise, lift, 656, 1290, 3023. a-bebban, st. v., upheave, up- lift, 128, etc. bedan, w. v., with gen., heed; pret, ne hedde he hies heafolan, "he heeded not the head (of the dragon)," 2697. ge-bedan, w. v., with gen., ob- tain, 505. hefen, see beofon. -began, w. v. ge-began, w. v., decide, 425. bebt, see batan. bel(l), St. /., HELL, 101, 852, etc. belan, s^. v. be-belan, st. v., hide ; pp. be- holen, 414. beU-bend, st. m.f., heli-eond, 3072. belm, st. VI., [helm]: (1) helmet, 672, etc. (2) covert, protection, 1392. (3) protector, king, 371, eto.j God, 182. 190 BEOWULF. helm-berend, st. m. {pres. part.), [HELM-BEAniag] helmet-Wearer, 2517, etc. helmian, w. v. ofer-helmian, w. v., with ace, oVEEhang, overshadow, 1364. help, st.f., HELP, 551, etc. helpan, st. v., help, 2340, etc. helpe, w.f., HELP, 2448 (see note). hel-rllna, w. in., sorcerer, 163. heofon, st. m., heaven, 52, etc.; dat. hefene, 1571. heolfor, st. neut., gore, 849, etc. heolster, st. neut., darkness, 755. heonan, heonon, adv., hencb, 252, 1361. heora, gen. pi. of he (q. v.). -heoran, w. v. a-heorau?, w. v., rescue?, 2930. heorde, see bimden-heorde. heore, adj., canny, pleasant, 1372. heoro, heoru, st. m., sword, 1285. heoro-tilac, adj., [sword-ELEAK] sword-pale, 2488. heoro-dreor, heoru-dreor, st. m., sword-blood, 487, 849. lieoro-dreorig, adj., [sword-rnEABY] sword-gory, 935, etc. heoro-glfte, adj., [sword-greedy] fiercely greedy, 1498. heoro-grlm, heoru-g:rlin, adj., [sword-GRiM] fiercely grim, 1564, 1847. heoro-hocylit, adj., [sword-HOOEed] savagely barbed, 1438. heoro-sweng, st. m., [sword-swing] sword-stroke, 1690. heorot, St. m., hart, 1369. heoro-wearh, st. m., [sword-wolf] fierce wolf, 1267. hloro-drync, st. m., sword- BEiNK, 2358. liioro-Berce, w. /., [swtird-SAEji] shirt of mail; ace. hioro-sercean, 2539. [Sievers § 159. 1.] hioro-weaUende, adj. {pres. part.), [sword-] fiercely WELLing; ace. sg. m. -weallende, 2781. beoiT, St. m., hinge, 999. heorte, w. /., heart, 2270, etc. beoru, see heoro. heorS-geneat, st. m., HEABTH-com- rade, 261, etc. heoS, St. /., dais, 404. her, adt)., HERE, hither, 244, 897, etc. here, St. m., army; dat. sg. herge, 2347, 2638; on herge, "in the field," 1248. here-l)roga, w. m., army-terror, fear of war, 462. here-hyrne, w. /., army-BTRNv, coat of mail, 1443. here-grlma, w. m., army-mask, visored helmet, 396, etc. here-net, st. neut., army-NBT, coat of ring-mail, 1553. here-nltS, st. m., army-hate, hosti- lity, 2474. here-pad, st. /., army-coat, coat of mail, 2258. here-rino, st. m., army-man, war- rior, 1176. here-sceaft, st. m., [army-sHATT] spear, 335. here-sped, st. f. , [army-sPEEn] suc- cess in war, 64. here-strwl, st. m., army-arrow, war-arrow, 1435. here-S3rrce, w. /., army-sARK, shirt of mail, 1511. here-wjed, st. /., [army-wEBDs] armour, 1897. here-wSsma, w. m., army-might, prowess in war; dat. pi. here- wSsmun, 677. here-wlsa, w. m., [army-wisE] army-leader, 3020. herg, St. m., idol-grove, idol-fane, 3072 (see heaUerian). herge, n., see here, herge, u., see herian. herlan, w. v.-, with, ace, praise, honour, 182, etc.; pres. subj. herige, herge, 1833, 3175. hete, St. m., hate, 142, etc. hets-Uc, adj., full of hatred, hate- ' ful, 1267. hete-niS, st. m., HAis-enmity, bitter enmity, 152. hetesweng, st. m. , hate-Mow ; pi. hete-swengeas, 2224. GLOSSARY. 191 hete-^anc, st. m., HATE-thought, malice, 475. hettend, st. m. {pres. part, of hatian), HAier, foe, 3004. W, pi. of he (q. v.). ■hicgan, see -hycgau. Mder, adv., hitheb, 240, etc. Tais,pl. of Tae (q. v.). hlge, see iyge. -hlglan, w. V. ofei-hlglan, w. v., befool?, make over-arrogant?; inf. sine ea'Se msEg. . .gum-oynnes gehwone oferhigian, 2766. hlld, St. /., battle, war, 452, etc.; prowess in battle, 2952. lillde-l)il(l), St. neut., battle-BiLL, sword, 557, etc. hilde-bord, st. neut., [battle-BOABD] shield, 397, etc. hilde-oyst, st. /., [battle-virtue] bravery in battle, 2598. hllde-deor, -dior, adj., battle-brave, bold in battle, 312, 834, 3111, etc. lillde freca, hild-freca, w.m., battle- wolf, 2205, 2366. hilde-geatwe, st. f. pi., battle- trappings, equipments for war, armour, 674, 2362. hllde-glcel, st. m., battle-icicLE ; dat. pi. 'Sa. J>SBt sweord ongan ffifter heato-swatebilde-gicelum... wanian, "then the sword began to dwindle in icicles of steel in consequence of the blood (of Grendel)," 1606. bllde-grap, st. f. , battle-grasp, war- clutch, 1446, etc. hUde-blenun, -hlsenmi, st. m., battle-crash, crash of battle, 2201, 2351, 2544. bUde-leoma, w. m., battle-ray: (1) battle-flame (of the dragon), 2583. (2J flashing ^word, 1143. KUde-mece, st. m., battle-sword; pjj^ hilde-meceas, 2202. bilde-mecg, st. m., battle-man, warrior, 799. liilde-rsE, st. m., [battle-BACn] rush of battle, 300. : hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield, 1242. hilde-rlnc, st. m., battle-man, war- rior, 986, etc. hilde-ssed, adj., battle-sated, 2723. hilde-sceorp, st. neut., battle-dress, armour, 2155. hilde-setl, [battle-SEiiLB] battle- seat, saddle, 1039. hllde-strengo, st. /., battle- STRENOth, 2113. hilde-swat, st. m., [battle-swEAi] war-breath -(of the dragon), 2558. hilde-tux, st. m., battle-TUSK, 1511. hilde-wsepen, st. m., battle-wEAPON, 39. hllde-wlsa, w. m., [battle- wise] battle-leader (Hnajt), 1064. hlld-freca, see hilde-freca. Mld-fruma, st. m., battle-chief, 1678, etc. hild-lata, w. m., [battle-LATE] lag- gard in battle, 2846. hilt, St. m. neut., hilt, sword-hilt, 1574, etc.; pi. (of a single weapon; cf. "Julius Caesar" V. 3. 43) 1574, 1614. hilte-cumbor, st. neut., [niLT-ban- ner] stafi-banner, 1022. hilted, adj., hilted, 2987. hlndema, superl. adj., HiNDMOst, last, 2049, etc. Mn-ftls, adj., [hence-ready] eager to be gone, 755. Mo=heo, /em. of he (q. v.). Wofan, w. v., lament ; pres. part. 3142. hlold, see healdan. Mora, gen. pi. of he (q. v.). hioro-, see lieoro-. hladan, st. v., lade, load, lay, 1897, 2126, etc.; inf. hladon, 2775. ge-hladan, st. v., lade, load; pret. gehleod, 895. hlsst, St. neut., [last] load, freight, 52. lils9W, hlaw, St. m., [low, in place- names] mound, burial-mound, cavern, 1120, 2411, 3157, etc. hlaford, St. m., loed, 267, etc. lilaford-laas, adj., loud-less, 2935. 192 BEOWULF. hlaw, see hlxw. bleahtoT, st. m., laughtek, 611, etc. Ueapan, st. v., leap, gallop, 864. a-hleapan, st. v., leap up, 1397. hleo, St. m., [lfe] refuge, protec- tion, protector (used of a chieftain or king), 429, 791, etc. Ueo-burh, st.f., protecting bubgh or city, 912, etc. -Meed, see -hladan. hleonian, io. v., lean, slope, 1415. hleor-berge, w.f., cheek-guard, 304. lileor-ljolster, st. m., [cheek-] BOLSTEK, 688. Meotan, st. v., with ace, get by LOT, 2385. UeoSor-cwyde, st. m., [sound- speech] courtly speech, ceremo- nious speech, 1979. blldan, st. v. to-hlldan, st. v., spring apart; pp. pi. tohlidene, 999. bUelilian, st. v. a-Wiehhan, st. v., laugh aloud ; pret. sfl. ahlog, 730. Wiflan, w. v., towei;, 2805; pret. hlifade, 81, etc., hliuade, 1799. ["Beitriige" x. 502.] lilim-bed, st. neut., leaning bed, (last) resting-place, 3034 (see note). hlitS, St. neut., cliff, slope, 1892, 3157. hlHd, adj., LOUD, 89. Myn, St. m., din, noise, 611. Uynnan, blynian, to. v., resound, roar, crackle, 255Z\ pret. hlynode, 1120. hlynsian, w. v., resound, 770. Mytm, St. m., lot, 3126. liusagan, w. v. ge-hnSgan, to. v., with ace, feU, vanctuish, 1274, 2916. Iinah, adj., mean, base, illiberal, 1929. ]m3,gra, Im^bra, compar. , lower, inferior, 677, 952. hnitan, st. v., encounter, clash, 1327; pret.pl. hnitau, 2544. hof, St. neut., court, dwelling, lodge, residence, manor, mansion, 312, 1236, 2313, etc. Iiofian, w. V. be-hofian, w. v., with gen., [behove] need, 2647. hogode, see hyogan. -hohsnian, w. v. on-hohsman, w. v., check, 1944. Iiold, adj., friendly, gracious, 290, 376, etc.; faithful, loyal, 290, 1229, etc. holinga, adv., without reason, 1076. holm, St. m., ocean, sea, mere, 48, etc. holm-clif, St. neut., sea-CLiFF, 230, etc. holm-wylm, st. m., [sea-WELLing] sea-surge, 2411. holt, St. neut., holt, wood, 2598, etc. holt-wudu, St. in., holt- wood; wood, forest, 1309 j wood (mate- rial), 2340. homer, hamer, st. m., hammek, 1285; gen. pi. homera lafe, "leavings of hammers, i.e. swords," 2829. hon, St. V. be-hon, st. v., trans., hanc. with ; pp. behongen, 3139. hond, hand, st. /., hand, 558, 656, etc. hand-bona, -bana, w. m. , [hand- bane] hand-slayer, 460, 1330. hand-gemseue, adj. , [hand- oommon] hand to hand; noni. wiut. >Sr unc hwile wass haud- gemffine, "there we two engaged a while hand to hand," 2137. [Ger. hand-gemein.] hand-gewri'Sen, adj. {p'p.), HAND-wKEATHed, hand-twisted ; pi. 1937. hand-sporu, st. /., hand-spur, claw, 986. hond-gemot, st. neut., hand-mbet- ing, hand to hand fight, 1526, 2355. hona-gesella, w. m., HAND-comrade, 1481. GLOSSARY. 193 bond-sestealla, hand-g'esteaUa, w. m., HAND-oomrade, 2169, 2596. liond-ge'weorc, st. neut., hand- woBK, 2835. bond-lean, hand-lean, st. m., hand- requital, hand-reward, 1541, 2094. bond-locen, adj. (•pp. ), HAND-LooKed, 322, 551. hond-rsBS, st. m., [hajid-baoe] hand to hand fight, 3072. hond-Ecolu, hand-scolu, st.f., [hand- shoal] hand-troop, followers, 1317 (see note), 1963. hond-wundor, st. neut., [hand-won- der] wonderful handiwork, 2768. -hongen, see -hon. hongian, hangian, w. v., hanq, 1363, 1662, etc. herd, St. m. neut, hoard, treasure, 887, 912, etc. hord-sem, st. neut, HOARD-hall, treasure-cave, 2279, etc. hord-burli, st. /., hoard-buroh, wealthy city, 467. bord-gestreon, st. neut., hoabd- treasure, 1899, etc. hord-madm ( = -ma'5um), st. m., HOAED-treasure, hoard-jewel ; dat. pi. uSnigne ie under swegle selran hyrdo hord-madmum hie- lej>a, "I heard of none better under the sky among the hoard- jewels of heroes," 1198. bord-weard, st. m., [hoard-ward] guardian of a board or treasure, 1047 (of the king), 2293 (of the dragon), etc. hord-wela, w. m., hoard-weaii, wealth of treasure, 2344. hord-weorlSung, st. /., [hoard- honouring] honouring by gifts, valuable reward, 952. bord-wynn, st. /., HOARD-joy, joy- giving hoard, 2270. bom, St. m., horn, 1369, etc. hom-boga, w. m., horn-bow, 2437. bom-geap, adj., with wide inter- vals between (the horns on) the gables, 82. bom-reced, st. neut, [HOEN-house, i.e.] a house with horns on the W. B. gables, or a house with gables, 704. bors, St. neut, horse, 1399. bos, st.f., bevy, 924. boVma, w. m., grave, 2458. bra, St. neut., corpse, 1588. braedlloe, adv., hastily, quickly, 356, etc. brsegl, St. neut., [rail] dress, arm- our, 1195, etc. hra-fyl, St. m., fall of corpses, slaughter, havoc, 277. braSe, brse'Se, adv., ["rathe"] quickly, hastily, 224, 740, 1437, etc. ; hre'Se, 991 ; ra«e, 724. braiJor, compar., [rather] more quickly, 543. bream, st. m., noise, clamour, 1302. brea-wlc, st. neut., [corpse- wick] abode of corpses, 1214 (see heal- dan). brefa, St. m., raven, 1801, etc. bremig, adj., exultant, 124, etc.; pi. hremge, 2363. breob, adj., rough, fierce, cruel, sad, 1664, 2180 ; dat. sg. m. hreon, 1307, hreoum, 2581; vl. hreo, 548. hreob-mod, adj., of fierce mood, of sad mood, 2132, 2296. breosan, st v., fall, 1074, 1430, etc. be-breosan, st. v., deprive; pp. pi. behrorene, 2762. breolSan, st. v., cover, clothe, adorn; pp. hroden, gehroden, 804, 495, etc. breow, st.f., distress, grief, 2129, 2328. breran, w. v. on-breran, w. v., rouse, arouse, stir up, 549, 2554. See hror. breU, St. m. neut. , glory, renown ; ace. 2576. breVe, see braVe. breSer, st. m., breast, heart, 1446, 1745, 2113, 2442, etc. breSer-bealo, st. neut., heart-BALE ; nom. >£e3 J>e J>incean mseg Jjegne monegum...hre)>er-bealo hearde, "as it may seem heavy heart- woe to many a thane," 1343. 13 194 BEOWULTT. lirefl-Bigor, st, m., triumphant vic- tory, 2583. hrlmlg, adj., rimy, covered with hoar-frost; pi. hrJmge, 1363 (see note). brinan, st. v., uau. w. dat., touch, lay hold of, 988, 2270, etc.; sub). pret. sg. t>eah ISe him wund hrine, "though the vround touched him close," 2976. tring, St. m., bing, ring-maU, 1202, 1503, etc.; nom. byrnau hring, "ring-mail of the byrny, ringed hyrny," 2260. hringan, w. v., rinq, rattle, 327. hring-boga, w. m., [kino-bow] one that bends himself in the shape of a ring (the dragon), 2561. lirmged, adj. (pp.), ringed, 1245; inflected 2615. hringed-stefna, w. m., ring-siem- med ship (with rings on its prow), 32, 240, etc. hring-iren, st. neut., king-ieon; nom. hring-iren scir song in searwum, "the bright iron rings rang in the armour," 322. liring-msBl, st. neut., BiNG-sword, 1521, 1_564. liring-mssl, adj., RiNG-adorned, 2037. hring-naoa, w. m., [EiNO-bark] ship with a ringed prow, 1862. hring-net, st. neut., [ring-net] shirt of mail made of rings, 1889, etc. hring-sele, st. m., EiNG-hall, 2010, 3053, etc. --^hripg-weortSung, st. /., KiNQ-adorn- ment, 3017. liroden, see hreoSan. hrof, St. m., BOOT', 926, 983, etc. hrof-sele, st. m., BooFed hall, 1515. lircn-flx, St. m., whale-risH, whale, 540. hron-rad, st.f., whale-EOAD, sea, 10. hror, adj., stirring, valorous, strong, 1629. broSor, St. m., benefit, kindness, comfort, joy, 2171, 2448. hrQae, w. /,, earth, 2247, etc. hrycg, St. m., ridge, back, 471. hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, 1680, etc. lirysiau, w. v., rattle, 226. hn, adv., HOW, 3, etc. hund, St. m., hound, 1368. hund, num., with gen., HUNnred, 2278, etc. hUru, adv., indeed, especially, at least, 182, 369, 862 (however), etc.; now, 3120. Ms, St. neut., hodse, 116, etc. hH*, st.f., booty, plunder, 124. hwa, VI. andf., hweet, neut., interr. and indef. pron., who, what, any (one), somewhat, 52, 3126, etc. With gen. hw8Bt...hyntSo, "what humiliation," 474; swulceshwffit, "somewhat of such (matter)," 880; aneshwset, "somewhatonly, a part only," 3010. Specialpas- sages: nah hwa sweord wege, "I have no one who may wear sword," 2252; dat. hwam, "for whom," 1696; instr. to hwan sySSan weariS hond-rSs hseleSa, " to what issue the hand-fight of heroes afterwards came," 2071. hwseder, see Iwyder. liwier, adv., where, anywhere, 2029. Special passages: wundur hwar >onne, "it is a wonder (mystery) anywhere when," 3062 ; with swa following, "whereso- ever, " 762 (see note, and cf . 797) ; elles hwier, "elsewhere," 138. hwset, adj., active, keen, bold; weak hwata, 3028 ; dat. hwatum, 2161; pi. hwate, 1601, etc. hwset, pron., see hwa. hwsBt, inter}., what!, lol, 1, 530, etc. hwaelSer, 0(Z/.-^rare., whether, which of two; nom. gebide ge...hw8e5er sel m£ege...uncer twega, "await ye whether of us twain may the better," 2530; ace. f. on swa hwseSere bond... swa him gemet Jiince," "on whichsoever hand it may seem to him meet," 686. hwseSer, hwae'Bre, com., whether, 1314, 1356, etc. GLOSSARY. 195 JiwsBlS(e)re, adv., however, yet, 555, 578, etc.; anyway, however that may be, 574; with swa J>eah, 2442. hwan, see hwa. hwanan, hwanon, adv., WHEnce, 257, 333, etc. Iiw3x, see hwsor. bwata, hwate, hvatvun, see hwa^t, adj. hwealf, St. /., vault, 576, etc. hwene, adv., a little, a trifle, 2699. hweorfan, st. v., turn, wander, die, 264, 1980, 2832 (whurl), 2888 (roam), etc.; inf. hworfan, 1728. set-hweoifaii, st. v., return, 2299. ge-hweorfan, st. v., turn, go, 1210, 1679, 1684, 2208. geond-hweorfan, st. v., tra- verse, 2017. ond-hweorfan, st. v., turn against ; pret. norSan wind., .ond- hwearf, "a wind from the porth turned against [us]," 548. ymbe-hweorfan, st. v., with ace, turn about, go round, 2296. hwergen, adv., in elles hwergen, "ELSEwhere," 2590. hwettan, w. v., whet, urge, en- courage, 204, 490. From hwoet. hwn, St. /., WHILE, space of time, 146, 1495,,etc. ; dat. pi. used ad- verbially, hwitum, "at_whiles, sometimes, whilom," 175, 864, 867, etc.; "at one time. ..at an- other," 2107-8-9-11. hwlt, adj., white, flashing, 1448. hwopan, St. u., cry out, mourn; pret. hweop, 2268. hworfan, see hweorfan. hwyder, Iiwaeder, adv., whither, 163, 1331. hwylc, adj.-pron., which, what, any, 274 {see witan), 1986, 2002; with gen. 1104, 2433. swa hwylc swa, see swa. hwyrfan, w. v., move, 98. hwyrft, St. m., going, turn; dat. pi. "in their goings, or to and fro," 163. hycgan, w.v., think, resolve (upon); pret. hogode, 632. for-hlogan, w. v., roEgo, reject, despise, 435. ge-hyogan, w. v., think, 1988. ofer-hyogau, w. v., scorn, 2345. nydan, w. v., hide, 1372, 2766; bury, 446. ge-hydan, w. v., hide, 2235, 3059. liyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart, soul, 267,_755, 3148, etc. hige-mseS, st. /., mind-honour, heart-reverence, 2909. hige-melSe, adj., wearying the soul or mind, 2442. hlge-|>lhtig, adj., great-hearted, 746. higejirymm, st. m., [mind- strength] magnanimity, 339. hyge-toend, st. m./.,"mind-B0ND; dat. pi., hyge-bendum fsest . . . dyrne langa^, "a secret longing fast in the bonds of his mind," 1878. liyge-glomor, adj., sad at heart, 2408. hygerof, Mge-r5f, adj., strong of mind or heart, valiant, 204, 403. liyge-Borg, st. /., sorrow of mind or heart, 2328. liyht, st, m., hope, 179. hyldan, w. v., heel over, incline (oneself), lie down; pret. 688. hyldo, St. /., favour, friendliness, 670, 2293, etc.; a^c. hyldo ne telge...Denum unfScne, "I rec- kon not their faithfulness for the Danes sincere," 2067. Cf. hold. hym, dat. pi. of he (q. v.). hyuan, w'. v., humiliate, harm, 2319. From hean. hyne, ace. sg. m. of he (q. v.). hynSo, tynSu, st. /., humiliation, 166, 277, 475, 593. liyra, gen. pi. o/he (q. v.). hyran, w. v., hear, learn, 38, 62, 273, 1197, etc.; with dat. pers., obey, 10, etc. ge-hjran, to. v., hear, learn, 255, 290, 785, etc. 13—2 196 BEOWULF. hyrdan, w. v. a-byrdan, w. v., habden, 1460. byrde, st. m., [hekd] keeper, guard- ian, etc., 610, 2505, etc.; nom. wuldres Hyrde, "the King of glory," 931. byre, gen. and dat. eg. f. of he (q. v.). Uyrst, St. /., harness, accoutrement, adornment, 2988, 3164. hyrstan, w. v., adorn; pp. "dight, jewelled," 672, 2255. hyxtam, w. v., heaeten, embolden; with refl. pron., 2593. hyse, St. m., youth, 1217. hyt, St. f. ?, heat, 2649. tyt, neut. of he (q. v.) hyS, st.f, HTTHE, haven, 32. hyUo, see note on 1. 3155. liyB-Teard, st. m., [hythe-wabd] guard of the haven, 1915. I. ic, pers. pron., I, 247, etc.; ace. mec, me; gen. min; dat. me; dual nom. wit ; ace. nncit, unc ; gen. uncer; dat. uno; pi. nom. we; ace. Ilsic; gen. wee, iiser; dat. us, urum. lege, adj., golden?, costly?, mas- sive?, 1107. Idel, adj., idle, empty, 145, 418; deprived; nom. lond-rihtes...idel, "deprived of land-right," 2888. Idel-hende, adj., iDLE-HANned, empty-handed, 2081. ides, St. /., woman, lady, 620, 1259, etc. leman, st. v. be-ieman, st. v., bun, occur; pret. him on mod beam, " it oc- curred to him," 67. ou-ieman, st. v., spring open; pret. onarn, 721. in, prep., in, with dat. (of rest) and ace. (of motion) : (1) with dat., in, on, 13, 25, 87, 89, 324, 443, 1029, 1952, 2505, 2599, 2635, 2786, 8097, etc.; after its case, 19 ; of time, 1. (2) with ace, into, 60, 185, 1210, 2935. in innan, see innan. in, adv., in, 386, 1037, 1644, etc.; once inn, 3090. In, St. neut., inn, dwelling, 1300. inc, pers. pron. {dat. dual of jpu), to you two, 510. Incer, pers. pron. {gen. dual of >ii), of you two, 584. Incge, adj., weighty?, 2577 (see note), in-frod, adj., very old, 1874, 2449. in-gang, st. m., entrance, 1549. in-genga, w. m., iN-goer, invader, 1776. in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, 1155. inn, see In, adv. Innan, adv., withiN, inside, 774, etc. in innan, within; with pre- ceding dat. 1968, 2452. on innan, within, 2715; with preceding dat. 1740. t>ser on innan, therein, there- within, in there, 71, 2089, etc. Innan-weard, adj., inwaed, inside, interior, 991, 1976. inne, adv., iNside, within, 390, 642, 1866, etc. ; therein, 1141. )issr Inne, teebein, 118, etc. Inne-weard, adj., inwabd, interior, 998. Inwld-sorg, see inwlt-sorh. inwit-feng, st. m., hostile grasp, 1447. Inwlt-gsast, St. m., hostile guest, foe, 2670. inwit-hrof, st. m., hostile boof, 3123. Inwlt-net, st. neut., hostile net, cunning snare, 2167. Inwlt-nlS, St. neut., hostile hate, malicious enmity, 1858, 1947. inwlt-acear, st. m., hostile attack, inroad, 2478. Inwlt-searo, st. neut., hostile cun- ning, 1101. inwlt-sorli, luwld-sorg, st.f. [hostile soBBow] sorrow caused by a foe, 831, 1736. GLOSSARY. 197 inwit-tSanc, st. m., hostile or mali- cious thought, 749 (see onfon). -lode, see -gan. iogoS, see geogoV. lo-mSowle, see geo-meowle. Iren, st. neut., ibon, sword, 892, etc.; gen. pi., jxena,, irenna, 673, 802, etc. Iren, adj., of ikon, 1459, 2778. Iren-bend, st. m. /., iron-band, 774, 998. Iren-ljyme, w. /., ieon-bybny, coat of iron mail, 2986. Iren-heard, adj., ieon-habd, 1112. Iren-frreat, st. m., iBON-band, troop of armed men, 330. Is, St. neut., ice, 1608. Isem-tyme, w. /., bteny of iron, coat of iron mail, 671. Isem-seflr, st. /., irou-SHOWEB, 3116. Is-geblnd, st. neut, iCE-bond, 1133. Isig, adj., lOT, 33. In, see gee. lu-moim, St. m., former man, man of olden times, 3052. K. kyning, 620, 3171, 665, see cyning. la, inter]., LO, 1700, etc. lac, St. neut., gift, offering, booty, prey, 43, 1584, etc. lacan, si. v., play, 2832, 2848. for-lacan, st. v., betray, 903. lad, st.f., [lode] way, faring, jour- _ney, 569, 1987. Isedan, w. v., lead, 239, etc.; pp. gelffided, 37. for-lsBdan, w. v., w. ace, mis- lead; pret.pl., forlseddan, 2039. Isefan, w. v., leavi!, 1178, 2315, _eto. Isen, St. neut., loan, 1810. Is9n-dagas, st. m., loan-days, fleet- ing days, 2341, etc. iSne, adj., fleeting, transitory, 3177, etc. Iseran, w^v., teach, 1722. ge-lsaran, «).«., teach, persuade, _give (advice), 278, 415, etc. lees, compar. ddv., less, 1946, 487 (see se). _ VS IsBS, conj., lest, 1918. IsBSsa, compar. adj., less, lesser, fewer, 1282, 2571; dat^pl. Itessan, 43. Absolutely, for Icessan, "for less£' 951. IsBsest, superl. adj., least, _2354. Isestan, w. v.: (1) withdat., LAST, holdout, 812. (2) with ace., do, perform, 2663. ful-lSBStan, w. v., with dat., help ; pres. sg. 1st ful-lSstu, 2668. _ ge-lsBstan, w. v. : (1) with ace. or dat., serve, 24, 2500. (2) usu. with ace, do, perform, fulfil, etc., 1706, 2990, etc. ge-ls8Sted, pp. of ISstan or gelsBstan, "performed," 829. Iset, adj., [late] slow; with gen. _1529. Isetan, st. v., let, allow, 48, etc. 3,-l»tail, St. v., LET, 2665; let go, leave, 2591, etc. for-laatan, st. v., let, 970, etc.; let go, 792; leave (behind), 2787. of-laatan, st. v., leave, 1183, etc. _ on-lsBtan, st. v., loosen, 1609. laf, St. /., LEAving, heirloom, be- quest (often a sword), 454, 795, 1032, 2036, 2829, 2936, 3160, etc. laflan, w. v. ge-lafian, w. v., refresh, 2722. lagu, St. m., lake, 1630. lagu-orseftig, adj., [sea-OEAyiY] skil- ful as a sailor, 209. lagu-strsBt, st.f., [sea-STEEEi] way over the sea, 239. lagu-stream, st. m., sea-siEEAM, current, tide, 297. lah, see ISon. land, see lond. lang, see long. 198 BEOWULF. langaS, st.f., LONoing, 1879. lange, see longe. lar, St. /., LOEE, instruction, guid- ance, 1950; gen. pi. lara, 1220, larena, 269. last, St. m,, track, trace, 132, etc. on last, with preceding dat.f in the tracks of, behind, 2945. latJ, adj., [loth] loathIj, loath- some, LOATHed, hateful, hated, hostile, 134, 511, 2315, 2467, etc.; dat.pl. la^an, 1505. Often used absolutely, foe, loathed foe, 550, 841, 1061; gen. pi. 242; weak, se lalSa, 2305; lalS wis la^um, "foe with foe," 440; sefter la^um, "after the loathed foe," 1257; neut. fela ic la^es gebad, "much hostility or evil I endured," 929. latSra, compar., more LOAinly, more hateful, 2432. laS-Mte, St. m., foe-EUE, wound, 1122. latS geteona, w. m., evil-doer, monster, 559, 974. latJ-Uc, adj., LOATHLY, 1584. leaf, St. neut., leat, 97. leafues-word, st. neut., leave-wobd, permission, pass-word?, 245. -leah, see -leogan. lean, st. neut., reward, 114, 951, 1021, 2145, etc. lean, st. v., w. ace, blame; pres. sg. 3r(Jlyh«, 1048; pret. log, 203, etc. 'be-lean, st. v., with ace. rei and dat. pers., dissuade from, prohibit, 511. leanian, w. v., with ace. rei and dat. pers., pay for, repay, reward for, 1380, 2102. leas, adj., [-less]: (1) with gen., lacking, deprived of, 850, 1664. (2) false, 253. leogan, w. v. a-leogan, w.v., lat, lay do'wn, lay aside, 34, 3020, etc. leg, see llg. leger, st. neut., [laib] lying, 3043. -leh, see leogan. lemian, w. v., lame, trouble; pret. sg. with pi. nom., lemede, 905. leng, see longe. lenge, adj., long, 83. lengest, see longe. lengra, see long. leod, St. m., prince, chief, 341, etc. leod, St. /., people, nation, 596, 599, etc.; pi. leoda, 3001. See leode. leod-bealo, st. neut., [nation-uALE] national evil, 1722; gen. pi. -bealewa, 1946. leod-burg, st. /., [nation-EUBOH] chief city; acc.pl. -byrig, 2471. leod-cyning, st. m., nation-Kino, king of a people, 54. leode, St. m. pi., people, 24, 362, etc. See leod, st. f. leod-fruma, w. m., nation-chief, prince of a people, 2130. leod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of a people, 269. leod-hryre, st. m. , fall of a prince or people, 2030, 2391. leod-sceaSa, w. m., scATHer of a people, national foe,, 2093. leod-sclpe, st. m., [people-smp] nation, 2197, 2751. leof, adj., LIEF, dear, 31, etc. leofaS, see libban. leof-llc, adj., dear, beloved, pre- cious, 2603, 1809. leogan, st. v., lie, belie, 250, 3029. a-leogan, st. v., with ace. rei, beLiE, falsify; pret. aleh, 80. ge-leogan, st. v., with dat. pers., deceive ;p)-eS. geleah, 2323. leoht, St. neut., light, brilliance, 569, 727, etc. leoht, adj., light, bright, flashing, 2492. leoma, w. m., gleam, ray, 311, 1570, etc. leomum, see lim. leon, St. v., lend; pret. lah, 1456. on-leon, st. v., with gen. rei and dat. pers., lend; met. onlah, 1467. leomian, w. v., leabn, devise, 2336. GLOSSARY. 199 leosan, st. v., lose. be-leosan, st. v., deprive; pp. beloren, 1073. for-leosan, st. v., with dat., LOSE, 1470, etc. leoS, St. neut., lay, 1159. leoSo-crseft, st. m., [limb-OBAirT] hand-craft; dat. pi. segn...gelo- cen leo'So-orseftum, "a banner woven by skill of hand," 2769. leotJo-syroe, limb-SAEK, shirt of mail, 1505, etc. lettan, w. v., with ace. pers. and gen. rei, let, hinder, 569. libban, w. v., pres. sg. Ufa's, lyfa^, leofalJ; subj. lifige; pret. lifde, lyfde; pres. part, lifigende: live, 67, etc. lie, St. n., [ltoh] body, 1503 ; corpse, 967. licg(e)an, st. v., lie, lie down, lie low, lie dead, 40, 1343, 2051, 2388, etc.; fail, 1041. a-Ucg(e]an, st. v., fail, cease, 1528, 2886. ge-licg(e)an, st. v., be still, be lulled, 3146. lic-homa, Uc-hama, w. m., [lxch- covering] body, 812, 1007, etc. llolan, w. v.,with dat., [like] please, 639, etc. Uo-sar, St. neut., body-soEE, wound in the body, 815. Uc-syice, w. /., body-sASK, shirt of mail, 550. lid-mann, st. m., sea-MAN, 1623. Uf, St. neut., LIFE, 97, etc. llfaV, etc., see libban. Uf-bysig, adj., [life-busy] in the thioes of death, 966. llf-dagas, St. m. pi., life-days, 793, etc. Uf-f^ea, w. m., LiFE-lord, Lord of Ufe, 16. Uf-gedal, St. neut., LiFE-parting, death, 811. Uf.gesceaft, st. /., [LiFE-shaping] destiny, 1953, etc. Uf-wratSu, st. /., LiFE-protection, 971, 2S77. Uf-wyim, St. /., LiFE-joy, 2097. Ug, leg, St. m., flame, 83, 2549, etc. ; dat. ligge, 727. llg-draca, l§g-draca, w. m., flame- DEAKE, flaming dragon, 2333, 3040. llg-egesa, lo. m., flame-terror, 2780. Uge-tora, St. m. , [Lving-anger] pre- tended insult, 1943. ligge, see llg. llg-yS, st.f., flame-wave, 2672. Urn, St. neut., limb, branch; dat. pi. leomum, 97. limpan, st. v., happen, befall ; pret. lomp, 1937. a-limpan, st.v., befall, 622, 733. te-llmpan, st. v., befall, 2468. ge-limpan, st. v., befall, hap- pen, 76, 626 (be fulfiUed), 9^9 (be given), etc. ge-Iumpen, pp. of limpan or gelimpan, "fulfiUed," 824. lind, St. /., LiNDen, shield (made of linden), 2341, etc. lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-com- rade, comrade in arms, 1973. Und-habbend, st. m. {pres. part), [LiNDen-HAving] shield-warrior, 245, etc. Und-plega, w. m., LiNnen-PLAT, battle, 1073, etc. llnd-wiga, w. m., LiNoen-warrior, shield-warrior, 2605. Unnan, st. v., with gen. or dat., cease, depart, be deprived, 1478, 2443. liss, st.f., favour, 2150. list, st.f, cunning; dat. pi. adver- bially, 781. Uflan, St. v., go; pp. liden, "tra- versed," 228 (see eolet). irSe, adj., gentle, mild, 1220. IIBost, superl., gentlest, 3182. llSend, St. m. (pres. part.), [going] sailor, 221. US- wage, St. neut. , stoup of drink (ale or cider?), 1982. llxan, w. v., gleam, glisten; pret. lixte, 311, 485, 1570. locen, see Idcan. locian, w. v., look, 1654. lof, St. in., praise, 1536. 200 BEOWULF. lof-dsed, St. /., praise-DEED, deed worthy of praise, 24. lof-geom, adj., TEABNing for praise, lof-geomost , superl. , most eager for praise, 3182. log, see lean, lomp, see limpan. lond, land, st. neut., land, 221, 2197, etc. land-fnuna, w. m., LAKD-ohief, ruler of a land, 31. land-gemyrcu, st, neut. pi., LAND-MABKS, boundaries, 209. land-geweoro, st. neut., land- WOBK, stronghold, 938. land- warn, st. /., LAND-people; fl. land-wara, "people of the land," 2321. land-weard, st. m., [lahd- waed] guardian of a country, 1890. Iond-t)uend, land-bAend, st. m. {pres. part.), LAND-dweller, 95, 1345. lond-riht, st. neut., land-kight, right of a citizen or freeholder, 2886. long, lang, adj., lonq, 54, 16, etc. lang-twidig, adj., LONO-grant- ed, lasting, 1708. iengra, conipar., IiOnqeb, 134. longe, lange, adv., lono, 31, 1061, etc. leng, compar., LONoer, 451, 974, etc. lengest, superl., longest, 2008, 2238. long-geatreon, st. neut., [LONQ-pos- session] treasure of long ago, 2240. long-sum, adj., [long-some] lasting long, 134, etc. losiaji, w. v., escape, 1392, etc. mean, St. v., LOOK, interlock, weave ; pp. locen, gelocen, "LOOKed, of interlocked rings," 1505, 1890, 2769, 2995. ■be-ltloan, st. v., lock, secure; pret. beleac, 1132, 1770. on-lucan, st. v., unlock; pret. onleac, 259. to-mean, St. v., destroy, 781. lufen, St. /., hope, 2886. luflan, w. v., love, 1982. luf-tacen, st. neut., lote-ioeeh, 1863. lufu, w.f., loye, 1728. lungre, adv. : (1) quickly, hastUy, 929, 1630, etc. (2) quite, 2164. lust, St. m. , [lust] pleasure, joy; ace. on lust, dat. pi. lustum, "with joy, with pleasure," 618, 1653. lyfan, w. V. a-iyfan, w. v., entrust, permit, 655, 3089. ge-iyfan, w.v., beLiEVE in, trust for, rely on ; with dat. pers. 909 ; with dat. rei, 440 ; with ace. rei, 608; J)88t heo on teuigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frofre (ace), "that she believed in any earl for comfort from crime," 627; him to Anwaldan are (aec.) gelyfde, "believed in favour from the Almighty for himself," 1272. lyfaS, lyfde, see libban. lyft, St. m. f. neut., [lift] air, 1375, etc. lyft-floga, w. m., [LiFT-FLier] flier in the air, 2315. lyft-geswenoed, adj. (pp.), wind- urged, driven by the wind, 1913. lyft-wynn, st. /., [Liri-joy] joy in the air, 3043. lyJxIS, see lean. lysan, w. v. a-iysan, io.w.,loose,loosen,1630. lystan, w. v., impers., with ace, pers., list; pret. 1793. lyt, neut. adj. or n., indecl., few, 2365; with gen. 1927, 2150, 2882, 2832 [dat.). lyt, adv., LiTTle, 2897, 3129. lytel, adj., LITTLE, 1748, 2097, etc. ; ace. f. lytle hwlle, "but a little while," 2030. lyt-hwon, adv., Liiile, 204. GLOSSARY. 201 M. ni3., compar. adv., with gen., 504, etc. madmas, etc., see ma'8(S)tim. mseg, see magan. msag, at. m., kinsman, blood-rela- tive, 408, etc.; pi. magas, etc., 1015, etc.; dat.pl. magum, 1178, etc., mtegum, 2353. mSg-ttvig, St. J., [kin-BUBOH] family; gen. mteg-burge, 2887. msege, maegen (2654), see magan. msegen, st. neut., main, strength, force, army, 418, 445, etc. msegen-agende, adj. {pres. part.), [MAiN-owning] mighty, 2837. msBgen-byi^en, St./., main-bdbden, great burden, 1625, etc. msegen-crseft, st. m., MAiN-CEiFT, mighty strength, 380. msegen-ellen, st. neut., madj- strength, great courage, 659. msegen-fultum, st. m., iiAiN-aid, strong help, 1455. msegen-rJBS, st. m., [main-baoe] mighty onslaught, 1519. masgen-strengo, st. /., main- BTSENQth; dat. 2678. msegen-wudu, st. m., [main- wood] spear, 236. EisBgB, st.f., MAID, woman, 943, etc. mfflgtJ, St. /., tribe, people, 5, etc. mSg-wlne, st. m., kinsman-friend ; pi. 2479. msel, St. neat. , [meal] : (1) time, occasion, 316, etc. j2) sword, 1616, 1667. msBl-cearu, st. /., time-CAEE, 189. msl-gesceaft, st. /., [time-shaping] appointed time, 2737. mMnan, w. v., [mean] : (1) with ace., declare, proclaim, 857, 1067. (2) trans, and intrans., moan, bemoan, mourn, lament, 1149, 2267, 3149, 3171. -rneeuan, w. v. ge-msenan, w.v., violate, 1101. znsenigo, see menigeo. mare, adj., great, famous, notori- ous, 103, 762, 1301, 1474, 1598, etc. _ mserost, superl., greatest, 898. msertSo, meefSu, st. /., greatness, glory, fame, 504, 659, 678, etc.; greatness, great deed, deed of glory, exploit, 408, 2134, 2645; dat. pi. as adv., gloriously, 2514. maest, st. m., mast, 36, etc. msBst, see mara. maate, adj., small. msBtost, superl., smallest, 1455. maga, w. m., son, man, 943, 978, 1474, etc. maga, w. m., kinsman, 2006 (pos- sibly gen. pi. of mag, q.v.). •magan, st.-w. v., may, can, be able; pres. sg. 1st and Srd mseg, 277, etc., 2nd meaht, 2047; pres. subj. sg. msege, 2530, etc., pi. maegen, 2654 ; pret. meahte, 542, 648, etc., mihte, 190, 308, etc., mehte, 1082, etc. With gan omitted, 754. Special passage: ne meahte, "it was not possible, no one could," 2547. mage, w. /., kinswoman, 1391. mago,s«. m.,kinsman, son, 1465, etc. mago-driht, st. /., kindred-troop, band of warriors, 67. mago-rlnc, st. m., kinsman-war- rior, warrior, 730. mago-|>egn, magu-iiegn, st. m., kins- man-THANB, 293, 408, 1405, etc. maii(n), see mon(ii). man, st. neut., [moan] wickedness, crime, 110, 1055, etc. man-fordsedla, w. m., wicked de- stroyer, 563. manlan, w. v., exhort, 2057. manig, see mouig. man-lice, adv. , in a manly way, 1046. man-sc(e)aSa, w, m., wicked soA- THer, deadly foe, 712, 2514, etc. mara, compar. adj. (of micel), greater, mightier, 247, 518, 753, etc.; neut., with gen., mare, MOBE, 136. maest, svperl., [most] greatest, 78, 2181, etc. ; neut., with gen., 2645, etc. maBellan, w. v., harangue, dis- course, speak, 286, 2425, etc. 202 BEOWULF. matSm-SBht, st. /., owning of trea- sure, valuable possession, 1613, 2833. maSm-gestreon, st. neut., jewel- treasure, 1931. maS(l!)iun, st. m., thing of valne, treasure, jewel, 169, 1528, etc.; pi. matfmas, mactmas, etc., 36, 385, 1048, 1784, 1867, 2788, etc. maWSum-fEet, st. neut., treasure- TAT, costly vessel, 2405. maWSum-gifu, st. /., treasure-Girt, 1301. maWSum-sigle, st. neut., treasure- jewel, costly sun-shaped orna- ment, 2757. maSSum-sweord, st. neut., treasure- swoKD, sword inlaid with jewels, 1023. ina?5um-wela, w. m., [treasure- WEAii] wealth of treasure, 2750. me, pers. pron. {ace. and dat. of ic), ME, to me, 446, 472, 541, etc.; dat. for myself, 2738. meagol, adj., forceful, earnest, solemn, 1980. mealite, meahton, see magan. mearas, etc., see mearli. mearc, st. /., makch, limit ; dat. him Jjset to mearce wearS, "that was his [life's] limit," 2384. mearcian, w. v., mabe, stain, en- grave, 450; pp. gemearood, 1264, 1695. mearc-stapa, w. m., MAKcH-STEpper, march-stalker, 103, 1348. mearh, st. m., [make] horse; pi. mearas, etc., 865, etc. mearn, see mumau. meo, pers. pron. {ace. of ic), me, 2089. mece, st. m., sword, 1988, etc. med, St. /., MEED, reward, 1178, etc. medo, medu, st. m., mead, 2633; dat. 604. medo-sem, st. neut. , MEAD-hall, 69. medo-benc, medu-benc, meodu- benc, St. /., mead-bench, 776, 1067, 1902, etc. medo-ful, st. neut., MEAD-oup, 624, etc. medo-lieal, meodu-heall, st. /., MEAD-HALL, 484, 638. medo-stig, st. /., MEAD-path, path to the mead-hall, 924. medu-dream, st. m., MEAD-joy, 2016. medu-seld, st. neut., MEAD-haU, 3065. meodo-setl, st. neut., mead- settle, 5. meodo-wong, st. m., mead- plain, plain or field where the mead-hall stood, 1643. meodu-scenc, st. m., mead- draught, 1980. mehte, see magan. melda, w. m., informer, finder, 2405. meltan, st. v., intrans., melt, 1120, etc. ge-meltan, st. v., melt, 897, 2628, etc. mens, st. m., collar, necklace, 1199. mengan, w. v. : (1) MiNole; pp. gemenged, 848, 1S93. (2) mingle with, visit, 1449. menigeo, msenlgo, st. /., many, multitude, 41, 2143. meodo-, meodu-, see under medo. meoto, see met. meotod-, see metod-. mercels, st. m., mark, aim, 2439. [Sievers § 159. 1.] mere, st. m., meke, sea, 1130, etc. mere-deor, st. neut., meke-deer, sea-monster, 558. mere-fara, w. m., MEBE-FAser, sea- farer, 502. mere-fix, st. m., mebe-eish, sea- fish, 549. mere-giund, st. m., [meee-gbound] bottom of a mere or sea, 1449, 2100. mere-hrsegl, st. neut, [meee-eail] sea-garment, sail, 1905. mere-USend, st. m. {pres. part.), [MEEE-going] sea-farer, sailor, 255. mere-strsat, st. /., [mebe-btbeet] way over the sea, 514. mere-strengo, st. /., [mebe- GLOSSARY. 203 STKENGth] strength in swim- ming, 533. mere-wlf, st. neut., [meke-wife] mer(e)-woman, 1519. mergen, see morgen. met, St. neut., thought; pi. meoto, 489 (see note). metan, st. v., mete, measure, pass over, 514, 917, etc. ge-metan, st. v., mete, tra- verse, 924. metan, w. v., meet, find, 751, etc. ge-metan, w. v., meet, find, 757, etc.; pret. pi. hy (ace.) ge- metton, "met each other," 2592. Metod, St. m.. Creator, God, 110, etc. metod-sceaft, meotod-sceaft, st. /., appointed doom, eternity, 1077, 2815, 1180 (Creator's glory?). meSel, st. neut., council, 1876. meSel-stede, st. m., meeting-place, 1082. meBel-word, st. neut. , council-woKD, formal word, 236. micel, adj., miokle, great, 129, etc.; gen. micles wyrSne, "worthy of much," 2185. micles, gen. used adverbially; to fela micles, "far too much," 694. micle, instr. used adverhially, by much, much, 1579, 2651; so swa micle, "by so much," 1283. mid, prep., with dat. and ace. : (1) with dat., with, aMiD, among, 77, 195, 274, 902, 1217, 1313, 1868, 2308, etc.; following its case, 41, 889, 1625 ; of time, 126 ; with, by means of, through, 317, 438, 475, 574, 779, 1184, 1892, 2028, 2468, etc. Special passages : mid rihte, "by right," 2056; mid gewealdum, "of his own accord," 2221 ; mid him, " among themselves," 2948. (2) with ace, with, aMin, among, 357, 879, 1128, 2652, etc. mid, adv., with them, withal, there- with, 1642, 1649. middan-geard, st. m., [MiDDle-YAKn] world, earth, 75, etc.; gen. "in the world," 604, etc. midde, w. /., middIc, 2705. middel-nUit, St./., mid-night, 2782, etc. mlht, St. /., MIGHT, 700, etc. mihte, see magan. mlhtig, adj., mighty, 558, etc mllde, adj., mild, kind, 1172, etc. mlldust, superl., mildest, kind- est, 3181. mll-gemearc, st. neut. , mile-makk, measure by miles; gen. nis J>set f eor heonon mil-gemearces, "that is not many miles away," 1362. milts, St. /., MiLDness, kindness, 2921. min, pers. pron. {gen. sg. of ic), of me, 2533, etc. mIn, pass. adj. {gen. sg. of ic), MINE, my, 255, etc. missan, w. v., w. gen., miss, 2439. missere, st. neut., half-year, 153. mist-hliS, St. neut., MisT-slope, misty hill-side; dat, pi. mist- hleofum, 710. mistlg, adj., misty, 162. mod, St. neut. : (1) MOOD, mind, etc., 50, etc. (2) courage, 105, etc.; moody pride, fierceness, 1931. mod-cearu, st. /., mood-caee, sor- row of mind or heart, 1992, 3149. modega, modgan, etc., see modig. mod-gehygd, st. neut., mind- thought, 233. m6d-geBonc,sf.ncMt.,mind-thought, 1729. mod-glomor, adj., sad in mind or heart, 2894. modig, adj., weak mod(i)ga, mo- dega ; gen. m. mod(i)ges ; pi. mod(i)ge: moody, brave, proud, 312, 502, 670, 1508, 1888, etc. modlg-lic, adj., [moody-like]. modlg-llcra, compar., braver, prouder, 337. mod-Iufu, w. /., [mood-love] heart's love, 1823. modor, st. /., motheb, 1258, etc. 204 BEOWULF. mod-sefa, w. m., [uoos-miud, -heart] mind, heart, courage, 180, 349, 1853, etc. mod-)>racu, st. /., [MOOD-]daring, 385. nion(iL), maii(u), st. m., weak man- na; dat. sg. men(n) ; pi. men: MAN, 25, 1943, etc.; weak ace. sg. mannon, 577. mon, man, indef. pron., one, they, people, 1172, 2355, etc. mona, w. m., moon, 94. mon-cynn, man-cynn, st. newt., MAUKiNd, 110, 164, 196, 1955, 2181. mon-dream, man-dream, st. m., [man-deeam] human joy, 1264, 1715. mon-dryhten, -drlhten, man-dryh- ten, -drlhten, st. m., [MAN-]lord, etc., 436, 1229, 1978, 2865, etc. monlg (moneg-), manlg (maneg-), adj., MANY, 5, 75, etc. ; nom. mo- nig oft gesfflt rice to rune, "many a mighty one oft sat in council," 171. Often absolutely, 857, etc. ; and with dependent gen. pi. 728, etc. mon->W3ere, adj., [MAN-]gentle, kind to men, 3181. mor, St. m., mode, 103, etc. morgen, mergen, st. m.,dat, morgne, mergenne : morn, morning, mor- row, 565, 837, 2484, etc.; gen.pl. morna, 2450. morgen-ceald, adj., MoitNing-coLD, 3022. morgen-Ieoht, st. neut., MOENing- iiiGHT, 604, etc. morgen-long, adj., MOKNing-LONO, 2894. morgen-sweg, st. m., [MOKU-swough] morning-clamour, 129. morgan- tid, st. /., MOKNing-iiDB, 484, etc. mor-hop, St. neut., Moon-haunt, " sloping hollow on a moorside " (Skeat), 450. morna, see morgen. morV-bealu, st. neut., MUEner-BALB, murder, 136. morSor, st. neut., mueder, 892, 1683, etc. morSor-bealo, st. neut., murder- BALE, murder, 1079, 2742. morSor-bed, st. neut., MnBDER-BEs, 2436. morVor-hete, st. m., mubdebous HATE, 1105. moste, see motan. *motan, st.-w. v., may, be to, must, 186, 2886, etc. ; pret. moste, 168, 2574, etc.; pret. pi. mostan, 2247. munan, st.-w. v. ge-munan, st.-w. v., have in MiNd, remember; pres. gemon, geman, 265, 1185, etc. ; pret. ge- munde, 179, 1141, etc. on-munan, st.-w. o., roMwd; pret. onmunde tisio mSrSa, "re- minded us of glory, urged us on to great deeds," 2640. mund, St. /., hand, 236, etc. mund-bora, w. m., [hand-BEAEer] protector, 1480, etc. mund-gripe, st. m., hand-ORip, 380, etc. muman, st. v., ikouEN, be anxious, reck, care, 50, 136, 1442, 1537, etc. be-muman, st. v., with ace., bemourn, mourn over, 907, etc. mtlBa, w. m., motjth, 724. mtlS-bona, w. m., mooth-bane, one who slays by biting, 2079. myndgian, w. v., call to mind : (1) with gen., remember, 1105. (2) remind, 2057. ge-myndgian, w. v., bring to MIND, remember; pp. gemynd- gad, 2450. myne, st. m.x (1) wish, hope, 2572. (2) love; ace. ne his myne wisse, "nor did he know his love," 169. mynian, w. v. ge-mynian, w. v., mud, be mindful of, 659. myntan, w. v., be Minded, intend, 712, 731, 762. GLOSSARY. 205 myrce, adj., mniiKy, 1405. myrS, st. /., mirth; dat. modes mydSe, de gaieU de cceur, 810. N. na, neg. adv., never, not at all, not, 445, 567, etc. naca, w. m., bark, craft, 214, 295, 1896; dat. 1903. nacod, adj., naked, 539, etc. nseMen, 1860, = ne hsebben, see babban. nsefae, see ue&ie. nS&e, adv., neveb, 247, etc. nSgan, w. v., greet, accost, 1318. ge-nSgan, w. v., assail; pret. pi. genfflgdan, 2206 ; pp. gensiged, 1439. nsegl, St. m., nail, 985. nSBgllan, w. v., nail ; pp. nsegled, "nailed, riveted, studded," 2023. nanlg (=ne senig), adj.-pron., not ANT, none, no, 859, etc. ; with gen. pi. 157, etc. _ _ nSre, nseron,=ne wBsre, ne w»ron, see wesan. nses, = ne wses, see wesan. nss, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, etc. n3es(s), St. m., ness, headland, 1489, etc. nses-WiS, st. neut., NESs-slope, head- land-slope ; dot. j)Z. nffis-hleotJum, 1427. nall,=ne ah, see agan. nalas, nalses, nales, nallas, nalles, see neaUes. nam, see niman. nama, w. m., name, 78, etc. nSlman, -namon, see nlman. nan (=ne an), adj.-pron., none, no, 989 ; with gen. pi. 803. nat,=ne wat, see wltan. nat-hwylc (=ne -wat hwylc; cf. 1. 274), adj.-pron., [wot not which] some, some one, a certain (one), 1513; with gen. pi. 2215, 2053, etc. ne, neg. particle. Not, 38, 1384, etc. ; doubled, ne...ne, 182, 245-6, etc.; n6'5er...ne, 2124; ne.,.no, 1508. Special passage : 1604 (see note). Often found in com- position with verbs, e.g. nah, nsebben, nees, nolde, nat, etc., for which see agan, habban, we- san, willan, witan ; in composition with a, senig, etc., it forms the words na, nsenig, etc. (q. v.). Correlated with ne or another negative, not .. .nor, neither. . .nor, etc., 511, 1082-4, etc.; ne...ne ...ne, 1100-1; no...ne, 168-9, 575-7, etc.; no...ne...ne..,ne, 1392-4, 1735-7; n£Bfre...ne, 583 -4, 718; nalles. ..ne, 3016-6. Correlated with u, doubled ne- gative: ne ne...nSnig, 154-7; ne nSnig. . .nare, 868-60. nBah, adj., nigh, near, 1743, 2728; with dat. neh, 2411. Melist, n^hst, superl., [next] last, 1203, 2511. neaU, adv., nigh, near, 1221, 2870; with dat. 564, 1924, 2242. near, eompar., NEABer, 745. neaUes, etc. ( = ne ealles), adv., not at ALL, by no means, 2145, etc. ; nalles, 338, etc.; nallas, 1719, etc.; nales, 1811; nalas, 1493, etc.; nalees, 43. nean, neon, adv., from nigh, from near, near, 528 (at close quarters), 839, 3104, etc. nearo, st. neut., [narrows] straits, distress, 2350, etc. nearo, adj., narrow, 1409. nearo-crseft, st. m., [narrow-crapt] inaccessibility, 2243. nearo-f3,h, st. m., [naeeow-foe] foe causing distress; gen. nearo- fages, 2317. neaxo-^earf, st. /., [NARROw-need] dire distress, 422. nearwe, adv., NAEEOwly, 976. nearwian, w.v., [narrow] straiten, press; pp. genearwod, 1438. nefa, w. m., nephew, 881, etc.; grandson, 1203, 1962. nefne, nsefne, nemne, conj.: (1) unless, 250, 1066, 1552, etc.; except that, 1363. 206 BEOWULF. (2) In elliptical sentences, with quasi-prepositional force, unless, save, 1934, 2151, 2533. ueh, gee ueah, adj. nelle, =ne wille, see wlHan. uemnan, w. v., name, call, 364, etc. Ije-nenman, w. v., swear, curse, 1097, 8069. nenme, prep., with dat., except, 1081. nemne, conj., see uefue. neod-la'Sa ( = med-la^u), st. /., pressing (Invitation) summons ; dat. eefter neod-latSu, "after the pressing summons (Beowulf had received)," 1320. neon, see uean. neos(i)an, nIos(i)an, w. v., with gen., visit, revisit, attack, 115, 125, 2388, 2671, etc.; pres. Srd nIosa«, 2486. neotan, st. v., use, enjoy, 1217. be-neotan, bl-neotan, st. v., with ace. pers. and dat. rei, de- prive, 680, 2396. ueoVor, see nlSer. neowol, adj., steep; pi. neowle, 1411. nerian, w. v., save, preserve, 572 ; pp. genered, 827. uesan, st. v. ge-nesan, st. v. : (1) intrans. survive, escape, 999. (2) trans, survive, escape (from), 1977, etc. ; pp. genesen, 2397. neSan, w. v. : (1) with ace, dare, encounter, 2350. (2) with dat., risk, 510, 538. ge-neSan, w. v.: (1) with ace. hazard, dare, ven- ture on, brave, 888, 959, 1656, 1933, 2511. (2) with dat. risk, 1469. nlcor, St. m., nickbk (sea-monster), 422, etc. nicor-htls, st. neut., nicebr-house, cavern of a sea-monster, 1411. nietast, see neah, adj. nigen, num.., hine ; inflected, 575. nllit, St. /., NIGHT, 115, 1334, etc.; gen. (m.) nihtes, 3044. nlhtes, gen. (m.) used adverb- ially, of a NiQHT, by night, 422, 2269, etc. nlht-bealu, st. neut., night-bale, evil at night, 193. niht-helm, st. m., night-helm, night, 1789. niht-long, adj., night-long, 528. nlht-weorc, st. neut., night-wokk, 827. nlman, st. v., take, seize ; pres. Srd, nimelS, nymeiS, 441, 598, etc.; pret. sg., nam, nom, 746, 1612, etc. ; pret. pi. naman, 2116 ; pp. (ge)numen, 1153, 3165. be-nlman, st. v., deprive; pret. benam, 1886. for-niman, st. v., carry off; pret. fomam, -namon, 488, 2828, etc. ge-niman, st. v., take, seize, take away, clasp; pret. genam, genom, 1872, 2776, etc. niod, St. /., pleasure, delight, 2116. nIos(l)an, see neos(l)an. nloSor, see nlSer. nlowe, see nlwe. nipan, st. v., darken, 547, 649. nis,=ne is, see wesan. nlS, St. m., envy, spite, malice, hate, violence, war, contest, conflict, struggle, 184, 827, 882, 2317, 2350, 2897, 2680, etc.; afBiction, 423. Gen. pi. used instrumentally, in fight, in war, by force, 845, 1439, 1962, 2170, 2206. niSas, see nlSSas. nlS-draca, w. m., [envy-DEAKE] malicious dragon, 2273. iii)>er, nylSer, nlotSor, adv., [nethee] down, downwards, 1360, 2699, 3044. nlU-gsest, St. m., [envy-snEST] mali- cious guest, 2699. niS-geweorc, st. neut., [envy-woEK] work of enmity, deed of violence, 683. nHS-grIm, adj., [envy-OKiM] mali- ciously grim or terrible, 193. GLOSSARY. 207 niB-hesud, adj., war-HABD, hardy in war, 2417. Bl8-hedlg, adj., war-minded, 3165. niS-sele, st. m., hostile hall, 1513. BlVISas, nlSas, st. m. pi., men, 1005, 2215. nlB-wundor,st. neui., dread wondeb, 1365. nlwe, adj., new, 783 (startling), 949, etc. ; dat. weak nlwan, nio- wan, stefne, "anew," 1789, 2594. nlwlan, w. v., reNEw; pp. genSwod, genJwad, 1303, 2287, etc. nIw-tyrwed,a(i;'.(j)p.),NEW-TAERED, 296. no, adv.. Not at all, not, 136, 168 (see ne), 541, 543, 1508 (see ne), etc. nolde, =ne wolde, see willan. nom, see niman. non, St. /., [noon] ninth hour, 3 p.m., 1600. norS, adv., nobth, 838. nortSan, adv., from the nobth, 547. nose, w.f., [nose] naze, cape, 1892, 2803. noSer (=ne a hwselSer), adv., nob, 2124. nil, adv., now, 251, etc. nil, conj., NOW, now that, seeing that, 430, etc.; correlative with nu, adv., 2743-5. nyd, St. /., NEED, compulsion', 1005, 2454 (pangs), nydan, w. v., force, compel ; pp.' genyded, 2680 ; inflected, genydde, 1005 (see gesacan). nyd-bad, st.f., [NEED-pledge] forced pledge, forced toU, 598. n$'d-gestealla,w.m., NEEn-comrade, comrade in or at need, 882. nyd-gripe, st. m., [nebd-geip] dire grip, 976. nyd-wracu, st. /., [need-wbaok] dire ruin, 193. nyiist, see neah, adj. nyman, see niman. nymSe, conj., unless, 781, etc. nyt, adj., useful, of use, 794. nytt, St. /., duty, office, service, 494, 8118. nyttlan, io. v., with gen. ge-nyttlan, w. v., with ace, use, enjoy; pp. genyttod, 3046. nySer, see nitJer. 0. of, prep., with dat., from, 37, 56, 229, 710, 1108, 1138, 1571, 1892, 2083, 2743, 2769, etc. ; op (after nt), 663, 2557; out of, 419; OEP, 672. Special passage: Sa he him of dyde, ' ' then he doFFed," 671. ofer, prep., ovee, with ace. (of motion, etc.) and dat. (of rest) : (1) with ace, over, 10, 46, 200, 217, 231, 239, 240, 311, 649, 859, 983, 1705, 1717, 2259, 2980, etc.; against, 2330, 2409,2589;isff2724; , above, beyond, 2879; without, 685; of time, after, 736, 1781. Special passages: ofer eortSan, "on earth," 248, etc. ; ofer wer-Jieode, "throughout the nations of men," 899; ofer ealle, "so that all could hear," 2899. (2) with dat., over, 481, 1244, 1907, 2907, 2908, etc. ofer, St. m., bank, shore, 1371. ofer-hygd, -hyd, st. f. neut., con- tempt, pride, 1740, 1760. ofer-msegen, st. neut., ovee-main, superior force, 2917. ofer-maSum, st. m., [ovEE-treasure] very rich treasure, 2993. ofost, St. /., haste, 256, 3007; dat. ofoste, ofeste, ofste, 386, 1292, 2747, etc. ["Beitrage" x. 505.] ofost-Uce, adv., hastily, 3130. oft, adv., orT, often, 4, 2029, 3019, etc. oftor, compar., OETeruBE, 1579. oftost, superl., oFienEsi, 1663. 6-liwaer, o-wer, adv., anywHEEE, 1737, 2870. ombeht, ombiht, st. m., servant, officer, marshal, 287, 336. omblht-^egn, st. m., attendant- THANE, 673. 6mig, adj., rusty, 2763, etc. 208 BEOWULF. on, an (677, 1247, 1936), prep., on; with dat. and ace, usu. dat. of rest and ace. of motion, hut in- stances of the ace. are common, as will ie seen, in which there is no suggestion, or the merest sug- gestion, of motion: (1) loith dat., of place and time, on, in, 40, 53, 76, 409, 607, 609, 677, 702, 782, 847, 891, 926, 1041, 1292, 1352, 1544, 1581, 1618 (a- swimming), 1643, 1662, 1830 (with respect to), 1884, 2197, 2248, 2276, 2311 (upon), 2705, 3157, etc.; after its case, 1935, 2357,2866; in, among, 1557 ; at, 126, 303, 575, 683, 3148; by, 1484. (2) with ace, onto, into, 35, 67, etc. ; on, in, 507, 516, 627, 635, 708, 996, 1095, 1109, 1297, 1456, 1675, 2182, 2193, 2690, 2650 (with regard to; of. U. 1830-1), etc.; of time, 484, 837, 1428, etc.; to, 1728, 2662, 1739 (ac- cording to) ; towards, 21. Special passages : 873 [see sped), 1579 (see an), 1753 {see ende- stsBf ), 2799 {see feorh-legu), 2903 (see efn), 2962 (see wrecan); on gebyrd, "by fate," 1074; an wig gearwe, "ready for war," 1247; on ryhti " rightly," 1555 ; on unriht, " falsely," 2739 ; on gylp, "for a boast, out of bravado," 1749; on minne sylfes dom, "at my own disposal, clM^ce," 2147; J)e ic her on starie, "on which I am here gazing," 2796. on Innan, see innan. on weg, AWAY, 763, etc. on, adv., on, 3084 (see note). oncer-bend, st. m.f., anchor-band, anchor-chain, 1918. on-cyS(1S), st.f., distress, suffering, 830, 1420. / ond, conj., and, 39, 600, etc. end-long:, and-long, adj., liveLONo, 2115, 2938; ace. m. tJa ic.ge- irfflgn..,andlongne eorl ellen oy- 'Sau, "then I learnt that the earl displayed unceasing courage," 2695. on-drysne, adj., terrible, 1932. ond-saoa, w. m., adversary, 786, etc. ond-slyht, st, m., back-stroke, re- turn blow, 2929, 2972. ond-Bwaru, st. /., answeb, 354, 1493, 1840, 2860. onettan, w. v., hasten; pret. pi. 306, 1803. ["Beitrage" x. 487.] on-gean, prep., with dat., ASAiNst, towards, at, 1034 ; after its case, 681, 2364 (see foran) ; without object, 747 (or adj;.=forwards). onllc-nes, st.f., likeness, 1351. on-medla, w. m., arrogance, 2926. on-ssege, adj., hnpending, fatal, 2483 ; mm. ]pSr w£es Hondscio hild onsroge, "there was battle impending over Hondscio," 2076. on-syn, an-s^, st. /., sight, ap- pearance, form, 251, 928, 2772, 2834. on-weald, st. m., [wiELDing] con- trol, possession, 1043. open, adj., open, 2271. openian, w. v., open, 3056. or, St. neut., beginning, origin, van, 1041, 1688, 2407. ore, St. m., flagon, 2760, etc. orcne, st. m., sea-monster, 112. ord, St. neut., point, front, van, 556, 2498, 2791.. ord-truma, w. m., chief, prince, 263. oret-mecg, st. m., warrior, 332, 481, etc. [Sievers § 43, N. 4.] oretta, w. m., warrior, 1532, etc. oretS-, see oruS. or-feorme,a£j/.,withoutfood,famish- ing, destitute, 2385. or-leatatre, adj., blameless, 1886. or-leg, St. neut., battle, war, 1326, etc. orleg-hwU, st. /., battle-WHii;B, time of battle or war, 2002, etc. or-tonc, or-banc, st. m., [original thought] skin, 406; dat. pi. ad- verbially, skilfully, 2087. omS, St. neut., breath, 2557; gen. ore«es, 2523; dat. ore«e, 2839. GLOSSARY. 209 or-wearde, adj., wakdIbss, un- guarded, 3127. or-wena, adj. {weak form), with gen., [wEENless] hopeless, despair- ing, 1002, etc. oS, prep., w. ace, until, 2399, etc. o5 bset, conj., till, until, 9, etc. ; once, aS^ JjsBt, 66. oSer, num. adj.-pron., other, (the) one, (the) other, the second, another, 219 (see note), 503, 859, 1133, 1300, 1583 {see swylc), 1755, 2117, 2451, 2481, 2670, 2985, etc.; correl. o5er...o'Ser, " one. . .the other," 1349-51. Neut. pi. o'Ser, 870. Special passage: ealo-drinoende oiSer sSdan, "the ale-drinkers told another tale," 1945. o'SS, see oV. oUSe, conj.: (1) or, 283, 649 (see note), etc. (2) and, 2475. ower, see ohwser. o-wlht, pron., aught ; dat. a whit, 1822, 2432. E. rjeoan, w. v., intrans., eeach; pret. r£ehte,_747. ge-rscan, w. v., trans,, reach; pret. gersehte, 556, 2965. rsBd, St. m., [eede] advice, counsel, help, benefit, gain, 172, 1201, _1376, 2027. isdan, St. and w. v. : (1) intrans., decide, decree, 2858. (2) trans., possess, 2056. rsd-bora, w. m., [REDE-BEAEer] counsellor, 1325. Bsdend, st. m. {pres. part.), Buler JGod), 1555. reeran, w. v. a-rsran, w. v., rear, raise, _exalt, extol, 1703, 2983. rsBS, St. m., RACE, rush, storm, on- jlaught, 2356, 2626. rsBsan, w. v., race, rush, 2690. ge-rsesan, w. v., race, rush, 2839. W. B. rfflst, St. /., REST, resting-place, bed, _139, 1237, etc. rsaswa, w. m., leader, 60. land, see rond. rasian, w. v., find, explore; pp. rasod, 2283. raSe, see hraSe. reaflan, w._ v., reave, rob, plunder; pret. reafode, reafedon, 1212, 2985, etc. be-reafian, w. v., bereave ; pp., with dat., bereft, 2746, etc. reo, St. m., reek, smoke, 8155. recan, w. v., with gen., reok, care ; pres. 3rrf, reccetS, 434. reocan, w. v., relate, tell, 91 ; dat. inf. reccenne, 2093 ; pret. rehte, 2106, 2110. reeed, st. neut., house, building, haU, 412, etc. regn-heard, adj., [mighty-HARD] wondrous hard, 326. regnian, renlan, w. v., prepare, adorn, 2168; pp. geregnad, 777. ren-weard (=regn-), st. m., mighty WARDen, mighty guard, 770". reoc, fierce, 122. reofan, st. v. be-reofan, st. v., bereave, de- prive; pp., ace. sg. /., berofene, 2457, 2931. reon, see rowan, reord, st.f., speech, 2555. reordlan, w. v., speak, croak, 3025. ge-reordian, w. v., prepare a feast ; pp. gereorded, 1788. reot, St. m.?f.?, revel, 2457. reotan, st. v., weep, 1376. restan, w. v., rest, cease, 1799, 1857, etc. re)>e, adj., fierce, furious, 122, etc. rice, St. neut., realm, 861, etc. rice, adj., rich, powerful, mighty, 172, 310, 399, etc. ricone, adv. , quickly, 2983. ricsian, rlzlan, w. v., reign, rule, domineer, raid, 144, 2211. ildan, St. v., ride, 234, 1883, etc. ; pret. pi. riodau, 3169. ge-rldan, st. v., with ace, ride over, 2898. 14 210 BEOWULF. rldend, st. m. {pres. part.), Eicer; pi. rldend, 2457. riht, St. neut., bight, 144, 1700, etc. ; ace. on riht, "rightly," 1555; dat. ffifter rihte, "in ac- cordance with right," 1049, etc.; ace. pi. ealde riht, "the old laws, the ten commandments," 2330. rihte, adv., EiaHily, 1695. riman, w. v., [rime] count, num- ber; pp. gerimed, 59. rino, St. m., man, wight, warrior, 399, 720, 741, etc. riodan, see ridan. risan, st. v. a-rlsan, st. v., abise, 899, 2403, etc. rlxian, see ricsian. rodor, st. m., sky, heaven, 310, 1376, 1555, 1572. rof, adj., strong, brave, renowned, 1793, 1925, 2538, 2690; with gen. 682, 2084. rond, rand, st. m., shield, 231, 656, 2673, etc. rand-wiga, w. m., shield- warrior, 1298, etc. rond-hsebljend, st. m. {pres. part.), [shield-HAving] shield-warrior, 861. rowan, st. v., eow, swim; pret.pl. reon=reowon, 512, etc. rflm, St. m., koom, space, 2690. rtlm, adj., KOOMy, spacious, ample, great, 278, 2461. r llm-heort, adj. , [eoom-heaet] great- hearted, bountiful, 1799, 2110. rtln, St. /., RUNE, council, 172. rfln-stsef, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter, 1695. rlln-wita, w. m., [rune-] wise man, councillor, 1325. ryht, see riht. r^an, w. v. : (1) make BOOMy, prepare; pp. gerymed, 492, 1975. (2) make boom, clear a way; pp. "Sa, him gerymed weartS, Jiast hie wtel-stowe wealdan moston, "when the way was made clear for them so that they were masters of the field," 2983; so 8088. ge-ryman, w. v., make RooMy, prepare, 1086. S. sacan, st. v., strive, 439. ge-sacan, st. v., gain by strife; inf. ac gesacan sceal...nyde genydde m>1Sa bearna...gearwe stowe, "but he shall gain by strife the inevitable prepared place of the children of men," 1004. on-sacan, st. v. : (1) with ace. pers. and gen. rei, attempt a person's life : pres. subj. >£ette freo^u-webbe feores onsEece. . .leofue mannan, "that a peace-weaver should assail the life of a dear man," 1942. (2) with ace. rei and dat. pers., refuse, dispute, 2954. sacu, St. /., strife, 1857, 2472; ace. SEBce, 154. sadol, St. m., saddle, 1038. sadol-beorht, adj., saddle-briqhi, with a bright or splendid saddle Jcf. 1. 1038), 2175. SS9, St. m.f., SEA, 579, 507, 2394, etc. ; dat. pi. sesm, 858, etc. sJB-bat, St. m., sea-eoat, 633, 895. ssecc, St. /., strife, fight, contest, 958, 1977, 2029, etc.; gen. sg. seooe, 600. Cf. sacu. ssece, see sacu. sre-cynlng, st. m., sea-king, 2382. Bsedau, see secgan. sse-deor, st. neut., sea-deer, sea- monster, 1510. sse-draca, w. m., sea-dbake, sea- _dragon, 1426. ssBgan, w. 'w.,_cause to sink, lay low; pp. gesseged, 884. see-gSap, adj., sea- wide, spacious, _1896. s89-genga, w. m., SEA-goer, ship, _1882, 1908. ssegon, see seon. GLOSSARY. 211 sss-grund, st. m., sea-geound, bottom of tha sea, sael, St. neut., hall, 307, etc.; ace. sel, 167. sSl, St. m. f. : (1) time, season, occasion, oppor- tunity, 622, 1008, etc.; ace. sg. sele, 1135. (2) happiness, joyance, bliss, 643, etc. ; dat. pi. salum, 607. ss8-lac, St. neut., SEA-booty, 1624; acc.pl. sffi-lac, "sea-spoils," 1652. S3B-lad, st.f., sEA-path, sea- voyage, 1139, 1157. sSlan, w. v., bind, tie, secure, 226, 1917; pp. gesfflled, "bound, twisted, interwoven," 2764. on-s»lan, w. v., unbind; im- perat. sg. onsSl meoto, "unbind thy thoughts," 489. Eselan, w. v., happen. ge-sSlan, w. v., often impers., befaU, chance, happen, 890, 1250; pret. sg. me gesffllde )>SBt, "it chanced that," or "I suc- ceeded in," 574. sseld, St. neut., hall, 1280. sffl-lH5end, st. m. {pres. part.), sea- farer; nam. pi. sS-lrSend, 411, _etc. ; sS-liiSende, 377. B39l«e (?), 3152, see note on 3155. ssB-mann, st. m., sea-man, 329, _2954. ssB-meBe, adj., sea- weary, 325. ssemra, compar. adj. (without pos.), _worse, weaker, 953, 2880. Bsa-nsess, st. m., sea-ness, head- Jand, 223, 571. sssne, adj. _ Sffiura, compar., slower, 1436. Bffl-rinc, St. m., sea- warrior, 690. aa9-sl8, St. m., SEA-journey, 1149. Bsa-weall, st. m., sea-wall, 1924. Bae-wong', st. m., SEA-plain, shore, _1964. BSB-wudu, St. m., SEA-WOOD, ship, _226. B3B-wylm, St. m., [sEA-WELLing] sea- surge, 393. -saga, see -secgan. sal, St. m., rope, 302, 1906. salum, see sSl. samod, see somod. sand, St. neut, sand, 213, etc. sang, St. m., song, 90, etc. sar, st.f. neut., soke, pain, wound, 787, 975; nom. sio sar, 2468; ace. sare, "harm," 2295. sar, adj., soee, 2058. sare, adv., soKEly, 1251, 2222, 2311, 2746. sarlg, adj., sobkt, sad, 2447. sarlg-ferS, adj., [soBET-heart] sore at heart, 2863. sarig-mod, adj., [sokrt-mood] in mournful mood, 2942. sar-llc, adj., [sore-like] painful, sad, 842, 2109. sawl-berend, st. m. (pres. part.), [souL-BEABing] being endowed with a soul, 1004. sawol, St. /., SOUL, 2820, etc. ; ace. gen. sawle, 184, 2422, etc. ; gen. sawele, 1742. sawol-leas, sawul-leas, soulless, lifeless, 1406, 3033. sawul-drlor, st. neut., [souL-gore] heart's blood, life's blood, 2693. soacan, st. v., pres. sg. sceaceS, 2742, pp. scacen, soeacen, 1124, 2306, etc.: shake, go, depart, hasten, 1136, 2254, etc. Special passages: inf. tSa com beorht scacau sunne ofer grundas, " then the bright sun came hastening o'er .the plains," 1802 ; pret. strSla storm strengum gebseded scoo ofer scild-weall, "the storm of arrows, sent by the strings, flew over the shield-wall," 3118. scadan, st. v. ge-scadan, st. v., decide; pret. gesced, 1555. scadu-helm, st. m., [shadow-helm] shadow-covering, cover of night ; gen. pi. soadu-helma gesceapu, " shapes of the shadows," 650. Bcami(g)an, w. v., be aSHAMEd, 1026, 2850. sca|>a, see scea)>a. sceacen, sceaceS, see scacan. scead, st. neut., shade : ace. pi. 14—2 212 BEOWULF. under soeadu bregdan, "oast under the shades, i.e. kill," 707. sceaden-msel, adj., curiously inlaid (svrord) ; absolutely, 1939. Boeadu-genga, w. m., sHADOw-goer, prowler by night, 703. sceal, etc., see sculau. scealc, St. m., marsHAL, retainer, 918, 939. scearp, adj., shabp, 288. sceat, St. m., [sheet] corner, region, quarter, 96; gen. pi. soeatta, 752. Bceatt, St. m. , money, 1686. scea^a, sca|>a, w. m. , soATHer, foe, warrior: nom. pi. sca>an, 1803, 1895; gen. pi. sceatena, 4, scea- ■Sona, 274. BCeaSau, st. v., with dat., scathe, injure; pret. scod, 1887. ge-sceaVan, st. v., with dat., SCATHE, 1502, 1587. Special pas- sages: pret. sg. se 'Se him sare gesceod, "who injured himself sorely," 2222; bill »r gescod... eald-hlafordes Jiam ^ara ma'Sma mund-bora wees longe hwile, "the old lord's (Beowulf's) sword had erewhile injured him that had been the protector of those treasures a long while," 2777. soeawere, st. m., explorer, spy, 253. Bceawi(g)an, w. v., wit/!, ace, [shew] espy, see, view, observe, 840, 848, 1391, etc.; pres.pl. subj. sceawian, 3008; pret. pi. soeawedon, 132, etc. ; pp. gesceawod, 3075, 3084. -seed, see -scadan. sceft, St. m., shaft, 3118. seel, see sculau. acenoan, w. v., skink, pour out; pret. sg. sceucte, 496. Eoenne, w. f., sword-guard, 1694. -soeod, see -sceaSan. sceolde, see sculan. -sceop, see -scyppan. soeotan, st. v., shoot, 1744. ge-aceotan, st. v., with ace, SHOOT or dart into, hurry to; pret. sg. hord eft gesceat, 2319. of-Bceotan, st, v., with ace, SHOOT OFF, kill; pret. sg. ofscet, 2439. sceotend, , st. m. (pres. part.), SHOOTer, warrior; pi. 703, 1154. acepen, see scyppan. Bceran, st. v., sheak, cut, 1287. ge-sceran, st. o., shear, out in two, 1526 ; pret. sg. gescer, 2973. -scet, see -sceotan. sceSSan, w. v., usu. with dat., scathe, injure, 1514, 1524, etc.; absolutely, 243. ge-ace'S^an, w. v., with dot., scathe, injure, 1447. BCild-, see soyld-. scUe, see sculan. sclnan, st. v., shine, 1517, etc.; pret. pi. scinon, 994, sciouon, 303. scinna, ro. m., devil, 939. Ecionon, see sclnan. sclp, St. neut., ship, 302, etc, ; dat. pi. seypon, 1154. sclp-here, st. m., snip-army, naval force; dat. scip-herge, 243. sclr, adj., sheer, bright, 322, 496, 979 ; weak gen. 1694. aclr-ham, adj., bright-coated, with shining mail, 1895. Bcod, see soeaVan. Ecolde, etc., see sculan. scop, St. m., [shaper] maker, bard, etc., 90, etc. Bcop, see scyppan. Boota, w.m., SHooier, warrior ; dat. pi. scotenum, 1026 (see note), scrlfan, st. v., [shkive] prescribe, pass sentence, 979. for-scrlfan, st. v., with dat. pers., proscribe, 106. ge-scrlfan, st. v., prescribe; pret, sg. swa him wyrd ne gescraf lire's 8et hilde, "as weird did not assign to him triumph in battle," 2574. BCrHSan, st. v., stride, stalk, glide, wander, move, go, advance, 163, 650, 703, 2569. Bouooa, w. m., demon; dat. pi. scuocum ond soinnum, "from demons and devils," 939, GLOSSABY. 213 scflfan, St. v., with ace, shove, launch, 215, 918; vret.pl. scufun, 3131. be-sctlfan, st. v., with ace, shove, cast, 184. 'wld-scUfan, st. v., [wide-shove] scatter; pp. wea wid-scofen witena gehwylcne, "woe [had] scattered each councillor," 936. sculan, st.-w. v., pres. sg. 1st, Srd Bceal, 20. etc., soel, 455, etc., sceall, 2498, etc.; pres. subj. Boyle, 2657, scile, 3176; pret. scolde, 280, etc., sceolde, 2586, etc. ; 2nd sg. sceoldest, 2056 ; pi. scoldon, 41, etc., sceoldou, 2257: SHALL, be to, must, have to, be obliged, ought, 24, etc., pret. SHOULD, was to, etc., 230, 1067, 1260, etc.; sometimes expressing mere futurity, 384, etc. With foil. inf. omitted : unc sceal worn fela matma gemsenra [wesan], 1783 ; lirum sceal sweord ond helm. ..bam gemSne, "to us both shall one sword and helmet [be] in common," 2659; sceal se hearda helm...{^tum befeallen, 2255 ; J>onne 'Sii forS scyle [gon- gan], 1179; so, 2816. Special passage : he gesecean sceall hord on hrilsan, "it is his to seek the hoard in the earth," 2275. Bcllr-heard, adj., [showek-habd] hardened by being plunged into cold water, 1033. Cf. "the ice- brook's temper," Othello,Y. 2. 253. soyia, St. m., SHIELD, 325, etc. sclld'Weall, st. m., shield- wall, wall of shields, 3118. Boyldan, w. v., shield : prn. nymlSe meo God scylde, "unless God had shielded me," 1658. Bcyld-freca, w. m., SHiELD-warrior, 1033. Bcyldlg, adj., guilty; with dat., synnnm scildig, 3C71 ; with gen. 1683; ealdres scyldig, "having forfeited his life," 1338, 2061. acyld-wiga, w. m., SHiELD-warrior, 288. scyle. Bee sculan. Scyndan, w. v., hasten, 2570, 918. scyne, adj., sheen, beauteous, 3017. soyp, see scip. scyppan, st. v. , shape, create, make, 78; pp. seeapen, 2230; wiBs sio wroht scepen heard wiS Hugas, "the strife was made hard against the Hugs," 2913. ge-Bcyppan, st. v., shape, create, 97. Scyppend, st. m. (pres. part.), SHAPEr, Creator, 106. scyran, w. v., [make sheeb] bring to light, 1939. se, m., sio, sio, /., baet, neut., de- mon, adj., the, that: m. se, 506, 2237, 2999; /. seo, 1343; sio, 2684, 2999, 3150; neut. >ffit,661; instr. neut. i>y, 1664, 2028; gen. pi. |)ara, 681, J>£era, 992. Fol- lowing its noun ; ace. m. J>one, 2007, 2588, 2952, 2969, 3081; gen. pi. tSara, 2734. Alliterating: dat. m. J>£em, 197, 790, 806 ; ace. f. sg. J)a, 736, 1675; instr. neut. J>y, 1797; gen. pi. )>ara, 2033. Coirel. with se used as a relative pron.: se...se, 2865, 3071-3; seo ...sio, 2258. See also Jjc. se, m., seo, sio,/., )>8et, neut., pron. I. Dejnon. pron., that, that one, he, etc.: m. se, 469, 2406, 2804; /. Bio, 2024, 2087; neut. )>8et, 716, 734, 765, 1002 [see be- fleon) ; ace. m. J^one, 3009 ; gen. m. and neut. Jjebb, 1774; ic 'Sses eaUes m£eg...gefeau habban, "I can have joy of alljhat," 2739; dat. m. and neut. t>£em, 12, i>s.va, 137; ace. pi. >a, 3014; gen. pi. ))ara, 1015 (see note). Immedi- ately followed by the rel. par- ticle i>e (q. V.) : nom. se J>e, 90, 603, 1497, 2222, 2292, 2864; ace. J.one \>e, 2295, 3003, 3034, 3116; dat. J)am \>e, 2601, 2861, 3055; gen. pi. t>ara >e, 98, 878, 1196, 1461, 1578, 1625 ("of those things which"). With i>e omit- 214 BEOWULF. Ud: J>am=>am J>e, 2199, 2779. Correl. with se used as a rel, pron.: se...se, 2406-7. Particular usages: (1) gen. neut. )>8es, of that, of this, thereof, for that, for this, therefor, 7, 16, 114, 350, 588, 1145, 1692, 1778, 2032, 2239, 2335; therefore, 900, 1992. Cor- rel. with Jjset, conj., 2026-8, etc. See also ^ses, adv. (2) instr. neut. ^y, J>e, therefore, 1273, 2067. Correl. with ]ie, conj. (q,. v.), 487, 1436, 2638. Often with comparatives, the : 821, 974, 1902, 2277, 2687, 2749, 2880; no t>y SHI, "none the sooner," 764, etc. (3) instr. neut. ton; Jjon ma, "(the) more," 504; after JJon, "after that," 724; Srjjon, "ere," 731; be J)on, "by that," 1722; to t>on, J>cet, "until," 2591, 2845. See also under to. II. Rel. pron., that, who, which, what; m. se, 143, 370, 1610, 2407,2865, etc.; se for seo, 2421 (see also i>e); neut. J>sBt= "what," 15, 1466, 1748; m. ace. >one, 1354, 2048, 2751; /. ace. i>a,, 2022; gen. neut. Gode )>ancode...t'8BS se man gesprsec, "thanked God for what the man spake," 1398; bses io wene, "ac- cording to what I expect, as I ween," 272; so, 383; dat. sing, m. andneut. tarn, 310, 374, 1363, 1688; >am, 2612; pi. >a, 704, etc. See also )>8es, adv. >se8 )>e, see under )>ses. sealde, etc., see sellan. sealma, w. m., sleeping-place, ' couch, chamber, 2460. sealt, adj., salt, 1989. searo, st. neut., armour, 329, 419 (battle), etc.; dat. pi. adver- bially, searwum, " cunningly, curiously," 1038, 2764. searo-liend, st. m.f., cunning band, 2086. searo-db, adj., cunningly or ar- tistically coloured, variegated, 1444. searo-ge^ssc, st. neut., heap of treasures of cunning work, 3102. searo-gimm, st. m., cunning gem, jewel of artistic workmanship, 1157, 2749. searo-grim, adj., [cunning-GBiM] cunningly fierce, or fierce in battle, 594. searo-liseljftead, st. m. {pres. part^, [armour-HAving] armour-bearer, warrior, 237. searo-net, st. neut., [cunning- m armour-NET] coat of mail, 406. searo-nrB, st. m., armour-strife, hostility, 582, 3067; cunning- hatred, wile, plot, 1200, 2738. searo->auc, st. m., cunning thought, 775. searo- wundor, st. neut,, [cunning- wondeb] rare wonder, 920. seax, St. neut., hip-sword, dagger, 1545. sScan, secean, w. v., 664, 187; dat. inf. to seceanne, 2562; pres.pl. (fut.) secea«, 3001; pret. pi. Bohton, 339, sohtan, 2380 : seek in its various meanings; visit, go to, strive after; 756, 1379, 2738, 2380 (of a friendly visit). In- trans. 2293, 3001 (of a hostile attack); ]>onne his myne sohte, "than his wish (hope) sought," 2275. Special passages: sawle secan, "kill," 801; se-, secean sawle hord, 2422. ge-seo(e)an, w. v., 684, etc.; dat. inf. to gesBcanne, 1922; pret. pi. gesohton, 2926, gesoh- tan, 2204: seee in its various meanings as above, 692, 1839, etc. ; often of hostile attach, 2515, etc. ofer-sec(e)an, w. v., ovEEtax, test too severely; pret. sg. setSe meca gehwane. . .swenge ofersohte, "which with its awing overtaxed every sword," 2686. secc, see ssecc. seog, St. m., man, etc., 208, 213, GLOSSAEY. 215 2i9, 402, 980, 2863, etc.; of 6re)ideVs mother, 1379. secg, st.f., sword, 684. secgan, w. v., 273, 590, 532, 1809, etc.; dat. inf. to seogaune, 473, n24; pret.pl. saegdon, 377, etc., sffidan, 1945 ; pp. gessegd, geagd, 141, 1696: SAY, speak. Imperf. with partitive gen, swa se seeg hwata seogende wees laSra spella, 8028. a-secgan, w. v., sat out, de- clare, 344. ge-secgan, w. v., sat, 2157; imperat. sg. gesaga, 388. sefa, w. m., mind, soul, heart, 49, 278, 473, etc. seft, compar. adv. (of softs), soi'Ter, more easily, 2749. -segan, see -seon. segen, see segn. segl, St. neut., sail, 1906. segl-rad, st. /., sail-koad, sea, 1429. segn, St. m. neut., sign, banner, 1204; ace. segu, 2767, 2776, segen, 47, 1021; nam. sg. i>a, webs seht boden Sweona leodum, segn Higelaces, "then was pursuit offered to the Swedes' people, Hygelao's standard [raised], " 2958 (see note). From L. signum. -segon, see -seou. -sell, see -seon. Bel, see ssel. sel, compar. adv. (no positive, cf. seha); better, 1012, 2687, etc. seldan, adv., seldou, 2029. seld-guma, w. m., hall-man; nom. sg. nis >ffit seld-guma, "that is no mere retainer," 249. sele, St. m., hall, 81, 713, etc.; of the dragon's cave, 3128. sele, see siel. sele-dream, st. m., [hall-DBEAu] haU-joy (in heaven?), 2252. sele-ful, St. neut., haU-beaker, hall- cup, 619. sele-CT^st, st. m., hall-ouEST, 1545. sele-rsedend, st. m. (pres. part.), [hall-counsellor] hall-ruler, 51, 1346. sele-rest, st.f., hall-REsi, bed in a hall, 690. selest, etc., see under selra. sele-|>egn, st. m., hall-iHANE, cham- berlain, 1794. sele-weard, st. m., [hall-wABD] guardian of a hall, 667. self, reflex, adj.; nom. sg. self, 594, 920, etc., sylf, 1964; weak selfa, 29, 1924, etc., seolfa, 8067, sylfa, 3054, etc.; ace. sg. m. selfne, 2875, etc., sylfue, 1977; gen. sg. m. selfes, 700, etc., sylfes, 2013, etc.; /. selfre, 1115; nom. pi. selfe, 419, sylfe, 1996; gen. pi. sylfra, 2040: self, etc. Often absolutely 2222, 419, etc.; on mJnne sylfes dom, 2147. Some- times agreeing with the nom. in- stead of with the oblique case next to which it stands: J)ii J>e (dat.) self, 953; Jjtem i>e him selfa deah, 1839. sella, see selra. sellan, syllan, w. v., [sell] give, give up, 2160, 1370, 1482, etc. ge-sellan, w. v., [sell] give, 1029, 1052, etc. sel-Uc, syl-llc ( = seld-llc), adj., rare, strange, 2086, 2109, 1426. syl-licra, compar., stranger, 3038. selra, compar. adj. (no positive), better, 860, 1884, 1468, etc.; nom. sg. m. sella, 2890. Absolutely >£et selre, 1759. selest, superl., best, 146, 256, etc. Weak form reoed selesta, 412 ; and often after the def. art. se, 1406, etc. semnlnga, adv., forthwith, straight- way, suddenly, 644, 1640, 1767. sendan, w. v., send, 13, 471, 1842. for-sendan, w. v., send away, 904. ou-sendan, w. v., send away, send off, 382, 452, 1483; with for«, 45, 2266. sendan, w. v., feast, 600. seo, see se, se. 216 BEOWULF. Beoc, adj., SICK, "sick unto death," 1603, 2740, 2904. seofon, SEVEN, 517; ace. seofan, 2195; inflected syfone, 3122. seolfa, see self, seomlan, siomian, w. v.: (1) rest, ride, lie, stand, 302, 2767. (2) enfetter, fetter; fret. sg. seo- made, 161. seon, St. v., bee, look, 387, B36, etc.; in/. tSrmffig... seon, "there it is possible to see, there_inay one see," 1365 ; pret. pi., ssegon, 1422. ge-aeon, st. v., see, 229, 1485, 2252, 2455, etc. ; see one another, 1875; pret. pi. gesawon, 221, etc., gesegou, 3128, gesegan, 3038; subj. pret. pi. gesawon, 1605. geond-seon, st. v., see through- out, see over; pret. sg. geondseh, 3087. ofer-sion, st. v., ovekseb, sur- vey, look on, 419. on-seon, st. v., look on, look at, 1650. seonu, st.f., sinew; nom. pi. seon- owe, 817. sgotSan, St. v., with ace, seethe, brood over; pret. sg, mSl-ceare, mod-ceare...sea'S, 190, 1993. seoVtSan, see siV'San. seowian, w. v., sew, link; pp. seo- wed (of a byrny), 406. sess, St. m., seat, 2717, 2756. setan, see slttan. setl, St. neut., settle, seat, 1232, 1289, etc. settan, w. v., set, set down, 325, 1242 ; pp. geseted, 1696. a-settan, w. v., set, set up, 47; pp. aseted, 667. Ije-settan, w. v., eebet, set about, 1453. ge-settan, w. v.i (1) SET, 94. (2) set at rest, 2029. Bil)(l)), St. /., peace, relation, kin- . ship, friendship, 949, 3164, 1857, etc.; uninflected ace. sibb, 2600; dat. eibbe ne wolde wilS manna hwone, "would not out of com- passion to any man," 154. Bib-seSellng, st. m., kindred- aihe- LiNO, 2708. Eibbe-gedrilit, st. neut., kindred- band, band of kindred-warriors, 387 (see note), 729. sM, adj., wide, broad, large, ample, great, 149, 1291, 1726, etc.; weak forms 1733, 2199, 2347. side, adv., widely, 1223. sld-fseSme, adj., [wide-FATHOMed] broad-bosomed, 1917. Bid-fseSmed, adj. (pp.), [wide- fathombd] broad-bosomed, 302. sId-rand, st. m., broad shield, 1289. sle, see wesan. slex-benn, st. /., hipknife-wound, 2904. From seax. Big, see wesan. Elgan, St. v., sink, march down, 1251, 307. ge-slgan, st. v., sink, fall, 2659. sige-driliten, si. m., victory-lord, victorious lord, 391. sige-eadig, adj., victory-happy, rich in victories, victorious, 1557. sige-folc, St. neut., victory-roLK, victorious people, 644. eige-taefS, st. m. neut., victory- fame, presage of victory, con- fidence or exultation in victory, 490. sige-hrelSlg, adj., viotoi'y-exultant, exulting in victory, 94, 1597, 2756. sige-hwH, st.f., victory- WHILE ; gen. sg. hist J>am Jieodne wses srSast sige-hwile, " that was for the king the last hour of victory," 2710. Blgel, St. m. neut. , sun, 1966. slge-leas, adj., victory-LESs, of de- feat, 787. sige-rof, adj., victory-famed, vic- torious, 619. sige-)>eod, st. /., victory-nation, victorious people, 2204. slge-waapen, st. neut., viotory- WEAPON, 804. GLOSSARY. 217 sigle, St. neut., sun-shaped orna- ment, jewel, brilliant, necklace, 1200, 1157; ace. 111. siglu, 3163. Bigor, St. neut., victory, 1021, 2875, 3055. slgor-eadlg, adj., victory-blessed, rich in victories, victorious, 1311, 2352. sin, pass, adj., his, 1507, 1960, etc.; her, 1934. sine, St. neut., treasure, jewelry, gold, silver, prize, 81, etc. sinc-faet, st. neut., treasure-vAT, costly vessel, casket, 1200, etc.; ace. pi. sine-fato, 622. slno-filg, adj., treasure-variegated, bedecked with treasure; weak ace. sg. neut. sinc-fage, 167. sinc-gestreon, st. neut., treasure- possession, costly treasure, 1092, 1226. sino-glfa, sinc-gyfa, w. m., trea- sure-Giver, 1012, 1342, 2811. sinc-m3,^um, st. m., treasure-jewel (sword), 2193. sinc-|>ego, st. /., treasure-taking, receiving of treasure, 2884. sin-gaJ, adj., continuous, 154. sin-gala, adv., continually, 190. sin-gales, syn-gales, adv., continu- ally, always, 1135, 1777. singan, st. v., pret. song, sang: SING, sound, 496, 1428; pret. sg. hring-iren sclr song in searwum, "the bright iron rings jingled in the mail," 323. a-slngan, st. v., sma, sing out, 1159. sin-here, st. m., [continuous army] army drawn out, very strong, immense; dat. sin-herge, 2936. Ein-niht, st.f.: ace. or dat. sg. sin- nihte, "night after night," 161. sint, see wesan. slo, see SB, se. slolo?, St. m.l, still water?; gen. pi. oferswam iSa siole^a bigong sunu Ecg'Seowes, "then E.'s son swam over the expanse of still waters," 2367. Biomian, see geomian. Bittan, St. v.; pret.pl. saston, 1164, setan, 1602; pp. geseten, 2104: SIT, 489, 641, 2906, etc.; inf. eodon sittan, "went and sat," 493. be-sittan, st. v., [sit by] be- siege, 2936. for-sittan, st.v., fail; pres. sg. 3rd, eagena bearhtm foreite^ ond forsworce^, "eyes' brightness will fail and grow dim," 1767. ge-sittau, st. v. : (1) intrans. sit, sit together, 171, 749, 1977, etc. (2) trans, sit down in, 633. ofer-sittan, st. v., with ace, abstain from, refrain from, 684, 2528. of-sittan, st. v., with ace., sit upon, 1545. on-sittan, st. v., with ace., dread, 597. ymii-sittan, st. v., with ace, sit about, sit round, 564. siB, St. m. : (1) way, journey, expedition, undertaking, adventure, 3058, 765, 532, 2532, 318, 872 (ex- ploit), 908 (way of life), 1971 (return), 2541 (way), 2586 (course), 3089 (passage), etc. (2) time, repetition, 716, 1579, 2049, etc. _ siS, eompar. adv. {pos. BiS) ; ser ond siS, "earlier and later," 2500. siSest, slBast, superl. adj. (no pos., except the adv.), latest, last; with gen. 2710; absolutely, set siSestan, "at latest, at the last," 3013. BltS-fsBt, St. m., expedition, 202 ; dat. sl«-fate, 2639. siS-from, adj., [journey-forward] ready for a journey, 1813. BlBlan, w. v., journey, 720, 808, 2119. for-BitSlan, w. v., [journey amiss] perish, 1550. siBSan, syWan, seoBBan, adv., [siTHENoe] siNce, after, after- 218 BEOWULF. wards, 142, 470, 1875, etc. Spe- cial passage: 8er ne si'StSan, "be- fore nor sines," 718. Gorrel. with sfSSa-n, ccmj., 2201-7. siVSan, sy^an, seoSSan, covj., [siTHENce] aiNce, after, when, 106, 115, 413, 850, 1148, 1204, 1689, 1775, etc. With pret. =pluperf. 1978, etc. With pret. and pluperf. syS^an mergen com, ond we to symble geseted hsefdon, 2103-4. slsep, St. m., SLEEP, 1251, 1742. slsepan, st. v., sleep; pres. part., ace. sg. m. slSpendne, 741, un- inflected, 2218; acc.pl. 1581. sleac, adj., slack, 2187. slean, st. v., pret. sg. sloh, slog. : I. intrans. strike, 681, 1565, 2679. II. tram. : (1) strike, 2699. (2) SLAY, 108, 1152, 2050, etc. ge-slean, st. v., with ace; (1) fight out, 459. (2) gain by fighting ; pret. pi. hie ^a mffir^a geslogon, "they gain- ed glory by fighting," 2996. of-slean, st. v., slat, 574, 1665, 3060. sUtan, St. v., SLIT, tear to pieces, 741. sliSe, adj^, savage, hurtful, danger- ous, 184, 2898. sllBen, adj., dire, deadly, 1147. smiS, St. m. , smith, 406 ; nam. wfflpna smilS, "weapon-smith," 1452. smllSlaii, w. V. be-smiBian, w. v., make firm by smith's work, 775. snell, adj., brisk, prompt, keen, bold; tveak nom. sg. m. snella, 2971. snel-llo, adj., brisk, prompt, keen, bold, 690. snotor, snottor, adj. , wise, prudent, 190, etc. ; pi. snotere, 202, snot- tre, 1591 ; weak nom. sg. m. snot- tra, 1314, etc., snotra, 2156, etc.; absolutely, 1786, etc. snotor-llce, adv. snotor-Ucor, compar., mora wisely, more prudently, 1842. snflde, adv., quickly, 904, etc. snyrian, w. v., hasten, 402. snyttru, st. /., wisdom, prudence, 1726, 942, 1706. snyttrum, dat. pi. used ad- verbially, wisely, 872. snySian, w. v. be-sny«ian, w. v., dewive, 2924. s5cn, St. f., persecution; dat. tsre socue, "from that persecution," 1777. Eomod, samod, ad«., together, 1211, 2196, etc.; with eetgasdere, 387, etc. Bomod, samod, prep., with dat.; somod (samod) Ser-dsge, "at dawn," 1311, 2942. sona, adv., soon, 121, etc. song, see slngan. sorg-, see sorh-. sorgian, w. v., sokkow, care, 451, 1384. sorn, st.f., soKBOw, 473, 149, etc.; obi. sg. sorge, 119, 2004, etc.; dat. sorhge, 2468. sorh-oearig, sorg-cearig, adj. ,[BOTt- Bow-OABEful] sorrowful, heart- broken, 2455, 3152. sorh-ful(l), adj., soebowpul, 512, 1278, 1429, 2119. sort-leas, adj., soekowless, free from sorrow, 1672. sorh-leoU, st. neut., soEKOw-lay, lamentation, 2460. sorh-wylm, st. m., [soEEOw-WELLing] surge of sorrow or care, 904, 1993. soS, St. neut., sooth, truth, 532, etc.; dat. to so^e, "for sooth," 61, etc. Bo«, adj., [sooth] true, 1611, 2109. SoS-oynlng, st. m., [Sooih-kingI God, 3055. BoSe, adv., [sooTHly] truly, 524. sotS-fsest, adj., sootheast, iust. 2820. ' EoS-lIce, adv., [soothli] truly, 141, etc. GLOSSARY. 219 gpecan, sfeae, see sprecan. spSd, St. f., SPEED, success; ace. on sped, "with good speed, success- fully," 873. spel(l), St. neut., spell, story, tale, tidings, 2109, 2898, etc.; ace. pi. spel gerade, "skilful tales," 873. splwan, St. v., spew; inf. gledum spiwan, "to vomit forth gleeds," 2312. spoiman, st. v. on-sponnan, st. v., unspan, loosen; pret. his helm onspeon, 2723. spowan, St. v., impers., with dat. pars., speed, succeed; pret. sg. him wiht ne speow, "he had_no success," 2854; hii him set sate speow, "how he sped at the eat- ing," 3026. spraec, st. /., speech, 1104. sprecan, speoan, st. v., speak, say, 531, 643, 1171, 1476, etc.; with foil, clause, gomele ymb godne on geador sprreoon, test hig, "old men spake together about the hero, [saying] that they," 1595. ge-sprecan, st. v., speak, 675, 1398, etc. sprlngan, st.v.,pret. sprong, sprang: SPKING, 18 (spread), 1588 (gape), 2582 (shoot), 2966 (spurt). set-springan, st. v., speino forth; pret. sg. setspranc, 1121. ge-spilngan, st. v., pret. ge- sprong, gesprang: spbing forth, arise, 884, 1667. on-springaji, st. v., spbing a- part, 817. stffil, St. m., place, stead, 1479. pievers § 202, N. 2.] stselau, w. v.: (1) institute, carry on; pp. ge- stleled, 1340. (2) avenge, 2485. Stan, St. m., STONE, rock, 887, 2288, etc. stan-beorli, st. m., stone-baerow, barrow or cave of rock, 2213. stan-boga, w. m., [stone -bow] stone-arch, arch of rock ; ace. sg. 2545, nom. pi. 2718. 8t3,n-clif, St. neut., stone-olu'f, olifE of rock ; ace. pi. stan-cleofu, 2540. standan, see stoudan. stan-filh, adj., [stone- variegated] paved or inlaid with stones of various colours, 320. Stan-ill's, St. neut., sioNE-slope, rocky slope ; ace. pi. stan-hli^o, 1409. stapol, St. m., [staple] : (1) column; dat. pi. '8a stan- bogan stapulum fseste, "the stone-arches firm on columns," 2718. (2) threshold?, staple?; dat. sg. Hro^gar. . .stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof golde fahne ond Grendles bond, 926. [Heyne translates: "stand an der holz- ernen Mittelsaule Heorots." But ore stapole will not bear this meaning, which further implies that Grendel's hand was up among the rafters, whereas there can be no doubt that it was set up as a trophy outside the hall. See 1. 983 ; cf . the stoep of houses at the Cape; and see Earle's note, "Deeds of Beowulf," p. 139.] starian, w. v., pres. sg. 1st starige, starie, 3rd stara'S, pret. starede, staredon: staee, gaze, 996, 2796, etc. Special passage : J>£Et hire an dsBges eagum starede, "that he should stare on her by day with his eyes," 1935. steap, adj., steep, towering, tall, 222, 2566, etc. stearo-heort, adj., [staek-hbaet] stout-hearted, 2288, 2552. stede, St. m., stead, place ; gen. pi. waes steda naegla gehwylo style gelicost, "each of the places of the nails was most like to steel," 985. stefn, St. m., stem (of a ship), 212 220 BEOWULF. stefn, St. m., time, repetition; dat. sg. niwan (niowau) stefne, "a- new," 1789, 2594. stefn, st.f., voice, 2552. stellan, w. v. on-stellan, w. v., institute, set on foot, 2407. stepan, w. v., exalt, 1717. ge-stepan, w. v., exalt, sup- port ;_yre«. sg. foloe gestepte... sunu Ohteres, "he supported the son of Ohthere with an army," 2393. stenpan, st. v., step, march ; pret. sliop. 761, 1401. set-steppan, st. v., step up; pret. forS near setstop, 745. ge-ateppan, st.v., step; pret. =pluperf. gestop, 2289. stig, St. /., path, 320, 2213; ace. pi. stige, 1409. stlgan, St. v., [sty] go, ascend, descend, 212, 225, etc. ; pret. >a he to holme stag, " when he went down to the sea (to swim)," 2362. a-stlgan, st. v., ascend, arise, 1373; pret. astag, 782, astah, 1160, 3144; gu'S-rino astah, 1118. ge stlgan, st. v., [sty] go ; pret. \>a, ic on holm gestah, " when I went onto the sea (into the ship)," 632. stme, adj., STILL, 301, 2830. stinoan, st. v., [stink] sniff, snuff ; pret. stone, 2288. stiS, adj., stiff, stout, 1533. stiS-mod, adj., [stiff-MOon] stout- hearted, 2566. stondaji, standan, st. v., stand, 2760, 411, 726 (oome), 783 (arise), 2227, 1037 (lie), etc.; pret. pi. stodon, 328, stodan, 3047. Special passages ; lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod, " the beam shone forth, light filled the place," 1570; stod eldum on andan, "came forth for a mischief to men," 2313. a-stondan, st. v., stand, stand up, 759, 1556, 2092. SBt-stondan, st. v., stand (in), 891. for-stondan, for-standan, st. v., withsTAND, avert, defend, 1549 ; inf. heatSo-ltSendum hord forstandan, "defend his hoard against the ooean-farers," 2955 ; pret. subj. him...wyrd forstode, " averted weird from them," 1056. ge-stondan, st. u., stand, 358, 2596, etc. st5p, see steppan. storm, St. VI., stokm, 1131, 3117. stow, St. /., place, 1006, 1372, 1378. stral, St. m. /., arrow, shaft, 1746, 3_117. strset, st.f., stbeet, road, 320, 916, 1634. Strang, see strong, stream, st. m., stream, flood, 212, etc. stregdan, w. v., strew; pp. stred, 2436. streng, st. m., stkinq, 3117. strengel, st. m., stkono chief, 3115. strongest, see strong, srtirengo, st. /., sTSENGth ; ace. dat. strenge, 1270, 1533, dat. strengo, 2540. strong, Strang, adj., steong, 153 2684 ; w its gen. msegenes Strang, " strong in might," 1844. strongest, superl., strongest, 1543 ; with gen. or dat. msegenes, maegene, strengest, 196, 789. strfldan, st. v., spoil, plunder; suhj. pret. strude, 3073, 3126. strynan, w. v. ge-strynan, w. v., obtain, ac- quire, 2798. stund, St. /., time, hour; dat. pi. adverhiall/y , stundum, "from time to time," 1423. style, St. neut., steel; dat. 985. styi-ecg, adj., STEEL-EDGed, 1533. Btyman, w. v. toe-styman, w. v., besteam, wet, 486. GLOSSARY. 221 styrlan, w. v., stie, disturb, 1374, 2840; handle, treat, 872. Btyrman, w. v., stobm, 2552. subter-gefaderan, w. m. pi., uncle and nephew, 1164. snm, adj., some, one, a certain, 2156, 3124. Although sum al- ways has the inflections of an adj. (see 1. 1432), it is more often vsed substantively, or as an indef. pron., 1251^1432, 400, etc. ; neut. ne sceal JiSr dyrne sum wesan, "there shall be naught secret," 271. Often with partitive gen. 675, 718, 1499, etc.; esp. with gen. of numerals and adjs. of quantity: fiftena sum, "one of fifteen, i.e. with fourteen others," 207; so 8123, 1412, 2091; sumne feara, "one of a few, i.e. some few," 8061. In a few cases sum appears to have a certain demon, force, 248, 314, 1312, 2279. sund, St. m., swimming, 507, 517, 1436, 1618; SOUND, channel, sea, 218, 1510, etc. sund-gebland, st. neut., [sound- blend] welter of the sea, tumult of the waves, 1450. sund-nytt, st. /., [swimming-use]; ace. sund-nytte dreah, "swam through the sea," 2860. snndor-nytt, st. /., special service, 667. sundur, adv., asUNDEB, 2422. sund-wudu, st. m., [sound-wood] ship, 208, 1906. sunne, w.f., sun, 94, etc. sunu, st.m., son, 268, etc.; dat. sana, 1226, etc., sunu, 344. BflS, adv., south, southwards, 858. slltSan, adv., from the south, 606, 1966. swa: I. adv. of manner and degree, so, thus, 347, 1142, 1843, 3069, etc. Special passage : leng swa wel, "the longer the better," 1854. II. conjunctive ad/o., as in its various meanings, 29, 490, 881, 3098, 1667 (when), 2184 (since), etc. ; in, elUptical sentences, 2622 ; eft swa asr, 642; correl. with swa I., 594, 1092-3, etc. Special passage: swa me Higelac sie... modes blTSe, "as may H. be gracious to me, on condition that H. be gracious to me," 435. III. —rel.pron.; wlite-beorhtne wang, swa waster bebuge^, "the beauteous -bright plain, which water encompasses," 93. IV. conj., so that, 1508, 2006. swa |>§ah, swa Seh, however, 972, 2967, etc. ; redundant after hwselSre, 2442. swa hwseSere swa, which- soever, 686-7. swa hwylc.swa, with gen., WHioHsoever, 943, 8057. swBBlan, w. V. _be-sw£elan, w. v., scorch, 8041. swses, adj., dear, own dear, 29, 520, etc. Bwaasllce, adv., gently, 3089. swancor, adj., [swank] slender, 2175. swan-rad, St. /., bwan-eoad, sea, 200. Bwapan, st. v. for-swapan, si. u., sweep away, sweep off, 477, 2814. -swarian, w. v. ond-Bwarlan, aud-swarlan, w. v., ANSWEK, 258, 340. swat, St. m., [sweat] blood, 1286, etc. Bwat-fah, adj., [sweat -stained] blood-stained, llll. swatig, adj., [sweaty] bloody, 1569. Bwat-swaBu, St. /., [swEAT-track] blood-track, 2946. swaSrlan, w. v., subside; pret. pi. swatSredon, 570. BWaBu, [swath] st. /., track, 2098 ; ace. him sio swISre swa^e weard- ade hand, ' ' his right hand showed where he had been," 2098. awaSul, St. m. neut.?, smoke, 782. sweart, adj., swaet, black, dark, 167, 3145. 222 BEOWULF. swebban, w. v., send to sleep, kill, 679 ; pres. sg. Srd, swefe^, 600. a-sweblian, w. v., put to sleep, appease, kiU; pret. part. pi. aswe- fede, 667. BTrefan, st. v., sleep, sleep tlie sleep of death, 119, 1008, etc.; pret. pi. swsefon, 703, swsefun, 1280. -swefede, see -swebban. swefeS, 600, see swebban. sweg, St. m., sound, noise, 89, 644, etc. swegel, St. nent., sky, 860, 1078, etc. swegle, adj., bright, clear, 2749. swegl-wered, adj., ether-clad, rad- iant, 606. Bwelan, st. v., [sweal] burn, 2713. swelgan, st. v., swallow; pret., with dat., Bwealh, 743, swealg, 3155; pret. siibj., absolutely, swulge, 782. for-swelgan, st. v., swallow up, 1122, 2080. swellan, st. v., swell, 2713. Bweltan, st. v., die, 1617, etc. ; with cognate dat. morUre, -dea^e, 892, 2782, 3037. Bwenoan, w. v., molest, oppress, 1510. ge-swenoan, st. v., strike, bring low, 2438. ge-swenced, pp. {of swencan or geswencan), made to toil, harassed, harried, pressed, 975, 1368. Bweng, St. m., swiNO, stroke, 1520, etc. sweofot, St. m., sleep, 1581, 2295. BweolotS, St. m., flame, 1115. -Bweop, see -swapan. Bweorcan, st. v., grow dark, 1737. for-aw(e)oroan, st, v., grow dim, 1767. ge-sweorcan, st. v., lour, 1789. Bweord, swurd, Bwyrd, st. neut., swoED, 437, 539, 2610, etc. ; pi. sweord, 2638, swyrd, 3048. sweord-bealo, st. neut., swokd-bale, death by the sword, 1147. sweord-freca, w. m., swoED-wolf, sword-warrior, 1468. swyrd-glfu, st. /., swokd-giv- ing, 2884. sweotol, adj., clear, 817, 833 ; nam. swutol, 90 ; weak dat. sweotolau, 141. swerian, st. v., swear, 472, 2738. for-swerian, st. v., with dat., FORSWBAB, 804. sweBrian, w. v., wane, lessen, 901, 2702. swican, st.i;., fail, disappear, escape, 966, 1460. ge-swican, st. v., weaken, fail, 1524, etc. swifaji, s*. V. on-swlfan, st. v., swing up, raise, 2559. swift, adj., SWIFT; weak, 2264. swige, adj., silent. swigra, compar., silenter, 980. Bwlgian, w. v., be silent; pret. sg. swigode, 2897, pi. swigedon, 1699. Bwlloe, see swylce. swimman, swymman, st.v., swim, 1624. ofer-swimman, st. v., ovee- swiM, swim over; pret. oferswam, 2367. swln, swyn, st. neut., swine, image of a boar on a helmet, hence helmet, 1111, 1286. swincaji, st. v., swink, toil, 517. swingan, st. v., swiNO, 2264. BWln-lIc, St. neut., swiNE-shape, image of a boar, 1453. swloBol, St. m. neut.1, smoky glow, or the clear vapour just above the flame (?), 3145 (see note). BWllS, BwyS, adj., strong, severe; nom. swy^, 191. swiBra, compar., stronger ; nom. fern, sio swtSre hand, "the right hand," 2098. BwlSan, St. and w. v. ofer-swyUan, st. andw.w.,ovEB- power, overcome, 279, 1768. BwlBe, swfie, adv., strongly, great- ly, very, 597, 1926, 2170, 2187, etc. GLOSSARY. 223 swflJor, conypar., more greatly, more, more especially, rather, 960, 1139, 1874, 2198. BWlB-ferhS, swyS-ferhS, adj., strong- souled, stout-hearted, 173, 493, 826, 908. BWlS-hiogende, adj. (pres. part.), [strong-thinking] bold-minded, stout-hearted, 919, 1016. swflS-mod.adj., [strong-MooD] stout- hearted, 1624. swogan, St. v., sound; pres. part. 3145. Bwor, see swerian. -sworcau, see -sweorcan. Bwulces, see swylo. swurd, see sweord. swutol, see sweotol. swylc, adj.-pron., such, such as, as. I. (=L. talis) such: (1) adj. 582, 1347, etc. (2) pron. 299 (with gen.), 996 ; gm. swulces, 880 (see hwa) ; ace. otJer swylc vLt offerede, "carried out and off another such [batch], " 1583. II. (=L. quaUs) such as, 1156 (with gen.), 1797, 2869; ace. eall gedffllan.. .swylc him God sealde, " deal out all that God gave him," 72. III. (=L. talis... qualis) swylc ...swylc, "such.. .as," 1249 (with gen.), 1328-9, 3164. Bwylce : I. adv., as well as, likewise, 113, 293, 2258, etc.; once swilce, 1152. II. conjunctive adv., as, 757. awylt, St. m., death, 1255, 1436. Bwylt-dag, St. m., death-DAY, 2798. swymman, see Bwimmaa. Bwyn, see swiu. Bwynslan, w. v., resound, 611. Bwyrd, see sweord. BwyS, see swrB. -BW^San, see -swiSan. BwyUe, see swlSe. sy, see wesan. syfau-wtntre, adj., seven wintbbs old, 2428. syfone, see seofon. -syh'S, see -seon. sylf(a), see self. syU, St. /., SILL, base, floor, 775. syUan, see sellan. ByUIo, see selllc. symbel, st. neut., feast, banquet, 564, 2431, etc. ; dat. symble, 119, 2104, symle, 81, etc. Bymbel-wyiin, st. /., feast-joy, joy in feasting, 1782. sym(b)le, adv., always, 2450, 2497, 2880. symle, n., see symbel. syn-byslg, adj., [sin-busy] guilt- haunted, troubled by guilt, 2226. syn-dolh, st. neut., ceaseless wound, incurable wound, 817. syndon, see wesan. syngales, see slngales. syngian, w. v., sin ; pp. gesyngad, 2441. synn, st. /., bin, crime, injury, hatred, struggle, 975, 1255, 2472, 3071. syn-scaSa, w. m., ceaseless scAiHer, perpetual foe, 707, 801. syn-suied, st. /., [ceaseless bit] huge bit, 743. synt, see wesan. syrce, w. /., sabk, shirt of mail, 226, etc. syrwan, w. v., ensnare, 161. be-syrwan, w. u., ensnare, 713; contrive, 942. syWSan, w. v., avenge, 1106. sylSVan, see sitSSan. T. tacen, st. neut., token, 833; dat. tacne, 141, 1654. tffican, w. V. ge-tEBcaa, w. v., teach, indi- cate, assign, 313, 2013. taUaa, w. v., tell, 532, 594; count, reckon, 677, 2027 ; pres. sg. 1st wen io talige, "I reckon it » thing to be expected," 1845. tear, st. m., tear, 1872. 224 BEOWULF. tela, adv., well, 948, etc. telge, see tellan. tellan, w. v., tell, reckon, deem, 794, 2184; pres. sg. 1st telpe, 2067. Special passage: ao him wjel-bende weotode tealde, "but [if he did] he might reckon death-bands prepared for him- self," 1936. teoli, St. /., band, troop; dat. sg. teohhe, 2938. teohhlan, w. v., assign, 951; pp. geteohhod, 1800. teon, St, v., TUG, draw, 1036, 553, 1288 (of a sword), etc. ; travel : pret. sg. brim-lade teah, " tra- velled the ocean- way," 1051; so eft-srSas teah, 1332. a-teon, st. v., [tug] take; pret. sg. jpBdt wees geooor srS, )>mt {for >e) se hearm-sca)>a to Heoruie ateah, 766. ge-teon, st. v., tug, draw, 1545, 2610; deliver, 1044. Special passages : imperat. sg. no Su him wearne geteoh Binra gegn-owida, " do not thou give them a refusal of thy replies," 366 ; pret. sg. he him est geteah meara ond ma'Sma, "he honoured him with the horses and treasures," 2165. of-teon, St. v., tug orp or away, withhold ; with gen. rei and dat. pers., 5 ; with dat. rei, 1520 ; with ace. rei, 2489. >urh-teoii, st. v., [tug through] bring about, 1140. teon, w. v., with ace, make, adorn, provide, 1452; pret. pi. teodan, 43. ge-teon, w.v.,diO, 229S; appoint, 2526. tid, st.f., TIDE (i.e. time), time, 147, 1915. tidan, w. V. ge-tldan, w. v., beiiDE, 2226. tll(l), adj., good, 61, 1250, 2721, etc. tilian, w. v., with gen., [till] gain, 1823. timbran, w. v., timbek, build, 307. be-tlmbran, w. v., [betimber] build; pret. pi., betimbredon, 3159. tlr, St. m., glory, 1654. tir-eadig, adj., _ [glory-blessed] glorious, happy in fame, 2189. tlr-f93st, adj., [glory-FAsr] glorious, 922. tlr-leag, adj., gloryLBSs; gen. sg. absolutely, 843. tiBian, w. v., impers., with gen., grant; pp. w£es...bene geti^ad, " (of) the boon (it) was granted," 2284. to, prep., with dat.. To, at, for, 28, 1578, 1983, etc.: for, as, esp. in predicative dats., 14, 51, 95, 460, 910, 2998, etc.: for {with personal object), 525; at, 374, 2892; at {time), 26; in, 188, 647 (at); on, 1138-9; by, 641; from, 1272, 2922; with, 601, 1207 (from). Special usages : (1) for, in adverbial phrases of time: to aldre, 955, 2005, 2498; to life, 2432 ; to widan feore, 933. (2) to, with gerunds, 1003, etc. ; rarely with infs., 316, 2556. (3) Following its case: him to, "to it," 313; 1396 {see wenan); J>e J)ii her to looast, "on which thou lookest here," 1654; ]>e us secea'S to Sweona leoda, " for which the peoples of the Swedes will come against us," 3001. to hwan, see hwa, hwset. to >ees, adv., so, 1616. to |>ses )>e, conjunctive phrase, TO (the point) where, thither whence, 714, 2410, 1967; to the point (degree) that, until, 1585. to )ion, adv., to that degree, so, 1876. to |)on, >set, until, 2591, 2845; see se. to, adv.: (1) =preposition withoutexpressed olyect {cf. the particles of separable verbs in German) : therero, to him, to it, 1785, 2648, 1755; on, 1422. GLOSSAKY. 22o (2) TOO, before adjs. and advs., 133, 187, 191, etc. Special passages: to fela micles, "far too much," 694; he to for« ge- atop, "he had stepped too far forth," 2289. to-gsedre, adv., together, 2630. to-geanea, to-genes, prep., with dat., following its case. Towards, aoAiNst, 666, 1542 (at), 1626 (to meet). Special passage ; godum togenes, "to where the good man lay dead," 3114. t5-Eeanes, adv.: grap >a togeanes, "then she clutched at rhimV 1501. ■■ ■'' te-mlddes, adv., in the midst. 3141. torht, adj., bright, clear, 313. torn, St. neut., anger, rage, 2401; insult, distress, 147, 833, 2189. torn, adj. tomost, superl., bitterest, 2129. torn-gemot, st. neut., [wrath-meet- ing] angry meeting, encounter, 1140. to-somne, adv., together, 2568. tredan, st. v., with ace, tread, 1964, 1352, etc. treddlan, tiyddlan, w. v, intrans., TREAD, go, 725, 922. trem, st. neut. : ace. sg. adverbialltj, fotestrem, "a foot's breadth or space," 2525. trSow, St. /., TRoth, TRuth, good faith, 1072, 2922. trSowan, w. v., with dat., trow, trust: pret. sg. gehwylc hiora his ferhjie treowde, "each of them trusted Unferth's heart," 1166. treow-loga,a!.m., iKoth-Liar, troth- breaker, 2847. trod, St./., track, 843. trum, adj., strong, 1369. trflwian, w. v., with gen. or dat., trow, trust, believe, 669, 1993, etc. ge-trflwian, w. v.: (1) with gen. or dat., trow, trust; W.B. with gen., 2322, 2540; with dat., 1533. (2) with ace, confirm ; pret. pi getruwedon, 1095. tryddian, see treddlan. trywe, adj., true, 1165. tw3., see twegen. twasfan, w. v. ge-twfflfan, w. v., usu. with ace. pers. and gen. rei, divide, sever, separate, restrain 479 1658 ^' ^^''^^^^''' "ended," tWEeman, w. v. ge-tw»mau, w. v., with ace. pers. and gen. rei, sever, cut off, 968. ' twegen, m., twa, /. and neut., num., TWAIN, TWO, 1163, 1095, etc.- gen. twega, 2532; dat. twam, twelf, num., twelve; gen., twelfa, tweonmn, dat. pi. of distrib. nu- meral: be (bl) sasm tweonum, "by the twin seas, i.e. bcTWEEN the seas," 858, 1297, 1685, 1956. tydre, adj., uuwarlike, 2847. tyhtan, w. v. on-tyhtan, w. v., entice, 3086. tyn, TEN, 3159; inflected tyne. P, O. H: I. adv., then, 3, 331, 461, 465, 536, 657, etc. II. rei. adv. otconj., loith indie, when, as, since, seeing, 201, 402 539, 632, 706, 1103, 1291, 1598, 1813, etc. ; correl. with >a above, 723, 2756, etc. |>a, adj.-pron., see se, sS. i>sem, THEM, see se, se. ^ser ; I. adv., THERE, 32, 331, 493, etc. ; unemphatic {like mod. there with impers. verbs) 271, 440, etc. For «£Br on innan, 71, 2089, etc., see innan. 15 226 BEOWULF. II. rel. adv., where, 286, 420, 1007, 1079, 1394, etc. ; (to) where, 356, 1313, etc.; if, 2730,1835 (?). With BwS, following: 1S8er...swa, "wheresoever," 797; "if so be _that,;;_2730. |>sera, bssre, see se, se. |>SBS, adj.-pron., see se, se. jises, adv.: (1) therefore, 900, 1992; see se. (2) so, 773, 968, 1367. ^xs >e, conj. : (1) as, 1841, 1350, 3000. (2) because, 108, 228, 626, 1628, 1751, 1998, 2797; correl. with preceding >Ees, 1779. to )>8es ^e, see to. |>set, adj.-pron., see se, se. iiset, conj., THAT, so that, 62, 1367, 1664, etc.; until, 84, 1318 (?), 1911, 1939 (?); in that, 3036; often correl. with the demon.neut. pron. ]>(et or J>ces (see se), 778-9, 1591^3, 1598-9, etc.; repeated 2864-5-71. t>set )>e, conj., that, 1846. Jiaette (=))£Et J^e), covj., that, 151, etc. |>aflan, w. v., with ace, consent to, submit to, 2963. -bah, see -Megan. Hm, see se, se. (>anan, see ^onan. >ano, St. m.: (1) with gen. rei, thanks, 928, 1997, etc. (2) content?, favour?; dat,sg.]>a. ^e gif-soeattas Geata fyredon jjyder t5 hanoe, 379. >anc-liycgende, adj. (pres. part.), [thought-thinking], thoughtful, 2235. (lanclan, w. v., thane, 625, 1397; pret. pi, Jiancodon, 1626, J>an- cedon, 227. ^auon, see |>onan. )>ara, see se, sS. )>S,a, see |>es. )ie, rel. particle, indecl., who, that, which, etc. (1) Alone, 192, 500, etc. ; ace. sg. 355, 2182; dat. sg. 2400, 3001; nom. pi, 45, etc. ; ace. pi. 2490, 279&;gen.pl.950;dat.pl.i>6gei>ser on standa-S, "in which ye stand there," 2866; so 1654. Special passages : heo ta fsehiSe wrsBC, J)e >u gystran niht Grendel cwealdest, "she avenged the feud, in which thou killedst Grendel yesternight," 1334 ; mid l^Sre sorhge, Jie him sio sar belamp, "with the sorrow, where- with that blow befell (afflicted) him," 2468. (2) Immediately preceded by re- dundant se, seo, f set, etc. ; se Jjb, 103, 1260, 1342, 1449, 1462 (antec. sengum); ee \>e for seo J-e, 1344, 1887, 2685; seo K 1445; «one Jie, 1054, 1298, 2056, 2173; pi. ha J>e, 1592. Correla- tives: se...se Jie, 506 (followed by verb in 2nd pers.); seo hand ...se Jje, 1343-4; sio hond...se Jje, 2684-5 ; Jjset ys s!o fiehSo ond se feond-scipe...J>e us seceaiS to Sweona leoda, "that is the feud and the enmity for which the peoples of the Swedes will come against us," 2999-3001. N.B. After Jiara \>e the verb is often in the sg.: 843, 996, 1051, 1461, 2130, 2251, 2383. (3) Followed by redundant he : ace. sg. m. J>e hiue dea^S nimeS, "whom death will take," 441. |>Ees |>e, see >seB, adv. t>set )>e, see >set, crnij. >eali >e, see >ga]i. fotSon ^e, see for^am. to |>ees ^e, see ts. |>e, pers. pron. (ace. and dat. of ^li), THEE, to thee, etc., 417, 523, 525, etc. With u, comparative, than thou, 1850. lie, demon, pron., see se. t^,conj.: (1) because, correl. with a pre- ceding J)y, he {see se), 488, 1436, 2641. (2) that, so that, 242 impossibly GLOSSARY. 227 dat. of the rel. particle i>e, " be- cause of which," antecedent Sg- wearde). ■|ieali, see Megan. ^eab, conj., usu. with subj., rarely with indie: though, although, 203, 2855, 2467, etc.; once J>eh, 1613; Jieah io eal msege, "al- though I may," 680. Hah H, conj., ueu. with subj., THOUQH, although, 1167, 1716, 2481, 2838, etc. Hah, adv., thouoh, yet, however, 1508. swS. |>eah, see swa. >earf, st. /., need, 201, 1477, 1797, etc.; ace. fremma^ gena leoda J>earfe, "fulfil Btill the people's need," 2801. (learf, v., see |>urfan. Harfa, w. m., n. or adj.: mrnes tearfa, "shelterless," 2225. ($re-)Harflan, w. v., necessitate, render necessary; pp. ge}>earfod, 1103. dearie, adv., severely, hard, 560. Haw, St. m., [thbw] custom, 178, etc.; (tet. pJ. "in good customs," 2144. He, pers. pron. (archaic ace. of J>u), thee, 947, etc. Hccean, w. v., [thatch] cover, enfold, 3015; pret. pi. hehton, 513. Hen, St. m., thane, 194, 400, 1230, etc.; used of Beowulf, 194, etc., Hengest, 1085, Wiglaf, 2721, etc. Hgn-aorg, st. /., thane-soebow sorrow for one's thanes, 131. Hgon, Heun, see Idcgan. Hh, see Hah. Hhton, see Hccean. Hnc(e)an, w. v., thine, intend: usu. with following inf., 355, 448 (fut.), 739, etc.; with dependent clause, 691 ; absolutely, 289, 2601 {see onwendan). a,-Hiic(e)an, w. v., thine out, intend, 2643. ge-Hnc(e)an, w. v., with ace, thine, think of, 1474; inf. hia ...ende ge>enceau, "think of the end thereof," 1734. Hnden, adv., yet a while, 1019. Hnden, conj., with indie, or subj., while, whilst, 30, 1224, 2985, etc. >engel, st. m., prince, king, 1507. Hnian ( = begnian), w. v., with dat., serve, 560. Hod, St. /., people, nation, 643, 1705, etc. Hod-cynlng, -kynlng, )>Iod-cyiilng, St. m., nation-EiNG, king of a people, 2, 2144 (Hrothgar), 2579 (Beowulf), 2963 (Ongeutheow), etc. Hoden, ^loden, st. m., prince, king, 34, 797, 2336, 2656, etc.; dat. Hodne, 345, etc., )>eoden, 2032; pi. )>eodnas, 3070. Hodeu-leas, adj., prince-LESS, with- out one's chief, 1103. Hod-gestrSon, st. neut., nation- treasure, national possession, 44, 1218. Hod-kynlng, see Hod-cynlng. Hod-sceaSa, w. m., nation-scATHer, national foe, 2278, 2688. Hod->rea, st. /,, national misery, 178. Hof, St. m., THIEF, 2219. Hon, St. v., thrive, succeed, 8 ; pret. sg. hiiru J>8Bt...lyt manna i>ah, "this indeed has prospered with few men," 2836. ge-Hon, St. v., thrive, 25, 910; imperat. sg., 1218. on-Hon, st, v., thrive; pret. sg. he JjsBs sr on^ah, "he there- fore throve erewhile," 900. Hon ( = J)y wan), w. v., oppress, 2736. Hos, see Hs. Hostre, adj., dark, 2332. How, St. m., slave, 2223. Hs, Hos, Ms, demon, adj., this, 411, 484, etc. ; inst. neut. tys, 1395; ace. sg. m., Msne, 75, ])ysne, 1771 ; gen. sg. m. and neut. >isses, 1216, >ysBes, 790, 806; dat. sg. neut. Jjissum, 1169, 15—2 228 BEOWULF. J>yssum, 2639; dat. pi. |>yssum, 1062, 1219. Hcg(e)aii, St. v., with ace, seize, take, partake of, eat, 736, 1010; pret. pi. indie. Jiegun, 2633, subj. )>egon, 563. ge-Kc^an, st. v., with ace, take, receive, 1014; pret. sg. ge- J>eah, 618, 628 ; ge)>ah, 1024. J>In, pass, adj., thine, thy, 267, 2131, etc. |iinc(e)an, see )>yncan. )>ln.g, St. neut., thins, matter, affair, 409, 426; gen. pi. Snige tinga, "by any means, in any way, on any condition, at all," 791, 2374, 2905. Jjingan, w. v., determine, appoint, 1938; pp. wiste J>ffim ailScan ...hilde gejjinged, "knew that battle was in store for the monster," 647. ge-)ilngan, w.v., withrefl. dat., take service ; pres. gif him J>onne Erejirio to hof um Geata geJ>ingetS, "if then Hrethrio enters into service at the Geats' court," 1836. Hnglan, w. v.: (1) address, speak, 1843. (2) compound, settle, allay, 156, 470. iioi-, see >eod-. ^lodeu, see )>eoden. )ds, demon, adj., see t>es. Hb, demon, pron. neut., this, 290. >oUan, w. v., [thole] endure: (1) trans. 832, 1525, etc. (2) intrans. 2499. ge-^olian, w. v., [thole] : (1) trans., endure, 87, 147 ; dat. inf. to ge>olianne, 1419. (2) intrans., wait patiently, 3109. ^ou, pron., see se. t5 )>an, adv., to that degree, so, 1876. to |ion, )«et, until, 2591, 2845; see sS. ►on, adv., then, 2423. |>onan, ^onon, j>anan, banon, adv., THENoe, 819, 520, 1265, 12'j2, etc. ; sometimes of personal origin, 1960, etc. bane, see se, se. bonne, adv., then, 877, etc.; re- peated, 1104-6. See bonne, conj. bonne, conj.: (1) when, while, with indie, and subj., 23, 573, etc. ; in elliptical sentence, breac bonne moste, "en- , joyed [him or them] while I might," 1487. Gorrel.withi>omie, adv.: 484-5, 2032-4; swa bitS geomorlic. . .bonne he gyd wrece ...bonne his suuu hanga'S, "so will it be sad, [that] he should then utter a dirge, when his son is hanging," 2446-7. (2) THAN, after compars. : 44, 248, etc. With compar. omitted: medo- sern micel. . .bonne yldo beam ffifre gefrunon, "a great mead- hall, [greater] than the children of the age ever heard of," 70. bonon, see bonau. borfte, see burfan. brag, St. /., time; ace. sg. of dura- tion of time, 64, 87, 114; nom. sg. ba hyne sio brag becwom, " when the time (of battle) came upon him," 2883. brea-nedla, w. m., [iHEOE-compul sion] the compulsion of oppres' sion or misery; dat. sg. for brea- nedlan, "compelled by oppression or misery," 2223. brea-nyd, st. /., [theoe-need] dire need, oppression, misery, 284; dat. pi. be hie... for brea-nydum bolian sooldon, "which they through dire compulsion had to endure," 832. breat, st. m., troop, band, 4, 2406. breatlan, w. v., THEEATen, press; pret. pi. mec.breatedon bearle, "pressed me hard," 560. brec-wudu, st, m., [onset-wood] spear, 1246. breo, brio, num. neut. [of brie), THHEE, 2278, 2174. ^reottSoba, ord. num., iHiEiEEnth, 2406. GLOSSARY. 229 ^dda, ord. num., third, 2688. ^ringan, st. v., intrans., throng, 2960; pret. sg. >rong, 2883. for-lnrlngan, st. v., snatch, pro- tect, 1084. ge-)>rliigaii, st. v., theong, bound, 1912. |>rIo, see ))reo. ►rlst-nydig.ofi/., bold-minded, 2810. )>rltlg, J>rittig, st. neut., with gen., THiETY, 123, 2361; gen. sg. 379. brong, see |>rlngan. )>ro\rlaii, lo. v., suffer, 2605, etc.; pret. sg. J>rowode, 2594, Jirowade, 1589, 1721. J>ryin(m), st. m., might, force, 1918 ; glory, 2 ; dat. pi. adverbially , Jirymmum, "powerfully," 235. >ryin-IIc, adj., mighty, glorious, 1246. ►ryS, St. /., strength; dat. pi. JirylSum dealle, "proud in their strength," 494. \iryi-mra, st. neut., mighty house, noble hall, 657. ^ryS-Hc, adj., excellent, picked, 400, 1627. >ry1S-lIoost, superl., most excel- lent; ace. pi. 2869. KryS-swyU, St. neut.?, great distress, pain, anjdety, 131, 736. ^ryS-word, st. neut., choice or mighty woed, excellent talk, 643. Jill, pers. pron., thou, 352, etc.; ace. sg. fee, J>e (q.. v.). Jnmgen, ge-))ungen, adj. {pp.), [thriven] mature, distinguished, excellent, 624, 1927. Gf. J>eon. ^UDlan, w. v., THUNder, rattle, groan, hum ; pret. >unede, 1906. ge-inaen, pp. (isolated; Sievers § 385, N. 1), forged, 1285. (oirfan, st.-w. v., need: pres. J^earf, Jiearft, 445, 595, etc.; subj. Jjurfe, 2495; pret. >orfte, 157, eta.; pret. pi. hremge J>orfton, "needed [to be] exultant," 2363. Inirli, prep., with ace., through, local, causal, and instrumental, 2661, 267, 276, 278, 558, etc. ^us, adv., THUS, 238, 337, i30. ^Usend, st. neut., thousanc, 305U ; pi. Jjusenda, 1829. Without fol- lowing noun of measure : gen. pi. huud Jjiisenda landes ond locenra beaga, 2994. Even without a dependent gen. : ace. pi. ond him gesealde seofan busendo, 2195. (>y, see se, se. ►y Ises, conj., LEst, 1918. tyder, adv., thither, 379, 2970, 3086. byhtig, adj., doughty, strong, 1558. (syle, St. m., spokesman, 1165, 1456. ^yncan, |)incean, w. v., with dat. pers., seem, 1341,368, 687, etc.; sometimes impers., 2653. of-^ynoan, w. v., displease, 2032. ^yrs, St. m., giant, 426. Wa, see ^es. ►ya-llo, adj., [thuslike] such; nom. sg.f., l^yslicu, 2637. )>ysiie, Kysses, ^ssxun, see |>es. ►ystru, st.f., darkness, 87. J>ywan, w. v., oppress; pres. pi. egesan J>ywa^, "oppress with dread," 1827. From J>eow. U. nfan, adv., from above, above, 1500, 330. ufera, compar. adj., later ; dat. pi. uferan, 2392, ufaran, 2200. ufor, compar. adv., higher, up- wards, on to higher ground, 2951. flhte, w.f, dawn, twilight, 126. flht-floga, w. m., twilight-FLier, 2760. flht-hlem, st. m., twilight-uproar, din or crash in the twilight, 2007. flht-soeaCa, w. m., twiUght-scATner, twilight-foe, 2271. umbor-wesende, adj~ (pres. part.), being a child, 46, 1187. un-bllSe, adj., unblithe, joyless, 130, 2268, 3031. un-byrnende, adj. (pres. part.), un- EDRNing, without being burnt; nom. sfi- absolutely 2548. uno, pers. pron. [dat. and ace. dual 230 BEOWULF. o/ ic), to ns two, us two, 540, 545, 2137, etc. vmcer, pers. pron. (gen, chml of io), of us two, 2532 ; ccmpUd with the gen. of a proper name, uncer Grendles, "of Grendel and me," 2002. uncer, pass. adj. (see above), our (dual); dat.pl. uncran, 1185. un-ctlV, adj., uncouth, unknown, evil, 1410, 2214, 276; gen. sg. ahsolutely, 960 (Gren4el), 876 (what is unknown), under, jprep., under: (1) with dat. (of rest), 1163, 1204, 1209, etc.; during, with, 738. (2) with ace. (of motion, ex- pressed or implied), 403, 887, 1551, etc. To denote extent: under sweglea hegong, "under the sky's expanse," 860, 1773; . under heofones hwealf, 2015. under, adv., undeb, beneath, 2213. undern-msBl, st. neut., [undbbn- MEAii] morning-time, 1428. un-dyme, un-deme, adj., UNsecret, manifest, 127, 2000, 2911. un-dyme, adv., UNsecretly, openly, 150, 410. un-ffficne, adj., uNguileful, sincere, 206^3. im-fage, adj., [unfey] undoomed, not fated to die, 573, 2291. un-fsager, adj., UNrAiR, not beauti- ful, 727. un-flitmeiaiiv.tincontestably, 1097 ; without strife, 1129. un-forht, adj., [uNafraid] fearless, 287. un-forhte, adv., fearlessly, 444. un-frod, adj., not old, young, 2821. un-from, adj., inert, not bold, UN- warlike, 2188. un-geara, adv., not of tobe: (1) but now, 932. (2) erelong, 602. un-gedefellce, adv., improperly, unnaturally, 2435. un-gemete, adv., [uNMEEily] im- measurably, 2420, 2721, 2728. un-gemetes, adv. (gen. of adj. uu- gemet, unmeet), immeasurably, 1792. un-gyfeBe, adj., not granted, 2921. im-hslo, St. /., [uNHEALth] destruc- tion; gen. sg. wiht unhBlo, "the wight of destruction," 120. im-hSx, adj., (un- intensive) very HOAE, very gray, 357. un-heore, un-lilore, un-hyre, adj., UNcanny, monstrous, 2120, 2413; nom. sg. f. unheoru, 987. nn-leof, adj., [unliefJ not dear, unloved; ace. pi. absolutely 2863. im-liflgende, un-lyflgende, adj. (pres. part.), uKLiving, lifeless, dead, 468, 744, 1308; dat. sg. m. >Bt bi'S driht-gumau unlif^endum sefter selest, "that will be best for the noble warrior after death," 1389. un-iytel, adj., [unlittle] no little, 498, 833, 885. un-mumllce, adv., UNMOUENfuhiY, without sorrow, 449, 1756. unnan, st.-w. v., grant, will, wish, OWN, 503, 2874; pres. sg. 1st, an, 1225; subj. pret. 1st, fi>e ic swH>or, JjsBt ^u hine selfne geseon moste, "I would rather that thou mightst have seen himself," 960; 3rd, Jieah he ii^e wel, "how much soever he wished," 2855. ge-unnan, st.-w. v., grant, 346, 1661. nn-nyt, adj., useless, 413, 3168. un-riht, st. neut. , unright, wrong, 12J4, 2739. un-rihte, adv., UNEiGHTly, wrongly, 3059. un-rim, st. neut., [uneime] count- less number, 1238, 2624, 3135. un-rlme, adj., [UNEiMEd] countless, 3012. un-rot, adj., [uNglad] sad, 3148. nn-slaw, adj., [unslow] not slow; rwm. sg. ecgum unslaw, "not slow of edge," 2564 (see note). un-snyttro, st. /., UNwisdom; dat. pi. his unsnyttrum, "in his un- wisdom," 1734. GLOSSAEY. 231 un-s6fte, adv., [dnboftIv] with difficulty, 1655, 2140. im-swl8e, adv. un-BwiSor, compar,, less strongly, 2578, 2881. un-synnlg, adj., UNSiNning, guilt- less, 2089. uu-synnum, adv. {dat. pi. of *un- synn), "siNlessly," 1072. im-tsele, adj., blameless, 1865. im-tyder, st. m., evil progeny; nom.pl. untydras. 111. un-wacllc, adj., [unweaklike] firm, strong, 3138. un-weamum, adv., unawares, 741. un-wrecen, adj. {pp.), UNWKEAKed, unavenged, 2443. Up, adv., UP, 128, 224, 782. flp-lang, adj., [uplong] upright, 759. uppe, adv., up, 566. upp-riht, adj. , upkight, 2092. Ore, pers. pron. (gen. pi. of io), of us, 1386. lire, pass. adj. (see above), OUE, 2647. Omm, pers. pron. (anom. form of the dat. pi. of io, vsed here for unc), to us, 2659. lis, pers. pron. {dat. pi. of io), to us, 346, 382, etc. ; for us, 2642. User, pers. pron. ( = ure, gen. pi. of io); iiser neosan, "to visit us," 2074. User, pass. adj. (see above), our; ace. sg. m. UBeme, 3002 ; gen,, sg. neut. usses, 2813; dat. sg. m. ussum, 2634. ttsic, pers. pron. {ace. pi. o/ic), us, 458, 2638, etc. usses, ussum, see User, pass. adj. flt, adv., OUT, 215, etc. iltan, adv., from withouT, Vfithout, 774, etc. Qtan-weard, adj., outwabd, the out- side of, 2297. tlt-ffls, adj., ouTward bound, ready to start, 33. uton, see wutun. tit-weard, adj., [otttwaed] outward bound, moving outwards, 761. lltSe, see unnan. mS-genge, adj., escaping; nom. sg. wffis iEsohere...feorh u^-genge, "life was ready to depart from .fflschere," 2123. W. wa, adv. (Grein), woe ; wa bi^ J>fflm ...wel bi« Jjsem..., 183, 186. *wacan, st. v., wake, arise, spring, come, be born, 1265, 1960; pret. pi. wooun, 60. *on-wacan, awake, 2287; be born, arise, spring, 66, 111. waclan, w. v., watch; imperat. sg. waca, 660; pres. part., rwm. sg. m. wfficcende, 708, ace. sg. m. waaocendne, 1268, wseccende, 2841. vadan, st. v., wade, go; pret. sg. wod, 714, 2661; pp. gewaden, 220. on-wadan, ». v., assail; pret. sg. hine fyren onwod, "him (Heremod) crime assailed." Jiurb-wadan, st. v., wade THKOUOH, pierce, penetrate, 890, 1567. wado, etc., see wsed. wsecnan, w. i>., intrans., waken, arise, 85. wsed, St. n., flood, sea, wave; nom. pi. wado, 546; wadu, 581; gen. pi. wada, 508. wsefre, adj., WAVEning, about to die, expiring, 1150, 2420; wan- dering, 1331. wsag-bora, w. m., wave-SEABer, wave-traverser, wave-tosser (of a. sea-monster), 1440. wsege, St. neut., stoup, flagon, tenkard, 2253, 2282. wseg-holm, st. m., the billowy sea, J17. wsag-llBend, st. m. {pres. part.), wave-farer, sea-farer, 3158. wsegnan, w. v. _ iJe-wsegnan, w. v., offer, 1193. WJBg-sweord, st. neut., wave-swoED, sword with a wavy pattern, 1489. 232 BEOWULF. wsel, St. neut., slaughter, the slain, corpse, 448, etc. ; nom. pi. walu, 1042. wsel-bedd, st. neut., slaughter- BED. wsel-bend, st. m. /., slaughter-EONB, death-BAND, 1936. wsel-Weat, adj., [slaughter-pitiful]; ace. f. wunde wsel-bleate, "his deathly pitiful wound," 2725. wsel-deaB, st. m., slaughter-DEATH, death by violence, 696. ■wsel-dreor, st. neut., slaughter-gore, 1631. waBl-fShS, St. /., slaughter-EEUD, deadly feud, 2028. wsel-fag, adj. , slaughter-stained, 1128. wsBl-feall, -tsU, st. m., slaughter- FALL, violent death, 3154; dat. sg. geweox he. ..to wael-fealle... Deniga leodum, "he sent many of the Danes to a violent death," 1711. wael-ffls, adj., ready for, expecting, (a violent) death, 2420. wsel-fyil, see wsel-feall. wsel-fyUo, slaughter-riLL, fill of slaughter, 125. vrssl-ffi, St. neut., slaughter-piEE, death-bringing fire, 2582 ; corpse- fire, pyre, 1119. W88l-gS63t, St. m., slaughter-GUEST, murderous stranger, 1331, 1995. wael-Uem, st. m., slaughter-crash, terrible blow, 2969. WfflU-seax, St. neut., slaxighter- knife, deadly short-sword; dat. sg. (with uninflected adjs.) wffiU- seaxe gebrsed biter ond beadu- Boearp, "drew his keen and battle-sharp short-sword," 2703. wiilm, see wylm. wsel-DlS, St. m., slaughter-hate, slaughter-strife, deadly enmity, 85, 2065, 8000. wael-rses, at. m., [slaughter-EACE] deadly strife, mortal combat, 2947, 824, 2531. wsel-rap, st. m., [whirlpool-BOPE] icicle, 1610 (see note). wsel-reaf, st. neut, slaughter-spoU, battle-booty, plunder, 1205. W9l-rec, St. m., slaughter-BBEK, deadly exhalation, 2661. wael-reow, adj., slaughter-fierce, fierce in strife, 629. wsel-rest, st. /., [slaughter-KESi] bed of (violent) death, 2902. ■wsel-Bceaft, st. m., slaughter-SHATi, deadly spear, 398. wsel-steng, st. m., slaughter-pole, spear, 1638. wsel-stow, St. f., slaughter-place, _battle-field, 2051, 2984. wsan, St. m., wain, wagon; ace. sg. 3184. waepen, st. neut., weapon, J.660, 1467, 1664, etc. ; ace. pi. w»pen, ^92. w»pned-mon(ii) , st. m., weafoned MAN, man, 1284. wier, St. /., compact, treaty, 1100; keeping, protection, 27, 3109. ["Beitrage" x. 511.] wieran, etc. , see wesan. waestm, st. m., growth, form ; dat. pi. on weres wsestmum, "in man's form," 1352. wseter, st. neut., WAiEii, the sea, 93, etc. ; dat. wsetere, 1425, 1656, 2722, wsetre, 2854; instrumental gen. he hine eft ongon wseteres ".'eorpan, "he began again to sprinkle him with water," 2791. WEeter-egesa, w. m., WATEE-terror, the terrible mere, 1620. W£eter-y1S, st. /., WAiEK^wave, 2242. wag, St. m., wall, 1662, 995. wala, w. m., waie, "wreath" (in heraldry), a protecting rim or roll on the outside of the helmet (Skeat) ; jiom. sg. ymb taes helmes hrof heafod-beorge wirum bewun- den wala fitau heold, "round the helmet's crown the 'wreath,' wound about with wires, gave protection for the head from the outside," 1031. Waldend, see Wealdend. wald-swae'S, st. neut., or Wdld-swalSu, St. /., [wold-swath] GLOSSARY. 233 forest-track, forest-path ; dat. pi. ■wald-swa'Sum, 1403. walu, see wsel. wan, v., see wlnuan. wan, adj., see won. wang, see wong. waniau, w. v. : (1) intrans., wane, diminish, 1607. (2) trans., diminish, curtail, de- crease, 1337 ; pp. gewanod, 477. wanigean, w. v., bewail, lament; inf. gehyrdon gryre-leo^ galan Godes ondsaoan, sige-leasne sang, sar wanigean helle hasfton, "heard God's adversary singing his terror-lay, his viotory-lesa song, hell's captive bewailing his sore," 787. warian, w. v., guard, inhabit, 1253, 1265, 2277 (guards) ; pres. pi. warigealS, 1358. waroB, st. m., [wakth] shore, 234, 1965. wat, etc., WOT, see wltan. we, pers. pron, {pi. of io), WB, 1, 260, etc. wea, w. m., woe, 936, 191, etc.; gen. pi. weana, 148, etc. weal(l), St. m., gen. wealles, dat. wealle, ace. weal, 326: wall in its various meanings; rampart, burgh-wall, 785, etc. ; wall of a building, 326, 1573 ; natural wall of rock, sometimes the side of a barrow or den, 2307, 2759, 3060, etc. ; wall of cUff, 229, etc. wea-laf,s8./.,[woE-LEAving] wretch, ed remnant (of either army after the battle in which Hnsef fell), 1084, 1098. wealdan, st. v., with dat., gen., or absolutely, wield, rule, rule over, govern, possess, control; prevail; 442, 1859, 702, 2051, etc. Special passages: )>enden wordum weold wine Scyldinga, " while the friend of the Soyldings still had power of speech," or "ruled with his word," 30; 'SSr he ty fyrste... wealdan moste, "if he at that time was to prevail," 2574; wbbI- stowe wealdan, "to be masters of the field," 2934. ge-wealdan, st. v., with gen., dat., or ace, wield, control, possess, bring about, 1509, 1554, 2703. Wealdend, Waldend, st. m. {pres. part.), the WiBLner, God, 1693, etc.; often with dependent gen., 17, etc. ; gen. Wealdendes, 2857, Waldendes, 2292, 3109; dat. Wealdende, 2329. weall, see weal. weallam, st. v., well, boil, be agi- tated, literally and figuratively ; pret. weoU, 2138, 2113, etc. ; weol, 518, etc.; pres. part, weallende, 847, weaUinde, 2464; nom. pi. neut. weallende, 546, weallendu, 581. Special passages: Ingelde wealla'S wasl-nrSas, "in Ingeld'a breast deadly hatred wells up," 2065; hre'Ser ie'Sme weoll, "his breast swelled with breath," 2593. weall-cllf, St. neut., wall-cliff, sea- cliff, 3132. weard, st. m., [ward] warden, warder, guardian, owner, 229, 1741, 2524, etc. weard, st. /., ward, watch, 305, 319. weardlan, w. v., wakd, guard, in- dwell, 105,1237,2075. Especially in the phrase last or swatSe weardian : inf. he his f olme f or- let...last weardian, "he left his hand behind to mark his track," 971; so pret. weardade, 2098; pret. sg. for pi. in subordinate clause, Jiaet Jiam fraetwum feower mearas...last weardode, "that four horses followed the armour," 2164. weam, st. /., refusal, 366. wea-spell, st. neut., woe-spell, tidings of woe, 1315. weaxan, st. v., wax, grow, 3115, 1741, 8. ge-weaxan, st. v., wax, grow, become, 66, 1711. 234 BEOWULF. wel), St. neut., web, tapestry; nam. pi. 995. wecc(e)an, w. v., wake, rouse, stir up, 2046, 3024; pret. wehte, 2854. Special passage : bSel-fyra mSst...weooan, "to kindle the greatest of funeral piles," 3144. to-weocan, w. v., wake up, stir up ; pret. pi. to-wehton, 2948. wedd, St. neut., pledge, 2998. weder, st. neut., weather, 546 ; nom. pi. weder, 1136. weg, St. m., WAT; only in on weg, "away," 264, 1382, etc. _ weg, St. m., wave, 3132. Cf. wseg-. wegan, st. v., bear, wear, wage, 3015, 2252, 2464, etc. Special passage: mod DrySo wfflg,... firen ondrysne, " Thrytho bore moodiness or fierceness, [com- mitted] terrible crime," 1931. S8t-wegan, st. v., bear away, carry oft, 1198. ge-wegan, st. v., engage, fight, 2400. weg-flota, w. m., wave-rLOAier, ship, 1907. wehte, see weocan. wel(l), adv., well, rightly, much, 186, 289, 1792, 2570, 2855 ; usual form wel, but well, 2162, 2812. wel-hwylo, indef. adj. and pron. I. Pron. : (1) with gen. wel-hwylc witena, "WELL nigh every councillor," 266. (2) neut. absolutely, everything, 874. II. Adj. almost every, 1344. welig, adj., wEALthy, rich, 2607. wen, St. /., WEENing, expectation, hope, 734, 383, etc. Special passages : wen io talige, ' ' I reckon it a thing to be expected," 1845; dat. pi. bega on wenum, ende-dogores ond eft-cymes leofes monnes, "in expectation of both, the day of death and the return of the dear man " {i.e. expecting one or the other), 2895. wSnan, w. v., witlt gen., injin., clause, or absolutely: ween, ex- pect, hope, 157, 1184, etc. ; pres. sg. 1st wen, 338, 442. Special passages: \>ssa io wene, "as I hope," 272; swa io J>e wene to, "as I expect from thee," 1396; with inf. io Snigra me weana ne wende...botegebidan, "lexpeoted not to abide the remedy of any of my woes," 933; with gen. and clause, hig )>ffis se'Selinges eft ne wendon, >£et he, ..come, "they expected not the atheling again, that he would come, " 1596. wendan, w. v., intrans., wend, turn, 1739. ed-wendan, w. v., intrans., turn back, desist, cease, 280. ge-wendan, w. v., trans, and intrans., turn, change, 315, 186. on-wendan, w. u., trans., turn aside, set aside, avert, 191. Special passage: sibb aefre ne meeg wiht onwendan, Jiam 'Se wel \>en.aeS, "naught can ever set aside kinship, to a right- minded man," 2601. wenlan, w. v., honour, 1091. he-wenian, bl-wenlaa, w. v., entertain, attend oa; pret. subj. sg. for pi., dryht-bearn Dena du- gn'Sa biwenede, 2035 (see note); pp. pi. bewenede, 1821. Tveoro, St. Tieitt., woek, deed, trouble, 74, 1656, etc. ; geii. pi. worda ond worca, 289 ; dat. pi. wordum ne woroum, 1100. Special pas- sages : he Jjees gewinnes weorc Jjrowade, "he suffered trouble for that strife," 1721; dat. pi. adverbially, weoroum, " with difaculty," 1638. weorce, adj., grievous, painful, 1418. weorod, see werod. weorpan, st. v. , [wabp] : (1) with ace. rei, throw, 1531. (2) with ace. pers. and gen. rei, sprinkle, 2791. (3) with dat., spew, east forth, 2582. GLOSSARY. 235 for-weorpan, gt. v., throw away ; pret. subj. forwurpe, 2872. ofer-weorpan, st. v., stumble, weor*, St. neut., woeih, price, pay. 2496. ' weorfS, adj., woBiHy, honoured, dear ; nom. sg. m. weor^ Denum »B>eling, "the atheling dear to the Danes," 1814. •weorlira, compar., worthier, 1902. weor«an, st. v., become, be, befall, happen, come, 2526, 414, 2731, etc.; inf. wuriSan, 807; pres. pi. wur«a'5, 282; prct. sg. he on fyUe wearlS, "he feU," 1544 ; pp. geworden, "happened, arisen," 1304, 3078. Often with predi- cative dat. governed by to, and dat. pers.: 'Si soealt to frofre weor1San...leodum JjJnum, hsele- ^um to helpe, "thou shalt be for a comfort to thy people, a help to the heroes, " 1707 ; so also 460, 587, etc. ge-weorSan, st. v. : (1) intrans., become, be, happen, 3061. (2) trans., agree about, settle ; inf. ))aet iSii...lete Sut'-Dene sylfe geweorSan ga^e wi'S Grendel, "that thou wouldst let the South Danes themselves settle their war with Grendel," 1996. (3) impers., with gen,, and follow- ing clause in apposition, appear, seem, seem good; pret. ta ^ces monige gewearlS, }>set, "then it appeared to many that," 1598 ; pp. hafa^ JjEes geworden wine Scyldinga...J'8et, "this had seem- ed good to the friend of the Scyldings, that," 2026. weorS-full, adj. weorS-fullost, superl., [wobth- FnLiiEST], woBTHiest, 3099. weor^Siau, w. v., woethy ("Lear" ii. 2. 128) , honour, adorn, 2096, 1090, etc.; pp. geweorSod, 2175; ge- weorSad, 250, 1450, 1959; ge- wurSad, 331, 1038, 1645; weortJad, 1783. weortS-lIce, adv. weorS-lIcost, superl,, most woETHily, 3161. weorB-mynd, st. /., woBship, hon- our, glory, 8, 65, 1559, etc.; dat. pi. to worS-myndum, "for honour, for honour's sake," 1186. weotena, see wita. •weotlan, w. v., prepare, etc.: pp. acc.pl. wffllbende weotode, ' 'death- bands prepared, appointed, de- stined," 1936. be-weotian, be-witiau, w. v,, observe, etc. : pres. pi. ta tSe syngales sele bewitia'S, "those [weathers, days] which continu- ally observe the season, " 1135 ; bewitiga^ sorhfulne sl^, "make a journey full of woe," 1428; pret. sg. eaUe beweotede J>egnes ^earfe, "attended to all the thane's needs," 1796; hord beweotode, "watched over a hoard," 2212. wer, St. m., man, 105, 1352, 216, 1256, etc.; gen. pi. wera, 120, etc.; weora, 2947. wered, st. neut., beer, mead, 496. werede, etc., see werod. were-fyhte, w. /., defensive tioht, fight in defence, 457. werga (weah form of werig), adj., cursed ; gen, sg. wergan gastes, 133 (Grendel), 1747 (the devil). werge, etc., see werlg. wergend, st. m. (pres, part, of werian), defender, 2882. wergian, w. v,, weaby ; pp, gewer- gad, 2852. werhBo, st, /., curse, damnation; ace, sg, werhtSo, 589. werian, w, v,, guard, defend, pro- tect, 453, 1327, etc. ; reflex,, 541 ; pp, nom, pi. 238, 2529. be-werlan, w. v., defend; pret. subj. beweredon, 938. werig, adj., withgen. or dat., weaby, 579; dat. sg. wergum, 1794; ace. f. sg. or pi. werge, 2937. 236 BEOWULF. wSrig-mod, adj., weaey of mood, 844, 1543. werod, weorod, st. neut., troop, baud, 651, 319, 290, etc.; dat. werede, 1215; weorode, 1011, 2346; gen. pi. wereda, 2186; weoroda, 60. wer-J>eoa, st, /., [man-nation] people; ace. pi. ofer wer-J)eode, "throughout the nations of men," 899. wesan, irreg. v., be, 272, etc.j^res. sg. 3rd is, 256, 1761, etc.; ya, 2910, 2999, 3084 ; pres. pi. sint, 388; synt, 260, 342, 364; syn- don, 237, 257, etc. ; pres. subj. sg. Bie, 435, etc.; sy, 1831, etc.; sig, 1778, etc.; pret. pi. wSeron, 233, etc. ; wSran, 2475 ; imperat. sg. wes, 269, etc., wtes, 407. Negative forms: pres. sg. Srd nis, 249, etc.; pret. sg. 1st and Srd nses, 2141, 134, etc.; pi-et. pi. nfflron, 2657; pret. subj. sg. nSre, 860, etc. Special passages : (1) Omission of infin. 617, 1857, 2363, 2497, 2659; aUo 992, 2256. (2) Forming, with a pres. part., an imperf. tense : seogende wees, "was saying," 3028. weste, adj., waste ; ace. sg. m. westne, 2456. westen, st. neut., waste, 12G6; dat. westenne, 2298. wic, St. neut., [wick] dwelling, 821, etc.; often in pi., 125, etc.; dat. pi. wicun, 1304. wican, St. V. ge-wlcan, st. v., intrans., weak- en, give way, 2577, 2629. wlcg, 8t. neut., horse, steed, 1400, 286, etc. , pi. wiog, 2174. wlo-stede, st. m., [wiok-stead] dwel- ling-place, 2462, 2607. wid, adj., WIDE, extended, long, of space and time, 938, 877, 1859, 2014, etc. wId-cfllS, adj., [wide-oouth] widely known, 1256, etc.; gen. abso- lutely, wId-ou'Ses (i.e. Hrothgar), 1042. wide, adv., wiDEly, 18, 2135, 2913, 3099, etc.; qualifying a superla- tive, wide mrorost, "the greatest far and wide, greatest of all," 898. widre, compar.; widre gewln- dan, "to flee away more widely, escape further," 763. wlde-ferhS, st. m., [wiDE-life] ever, only used as ace. of time, 702, 937; ealne wide-ferh«, "for aU time to come," 1222. wid-floga, v>. m., wioE-FLier (the dragon), 2830, 2346. widre, see wide. wid-scofen, see under sollfan. wid-weg, St. m., wide-wat, high- way; ace. pi. geond wid-wegas, "along the highways," 840, "far and wide," 1704. wif, St. neut., wife, woman, 2120, 1284, 2028, 993, etc. wl£-lufu, ID. /., WIFE-LOVE, love for one's wife, 2065. wig, St. m.: (1) war, battle, 23, 65, 1084, etc.; dat. wigge, 1656, 1770, 1783. (2) war-prowess, valour, might, 350, 1042, 2323, etc. wiga, w. m., warrior, 629, 1543, 2395. ["Beitrage" x. 511.] wlgan, St. u., war, fight, 2509, 599. wig-bealu, st. neut., war-BALE, the evils of war, 2046. wig-bil, St. neut., war-BiLL, war- sword, 1607. wig-bord, St. ««Mt.,[war-EOAED]war- shield, 2339. wig-crseft, St. m,, war-cRAFT, war- might, 2953. wig-crseftlg, ^dj., war-OKAFTT, mighty in battle, 1811.' wigend, St. m. { pres. part.), warrior, 3099, 1125, 429, etc. wlg-freoa, w.m., war- wolf, warrior, 1212, 2496. wig-fruma, w. m., war-chief, 664, 2281. GLOSSARY. 237 wigg:e, see wig. wig-getawa, st. f. pi., war-equip- ments, 368. See gutS-geatwa/ ■wlg-gryie, st. m., war-terror, 1284. wig-heafola, w. m,., [war-head] war- helmet, 2661. ■wig -heap, St. VI., war-HEAp, band of warriors, 477. wig-hete, St. m., war-HATE, 2120. wig-hryre, st. m., [war-falling] slaughter, onset, 1619. wlfe-slgor, St. m., war- victory, 1554. wig-sped, St. /., war-sPEED, success in war, 697. wIg-weorSung, st. /., idol-woEship, Bacriiice,176. ["Beitrage"x.511.] Wlht, 71. ; I. St. /.. WIGHT, being, crea- ture, 120, 3038. II. St. f. neut., WHIT, anoHT, 2601 (see onwendan), 1660; ace. for wiht, "for aught," 2348; with gen., 581. III. Adverbial use, ansHT, at all ; almost always negative (with ne), naught, noT at all, no whit. (1) Ace, with ne or no: 862, 1083, 2854, 2857, 541; no Mne wiht dwele^ adl ne yldo, "sick- ness or age misleads him not a whit," 1735. (2) Dat.; with ne, 186, 1514, etc. ; affirmatively, 1991. \ril-cuma, w. m., [wiLL-ooMer] wel- come guest, 388, 394, 1894. wil-deor {=wild deor), st. neut., [wild deeb] wild beast, 1430. wile, see wiUan. •wil-geofa, w. m., wiLL-oiver, joy- giver, 2900. wll-gesiS, St. m., [wiLL-companion] willing or loved companion, 23. ■willa, w. HI., WILL, wish, desire, desirable thing; joy, pleasure^ sake: 626, 1711, etc.; dat. sg. to willan, "out of good will," 1186; anes willan, "for the sake of one," 3077 ; gen. pi. wilna, 660, 950, 1344; dat.pl. willum, "ac- cording to our wishes," 1821; so sylfes willum, 2222, 2639. willan, vrreg. v., will : pres, sg, 1st wille, 318, 344, etc.; wylle, 947, etc.; 2md wylt, 1852; 3rd wile, 346; wyle, 2864; wille, 442, 1371, etc.; wylle, 2766; pi. v/yl- la's, 1818. Negative forms : nelle =ne-|-wille, 679, 2524; nolde= ne-l-wolde, 706, 791, 2518, etc. With omission of inf. no io fram him wolde, 543. wllnlau, w. v., desire, 188. wU-slS, St. m., [wiLL-jouruey] will- ing journey, 216. win, St. neut., wine, 1162, 1233, 1467. win-sern, st. neut., wiNE-hall, 654. wind, St. m., wind, 217, etc. wln-daeg, st. m., strife-DAY, day of strife, 1062. wlndan, st. v., intrans. and trans., WIND, rise, twist, 1119, 1193, etc.; pret. pi. streamas wundon suud wi'S sande, "the currents rolled the sea against the sand," 212; pp. dat. sg. wundnum golde, " with tvristed gold," 1382. SBt-windaa, st. v., with dat. pers., WIND away, escape, 143. be-wlndan, st. v., wind about, brandish, enclose, grasp, mingle, 1461, 1031, etc.; pp. galdre be- wunden, "wound about with in- cantation, encompassed with a spell," 3052. ge-wlndan, st. v., intrans., wind, turn, flee away, 763, 1001. on-wiudan, st. v., unwind, 1610. wiud-Wond, st. neat., [wind-blend] - tumult of winds, 3146. wlnd-gerest, st. /., [wind-best] resting-place of winds, 2466. wlndlg, adj., windy; pi. wiudige, 572, 1358; windge, 1224. wine, St. m., friend, esp. friend and lord, friendly ruler, 30, 170, 457; ace. pi. wine, 21 ; gen. pi. wiui- gea, 1664 ; winia, 2567. wlne-dryhten, wtae-drlhten, st. m., friend-lord, friend and lord, friendly ruler, 360, 862, 2722. 238 BEOWULF, vlne-geomor, adj., friend-sad, mourning for the loss of friends, 2239. wine-leas, adj., friendLESs, 2613. ■wiJie-mfflg, St. m., friend-kinsman, relative and friend, loyal subject ; pi. wine-magas, 65. wtnia, winigea, see wine. wlnnan, st. v., [win] strive, fight, 113, 506; pret. sg. 3rd wan, 144, 151, won, 1132. wln-reced, st. neut., wiNE-house, wine-hall, 714, 993. wln-sele, st. m., wiNE-hall, 695, 771. winter, st. m., winter, year, 1128, 1724, 2209, etc.; gen. sg. wintrys, 516. wlr, St. m., wiBE, wire-work, fila- gree, 1031, 2413. wis, adj., WISE, 1845, 3094, 1413, etc. Wealc forms : nom. m. wiaa, 1400, 1698, 2329; ace. sg. wisan, 1318. wisa, w. m., WISE one, guide, 259. wis-dom, St. m., wisdom, 350, 1959. wise, w. f., wise, fashion; instru- mental ace. (Grein), ealde wisan, "in the old fashion," 1865. wIs-fsBst, adj., [wise-fast] wise, 626. wla-hyogende, adj. {pres. part.), wisE-thinking, 2716. wisiau, ID. v., with ace. rei, dat. pers., or absolutely, [make wise] point out, show; direct, guide, lead; 2409, etc.; pres. sg. 1st wisige, 292, etc.; pret. sg. wisode, 402, etc.; wisade, 208, etc. wisse, see witan. wist, st.f. (from wesan): , ' (1) weal, 1735. (2) meal; dat. sg. mttei wiste, "after Grendel's meal of thirty thanes," 128. wlste, WIST, see wltan. wlst-fyUo, St. /., food-riMi, abund- ant meal; gen. sg. wist-fylle, 734. wit, St. neut., WIT, 589. •wit, pers. pron. (dual of ic), we two, 535, etc. wlta, w. m., wise man, councillor, pi. the WITAN, 778; gen. pi. witena, 157, etc., weotena, 1098. witan, st.-w. v., [wii] know, 1863, 764, 2519, etc.; pres. sg. 1st and 3rd wat, 1331, etc.; negative nat, 681, etc.; 2nd wast, 272; pret. sg. 1st and 3rd wiste, 646, etc.; wisse, 169, etc.; pret.pl., wiston, 181, etc.; wisson, 246. Special passages : to iSsBS 'Se he eoriS-sele anne wisse, "to where he knew an earth-hall to be, knew of an earth-hall," 2410; so, 715; pres. sg. 1st, ic on Higelace wat...JJ8Bt he, " I know concerning Hygelac, that he," 1830; negative scea- tSona ic nat hwilo, "I know not which of seathers, some foe," 274 ; 3rd, God wat on mec (ace), )>83t me is micle leofre, 2650. ge- wltan, st.-w. v., know, 1350. wltau, St. v., with ace. rei and dat. pers., [wite] reproach, blame, 2741. set-wltan, st. v., with ace. rei, twit, blame, charge; pret. pi. ffitwiton weana dSl, "charged [him] with his share of their woes," 1150. ge-wltan, st. v., depart, go, 42, 123, 2471, etc.; often with reflex, dat. 26, 662, 1125, etc.; often followed hy inf. (in many cases best rendered by a pres. part.) 291, 853, 234, 2387, etc. Special passages: fyrst fortS gewat, "time went on," 210;^., dat. sg. m., i>SBt 'Su me a wsre forS gewite- num on feeder stale, "that thou wouldst aye be to me when dead in a father's place," 1479. oB-wItan, st. v., with ace. rei and dat. pers., reproach; inf. ne ^orfte him 'iSa lean otSwItan mon on middan-gearde, "no man on earth needed to reproach him with those rewards," 2995. -wltlan, see -weotlan. witig, adj., WITTY, wise (applied to the Deity), 685, etc.; wittig, 1841. ["Beitrage"x. 511.] GLOSSARY. 239 witsian, w. v., punish, torment; pp. wommum gewitnad, "tor- mented with plagues," 3073. wi*, prep, with dat. and ace, with {with ace. 1088, 3027, with dat. 2600), a rare meaning except with words denoting strife, such as winnan, 152; usual meaning against, 144, 326, 1549, 2528, etc.; sometimes towards {ace.) 155, 1864; by (ace), 2U13, 2566; from {dat.), 827, 2423. With ace. and dat. in the same sentence: "with,"_ 424-6 {see gehegan); gesset )>a wi'S sylfne...m£eg wi^ msege, "he sat then by [the king] himself, kinsman with kinsman," 1977-8. Special passages: witJ duru healle, "to the door of the hall, " 389 ; wi'S earm gesset {see gesittan), 749; forboru bord wi'S rond, "the shield was burnt up to the rim," 2673; witS Hrefna- wudu, "by (over against) Eavens- wood," 2925. wltSer-rsehtes, adv., opposite, 3039. wiSre, St. neut., resistance, 2953. ■wlanc, see wlonc. wlatian, w. v., look, 1916. wlenco, st.f., pride, bravado, daring ; dat. wlenco, 338, 1206, wlence, 508. wUtan, St. v., gaze, look, 1572, 1592; pret.pl. wlitan, 2852. giond-wlltan, st. v., look through, view thoroughly, 2771. wlite, St. m., countenance, 250. wlite-beorht, adj., of bright aspect, beauteous-bright, 93. wlite-sSon, st. f. neut.?, sight, 1650. wlitig, adj., beauteous, 1662. wlonc, wlanc, adj., proud, 331, 341, 2833, 2953; with dat. sese wlanc, "carrion-proud," 1332. vrob, adj., crooked, wrong; dat.pl. hiTTi bebeorgan ne con worn wun- dor-bebodum wergan gastes, "he knows not how to protect him- self against the crooked wondrous commands of the cursed spirit," 1747 (see note). wob-bogen, adj. (pp.), crooked- Bowed, coiled, 2827. wolcen, St. neut., welkin, cloud; dat. pi. wolouum, 8, 1119, etc. wolde, pret. of willaa. woUen-teare, adj., vrith WEiiUng TEAB9, 3032. worn, see w61i. womm, it. m., spot, plague, 3073. won, v., see winnan. won, wan, adj., wan, dark, 1374, 702; nam. pi. neut., wan, 651; weak form wonna, 3024, 3115. wong, wang, st. m. , plain, meadow, 93, 2242, etc. wong-stede, st. m., [plaiu-STEAD] champaign spot, 2786. won-hyd, st. /., [wan, i.e. un-, thought] carelessness, rashness, 434. wonn j?), 3154, see note on 1. 3155. won-ssBli(g), adj., unhappy, 105. won-sceaft, st, /., [wAN-shaping] misery, 120. wSp, St. m., WEEPing, 128, 785, 3146. wore, see weorc. word, St. neut., word, 79, etc.; aec. pi. word o^er fand, 870. The dat. pi. is common with verbs of saying: 176, 388, 1193, 2795, 3175. word-cwlde, -owyde, st. m„ woed- saying, speech, 1841, 1845, 2753. word-gyd, st. neut., woRD-lay, dirge, 3172. word-hord, st. neut., word-hoard, 259. word-rilit, st. neut., [word-bight] right or befitting word, 2631. worhte, see wyroan. worn, St. neut., multitude, number, 264; aec. sg. J>onne he wiutrum frod worn gemunde, "when he, old in years, remembered the number [of them]," 2114. Quali- fied by fela or eall: nam. sg. worn fela, "a great number," 1783; aec. sg. J>u worn fela... ymb Breoan sprace, "thou hast said a great deal about Breca," 240 BEOWULF. 530; eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, "a very great number of old sagas," 870; worn eall gesprsso gomoi, "the aged one spake very many things," 3094. Simi- larly in gen. pi. governed hy fela : ■with gen. sg. worna fela. ..serge, " very much sorrow," 2003 ; with gen. pi. worna fela... gutSa, "very many wars," 2542. worold, St. /., woBLD, 1183, 1681, 1062, etc.; gen. sg. worulde, 2343, worlde, 2711 ; his worulde gedal, "his severance from the world," 3068. ■worold-ar, st. /., woBLD-honour, 17. •worold-oynlng, wyruld-oyniag, st. m., .woKLD-KiNO, mighty king, 1684, 3180. worold-reeden, st. /., the way of the WOBLD ; ace. sg. swa he ne for- wyrnde worold-rSdenne, "so he escaped not the lot of mortals, i.e. death" (?), 1142 (see note). wofiSig:, St. m., street, court, pre- cincts, palace, 1972. worS-mynd. see weorU-mynd. woruld-candel, st.f., wobld-oandle, the sun, 1965. woruld-ende, st. m., woeld-end, the end of the world, 3083. wracu, St. /., revenge; ace. sg. wrsece, 2386. wreec, st. neut., wback, misery, exile, 170, 3078. wraecca, see wrecca. wrsece, see wraca. WTsec-last, st. m., exile-track, path of exiles, 1352. wrssc-msecg, st. m., banished man, exile, 2379. wrsec-BiB, st. m., WBAOK-jotirney, exile, 2292; dat. pi. nalles for wrsBC-srSum ac for hige-]>rym- mum, "by no means because of banishment but out of magna- nimity," 338. wrset, st.f., ornament, jewel; ace. pi. wrffite, 2771, 3060; gen. pi. wrsetta, 2413 ; dat. pi. wrssttum, 1531. wrset-llc, adj., ornamental, adorn- ed, ornate, curiously wrought, splendid, wondrous, 891, 1489, etc. wralS, adj., wbotk, hostile; abso- lutely, foe; 319, 660, etc. ■wra'Se, adv., amiss, 2872. wraS-lIce, adv., wboihly, wrath- fully, 3062. wrecan, st. v., with ace, weeak, drive, drive out, utter, avenge, 1278, 423, etc.; often wrecan gid, spel, etc., "utter, rehearse, a lay, legend, or tale," 873, 1065, etc. Special passages : subj. pres. Jjonne he gyd wrece, " [that] then he should utter a dirge," 2446; pret. sg. ferh eUen wraec, "strength drove out life," 2706; pp. wear^...on bid wrecen, "was driven to bay," 2962. a-wrecan, st. v., tell; with ace. gid, 1724, 2108. for-vrecan, st. v., with ace, drive away, banish, 1919, 109. ge-wrecan, st. v., usu. with ace., WEEAK, avenge, 107, 3062, etc.; pret. pi. gewrScan, 2479; with reflex, ace. 2875 ; absolutely, he gewrsBO syOTan, "he took ven- geance afterwards," 2396. wrecca, w. m., weetoh, exile, wan- derer, adventurer, 1137, 898; dat. wrsecoan, 2613. T7recend,st.m.(p)-cs.^art.),WBEAKer, avenger, 1256. wreoSen-hilt, adj., with WEEATHed or twisted hilt, 1698. wridlan, w. v., grow, 1741. ["Bei- trage" x. 511.] writau, St. v., weite, engrave, 1688. for-wrltan, st. v., cut asunder, 2705. wriSan, st. v., with ace, [wbithe] bind, 964; bind up, 2982. WTlxl, St. neut., exchange, 2969. wrixlan, w. v., with dat. wordum, " exchange, interchange, words," 366, 874. wroht, St. /., strife, contest, 2287, 2473, 2913. GLOSSARY. 241 Wudn, St. m., wood : (1) a wood, 1364, 1416. (2) a spear; acc.pl. wudu, 398. (3) a ship, 1919; nam. sg. wudu wunden-hals, "the ship with twisted or curved prow," 298; ace. sg. wudu buudenne, "the bound wood, i.e. the wooden ship," 216. wudu-rec,s{.m.,wooD-EEEK, smoke, 3144. wuldor, St. neut., glory ; nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (Hrothgar), 665; gen. sg. wuldrea, 17, etc. wuldor-torUt, adj., glory-bright: pi. 1136. Wuldvir-cyuing, st. m., Glory-KiNG, the King of glory, 2795. wulf, St. m., WOLF, 3027. wulf-hUS, St. wcMf.,woLE-slope; aec. ■ pi. wulf-hleo«u, 1358. wtmd, St. /., WOUND, 2711, etc.; ace. sg. wunde, 2725, etc. wund, adj., wouNDed, 565, etc. wunden-feax, adj., with wound, i.e. twisted, hair, 1400. wimden-lials, adj., [wouND-neok] with twisted or curved prow, 298. wunden-mSl, st. neut., [wound- sword] sword with winding, curv- ing, ornaments, 1531. wxmden-stefna, w. m., [wound- stem] ship with twisted or curved stem, 220. vrander-faet, st. neut., wondek-vat, wondrous vessel; dat.pl. 1162. wundor, st. neut., wondek, 771, etc.; monster, 1509 : nom. ace. wun- dur, 3062, 3032, etc.; aec. wuu- der, 931; dat. wundre, 931; gen. pi. wundra, 1607; dat. pi. ad- verbially, vrandrum, "wondrous- (ly)," 1452, 2687. wundor-ljebod, st. neut., wondek- command, wondrous command, 1747. vmndor-deaV, st. m., wokdeb-death, wondrous death, 3037. wimdor-llc, adj., [wondeelike] wondrous, 1440. W. B. wundor-slon, st. /., wondek-s wondrous sight, 995. wundor-smlS, st. m., wonder-smith, 1681. wundur-matSUum, st. m., wondeb- jewel, wondrous jewel, 2173. 'wunlan, w. v., [won] : (1) intrans. dwell, remain, 284, 1128; with dat. wicum wunian, 3083. (2) trans, indwell, inhabit, 1260, 2902. ge-wunlan, w. v., with ace., dwell with, remain with; subj. pres. pi. gewunigen, 22. -wurSad, see weorBian. wurtSan, see weorBan. wutun, uton, = let us, with foil. inf., 2648, 1390, 3101. wyle, wyllaB, wylle, wylt, see willan. wylm, wsalm, st. m., WELiing, surge, flood, 516, 2546, etc. [Sievers, §159,2.] . wyn-leas, adj., joyLESS, 821, 1416. wynn, st. /., joy, 1080, etc. ; gen. sg. Wynne, 2727. wyn-sum, adj., winsome, joyous, 1919 ; neut. pi. wynsume, 612. wyroan, w. v., woek ; pret. worhte, WEOUGHT : (1) with aec. work, make, 930, 92, 1452 ; pret. part. pi. {as adj.) feste geworhte, "steadfast," 1864. (2) with gen. achieve ; subj. pres. wyrce se i>e mote domes, "achieve glory he who may," 1387. be-wyroan, w. v., surround, 3161. ge-wyrc(e)an, w. v., woek, 20, 69, 1660, etc.: (1) intrans. act, 20. (2) trans, work, make, accom- plish, achieve, 635, 1660, 1491 ; subj. pret. pi. geworhton, 3096. wyrd, St. /., weibd, fate, probably personified in some passages (see note on 1205), 455, 477, 1056, 3030, etc. wyrdan, w. v., destroy; pret. sg. wyrde, 1337. 16 242 BEOWULF. a-wyrdan, w. v., destroy, 1113. wynn, st. m., worm, dragon, 886, 1430, etc. wyrm-cyim, st. neut., ■wobm-kin, serpent kind, 1425. wyrm-fali, adj., wobm- adorned, snake-adorned, 1698. wyTm-hord, st. neut., worm-hoabd, dragon's hoard, 2221. wyman, w. v. {from wearn). for-wyman, w. v., refuse, es- cape, 429, 1142. ■wyrpan, w. v. (from weorpan). ge-wyrpan, w. v., recover, raise (oneself) ; with refl. ace. 2976. wyrpe, st. m., change, 1315. wyisa, adj. compar. (o/yfel), wobse, 1212, etc.; gen. pi. wyrsan, 525 ; neut. ace. sg. absolutely, Jjset wyrse, 1739. wyrt, st.f., [wobt] root, 1364. wyrBe, adj., woEiHy, 368, 2185. wyrBra, coj/ipar., worthier, 861. wyruld-, see worold-. T. yfel, St. neut., evil; gen. pi. yfla, 2094. yldan, w. v., delay, put off, tarry; im/. 739; wendet>ffis yldan, t>a3t..., "hoped for this reason to delay (tarry?), that...," 2239. ylde, elde, st. m. pi., men, 77, 150, etc.; dat. eldum, 2214, 2611, 8168. yldesta, see eald. yldo, St. /., [eld] age, old age, the age, 1736, etc.; gen. yldo beam, "the children of the age," 70; dat. ylde, 22, eldo, 2111. yldra, see eald. ylf, st.f., ELF, 112. ymb, ymlie, prep., with ace, alftiut, around, concerning, local, tem- poral, denoting object, etc., 399, 568, 838, 2883, 219, .353, 507, 2070, etc. ; following its case, 689 ; ymb ane niht, "after one night," 135. ymbe, adv., about, around, 2597. ymbe-slttend, ymb-sittend, st. m. (pres. part.), [about -siiiing] neighbour; nom. pi. ymbe-sit- tend, 1827; gen. pi. ymb-sit- tendra, 9. yppe, w.f., high seat, throne, dais, 1815. From wp. yrfe, st. neut., heritage, 3051. yrfe-laf, st.f., heirloom, 1053, 1903. yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, 2731 ; gen. sg. yrfe-weardas, 2453 (see note). yrmSo, st. /., misery ; ace. yrmtSe, 1259, 2005. Frcm earm. yrre, st. neut., anger, 711, 2092. yrre, eorre, adj., angry, 769, 1532, etc.; gen. sg. used substantively, eorres, "of the angry one," 1447. yire-mod, adj., angry in mood, angry-minded, 726. yriinga, adv., angrily, 1565, 2964. ys, see wesan. fV, St. /., wave, 548, 848, 1437, 2693, etc.; ace. sg. or pi. ftSe, 46, 1132, 1909. ySan, w. v., destroy, 421, y«e, 1002, 2415, see ea«e. , yfle-Uoe, adv., easily, 1556. yS-geWond, -geWand, st. neut. ELENDing of waves, surge, 1373 1593 ; pi. 1620. y8-geaBne, see etS-gesyne. yS-gewinn, st. neut., wave-strife, 1434, 2412. yS-lad, St. /., [wave-LODE] wave- path, way over the sea ; pi. 228. yS-laf, St. /., [wave-LEAving] what is left or thrown up by the waves, the foreshore, 566. y^S-lida, w. m., wave-sailer, ship 198. ^wan, eawan, eowan, w. v. ; (1) trans, show; pres. sg. eawe^. 276; pret. ywde, 2834. (2) intrans. appear; pres. eowe«, 1738. Gf. gage. ge-ywan, ge-eawan, w. present, proffer, 2149; pp. ge- eawed, 1194. CAMBBIDQE : PBINTED BY J. 4 C. E. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PBESS. IMBliHifi. t